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Superfamily PAPILIONOIDEA Latreille, [1802]

Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 3: 387 (as “Papilionides”). Type-genus: Papilio Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 458. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Papilio on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 703. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Papilionidae [Leach], [1815] (as “Papilionida”), in: Brewster's Edinburgh Ency. 9: 127, on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 233, and placed Papilionida [Leach] on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 271; I.C.Z.N. Direction 116 deleted this entry, corrected as above, and placed Papilionides on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 500.

Family HESPERIIDAE Latreille, 1809

Gen. Crust. Ins. 4: 187, 207 (as "Hesperides"). Type-genus: Hesperia Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 258, no. 187. The family-group arrangement follows A. Warren et al. (2008), Cladistics 24(5) 642-676, Warren et al. (2009), Syst. Entomol. 34(3): 467-523, Li et al. (2019), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 6232-6237 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 1-15, based on molecular and morphological characters.

Subfamily Eudaminae Mabille, 1877

Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 162. Type-genus: Eudamus Swainson, 1831, Zool. Illustr. (2)2(11): pl. 48, unnumbered text.

Tribe Phocidini Tutt, 1906

Ent. Rec. & J. Var. 18(7): 196 (as "Phocidinae" and "Phocididi"). Type-genus: Phocides Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103, no. 1082. Tutt did not include Phocides in his list of included genera, but this does not invalidate the family-group name, since Phocides is unequivocally implied from the formation of the family-group name (Code Article 12.2.4).

Genus Phocides Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103. Type-species: Phocides cruentus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103, no. 1082 (= Hesperia polybius Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 337, no. 281; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 248, no. 857.

=    Erycides Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 110. Type-species: Papilio pigmalion Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(21): 87, pl. 245, figs. A, B; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 67. First reviser choice of Phocides over Erycides was made by Godman & Salvin (1893), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(110): 292.

=    Dysenius Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 67. Type-species: Erycides albicilla Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(11): 169, no. 16 (= Erycides lilea Reakirt, [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 339, no. 47; synonym: a subspecies of Hesperia polybius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 337, no. 281), by original designation.

*1.        Phocides batabano (Lucas, 1857)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 625.

Original Combination: Eudamus Batabano

Type Locality: “dans l’île de Cuba”

Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.

Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 47, fig. 51, determined that batabano is a distinct species and okeechobee is a subspecies of it. The names pigmalion Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(21): 87, pl. 245, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (24): 176 (index), tenuistriga Mabille & Boullet, 1912, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 16, 21-22, iocularis Röber, 1925, Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 159-160 and disparilis Röber, 1925, Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 160, are removed from the catalogue.

=    mancinus Herrich-Schäffer, 1925

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensb. 16(10): 143.

Original Combination: Erycides Batabano

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB?

a.   Phocides batabano okeechobee (Worthington, 1881)

Papilio 1(8): 133.

Original Combination: Erycides Okeechobee

Type Locality: “Marco Island, Florida” [Collier County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

2.         Phocides belus Godman & Salvin, 1893

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 293, no. 2; 3(111): pl. 76, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Phocides belus

Type Locality: “Mexico, Ventana...Tampico...Paso de San Juan”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Hanson et al. (2003), News Lepid. Soc. 45(2): 41, 42-43, 8 figs., cover.

3.         Phocides lilea (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 339, no. 47.

Original Combination: Erycides lilea

Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Syntype in CMNH.

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 27, fig. 23, treated this as a species distinct from polybius (Fabricius, 1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 337, and placed imbreus (Plötz, 1879), Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(7-9): 406 as synonym of the last. Phocides polybius does not occur in the United States.

=    albicilla (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(11): 169, no. 16.

Original Combination: [Erycides] albicilla

Type Locality: Not stated; syntype labeled “Mexiko.”

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

=    socius (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)

Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 112.

Original Combination: E[rycides]. Socius

Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    ‡cruentus (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 67, no. 2.

Original Combination: D[ysenius]. cruentus

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Syntype (#15308) in MCZC.

Preoccupied by Phocides cruentus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103.

=    sanguinea (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 68, no. 3.

Original Combination: E[rycides]. sanguinea

Type Locality: “Texas (Capt. Pope, Mexican Boundary Survey)”

Types: Lectotype (#7174) in CMNH, designated by Skinner and R. Williams (1922), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 48(2): 112, no. 3.

=    spurius (Mabille, 1880)

Bull. Séances Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1880(6): 62; also described in Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (5)10(2): xlvi.

Original Combination: E[rycides]. spurius

Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Bogota.” [Colombia]

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19 (supl. 1): 38.

=    decolor (Mabille, 1880)

Bull. Séances Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1880(6): 62; also described in Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (5)10(2): xlvi.

Original Combination: E[rycides]. decolor

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    albiciliata Röber, 1925

Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 159.

Original Combination: Phocides albiciliata

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Holotype in MTD, detailed by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Zool. 6(1): 134.

Tribe Eudamini Mabille, 1877

Subtribe Eudamina Mabille, 1877

Genus Murgaria E. Watson, 1893

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 19, 37. Type-species: Telegonus albociliatus Mabille, 1877, Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 162, no. 12, by original designation. Li et al. (2019), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 6232-6237 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 1-15, restructured the Eudamini, and treated this genus and Thorybes as subgenera of Cecropterus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(9): 131, and arranged specific taxa among several genera. Their placement of species is accepted but several of their changes to genus level are not adopted.

=    Thessia Steinhauser, 1989

Bull. Allyn Mus. (127): 11-12. Type-species: Eudamus athesis Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 8, no. 11, by original designation. Placed in synonymy by Grishin, 2019, in: Li et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13) SI Appendix: 16.

4.         Murgaria albociliatus (Mabille, 1877)

a.   Murgaria albociliatus albociliatus (Mabille, 1877)

Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 162, no. 12.

Original Combination: Teleg[onus].? albociliatus

Type Locality: “Colombia, Panama, Guatemala”; suggested to be “Colombia” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 127.

Types: Syntypes in RBINS and ZMHB.

5.         Murgaria toxeus (Plötz, 1882)

Berl. Entomol. Z. 26(2): 258, no. 6; cited unpublished pl. 212.

Original Combination: [Aethilla] Toxeus

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Synype (#5054) in ZMHB.

=    coyote (Skinner, 1892)

Can. Entomol. 24(7): 164.

Original Combination: Eudamus coyote

Type Locality: “Southern Texas”; lectotype from “nr. Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas.”

Types: Syntype(s) (#7075) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, figs. 7 ♂ D, 7a ♂ V.

=    nigrociliata Mabille & Boullet, 1912

Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 158, 159.

Original Combination: [Murgaria Albociliata] Var. Nigrociliata

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Holotype in MNHP.

6.         Murgaria jalapus (Plötz, 1881)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 100, no. 81; cited unpublished pl. 134.

Original Combination: [Eudamus] Jalapus

Type Locality: “Jalappe” [Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Syntype (#4960) in ZMHB.

=    xerxes (E. Bell, 1934)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 29(3): 90-92, pl. 6, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Telegonus xerxes

Type Locality: “British Honduras” [Belize]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

7.         Murgaria doryssus (Swainson, 1831)

a.   Murgaria doryssus doryssus (Swainson, 1831)

Zool. Illustr. (2)2(11): pl. 48, fig. 2 ♂ D, unnumbered text.

Original Combination: Eudamus Doryssus

Type Locality: “vicinity of Bahia” [Brazil]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Drury (1782), Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 22, index, pl. 17, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, figured this species as Papilio orion, citing Cramer (1777), Uitl. Kapellen 2(13): 92, pl. 155, figs. A, B. This was a misidentification of Cramer’s species, not a proposal of a new name. Until revisionary work by Steinhauser is published, the synonymy of this species follows Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 2: 383-385.

=    brachius (Geyer, 1832)

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [105], figs. 609 ♂ D, 610 ♂ V [1826]; 8, no. 305 (1832, name given).

Original Combination: Goniurus Brachius

Type Locality: “Brasil”

Types: Type probably lost.

This name was mentioned (as Goniurus brachyus) by Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 104, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

=    leucites (Mabille, 1888)

Naturaliste (2)10(27): 98-99, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Eudamus Leucites

Type Locality: “Colombie”

Types: Syntype in ZMHB (Staudinger collection).

=    cleopatra (Ehrmann, 1907)

Can. Entomol. 39(9): 323.

Original Combination: Goniurus Cleopatra

Type Locality: “Suapure, Venezuela”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

=    ‡”interruptus” (R. Williams, 1926)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): 65; figured by R. Williams (1927), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 53(3): pl. 25, fig. 3.

Original Combination: [Eudamus doryssus] form interruptus

Type Locality: “San Pedro Sula, Honduras”

Types: “Holotype” (#7120) in CMNH.

Consistent with Williams’ use of “race” and “form,” this is an infrasubspecific name.

Genus Thorybes Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 71. Type-species: Papilio bathyllus J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 43, pl. 22, by original designation.

=    Achalarus Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 71. Type-species: Papilio lycidas J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 39, pl. 20, 4 figs. (= Proteides lyciades Geyer, 1832, in: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [108], figs. 621, 622; 10, no. 311; preoccupied), by original designation.

      =    ‡Lintneria W. H. Edwards & Butler, 1877

In: W. H. Edwards, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 57, 67. Type-species: Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 44, pl. 126, fig. F; (16): 148 (index) (= Papilio bathyllus J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 43, pl. 22; probably a misidentified type species), by original designation. Preoccupied by Lintneria Butler, 1876, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 9: 620. This genus has been treated as described twice in the same document (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 11, 177) but it is clear that the reference in the text (p. 57) is only that. In the description (p. 67), Hesperia zampa is mentioned as one of the species contained within the new genus Lintneria, but the type is given as above. See comments under Systasea.

=    Cocceius Godman & Salvin, 1894

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(114): 336. Type-species: Eudamus pylades Scudder, 1870, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 207, by original designation.

8.         Thorybes egregius (Butler, 1870)

a.   Thorybes egregius egregius (Butler, 1870)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 494, no. 1; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 65, pl. 25, fig. 11 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Telegonus egregius; Hesperia egregia Herrich-Schäffer, in litt.

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

9.         Thorybes dorantes (Stoll, [1790])

a.   Thorybes dorantes dorantes (Stoll, [1790])

Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 172; (3): pl. 39, fig. 9 ♂ V; 383 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus] Urbic[ola]. Dorantes

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost (Breukelerwaerth collection).

=    torones (Hübner, 1821)

Index exot. Lepid.: [6].

Original Combination: Goniurus Torones

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Proposed for the figures in Hübner [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [155], figs 1 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (as Urbanus proteus).

=    atletes (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862)

Wien entomol. Monatschr. 6(6): 183, no. 169.

Original Combination: Eudamus Atletes

Type Locality: “Brasilia et Nova Granada”; suggested to be “Brazil” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 92.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    amisus (Hewitson, 1867)

Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 5, no. 5; figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus II, fig. 10 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Eudamus Amisus

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Nicaragua” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 92.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    protillus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(11): 171, no. 19.

Original Combination: [Eudamus] protillus

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested as “Tropical America” by R. Williams (1926), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): 62.

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.

=    corydon (Butler, 1870)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 492-493, no. 4; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 65, pl. 25, fig. 2 ♂ V (holotype?).

Original Combination: Goniurus Corydon

Type Locality: “Cuba”; corrected to “Central Valleys of Guatemala” by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 65.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    retractus (Plötz, 1881)

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 9, no. 24; cited unpublished pl. 24.

Original Combination: Goniurus Retractus

Type Locality: “Laguayra” [Venezuela]

Types: Holotype may be in ZIN or ZSM.

=    kefersteinii (Plötz, 1881)

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 11, no. 32; cited unpublished pl. 32.

Original Combination: Goniurus Kefersteinii

Type Locality: “Caracas” [Venezuela]

Types: Holotype may be in ZIN.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, determined this synonymy through examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    ‡”rauterbergi” (Skinner, 1895)

Entomol. News 6(4): 113.

Original Combination: Eudamus protillus var. rauterbergi n. var. ♂

Type Locality: “Comal County, Texas”; holotype labeled “New Braunfels, Comal Co., Tex.”

Types: “Holotype” (#7062) in CMNH; figured by R. Williams (1926), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): pl. 2, fig. 1; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 49, fig. 12 ♂ V.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

b.   Thorybes dorantes calafia (R. Williams, 1926)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): 63, pl.2, fig. 2♂ (holotype).

Original Combination: [Eudamus dorantes] race calafia

Type Locality: “Lower California”

Types: Holotype (#773) in CMNH.

Davenport (2019), News Lepid. Soc. 61(suppl. S1): 12, records this taxon for California. It has been recorded since.

10.       Thorybes lyciades (Geyer, 1832)

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [108], figs. 621 ♀ D, 622 ♀ V [1826]; 10-11, no. 311 (1832, name given); cited Papilio lycidas J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 39-40, pl. 20.

Original Combination: Proteides Lyciades

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio lycidas J. E. Smith, 1797, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). This name was mentioned (as Proteides lyciades) by Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 105, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

=    ‡lycidas (J. E. Smith, 1797)

In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 39-40, pl. 20, figs. ♂ D, ♂ V, larva, pupa.

Original Combination: Papilio Lycidas

Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot.

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing; the specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost.

Preoccupied by Papilio lycidas Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 25, pl. 113, fig. A; (16): 149 (index).

‡”hedysarum” (Scudder, 1889)

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1418.

Original Combination: Papilio hedysarum Abb.

This name was mentioned in the synonymy of Achalarus lyciades without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

11.       Thorybes casica (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 187, no. 17.

Original Combination: [Eudamus] casica

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 135, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    epigena (Butler, 1870)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 493-494; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 65, pl. 25, fig. 6 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Eudamus Epigena; Myscelus Epigena, Herrich-Schäffer, in litt.

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

‡”orestes” (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 58.

Original Combination: [Eudamus] Orestes

Lintner intended to describe “Eudamus orestes” in 1867, but never did. Edwards listed it as a Lintner manuscript name. In this and all other listings the name “orestes” is a nomen nudum; see F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 602-603.

12.       Thorybes bathyllus (J. E. Smith, 1797)

In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 43-44, pl. 22, figs. ♂ D, ♀ D, ♀ V, larva, pupa.

Original Combination: Papilio Bathyllus

Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot; suggested to be “Burke County, Georgia” by Calhoun (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(1): 31.

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The male specimen which was the model for the image on plate 22 was selected as lectotype by Calhoun (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(1): 31, fig. 21 ♂ D; it is probably lost.

=    ‡daunus (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 44, pl. 126, fig. F ♂ D; (16): 148 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Daunus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”, probably in error.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

The original description and illustration do not unambiguously identify this skipper. The type locality as given is outside the range of bathyllus, but may be erroneous. Calhoun (2007), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(1): 105-112, analyzed the original drawing and confirmed that Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777, is a nomen dubium.

=    syloson (Mabille, 1903)

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17a): 39.

Original Combination: Cocceius syloson

Type Locality: “Cayenne”, in error. Mabille and Boullet [1919], Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (10)2(4-6): 232, corrected this to “Etats-Unis.”

Types: Syntypes in MNHP.

13.       Thorybes nevada (Scudder, 1872)

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 28, fig. 24, treated this as a species distinct from mexicana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869), Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 21. Thorybes mexicana does not occur in the United States.

a.   Thorybes nevada aemilea (Skinner, 1893)

Entomol. News 4(2): 64-65.

Original Combination: Eudamus Aemilea

Type Locality: “Fort Klamath, Oregon” [Klamath County]

Types: Syntypes (#7076) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: 325, pl. 46, fig. 39 ♂ D.

b.   Thorybes nevada nevada (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 71, no. 3.

Original Combination: T[horybes]. Nevada

Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada, California (Henry Edwards)”

Types: Syntype (#15828) in MCZC; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 3 ♀ (probably a ♂) D.

c.   Thorybes nevada blanca (J. Scott, 1981)

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 7.

Original Combination: Thorybes mexicana blanca

Type Locality: “Crooked Creek lab, 10150', 3 airline mi. N Inyo Co. line, Mono Co., California”

Types: Holotype in EMEC.

14.       Thorybes dobra (Evans, 1952)

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 131.

Original Combination: [Thorybes mexicana] dobra

Type Locality: “Fort Grant, Arizona” [Graham County]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Zhang et al. Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 28, fig. 24, treated this as a species distinct from mexicana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869), Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 21.

15.       Thorybes diversus (E. Bell, 1927)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(4): 217.

Original Combination: Thorybes diversus

Type Locality: “Plumas County, California”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

16.       Thorybes pylades (Scudder, 1870)

a.   Thorybes pylades pylades (Scudder, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 207; cited T. Harris (1862), Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 312, fig. 135 ♂ D&V (as Eudamus bathyllus).

Original Combination: Eudamus Pylades

Type Locality: “Massachusetts”

Types: Syntypes in MCZC; a possible syntype was figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(11): pl. 9, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”immaculata” (Skinner, 1911)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): 177.

Original Combination: Eudamus pylades immaculata n. var. male

Type Locality: “Philadelphia” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” (#7175) in CMNH.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”integra” (Lanktree, 1968)

Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 80(9): 215-216, pl. XII, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 7 ♂ genitalia (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Thorybes pylades ab. integra

Type Locality: “N. E. of Port Franks in the hinterland of Lake Huron's south-eastern shore”

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

b.   Thorybes pylades indistinctus (Austin & J. Emmel, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 501-502, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V (holotype); 2a ♀ D, 2b ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thorybes pylades indistinctus

Type Locality: “California: San Diego County; Laguna Mountains, Boiling Springs”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Thorybes pylades albosuffusa (H. Freeman, 1943)

Entomol. News 54(3): 72.

Original Combination: Thorybes pylades albosuffusa new form

Type Locality: “Fort Davis...Texas” [Jeff Davis County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

While this name was initially described as infrasubspecific, H. Freeman (1949), Texas J. Sci. 1(3): 41, listed it as Thorybes pylades albosuffusa and explained its application as a subspecies-level taxon, making this name available from its original publication (Code Article 45.6.4.1).

17.       Thorybes drusius (W. H. Edwards, [1884])

Can. Entomol. 15(11): 211.

Original Combination: Eudamus Drusius

Type Locality: “So. Arizona”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 605, fig. ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 4 ♂ D.

=    paucipuncta (Dyar, 1916)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 51(2139): 4.

Original Combination: Thorybes paucipuncta

Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico”

Types: Holotype (#19256) in USNM.

18.       Thorybes tehuacana (Draudt, 1922)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(309): 871; (313): pl. 169b ♂ V.

Original Combination: R[habdoides] tehuacana

Type Locality: “Tehuacan, Puebla” [Tehuacán, Puebla, Mexico]

Types: Syntype in SDEI.

Recorded from Texas by Hardy et al. (2010), News Lepid. Soc. 52(4): 107-111,127, 18 figs.

19.       Thorybes confusis (E. Bell, 1923)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 48(3): 205-206.

Original Combination: Thorybes confusis

Type Locality: “Tampa, Florida” [Hillsborough County]

Types: Syntypes in AMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ V.

W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 335, deliberately emended this name to confusus, an unjustified emendation (contra W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 67).

20.       Thorybes cincta Plötz, 1882

Berl. Entomol. Z. 26(2): 261, no. 9; cited unpublished pl. 232.

Original Combination: [Cecropterus] Cincta

Type Locality: “Oaxaca” [Mexico]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    rotundatus (Mabille, 1883)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liii.

Original Combination: Telegonus rotundatus

Type Locality: “America meridionali”; syntype from "Guatemala."

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK and ZMHB.

21.       Thorybes pseudocellus (Coolidge & Clemence, [1910])                                       ✝

Entomol. News 22(1): 3.

Original Combination: Achalarus pseudocellus

Type Locality: “Ramsey Canon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona. 5,000-7,000 feet altitude”

Types: Syntypes in NHMLA.

This taxon has apparently been extirpated from the United States, as noted by Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies SE Ariz.: 32.

Genus Spicauda Grishin, 2019

In: Li et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 4, tbl. 2 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 9. Type-species: Goniurus procne Plötz, 1881, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 3, no. 4; cited unpublished pl. 3, by original designation.

22.       Spicauda simplicius (Stoll, [1790])

Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 171, pl. 39, figs. 6 ♂ D, 6e ♂ V; 384 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbic[ola]. Simplicius

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    gracillcauda (Plötz, 1881)

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 2, no. 1.

Original Combination: Goniurus Gracillcauda

Type Locality: “Central America”

Types: Holotype may be in ZIN or ZSM.

=    pilatus (Plötz, 1881)

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 2, no. 3; cited unpublished pl. 2.

Original Combination: Goniurus Pilatus

Type Locality: “Bahia, Surinam”

Types: Syntypes (#5068, 5069) in ZMHB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    thiemei (Ehrmann, 1907)

Can. Entomol. 39(9): 321-322.

Original Combination: Thymele Thiemei

Type Locality: “San Pedro Sula, Honduras, Central America”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

=    borja (Ehrmann, 1907)

Can. Entomol. 39(9): 322.

Original Combination: Thymele Borja

Type Locality: “Barja [sic], Bolivia, South America”

Types: Syntype in CMNH.

23.       Spicauda procne (Plötz, 1881)

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 3, no. 4; cited unpublished pl. 3.

Original Combination: Goniurus Procne

Type Locality: “Brasilien”

Types: Holotype may be in ZIN or ZSM.

24.       Spicauda atelis Grishin, 2023

Insecta Mundi 0969: 6, figs. 1, 2 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, 3a, b live photos, 4 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Spicauda atelis

Type Locality: USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co., Mission, 10th Street at irrigation ditch”

Types: Holotype in TAMU.

Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 6, fig. 1, determined that teleus Hübner, 1821, Index exot. Lepid.: [3], does not occur in the Unitdoes not occur in the United States. That name and it’s synonyms eurycles Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (714), 730, no. 5, zalanthus Plötz, 1881, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 3, no. 6, and latipennis Mabille & Vuillot, 1891, Novit. Lepid. (5): 36, pl. 5, fig. 1 ♂ D&V, are removed from the catalogue.

25.       Spicauda tanna (Evans, 1952)

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 94.

Original Combination: [Urbanus] tanna

Type Locality: “Santa Rita, Colombia, Cauca River”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Genus Urbanus Hübner, [1807]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pls. [150], [151], [155], [159]. Type-species: Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163 (as figured by Hübner [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [155]), by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 200.

      =    ‡Thymele [Illiger], 1807

Allg. Lit.-Zeit. 2(303): 1180. Type-species: Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163, designated by Bridges (1985), Notes on Family- and Genus-group names (IV): 123. Suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232, and placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 48; it is also a junior objective synonym of Urbanus Hübner, [1807].

      =    ‡Goniurus Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 104. Type-species: Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163, by designation of Westwood (1852), in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(54): 510. A junior objective synonym of Urbanus Hübner, [1807].

      =    ‡Eudamus Swainson, 1831

Zool. Illustr. (2)2(11): pl. 48, unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Urbanus Hübner, [1807].

‡”Lyroptera” Plötz, 1881

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 42(10-12): 500. This name was introduced by Plötz (citing Hopffer) in the synonymy of Eudamus Swainson, 1831. Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 271, stated that the type-species is Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy; L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 7, duplicated this citation. This is incorrect because “Lyroptera” Plötz is a nomen nudum and not available.

Subgenus Urbanoides Grishin, 2019

In: Li et al. (2019), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 4, tbl. 2 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 10. Type-species: Telegonus albociliatus Mabille, 1877, Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 162, no. 12, by original designation.

26.       Urbanus esmeraldus (Butler, 1877)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 146-147, no. 233.

Original Combination: Goniurus esmeraldus

Type Locality: “Villa bella”; interpreted to be “Villa Nova, Amazons” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 89. [Brazil]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK; figured by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): fig. 19 ♂ V.

Subgenus Urbanus Hübner, [1807]

27.       Urbanus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758)

a.   Urbanus proteus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163; cited Merian (1719), Ins. Surinam: pl. 63, fig. 2; figured by Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 42 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus urbicola]. Proteus

Type Locality: “Americes”; “neotype” from “Cherrypoint, Craven Co., N[orth] C[arolina]”, as designated by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): 13, but see below.

Types: Lectotype in UUZM, designated by Aurivillius (1882), K. svenska. VetenskAkad. Handl. (4)19(5): 119-120. A subsequent “lectotype”, in MWNH, was designated by Mielke (1989), Rev. bras. Zool. 6(3):450-451, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, and a “neotype”, in MGCL, was designated by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. no. 62: 13 figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.

The lectotype designated by Aurivillius may not be this species. If not, it may be necessary to ask the I.C.Z.N. to establish a neotype that conforms with the consistent use of this name; see Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 373-374.

=    proteoides (Plötz, 1881)

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 11; cited unpublished pl. 33.

Original Combination: Goniurus Proteoides

Type Locality: “Nd. America”

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, identified this synonymy through examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

‡”fortis” Skinner & Ramsden, 1924

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 75: 309.

Original Combination: Urbanus fortis

This name was listed in the synonymy of proteus without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

28.       Urbanus rickardi Grishin, 2023

In: Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 9-11, fig. 5 , 6 ♂ D&V (holotype), 7 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Urbanus (Urbanus) rickardi

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co., Urban Road No. 1019 S of Mission, near Madero”

Types: Holotype in TAMU.

Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 9-11, fig. 5, determined that pronus Evans, 1952, Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 89, does not occur in the United States. That name and its synonym plinius E. Bell, 1956, Am. Mus. Novit. (1778): 1-5; figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 17 ♂ genitalia, are removed from the catalogue.

29.       Urbanus alva Evans, 1952

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 87.

Original Combination: [Urbanus viterboana] alva

Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac, Veracruz”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK; figured by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): fig. 14 ♂ V.

Recorded from Texas by A. Warren (1997), News Lepid. Soc. 39(3): 41, figs. F-J. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 5-6, elevated this taxon to species rank and determined that Urbanus belli does not occur in the United States.

‡”ehakernae” Burns, 2014

In: Bertrand et al. BMC Evol. Biol. 14: 10 (Table 4),fig. 3 I, 3j ♂ D&V (holotype), 3k, 3l ♀ D&V (paratype).

Original Combination: Urbanus ehakernae

Type Locality: “Área de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica” from the title of the work.

Types: Holotype in USNM

Zhang et al. (2023), Insecta Mundi 0969: 9, fig. 5, determined that this taxon was conspecific with alva and that treatment is adopted here. This name is a nomen nudum as its description violates Code Article 13.1.1.

30.       Urbanus oplerorum Grishin, 2023

In: Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 11-13, figs. 5, 8 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Urbanus (Urbanus) oplerorum

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co., Mission/Madero”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 11-13, fig. 5, determined that viterboana. Ehrmann, 1907, Can. Entomol. 39(9): 321-322, does not occur in the United States. That name is removed from the catalogue. Recorded from Texas by Bordelon (2011), News Lepid. Soc. 53(suppl. S1): 87.

Genus Telegonus Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 104. Type-species: Papilio talus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): 122-123, pl. 176, fig. D; (16): 151 (index), by designation of Butler (1870), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(75): 56.

Subgenus Telegonus Hübner, [1819]

=    Euthymele Mabille, 1878

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 21(1): 24. Type-species: Hesperia mercatus Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 332, no. 260 (= Papilio fulgerator Walch, 1775, Naturforscher 7: 115, pl. 1, figs. 2a, 2b; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 86.

31.       Telegonus tsongae Grishin, 2023

In: Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969:17, figs. 10 ♂ D&V (holotype), 12 live photos, 13 ♂ genitalia., 14-20 life history.

Original Combination: Telegonus tsongae

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Starr Co., Roma, by the international bridge, GPS 26.4047, -99.0186”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 17, fig. 10 , determined that catemacoensis H. Freeman, 1967, J. Lepid. Soc. 21(2): 117-118, pl. 1, 2nd row, ♂ D&V (holotype), 3rd row ♀ D&V, ♂ genitalia, does not occur in the United States. That name is removed from the catalogue.

32.       Telegonus talus (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): 122-123, pl. 176, fig. D; (16): 151 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Talus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Bordelon (2015), News Lepid. Soc. 57(suppl. S1): 97, records this species for Texas.

=    ‡ausonius (Latreille, [1824])

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (716), 741, no. 34; cited Papilio talus Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): 122-123, pl. 176, fig. D.

Original Combination: Hesperia Ausonius

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio talus Cramer, 1777, erroneously thought preoccupied, a junior objective synonym of talus.

=    lucidator (Sepp, [1841])

Surinaam. Vlinders 1(9): 77, pl. 35, larva, pupa, ♂ D, ♂ V.

Original Combination: Papilio Lucidator

Type Locality: “Surinam” from the title of the work.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    sumadue (Lucas, 1857)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 625.

Original Combination: Eudamus Sumadue

Type Locality: “l’île de Cuba”

Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.

=    virens (Röber, 1925)

Entomol. Mitt. 14(1): 95-96.

Original Combination: Goniurus virens

Type Locality: “Santa Catharina” [Brazil]

Types: Holotype in MTD.

Subgenus Rhabdoides Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): 1854. Type-species: Eudamus cellus Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 73, 4 figs., by monotypy.

*33.      Telegonus alardus (Stoll, [1790])

Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 171, pl. 39, fig. 7 ♂ D, 7f ♂ V; 382 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbic[ola] Alardus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    fabrici Ehrmann, 1918

Lepidoptera 2(4): 29.

Original Combination: Telegonus fabrici

Type Locality: “Cauca Valley, Venezuela”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

a.   Telegonus alardus latia (Evans, 1952)

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 111.

Original Combination: [Astraptes alardus] latia

Type Locality: “Costa Rica”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

*34.      Telegonus alector (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867)

Reise Novara Zool. (3): 508, no. 883, pl. 71, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Eudamus alector

Type Locality: “Nova Granada: Bogotá” [Colombia]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

a.   Telegonus alector hopfferi (Plötz, 1881)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 90, no. 35; cited unpublished pl. 88.

Original Combination: [Eudamus] Hopfferi Alector ? var

Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”

Types: Type may be in ZSM.

=    uridon (Dyar, 1912)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 42(1885): 43.

Original Combination: Thracides uridon

Type Locality: “Guerrero, Mexico”

Types: Holotype (#14221) in USNM.

=    gilberti (H. Freeman, 1969)

J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 8-9, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, pl. 4, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Astraptes gilberti

Type Locality: “Seven miles south of Valles, (Grounds of Hotel Covadonga) San Luis Potosi, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente-Bousquets et al., Biodiver. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 549, proposed this synonymy.

*35.      Telegonus anausis Godman & Salvin, 1896

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1896(2): 519, no. 32.

Original Combination: Telegonus anausis

Type Locality: “St. Vincent; Balthazar and Chantilly Estate, Grenada”; syntype from “windward side St. Vincent, W. I.”

Types: Syntype (#1236147) in NHMUK.

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 28-29, fig. 25, determined that this is the species recorded from the United States. The names anaphus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): 126, pl. 178, fig. F ♂ D; (16): 147 (index), leucogramma Sepp, [1830], Surinaam. Vlinder. 1(4): 37, pl. 15 and anaphides Mabille & Boullet, 1912, Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 75, 88, are removed from the catalogue.

=    grenadensis (Schaus, 1902)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 427.

Original Combination: Thymele grenadensis

Type Locality: “Grenada, British West Indies”

Types: Holotype (#967) in USNM.

=    alpistus Mabille, 1902

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17a): 24.

Original Combination: T[elegonus] alpistus

Type Locality: “Santa Catarina” “Brasilia”

Types: Holotype in MNHP.

=    cubana Mabille & Boullet, 1912

Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 77.

Original Combination: T[elegonus] Cubana

Type Locality: “Cuba”

Types: Syntypes in MNHP.

=    roysi Avinoff & Shoumatoff, 1941

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 28(15): 316, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia, pl. 36, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Telegonus roysi

Type Locality: “Bath” [Jamaica]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

a.   Telegonus anausis annetta (Evans, 1952)

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 118.

Original Combination: [Astraptes anaphus] annetta

Type Locality: “Tres Rios, 5,000 ft.: Costa Rica”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

36.       Telegonus cellus (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 73, figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [4] larva, [5] pupa.

Original Combination: Eudamus Cellus

Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text), but “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot. A. Clark (1936), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 95(7): 14, suggested that the model for Abbot’s figure came from the vicinity Jacksonborough, Screven County, Georgia, but Abbot spent most of his time in Burke County.

Types: The plate was a reproduction of an Abbot drawing. The types are the specimens that he painted and are probably lost. A “holotype” in NHMUK was mentioned by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 121, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”

Burns (1984), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (405): 1-38, reviewed this species.

=    festus (Geyer, 1837)

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: pl. [156], figs. 907 ♀ D, 908 ♀ V [1836]; 27, no. 454 (1837, name given).

Original Combination: Cecrops Festus

Type Locality: Not stated

Types: Type(s) probably lost, but may be in ZMHB, ZSMS or NHMW.

=    mexicana (Draudt, 1922)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(309): 871; (313): pl. 169a ♂&♀ D.

Original Combination: [Rhabdoides cellus] form mexicana

Type Locality: “Mexiko...Orizaba” [Veracruz]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in SMF.

Steinhauser (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (29): 9, considered this to be a subspecies-level taxon.

=    ‡”aereofuscus” (Gunder, 1925)

Entomol. News 36(7): 196, no. 6, pl. 5, fig. 6 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Rhabdoides cellus ab. ♂ aereofuscus

Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County, Arizona”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”leilae” (A. Clark, 1934)

Science 80(2068): 164; figured by A. Clark (1936), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 95(7): pl. 2, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Rhabdoides cellus] var. leilae

Type Locality: “vicinity of Washington” [District of Columbia]; further defined as “Maryland, woods just north of the unpaved portion of the Conduit Road 1.1 miles southeast of Great Falls, or just over one-half mile west of the point where the paved road from Washington turns north up the hill, leaving the conduit” by A. Clark (1936), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 95(7): 12.

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

Genus Autochton Hübner, 1823

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 13. Type-species: Autochton itylus Hübner, 1823, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 13, pl. [44], figs. 249, 250, by monotypy.

Subgenus Autochton Hübner, 1823

=    Cabares Godman & Salvin, 1894

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(114): 337. Type-species: Thanaos potrillo Lucas, 1857, in: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 641, by original designation.

37.       Autochton caballo Grishin, 2023

In: Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 27-28, figs. 21, 22 ♂ D&V (holotype), 23a, b live photos.

Original Combination: Autochton caballo

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co., 6 mi W of Hidalgo”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 27-28, fig. 21, determined that potrillo Lucas, 1857, in: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 641, does not occur in the United States. That name and it’s synonym paterculus Herrich-Schäffer, 1863, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 17(9): 141-142, are removed from the catalogue.

Genus Spathilepia Butler, 1870

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(75): 57. Type-species: Papilio clonius Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(7): 126-127, pl. 80, figs. C, D; (8): 152 (index), by original designation.

38.       Spathilepia clonius (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(7): 126-127, pl. 80, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; (8): 152 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Clonius

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Potential syntypes in RMNH (collection L. Juliaans).

Genus Proteides Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 105. Type-species: Papilio mercurius Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2: 86, no. 780, by designation of Butler (1870), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(76): 93.

=    Dicranaspis Mabille, 1878

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 21(1): 24. Type-species: Papilio idas Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 118, pl. 260, figs. A, B; (24): 175 (index) (= Papilio mercurius Fabricius, 1787, Mant. Ins. 2: 86, no. 780; homonym), by monotypy.

39.       Proteides mercurius (Fabricius, 1787)

a.   Proteides mercurius mercurius (Fabricius, 1787)

Mantissa Ins. 2: 86, no. 780.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. U[rbicola]. Mercurius

Type Locality: “Cajennae” [French Guiana]

Types: Syntype in ZMUC.

=    ‡idas (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 118, pl. 260, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (24): 175 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Idas

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Preoccupied by Papilio idas Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2: 284, as established by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 269.

b.   Proteides mercurius sanantonio (Lucas, 1857) (emended)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 626-627.

Original Combination: Eudamus San-Antonio

Type Locality: “dans l’île de Cuba” “Le nom de San-Antonio appelle celui du cap nord-est de l’île de Cuba”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Genus Epargyreus Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 105. Type-species: Papilio tityrus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 532, no. 382 (= Papilio clarus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 66, pl. 41, figs. E, F; (8): 152 (index); homonym), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 70.

=    Eridamus Burmeister, 1875

Revue Mag. Zool. (3)3: 51-59. Type-species: Goniurus tmolis Burmeister, 1875, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3)3: 64, pl. 1, figs. 1 (larva), 8, 9 (portions of larva), by designation of Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 44.

40.       Epargyreus zestos (Geyer, 1832)

a.   Epargyreus zestos zestos (Geyer, 1832)

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl [106], figs. 615 ♀ D, 616 ♀ V (1826); 9, no. 308 (1832, name given).

Original Combination: Proteides Zestos

Type Locality: “Surinam”, probably in error.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103, listed Proteides zestos without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

=    oberon (Worthington, 1881)

Papilio 1(8): 132-133.

Original Combination: Endamus Oberon

Type Locality: “Marco Island, Florida” [Collier County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

=    arsaces Mabille, 1903

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17a): 24.

Original Combination: E[pargyreus]. arsaces

Type Locality: “Ile Saint-Thomas” [United States Virgin Islands]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

41.       Epargyreus clarus (Cramer, 1775)

a.   Epargyreus clarus clarus (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 66, pl. 41, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (8): 152 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicola Clarus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname” in error; corrected to “Dayton (Rockingham Co.), Virginia” by Dixon (1955), Entomol. News 66(1): 7.

Types: Type(s) probably lost. L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 3, stated that a neotype was in CMNH, designated by Dixon (1955), Entomol. News 66(1): 7. I was unable to determine that there was any neotype designation by Dixon, only a series was mentioned.

=    ‡tityrus (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 532, no. 382.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. U[rbicola] Tityrus

Type Locality: “America”; defined as “Dayton (Rockingham Co.), Virginia” by Dixon (1955), Entomol. News 66(1): 7.

Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.

Preoccupied by Papilio tityrus Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 77.

=    argentosus Hayward, 1933

Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 5(23): 175, pl. 9, fig. 7 [actually pl. 10, fig. 4] ♂ genitalia, pl. 11, fig. 4 [actually pl. 14, fig. 7] ♂ V.

Original Combination: Epargyreus argentosus

Type Locality: “Tierra del Fuego” in error.

Types: Holotype in MACN.

=    argenteola (Matsumura, 1940)

Insecta Matsumurana 15: 1-2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Bibacis [sic] argenteola

Type Locality: “Formosa...Nôkô in the Prov. Taichu near Hori” in error; corrected to “Nearctic” by Evans (1949), Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Austr. Brit. Mus.: 477.

Types: Holotype in EIHU.

Shirôzu (1947), Zephyrus 9(4): 270-271, determined that argenteola is a synonym of tityrus (= clarus) and Hsu et al. (2006), Zool. Stud. 45(3): 324, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, discuss and figure the holotype.

=    ‡”obliteratus” Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1402.

Original Combination: Epargyreus tityrus obliteratus

Type Locality: “near Boston” [Massachusetts]

Types: “Holotype” may be in MCZC.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”smythi” R. Williams, 1927

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 53(3): 262; cited Smyth (1908), Entomol. News 19(5): pl. 10, upper figure (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Epargyreus tityrus aberration smythi

Type Locality: “Charleston, South Carolina” [Charleston County]

Types: “Holotype “ in USNM.

b.   Epargyreus clarus californicus MacNeill, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 572.

Original Combination: Epargyreus clarus californicus

Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “China Flat, El Dorado Co., California.”

Types: Lectotype in CAS, designated by Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 3: 5.

“Eudamus tityrus californica Hy. Edwards” was proposed in synonymy by Skinner (1891), in: Smith et al., List Lepid. Bor. Am.: 17, no. 627a; a nomen nudum.

42.       Epargyreus huachuca Dixon, 1955

Entomol. News 66(1): 7-9.

Original Combination: Epargyreus clarus huachuca

Type Locality: “Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Arizona”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 29, fig. 26, treated this as a species distinct from clarus. Subsequent communications have temporarily resolved californicus as a subspecies of clarus and profugus as a subspecies of huachuca. This is the current treatment.

a.   Epargyreus huachuca huachuca Dixon, 1955

Entomol. News 66(1): 7-9.

Original Combination: Epargyreus clarus huachuca

Type Locality: “Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Arizona”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

b.   Epargyreus huachuca profugus Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 523-524, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Epargyreus clarus profugus

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Virgin Mountains, Cabin Canyon, 1676 m, T15S R71E S4 on USGS Virgin Peak, Nev.-Ariz. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

43.       Epargyreus fractigutta Grishin, 2023

In: Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 29-32, figs. 24, 25 ♀ D&V (holotype), 26a–f type series.

Original Combination: Epargyreus fractigutta

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co., McAllen”

Types: Holotype in TAMU.

Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 27-28, fig. 21, determined that cruza Evans, 1952, Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 50, does not occur in the United States. That name is removed from the catalogue.

Genus Chioides Lindsey, 1921

Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 25-26. Type-species: Eudamus albofasciatus Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 3-4, no. 2, by original designation.

44.       Chioides albofasciatus (Hewitson, 1867)

Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 3-4, no. 2; figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus II, fig. 15 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Eudamus albofasciatus

Type Locality: “Guatemala (Polochic Valley)”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 17-18, recently corroborated the species-level status of this taxon.

45.       Chioides zilpa (Butler, 1872)

Lepid. Exot. (8): 109, pl. 40, fig. 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: G[oniurus]. Zilpa

Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    namba Evans, 1952

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 58; cited W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 49, fig. 18 ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Chioides zilpa] namba

Type Locality: “Magdalena, N. Sonora, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 18, determined this synonymy.

Subtribe Loboclina Grishin, 2019

In: Li et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 3, tbl. 1 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 3. Type-genus: Lobocla Moore, 1884 J. asiat. Soc. Bengal 53, Pt II(1): 51.

Genus Aguna R. Williams, 1927

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 53(3): 286. Type-species: Eudamus camagura R. Williams, 1926, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): 81-82, by original designation.

      =    ‡Tmetocerus Poujade, 1896

Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1895(4)(26): cxliv. Type-species: Eudamus asander Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 9, no. 13, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Tmetocerus Hartert, 1891, Kat. Vögelsamml. Mus. Senckenberg: 141.

metophis group Austin & Mielke, 1998

Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 906.

46.       Aguna mcguirei Grishin, 2023

In: Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 32-34, figs. 27, 28 ♂ D&V (holotype), 29a, b live photos, 30 ♂ genitalia.,(holotype

Original Combination: Aguna mcguirei

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Cameron Co., Brownsville”

Types: Holotype in TAMU.

Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 32-34, fig. 27, determined that metophis Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (713), 729, no. 2, does not occur in the United States. That name is removed from the catalogue.

asander group Austin & Mielke, 1998

Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 896.

47.       Aguna asander (Hewitson, 1867)

a.   Aguna asander asander (Hewitson, 1867)

Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 9, no. 13, figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus III, fig. 24 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Eudamas asander

Type Locality: “Amazon (Ega)” [Tefé, Brazil]

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Austin and Mielke (1998), Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 896.

=    panthius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 186, no. 6.

Original Combination: [Eudamus] panthius

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Austin and Mielke (1998), Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 896.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 134, determined this synonymy based on an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 109) made by Plötz. Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies S.E. Ariz.: 22, also stated that this is a “form” of asander.

=    scheba (Plötz, 1881)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 94, no. 56; cited unpublished pl. 117.

Original Combination: [Eudamus] Scheba

Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Austin and Mielke (1998), Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 896.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 134, suggested this synonymy based on his examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    euthymides (Mabille & Boullet, 1912)

Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 65, 69.

Original Combination: [Epargyreus Asander] Var. Euthymides Plötz

Type Locality: Not stated; referred to Plötz’ unpublished plate 107.

Types: Type(s) probably based on Plötz’ unpublished figures only.

Mabille (1903), in: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 17a: 24, introduced this name (as Epargyreus euthymides) without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

claxon group Austin & Mielke, 1998

Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 910.

48.       Aguna claxon Evans, 1952

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 60.

Original Combination: [Aguna] claxon

Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac, Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Genus Codatractus Lindsey, 1921

Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 26. Type-species: Heteropia imitatrix Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(49): 68, fig. 3 (= Telegonus imalena Butler, 1872, Lepid. Exot.: 109, pl. 40, fig. 1; synonym), as replacement name. Proposed to replace Heteropia Mabille, 1889, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

      =    ‡Heteropia Mabille, 1889

Naturaliste (2)3(49): 68. Type-species: Heteropia imitatrix Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(49): 68 (= Telegonus imalena Butler, 1872, Lepid. Exot.: 109, pl. 40, fig. 1; synonym), by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 22. Preoccupied by Heteropia Carter, 1886, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)18: 47.

Subgenus Codatractus Lindsey, 1921

49.       Codatractus arizonensis (Skinner, 1905)

Entomol. News 16(7): 232; figured by Skinner (1911), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): pl. 10.

Original Combination: [Heteropia melon] [var.] arizonensis

Type Locality: “Baboquivaria [sic] Mts., Pima County, Arizona”

Types: Syntypes (#7074) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 49, fig. 15 ♂ D.

Subgenus Caudatractus Grishin, 2019

50.       Codatractus alcaeus (Hewitson, 1867)

a.   Codatractus alcaeus alcaeus (Hewitson, 1867)

Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 3, no. 1; figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus II, fig. 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Eudamus alcaeus

Type Locality: “Nicaragua”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    montezuma (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 70, no. 10.

Original Combination: T[hymele]. Montezuma

Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]

Types: Syntype (#15317) in MCZC.

Genus Lobotractus Grishin, 2019

In: Li et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 4, tbl. 2 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 10-11. Type-species: Eudamus valeriana Plötz, 1881, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 99, no. 76; cited unpublished pl. 130, by original designation.

51.       Lobotractus mysie (Dyar, 1904)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 12(1): 40.

Original Combination: Thorybes mysie

Type Locality: “Patagonia Mountains, Arizona” [Santa Cruz County]

Types: Lectotype (#7737) in USNM, designated by Burns (1996), J. Lepid. Soc. 50(3): 210, figs. 52, 59, 66 ♂ genitalia, 79 ♂ D, 80 ♂ V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, figs. 8 ♂ D, 8a ♂ V.

Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 48, fig. 52, determined that mysie is a distinct species. The name valeriana Plötz, 1881, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 99, no. 76, is removedfrom the catalogue.This confirms the treatment by Burns (1996), J. Lepid. Soc. 50(3): 173-216 and is adopted herein.

Genus Zestusa Lindsey, 1925

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 106. Type-species: Plestia staudingeri Mabille, 1888, Naturaliste (2)2(31): 146, fig. 1, as replacement name. Proposed to replace Plestia Mabille, 1888, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

      =    ‡Plestia Mabille, 1888

Naturaliste (2)2(31): 146. Type-species: Plestia staudingeri Mabille, 1888, Naturaliste (2)2(31): 146, fig. 1, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Plestia Stål [1871], Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Förh. 27(7): 768 (nota).

52.       Zestusa dorus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(8): 140-141.

Original Combination: Eudamus Dorus

Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Mount Graham, Graham County, Arizona, between 5,000 and 8,000 feet above sea level” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 600.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 602, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 45, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.

Subtribe Telemiadina Grishin, 2019

In: Li et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 3, tbl. 1 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 4. Type-genus: Telemiades Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 106.

Genus Ectomis Mabille, 1878

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 21(1): 31. Type-species: Ectomis adoxa Mabille, 1878, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 21(1): 32 (= Plesioneura cythna Hewitson, 1878, Ann. Mag. naL Hist. (5)1(4): 341; synonym), by monotypy.

Subgenus Asina Grishin, 2019

In: Li et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 4, tbl. 2 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 11-12. Type-species: Eudamus asine Hewitson, 1867; Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (1): 5-6, no. 6, by original designation

53.       Ectomis mexicanus (H. Freeman, 1969)

J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 10, pl. 5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Polythrix mexicanus

Type Locality: “Seven miles south of Valles (grounds of Hotel Covadonga), San Luis Potosi, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in AMNH, as noted by H. Freeman (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(3): 244.

Subgenus Ectomis Mabille, 1878

=    Hypocryptothrix E. Watson, 1893

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 17, 22. Type-species: Erycides teutas Hewitson, 1876, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 12(142): 251, by original designation.

=    Polythrix E. Watson, 1893

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 16, 19. Type-species: Eudamus metallescens Mabille, 1888, Naturaliste (2)2(28): 108-109, fig. 2, by original designation.

=    Chrysoplectrum E. Watson, 1893

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 17, 24. Type-species: Eudamus otriades Hewitson, 1867, Descr. One Hundred new Spec. Hesp. (1): 6, no. 8, by original designation.

=    Heronia Mabille & Boullet, 1912

Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 139. Type-species: Telegonus labriaris Butler, 1877, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 148, no. 242, by monotypy.

=    Basslerodea E. Bell, 1940

Am. Mus. Novit. (1094): 4. Type-species: Basslerodea mida E. Bell, 1940. Am. Mus. Novit. (1094): 4, fig. 8 (= Plesioneura cythna Hewitson, 1878, Ann. Mag. naL Hist. (5)1(4): 341; synonym), by original designation. A junior subjective synonym of Ectomis.

=    Speculum Austin, 2008

J. Lepid. Soc. 62(1): 36. Type-species: Speculum speculum Austin, 2008, J. Lepid. Soc. 62(1): 37, figs. 1-3, by original designation.

54.       Ectomis octomaculata (Sepp, [1844])

Surinaam. Vlinders 2(13): 123 [22 Aug 1844]; (15): pl. 58, larva, pupa, ♂ D, ♂ V [27 Aug 1844].

Original Combination: Hesperia Octomaculata

Type Locality: “Surinam” from the title of the work.

Types: Type(s) are lost.

H. Freeman (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 278, and (1979), J. Lepid. Soc. 33(2): 125, detailed the occurrence of this taxon in Texas.

=    decussata (Ménétriés, 1855)

Enum. corp. anim. (1): 97, 123, no. 1013, pl. 5, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Goniuris [sic] Decussata

Type Locality: “d’Haiti”

Types: Lectotype in ZIN, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 40.

=    decurtata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(11): 170, no. 13.

Original Combination: [Eudamus] decurtata

Type Locality: Not stated; “Brasil” "Brasilien"on label of syntypes.

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.

=    calenus (Mabille, 1888)

Naturaliste (2)10(27): 99, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Eudamus calenus

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB or MNHP (Staudinger collection).

=    alciphron (Godman & Salvin, 1893)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(109): 285, no. 24; 3(110): pl. 75, figs. 24 ♂ D, 25 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Eudamus alciphron

Type Locality: “Mexico, Rincon in Guerrero...Coatepec in Vera Cruz”; holotype from “Rincon.”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Steinhauser (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (29): 5, considered this a ♀ form and synonym of octomaculata; H. Freeman (1979), J. Lepid. Soc. 33(2): 125, and Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 19, concurred.

=    elegans (Hayward, 1933)

Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 5(23): 165, pl. 7 [actually pl. 10] fig. 6 ♂ genitalia, pl. 11 [actually pl. 12], fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Goniurus elegans

Type Locality: “Misiones” [Prov. Misiones, Argentina]

Types: Holotype in MLPA (Breyer collection).

Genus Polygonus Hübner, [1825]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [144]. Type-species: Polygonus lividus Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [144], figs. 1-4 (= Papilio leo Gmelin, [1790], Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2363, no. 836; synonym), by monotypy.

      =    ‡Acolastus Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., (1871): 71. Type-species: Hesperia savignyi [sic] Latreille, [1824], Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (716), 741-742, no. 35, by original designation. Preoccupied by Acolastus Gerstäcker, 1855, Mber. dt. Akad. Wiss. Berl. [1855]: 636.

      =    ‡Nennius W. F. Kirby, [1902]

In: Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3 (addit. notes): 105. Type-species: Polygonus lividus Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [144], figs. 1-4 (= Papilio leo Gmelin, 1790, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2363, no. 836; synonym), as replacement name. Proposed to replace Polygonus, erroneously thought to be preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8); a junior objective synonym of Polygonus.

*55.      Polygonus arizonensis (Skinner, 1911)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): 209, pl. 10 D&V; ♂ genitalia figured by Skinner and R. Williams (1923), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 48(4): fig. 5.

Original Combination: Erycides amyntas arizonensis n. var.

Type Locality: “Florence, Arizona” [Pima County]

Types: Syntypes (#7073) in CMNH.

Zhang et al. (2023), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 11(1): 16, fig. 13, treated arizonensis and histrio as distinct species. That treatment is accepted and the names amyntas Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 533, no. 384, leo Gmelin, [1790], Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2363, no. 836, lividus Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [144], 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V and ishmael Evans, 1952, Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 54, are removed from the catalogue.

56.       Polygonus histrio Röber, 1925

Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 161.

Original Combination: Polygonus (Acolastus) histrio

Type Locality: “Panama” probably in error.

Types: Holotype in MTD, detailed by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Zool. 6(1): 134.

Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 39, determined that the holotype of this taxon represents the phenotype found in Florida and Cuba.

57.       Polygonus pardus Grishin, 2023

Original Combination: Polygonus pardus

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co., McAllen”

Types: Holotype in TAMU.

Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 35-37, fig. 31, determined that savigny Latreille, [1824], Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (716), 741-742, no. 35, does not occur in the United States. That name and its synonym manueli E. Bell & W. Comstock, 1948 Am. Mus. Novit. (1379): 4-6, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia are removed from the catalogue.

Tribe Oileidini Grishin, 2019

In: Li et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 3, tbl. 1 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 5. Type-genus: Oileides Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pls. [151]-[152]], by original designation.

Subtribe Typhedanina Grishin, 2019

In: Li et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 3, tbl. 1 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 5. Type-genus: Typhedanus Butler, 1870, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 497.

Genus Cogia Butler, 1870

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 508. Type-species: Cogia hassan Butler, 1870, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 508, by monotypy.

=    Phoedinus Godman & Salvin, 1894

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(114): 335. Type-species: Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 19, by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 35. Not homonymous with “Phoedinus” Doumerc [1835]: 821, 825 (index), which is an incorrect subsequent spelling of Phaedinus Duponchel, 1834, Annls. Entomol. Soc. Fr. 3: 38; not homonymous with “Phoedinus” Duponchel, 1836, Mag. Zool. 6: pl. (Ins.), which is also an incorrect subsequent spelling of Phaedinus Duponchel, 1834; not homonymous with “Phoedinus” Guérin-Méneville, 1838, Rev. Zool. (Soc. Cuvier) 1838: 286, which is a duplication of the above misspelling. Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 20, stated that Godman and Salvin selected the type-species of this genus, but Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 359, correctly fixed the type-species as indicated. Tilden (1949), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 48(1): 4-6, and (1975), J. Lepid. Soc. 29(1): 60-61, discussed the validity of this genus (and the supposed homonymy), as well as its relationship to Cogia. L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 13-14, accepted the erroneous homonymy. Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 7, placed Phoedinus as a synonym of Cogia.

      =    ‡Anaperus Mabille & Boullet, 1919

Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (10)2(4-6): 232. Type-species: Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 19, as a replacement name; introduced to replace Phoedinus, erroneously thought preoccupied. Preoccupied by Anaperus Tröschel, 1860, Inhaltsverz. S. B. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1860: 16; a junior objective synonym of Phoedinus.

      =    ‡Caicella Hemming, 1934

Stylops 3(6): 144. Type species: Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 19, as replacement name. Introduced to replace Phoedinus, erroneously thought preoccupied (and Anaperus, preoccupied); a junior objective synonym of Phoedinus.

58.       Cogia undulatus (Hewitson, 1867)

Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 4-5, no. 4; figured by Hewitson (1873), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus II, fig.16 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Eudamus undulatus

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    sumichrasti (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 69, no. 5.

Original Combination: T[hymele]. Sumichrasti

Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]

Types: Syntype (#15309) in MCZC.

=    elongatus (Plötz, 1881)

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 55(3): 4, no. 8; cited unpublished pl. 8.

Original Combination: Goniurus Elongatus

Type Locality: “Brasilien”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM, ZMHB, or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, suggested this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    nicasius (Plötz, 1881)

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 4, no. 9; cited unpublished pl. 1.

Original Combination: Goniurus Nicasius

Type Locality: “Brasil”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM, ZMHB, or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, suggested this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

59.       Cogia calchas (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 22.

Original Combination: [Eudamus] calchas

Type Locality: Not stated; holotype from “Rio.” [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

=    terranea (Butler, 1872)

Lepid. Exot. (8): 111, pl. 40, fig. 8 ♂ V.

Original Combination: S[pathilepia]. Terranea

Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”anacreon” (Plötz, 1881)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 99, under no. 78.

Original Combination: [Eudamus] Calchas [synonym] Anacreon

Type Locality: ‘Venezuela”

This name was listed in synonymy without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

60.       Cogia hippalus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

a.   Cogia hippalus hippalus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(2): 27.

Original Combination: Eudamus Hippalus

Type Locality: “Tucson and at Prescott”; lectotype from “Tucson.” [Pima County, Arizona]

Types: Lectotype (#33620) in USNM, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 609, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

=    gila (Plötz, 1886)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(1-3): 91-92, no. 86b.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Gila

Type Locality: “Arizona”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 151, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 1370) made by Plötz.

61.       Cogia outis (Skinner, 1894)

Entomol. News 5(10): 332; figured by Skinner (1911), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): pl. 10.

Original Combination: Eudamus outis

Type Locality: “Blanco County, Texas”; holotype labeled “Round Mt., Texas.”

Types: Syntypes in CMNH (#7072) and in USNM; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 11 ♂ D.

*62.      Cogia caicus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 19.

Original Combination: [Eudamus] caicus

Type Locality: Not stated

Types: Syntype in ZMHB

a.   Cogia caicus moschus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(8): 141-142.

Original Combination: Eudamus Moschus

Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “vicinity of Fort Grant at the foot of Mount Graham, Graham County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 606.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 607, fig. 3 % D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 13 ♂ D (lectotype), 14 ♂ V (paralectotype).

Subfamily Tagiadinae Mabille, 1878

Annls. Soc. ent. Belg. 21(2): 40. Type-genus: Tagiades Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 108. Grishin, 2019, in: Li et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13) SI Appendix: 6, elevated this to subfamily.

Tribe Celaenorrhinini Swinhoe, 1912

In: Moore, Lep. Ind. 10(109): 1. Type-genus: Celaenorrhinus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 106.

Genus Celaenorrhinus Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 106-107. Type-species: Papilio eligius Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(30): 123-124, pl. 354, fig. H; (34): 249 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 137, no. 236. de Jong (1982), J. Nat. Hist. 16(5): 695-705, discussed the morphology and systematics of Celaenorrhinus, and added Charmion and Orneates to the synonymy. Austin and Steinhauser (1996), Insecta Mundi 10(1/4): 36-37, corroborated this. Zhang et al. (2021), Insecta Mundi 0921: 1–135, determined that Apallaga Strand, 1911, Entomol. Rundsch. 28(18): 28, is a distinct genus. It is removed from the catalogue.

=    Ancistrocampta C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862

Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 6(6): 183. Type-species: Ancistrocampta syllius C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862, Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 6(6): 184, no. 170, by monotypy.

=    Hantana Moore, [1881]

Lepid. Ceylon 1(4): 179. Type-species: Eudamus infernus R. Felder, 1868, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 283 (= Eudamus spilothyrus R. Felder, 1868, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 283; synonym), by original designation. First reviser choice of spilothyrus over infernus was made by Evans (1926), J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 31(1): 67.

=    Gehlota Doherty, 1889

J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. II 58(1): 131. Type-species: Plesioneura sumitra Moore, [1866], Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(3): 787, by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 49.

=    Narga Mabille, 1891

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(16): lxx. Type-species: Narga chiriquensis Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(16): lxx (= Tagiades monartus Plötz, 1884, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 49, no. 41; synonym), by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 130.

=    Orneates Godman & Salvin, 1894

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(114): 345. Type-species: Eudamus aegiochus Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)18(106): 350, by original designation.

=    Charmion Nicéville, 1894

J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. II 63(1): 48. Type-species: Hesperia ficulnea Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 37, no. 33, by original designation.

=    Apallaga Strand, 1911

Entomol. Rundsch. 28(18): 143. Type-species: Apallaga separata Strand, 1911, Entomol. Rdsch. 28(18): 144 (= Pterygospidea mokeezi Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. (4)2(1)(no. 4): 54, no. 3; subspecies), by monotypy.

63.       Celaenorrhinus fritzgaertneri (Bailey, 1880)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(7): 62-63.

Original Combination: Pleusioneura [sic] FritzGaertneri

Type Locality: “an old deserted mine...at a depth of eighty feet...near the Volcano de San Miguel, in the vicinity of Lama Larga in the Republic of Salvadore...six hundred feet above the sea level” [El Salvador]

Types: Location of type not known (USNM?).

=    variegatus Godman & Salvin, 1894

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 383, no. 2; 3(121): pl. 85, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Celaenorrhinus variegatus

Type Locality: “Mexico, Dos Arroyos, Venta de Zopilote, Tierra Colorada in Guerrero...Jalapa, Coatepec...Guatemala, Volcan de Santa Maria...Nicaragua, Chontales”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

Steinhauser (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (29): 10, determined that this taxon represents non-seasonal dimorphism.

64.       Celaenorrhinus stallingsi H. Freeman, 1946

Entomol. News 57(8): 185-186, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Celaenorrhinus stallingsi

Type Locality: “Monterrey, Mexico” [Nuevo León]

Types: Holotype in PMNH; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 45, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.

Subfamily Pyrrhopyginae Mabille, 1877

Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 161 (as "Pyrrhopygini"). Type-genus: Pyrrhopyge Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103. Grishin, 2019, in: Li et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13) SI Appendix: 6, reinstated this subfamily.

Tribe Pyrrhopygini Mabille, 1877

Subtribe Apyrrothrixina Grishin, 2019

In: Zhang et al., Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B) 286: 20190609: 5. Type-genus: Lindsey, 1921, Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 15-16.

Genus Apyrrothrix Lindsey, 1921

Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 15-16. Type-species: Erycides araxes Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 2, by original designation. The generic arrangement follows Mielke (2002), Revta. bras. Entomol. 19(1):217-228.

Subgenus Apyrrothrix Lindsey, 1921

Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 15-16. Type-species: Erycides araxes Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 2, by original designation. The generic arrangement follows Mielke (2002), Revta. bras. Entomol. 19(1):217-228.

*65.      Apyrrothrix araxes (Hewitson, 1867)

Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 2, no. 2.

Original Combination: Erycides Araxes

Type Locality: "Mexico”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    cyrillus (Plötz, 1879)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(10-12): 529, no. 38; cited unpublished pl. 1251.

Original Combination: [Pyrrhopyga] [sic] Cyrillus

Type Locality: “Oaxaca” [Mexico]

Types: Syntype (#4926) in ZMHB.

a.   Apyrrothrix araxes arizonae (Godman & Salvin, 1893)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(107): 253, under no. 12.

Original Combination: Pyrrhopyge arizonae

Type Locality: “Arizona...the neighborhood of Fort Grant” [Graham County]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

This was treated as a species-level taxon by Burns and Janzen (2001), J. Lepid. Soc. 55(1): 38; a status questioned by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 3.

Subfamily Pyrginae Burmeister, 1878

Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 245. Type-genus: Pyrgus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 109. Though this name is junior to Pyrrhopygini Mabille, 1877, it is maintained as the most widely used name for this family group (Code Article 35.5).

Tribe Achlyodini Burmeister, 1878

Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lép.)(1): 245, 254 (as “Achlyodidae”). Type-genus: Achlyodes Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 108.

Tribe Achlyodina Burmeister, 1878

Genus Grais Godman & Salvin, 1894

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 381. Type-species: Anastrus stigmaticus Mabille, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv, by original designation.

66.       Grais stigmaticus (Mabille, 1883)

a.   Grais stigmaticus stigmaticus (Mabille, 1883)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv.

Original Combination: Anastrus stigmaticus

Type Locality: “Brasilia”; “Chiriqui (Panama)” on label of syntype.

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.

=    fumosus (Plötz, 1884)

Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 26, no. 31; cited unpublished pl. 1017.

Original Combination: [Antigonus] Fumosus

Type Locality: “Brasilien”

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.

Genus Eantis Boisduval, 1836

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 13 [=9B], fig. 6. Type-species: Urbanus thraso Hübner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [151], figs. 1-4, by monotypy. A. Warren (1996), Phylog. Rev. Skippers mithridates Spec. Group: 188 pp. and (2000), in: Llorente-Bousquets et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 553, placed our species in Eantis.

=    Tosta Evans, 1953

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 170, 186. Type-species: Tosta tosta Evans, 1953, Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 187, pl. 47, fig. F/7, 1 (♂ genit.), by original designation. Grishin (2019), in: Cong et al (2019), Insecta Mundi 0731: 12, fig. 5, determined this synonymy.

67.       Eantis pallida (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 19: 478-479, no. 38.

Original Combination: Helias pallida

Type Locality: “Jalapa, Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Syntype(s) in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by A. Warren et al. (2003), News Lepid. Soc. 45(4):128-131, figs. 1-6. Grishin (2019), in: Cong et al (2019), Insecta Mundi 0731: 12, fig. 5, determined this arrangement.

=    ozotes (Butler, 1870)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)18(4): 515, no. 3.

Original Combination: Achlyodes Ozotes

Type Locality: “Venezuela”, “Venezuela, Bogota, Bolivia”

Types: Syntype(s) in NHMUK.

=    selva (Evans, 1953)

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 178.

Original Combination: [Achlyodes] selva

Type Locality: “Jalapa, Mexico” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 26, determined this synonymy.

68.       Eantis tamenund (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 215-216, no. 20.

Original Combination: Hesperia Tamenund

Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas”; suggested to be “probably close to Norse, Bosque County, Texas” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 615.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 617, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.

Genus Achlyodes Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 107-108. Type-species: Papilio busirus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 119-120, pl. 261, figs. A, B, C; 3(24): 174 (index) as "busiris" misspelling, by designation of Butler (1870), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(77): 98.

      =    ‡Sebaldia Mabille, 1903

In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 77. Type-species: Papilio busirus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 119-120, pl. 261, figs. A, B, C; (24): 174 (index), by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Achlyodes Hübner, [1819].

*69.      Achlyodes busirus (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 119, pl. 261, figs. A ♀ D.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Busirus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Recorded from Texas by Reese, (2022), Am. Butterflies 30(3): 46-47.

=    ‡”bucolus” Hübner, [1820]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3): 108, no. 1155.

Original Combination: A[chlyodes] Bucolus

Type Locality: ‘Venezuela”

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio busirus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 119-120, pl. 261, fig. C, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of busirus.

=    obscura (Mabille, 1903)

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17a): 66.

Original Combination: [Sebaldia] obscura

Type Locality: “Colombie”

Types: Types may be in MNHP.

a.   Achlyodes busirus heros Ehrmann, 1909

Can. Ent. 41: 87.

Original Combination: Achlyodes heros

Type Locality: Holotype in CMNH.

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.

=    ‡”sebaldus” (Fabricius, 1787)

Mant. Ins. 2, p. 89, no. 805.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. U[rbicola]. Sebaldus

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Subtribe Pythonidina Grishin, 2019

In: Li et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 3, tbl. 1 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 6-7. Type-genus: Pythonides Hübner, [1819]; Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 111

Genus Quadrus Lindsey, 1925

Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 18: 99. Type-species: Papilio cerialis Stoll, [1782], Uitl. Kapellen 4(33) : 213, pl. 392, figs N, O, by original designation.

70.       Quadrus lugubris (R. Felder, 1869)

a.   Quadrus lugubris lugubris (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 19: 476, no. 32.

Original Combination: Leucochilonea lugubris

Type Locality: “Brasilia”; “Chiriqui (Panama)” on label of syntype.

=    obscurascens (Mabille & Boullet, 1917)

Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1917(4):101Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1917(4):101.

Original Combination: Gindanes truncata var. obscurascens

Type Locality: “Mexique, Venezuela”

Types: Syntypes in MNHP.

Recorded from Texas by Reese, (2022), Am. Butterflies 30(2): 40, 42,47.

Tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940

Farfalle diurne Ital. 1: 10 (as “Carcharodidi”). Type-genus: Carcharodus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 110. I.C.Z.N. Opinions 181 and 270 placed Carcharodus on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 686.

Genus Arteurotia Butler & H. Druce, 1872

Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 112. Type-species: Arteurotia tractipennis Butler & H. Druce, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 112, by original designation.

71.       Arteurotia artistella Grishin, 2023

In: Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 37-39, figs. 35, 36a ♂ D&V (holotype), b ♂ D&V (paratype), 37a-c live photos, 38 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Arteurotia artistella

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co., Mission”

Types: Holotype in TAMU.

Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 37-39, fig. 3537-39, fig. 35, determined that tractipennis Butler & H. Druce, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 112; figured by Butler (1874), Lepid. Exot.: pl. 64, fig. 5 ♂ D, does not occur in the United States. That name and it’s synonym ribbei Staudinger, 1876, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25: 117, no. 34. are removed from the catalogue.

Genus Nisoniades Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 108. Type-species: Papilio bromius Stoll, [1787], Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (1): 37, pl. 8, figs. 1, 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d; (3): 382 (index) (= Papilio mimas Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1(5): 83, pl. 52, figs. E, F; (8): 152 (index); synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 228, no. 752.

      =    ‡Pellicia Plötz, 1879

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(4/6): 176, 179. Type-species: Pellicia macarius Herrich-Schäffer, 1870, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 160, no. 1, by original designation. Preoccupied by Pellicia Herrich-Schäffer, 1870, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 159.

72.       Nisoniades bromias (Godman & Salvin, 1894)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(118): 370, no. 4; 3(119): pl. 83, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Pellicia bromias

Type Locality: “Mexico, Acapulco, Chilpancingo, Dos Arroyos, Atoyac, Teapa...Guatemala, Dueñas...Costa Rica, Caché...Panama, Chiriqui”; suggested to be “Mexico” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 49.

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 29-30, fig. 27, determined that bromias is a distinct species. The name rubescens Möschler, 1877, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 340-341, pl. 4, fig. 29 and its synonyms triangulus Mabille, 1898, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 66(2/3): 198-199, clara Mabille & Boullet, 1917, Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1916(20): 323 and nigra Mabille & Boullet, 1917 Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1916(20): 323, are removed from the catalogue.

Genus Pellicia Herrich-Schäffer, 1870

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 159. Type-species: Pellicia dimidiata Herrich-Schäffer, 1870, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 160, no. 1, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 243, no. 824.

=    Hemipteris Mabille, 1889

Naturaliste (2)3(61): 216. Type-species: Hemipteris fumida Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(61)[11(61)]: 216 (= Pellicia tyana Plötz, 1882, Berl. Entomol. Z. 26(2): 255, no. 12), by monotypy.

73.       Pellicia arina Evans, 1953

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 58; cited Godman & Salvin (1894), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(119): pl. 83, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V (as Pellicia costimacula).

Original Combination: [Pellicia costimacula] arina

Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac, Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Steinhauser (1989), Bull. Allyn Mus. (127): 29, detailed the species-level status of this taxon, corroborating L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 15, 208, note 37.

74.       Pellicia dimidiata Herrich-Schäffer, 1870

a.   Pellicia dimidiata dimidiata Herrich-Schäffer, 1870

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 160. no. 5; cited unpublished Plötz pl. 199.

Original Combination: Pellicia Dimidiata

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 136, determined the following synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawings made by Plötz.

=    didia Möschler, 1877

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 340, pl. 4, fig. 28.

Original Combination: [Pellicia] Didia

Type Locality: “aus dem Innern Suriname”

Types: Holotype in ZMHB.

=    corinna Plötz, 1882

Berl. Entomol. Z. 26(2): 254, no. 9; cited unpublished pl. 199.

Original Combination: [Pellicia] Corinna

Type Locality: “Laguayra, Mex.” [Venezuela]

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM.

=    nivonicus (Plötz, 1884)

Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 14, no. 3, cited unpublished pl. 956.

Original Combination: [Achlyodes] Nivonicus

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM.

=    bilinea Mabille, 1889

Naturaliste (2)3(61): 216-217, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Pellicia bilinea

Type Locality: “Chiriqui” [Panama]

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

=    bobae (Weeks, 1906)

Entomol. News 17(6): 203; figured by Weeks (1911), Ill. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 7, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Pamphila bobae

Type Locality: “Suapure, Venezuela”

Types: Syntypes in MCZC (#16717) and CMNH.

=    hypsipyle Hayward, 1947

Acta zool. Lilloana 4: 121-122, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Pellicia hypsipyle

Type Locality: “Villavicencio, Colombia”

Types: Holotype in IFML.

Genus Windia H. Freeman, 1969

J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 16-17. Type-species: Windia windi H. Freeman, 1969, J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 17-18, pl. 6, figs. 7, 8, pl. 15, fig. 6, by original designation.

75.       Windia windi H. Freeman, 1969

J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 17-18, pl. 6, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype); pl. 15, fig. 6 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Windia windi

Type Locality: “Salada, Colima, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Recorded from Arizona by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 7.

Genus Noctuana E. Bell, 1937

Am. Mus. Novit. (914): 7-8. Type-species: Helias noctua C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867, Reise Novara Zool. (3): 533, no. 942, pl. 74, figs. 1, 2, by original designation.

76.       Noctuana stator (Godman & Salvin, 1899)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(148): 460, no. 3; 3(148): pl. 91, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V, 35 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Theagenes stator

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon (2000), News Lepid. Soc. 42(suppl. S1): 45.

Genus Clytius Grishin, 2019

In: Cong et al., Insecta Mundi 0731: 11, fig. 4. Type-species: Pholisora clytius Godman & Salvin, 1897, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(137): 442, no. 2; 3(138): pl. 90, figs. 13, 14, by original designation.

77.       Clytius clytius (Godman & Salvin, 1897)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(137): 442, no. 2; 3(138): pl. 90, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Pholisora clytius

Type Locality: “Mexico, Tres Marias Is.” [Nayarit]

Types: Syntype(s) in NHMUK.

=    semitincta Dyar, 1924

Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 12(1-3): 15.

Original Combination: Bolla semitincta

Type Locality: “Colima, Mexico”

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

Genus Bolla Mabille, 1903

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17a): 46, 72. Type-species: Bolla pullata Mabille, 1903, in: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17a): 72 (= Staphylus imbras Godman & Salvin, 1896, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid Rhop 2(131): 435, no. 11; 3(131): pl. 89, figs. 27, 28, 29; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 43. Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 79, credited Mabille with an original type-species designation, but that was in error as Mabille merely mentioned Bolla in conjunction with pullata.

78.       Bolla brennus (Godman & Salvin, 1896)

a.   Bolla brennus brennus (Godman & Salvin, 1896)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(131): 434-435, no. 9; 3(131): pl. 89, fig. 23 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Staphylus brennus

Type Locality: “Panama...Volcan de Chiriqui 2500 to 4000 feet, David...Chiriqui”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK and ZMHB.

Genus Pholisora Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 72. Type-species: Hesperia catullus Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 348, no. 323, by original designation.

79.       Pholisora catullus (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 348, no. 323; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 80, fig. 2 D&V; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [50], fig. 4 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).

Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Catullus

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

80.       Pholisora crestar J. Scott & Davenport, 2017

Papilio (n. s.) 26: 2, figs. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), 2 (holotype and paratypes), 3 (paratypes).

Original Combination: Pholisora catullus crestar

Type Locality: “Dry Creek Canyon 4300’ off Sherman Pass Road, Tulare Co., California”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 30, fig. 28, confirmed the suggestion by Pfeiler (2018), Diversity 10(4): 111, that this is a species distinct from catullus.

81.       Pholisora mejicanus (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 334, no. 32.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Mejicanus

Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]

Types: Type(s) may be in FMNH.

Godman & Salvin (1897), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(137): 441; 3: pl. 90, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V, used mexicana, but cited mejicanus as a synonym, so mexicana is an unjustified emendation.

Genus Staphylus Godman & Salvin, 1896

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(131): 429. Type-species: Helias ascalaphus Staudinger, 1876, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25: 116, no. 31, by original designation.

=    Scantilla Godman & Salvin, 1896

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(131): 437. Type-species: Scantilla opites Godman & Salvin, 1896, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(131): 437; 3(138): pl. 90, figs. 3, 4, 5 (= Tagiades vincula Plötz, 1886, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(1-3): 113; synonym), by monotypy.

82.       Staphylus ceos (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(8): 140.

Original Combination: Pholisora Ceos

Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “vicinity of Fort Grant, in canyons at foot of Mount Graham, Graham County, Arizona”, by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 612.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 613, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

83.       Staphylus ecos Grishin, 2022

In: Zhang et al.: (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(4): 6-8, figs. 4 phylo-tree, 5 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, 6 ♂&♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Staphylus ecos

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Brewster County, Big Bend National Park, Green Gulch, elevation 1960 m, GPS 29.2769, -103.2836"

Types: Holotype in USNM.

84.       Staphylus mazans (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 335, no. 35.

Original Combination: Carcharodus mazans

Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]

Types: Type(s) may be lost.

Reakirt described many taxa from “coll. W. H. Edwards” Some of his types are in the Strecker collection (FMNH), and others might be in W. H. Edwards’ collection (CMNH). L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 208, note 40, were unable to find the type(s) of this taxon.

85.       Staphylus hayhurstii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 22, no. 18.

Original Combination: Hesperia Hayhurstii

Type Locality: “Missouri”; suggested to be “vicinity of Sedalia, Missouri” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 610-611.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 611, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.

86.       Staphylus floridus Grishin, 2022

In: Zhang et al.: Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(4): 3-5, figs. 1 Phylo-tree, 2 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, 3 ♂&♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Staphylus floridus

Type Locality: “USA: Florida, Volusia County, New Smyrna Beach”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Genus Hesperopsis Dyar, 1905

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 118. Type-species: Thanaos alpheus W. H. Edwards, 1876, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 206, by original designation. Stanford (1981), in: Ferris and F. Brown, Butterflies Rocky Mtn. States: 87, detailed the genus-level status of this taxon.

87.       Hesperopsis libya (Scudder, 1878)

a.   Hesperopsis libya joaquina J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (15): 202-203, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperopsis libya joaquina

Type Locality: “California: Kern County; McKittrick”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Hesperopsis libya libya (Scudder, 1878)

Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr. 4(1)(10): 258.

Original Combination: Heteropterus libya

Type Locality: “Beaver Dam”; determined to be “Littlefield, Mohave Co., Arizona: 1846', T40N R15W, 36^o 53' N/113^o 56' W” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(2): 134.

Types: Syntype (#16590) in MCZC.

c.   Hesperopsis libya confertiblanca J. Scott, 1992

Papilio (n.s.) 6: 173.

Original Combination: Hesperopsis libya confertiblanca

Type Locality: “N Montrose, Montrose Co. Colo.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Hesperopsis libya lena (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Can. Entomol. 14(1): 5-6.

Original Combination: Ancyloxypha Lena

Type Locality: “Montana”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 645-646, fig. 24 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 36 ♂ V.

88.       Hesperopsis alpheus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)

a.   Hesperopsis alpheus oricus (W. H. Edwards, 1879)

Can. Entomol. 11(3): 51.

Original Combination: Pholisora oricus

Type Locality: “Nevada” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Buffalo Canyon, Desatoga Mtns., Churchill County in areas of Atriplex canescens” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 643-645; corrected to “Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 629, who determined that there are no oricus populations at the type locality as defined by F. Brown and L. Miller.

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): fig. 23 ♂ D&V.

MacNeill (1970), Entomol. News 81(7): 182-183, elevated this taxon to the subspecies-level.

=    arizonensis Mabille & Boullet, 1917

Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1917(4): 100.

Original Combination: Hesperopsis arizonensis

Type Locality: “Arizona, U. S.”

Types: Holotype in MNHP.

b.   Hesperopsis alpheus alpheus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 206.

Original Combination: Thanaos Alpheus

Type Locality: “New Mexico”; defined as “sage brush country in Colfax County, New Mexico” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 641.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 643, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.

=    texana J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 8.

Original Combination: Pholisora alpheus texana

Type Locality: “Boca Chica, 20-22 mi. E. Brownsville, Cameron Co. Texas”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

This name is reduced to synonymy per conversations with Nick Grishin.

89.       Hesperopsis gracielae (MacNeill, 1970)

Entomol. News 81(7): 177-179, figs. 1 top row ♂&♀ D, 2nd row ♂&♀ D (spring), 2 top row ♂&♀ V, 2nd row ♂&♀ V (fall) (including holotype?), 5 ♂ head, 6 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Pholisora gracielae

Type Locality: “California, San Bernardino Co., Bennett Wash, vicinity Parker Dam”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

Pratt et al. (2015), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 117(2): 194-202, confirmed the status of this species.

Tribe Pyrgini Burmeister, 1878

Genus Systasea W. H. Edwards, 1877

Can. Entomol. 9(6): 120. Type-species: Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 207-208, as replacement name for the genus Lintneria Auctorum. Because there was misunderstanding over the original description of Lintneria, this name was proposed to replace a “ghost.” According to Code Article 67.8, the type-species of Systasea is Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 44, pl. 126, fig. F; (16): 148 (index) (see Thorybes bathyllus); this issue needs to be addressed by the I.C.Z.N. in a petition to assign Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876 as the type-species of Systasea. For now, traditional usage is maintained.

      =    ‡Lintneria W. H. Edwards, 1877

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 57. Type-species: Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 207-208, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Lintneria Butler, 1876, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 9: 620.

      =    ‡Plesiocera Mabille, 1891

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(17): cvi. Type-species: Plesiocera filipalpis Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(17): cvi (= Leucochitonea pulverulenta R. Felder, 1869, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 478; synonym), by monotypy. Preoccupied by Plesiocera Macquart, 1841, Mém. Soc. R. Sci. Lille 1840: 360. The generic and specific diagnoses of Plesiocera filipalpis were based on the body of S. pulverulenta with a glued-on satyrine head.

90.       Systasea pulverulenta (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 19: 478, no. 37.

Original Combination: Leucochitonea pulverulenta

Type Locality: “Orizaba” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Syntypes in NHMW.

=    taeniatus (Plötz, 1884)

Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 41, no. 2; cited unpublished pl. 1068.

Original Combination: [Tagiades] Taeniatus

Type Locality: “Oaxaca” [Mexico]

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 149, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    filipalpis (Mabille, 1891)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(17): cvi.

Original Combination: Plesiocera filipalpis

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

As noted above, the specific diagnosis was based on the body of this species with a glued-on satyrine head.

91.       Systasea zampa (W. H. Edwards, 1876)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 207-208.

Original Combination: Hesperia Zampa

Type Locality: “South Apache, Arizona”; corrected to “South [of Fort] Apache, Navajo County Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 613; neotype from “Arizona.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by L. Miller (1970), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 41(5): 183-184, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♂ genitalia; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): fig. 7 ♂ D&V.

The misapplication of the name zampa was explained in the neotype designation, and by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 613-615.

=    evansi (E. Bell, 1941)

Entomol. News 52(6): 165-167, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Antigonus evansi

Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona” [Pima County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Genus Canesia Grishin, 2019

In: Cong et al., Insecta Mundi 0731: 17-18, fig. 7. Type-species: Leucochitonea canescens R. Felder, 1869, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 476-477, no. 34, by original designation.

92.       Canesia canescens (R. Felder, 1869)

a.   Canesia canescens canescens (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 476-477, no. 34.

Original Combination: Leucochitonea canescens

Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Type(s) may be in NHMW.

Genus Xenophanes Godman & Salvin, 1895

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 387. Type-species: Papilio tryxus Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 87, pl. 334, figs. G, H, by original designation.

93.       Xenophanes ruatanensis Godman & Salvin, 1895

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 388, no. 2.

Original Combination: Xenophanes ruatanensis

Type Locality: “Honduras, Ruatan I.”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 31, fig. 42, determined that ruatanensis is a species distinct from tryxus (Stoll, 1780), Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 87, pl. 334, figs. G, H. That taxon, with its synonyms salvianus (Fabricius, 1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 348-349, no. 325 and euphemie (Ehrmann, 1907), Can. Entomol. 39(9): 318, are removed from the catalogue.

=    perplexus E. Bell, 1942

An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol. Méx. 2(4): 456-457, no. 5, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Xenophanes perplexus

Type Locality: “Guerrero” [Mexico]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; the description erroneously stated that the holotype (#4772) is in ENCB.

Genus Antigonus Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 108. Type-species: Urbanus erosus Hübner, [1812], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl [153], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, by monotypy. Grishin (2019), in: Cong et al: Insecta Mundi 0731: 17, fig. 7, removed Systaspes Weeks, 1901, Ill. diurn. Lepid. 1: 20, 29, 116 from the synonymy.

=    Chaetoneura C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862

Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 6(6): 185-186. Type-species: Chaetocneme hippulus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 6(6): 186, no. 172 (= Hesperia nearchus Latreille, [1813], in: Humboldt and Bonpland, Voy. Rég. Équinox., Part 2 (Observ. Zool.) 2(10): 135, pl. 43, figs. 3, 4; synonym), by original designation.

94.       Antigonus emorsa (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 479- 480.

Original Combination: Leucochitonea emorsa

Type Locality: “von der Haupstadt Mexico in der Nähe von Cuernavaca” [Morelos, Mexico]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    albimedia (Draudt, 1922)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(321): 904; (329): pl. 176f, fig. [7] ♂ D.

Original Combination: [Systasea emorsa] form albimedia

Type Locality: “Mexiko”; lectotype from “Guerrero.”

Types: Lectotype (#L 4051) in SMF, designated by Mielke and Schroeder (1994), Senckenberg. biol. 73(1/2): 139, fig. 9, ♂ genitalia.

95.       Antigonus erosus (Hübner, [1812])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl [153], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Urbanus Erosus

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Types probably lost.

Recorded from Texas by Knudson et al. (2004), News Lepid. Soc. 46(4): 111, 113, 6 figs.

=    westermann (Latreille, [1824])

Enc. méth., 9(Ins.)(2): (725), 791, no. 153.

Original Combination: Hesperia Westermann

Type Locality: “l’Amérique méridionale”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Genus Celotes Godman & Salvin, 1899

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(147): 452. Type-species: Pholisora nessus W. H. Edwards, 1877, Can. Entomol. 9(6): 192, by monotypy.

96.       Celotes nessus (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

Can. Entomol. 9(10): 192.

Original Combination: Pholisora nessus

Type Locality: “San Antonio, Texas” [Bexar County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 640, fig. 21♂ D&V.

=    notabilis (Strecker, [1878])

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 131.

Original Combination: Spilothyrus Notabilis

Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “vicinity of New Braunfels and San Antonio, Southwestern Texas” implied from the introductory text. [Comal and Bexar counties]

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

=    radiatus (Plötz, 1884)

Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 23, no. 1, cited unpublished pl. 907.

Original Combination: [Carcharodus] Radiatus

Type Locality: “Texas”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 147, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

97.       Celotes limpia Burns, 1974

Psyche 81(1): 51-55, figs. 1E ♂ D, 1F ♂ V (holotype), 1G ♀ D, 1H ♀ V, 2B ♂ metathoracic pouch, 4 ♂ genitalia, 6 ♀ genitalia, 8 distribution map.

Original Combination: Celotes limpia

Type Locality: “Limpia Canyon, 5000 feet, Davis Mountains., 4 miles WNW of Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County, Texas”

Types: Holotype in MCZC.

Genus Pyrgus Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 109. Type-species: Papilio alveolus Hübner, [1803], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 92, figs. 466, 467 (= Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 167; synonym), by designation of Westwood [1841], in: Brit. Butterflies Transf. (ed. 1): 123. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 706. As a result of the erroneous type-species designation of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793, by Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 187-189, most of what is now known as Pyrgus was previously called Hesperia. The action of Plötz (1879), Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(4-6): 179, of citing malvae as the type-species of Carcharodus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 110, further confused the issue surrounding the identity of Pyrgus. The situation was explained by Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 94-95. Carcharodus does not occur in the Nearctic.

      =    ‡Urbanus Hübner, [1806]

Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 167, by monotypy. The Tentamen was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97. Opinion 278 placed Urbanus Hübner [1806] on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 86.

=    Scelotrix Rambur, 1858

Cat. Syst. Lépid. Andal.: 63. Type-species: Papilio carthami Hübner, [1813], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 143, figs. 726 [actually 720], 723 [not figs. 721-722] (= Papilio fritillarius Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79, no. 53, as defined by the specimen on pl. 10, fig. 7; synonym), by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 64.

      =    ‡Bremeria Tutt, 1906

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(10/11): 296. Type-species: Syrichtus bieti Oberthür, 1886, Étud. Entomol. 11: 26, pl. 6, fig. 50, by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 37. Preoccupied by Bremeria Alpheraky, 1892, in: Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 6: 7, and Bremeria Moore, 1896, Lepid. Ind. 3(25): 9.

      =    ‡Teleomorpha B. Warren, 1926

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): 18, 46, pl. 10, fig. 7. Type-species: Papilio carthami Hübner, [1813], Samml. europ. Schmett.: pl. 143, figs. 726 [actually 720] ♂, 723 ♂ [not figs. 721-722] (= Papilio fritillarius Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79, as defined by the specimen on pl. 10, fig. 7), by designation of Hemming (1934), Stylops 3(6): 143. A junior objective synonym of Scelotrix Rambur, 1858.

=    Hemiteleomorpha B. Warren, 1926

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): 19, 72. Type-species: Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 167, by designation of Hemming (1934), Stylops, 3(6): 143. A junior subjective synonym of Pyrgus Boisduval, [1834].

=    Ateleomorpha B. Warren, 1926

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): 19, 87. Type-species: Hesperia onopordi Rambur, [1842], Faune Entomol. Andal. 2(6): 319, pl. 8, fig. 13, by designation of Hemming (1934), Stylops 3(6): 143.

*98.      Pyrgus centaureae (Rambur, [1842])

Faune Entomol. Andal. 2(6): 315-316, pl. 8, fig. 10.

Original Combination: Hesperia Centaureae

Type Locality: “Torneo en Laponie et de la Dalécarlie” [Dalarna, Sweden]

Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP, NHMUK, or lost.

de Jong (1972), Tijdschr. Entomol. 115(1): 27, included this species in the subgenus Scelotrix.

a.   Pyrgus centaureae wyandot (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 21-22, no. 13; [2]: pl. 5, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Wyandot

Type Locality: “Long Island...Washington, D. C.”; neotype from “Long Island, New York.”

Types: Neotype (possibly a lectotype) in FMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 632, fig. ♂ D&V.

Shapiro (1974), Search 4(3): 23, suggested that this taxon might be a distinct species, a status that Lindsey (1928), Entomol. News 39: 239-242, disputed. More research is needed; see Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 8-9.

b.   Pyrgus centaureae dzekh Gorbunov, 2007

Butterflies North Asia Nat. 2: 369, figs. 324 ♂ D&V (holotype), 325 ♀ D&V (paratype).

Original Combination: Pyrgus centaureae dzekh

Type Locality: “South Chukotka, the Anadyr River' valley, a bushy (Pinus pumila, Salix, Alnus) tundra, 8-20 km SW of Markovo settlement, 28-40 m a.s.l.” [Anadyrsky District, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Holotype in IPAE.

Recorded from the United States (Alaska) for the first time by Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 48, fig. 53.

c.   Pyrgus centaureae freija (B. Warren, 1924)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 72(Proc.): lvi-lvii, pl. B, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ V (lectotype), 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia freija

Type Locality: “Colorado at an altitude of 13,000 ft.; Labrador and other parts of N. America; and in the extreme North of Europe”; lectotype from “Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Lectotype in MHNG (Reverdin collection) designated by B. Warren (1951), Entomol. 84(1061): 217; figured by B. Warren (1926), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): pl. 14, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, pl. 15, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia.

This taxon was further discussed by B. Warren (1935), Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 83(1): 127-129, pl. 7, W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 67-68, and de Jong (1972), Tijdschr. Entomol. 115(1): 57.

=    ‡”fasciata” (B. Warren, 1926)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): 51.

Original Combination: [Hesperia freija] ab. fasciata

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

‡”reducta” Evans, 1942

Revta. Entomol. (Rio de Janeiro) 13(3): 364.

Original Combination: Pyrgus reducta

This name was listed as a synonym of Pyrgus centaureae without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

d.   Pyrgus centaureae loki Evans, 1953

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 214.

Original Combination: [Pyrgus centaureae] loki

Type Locality: “Long [sic] Peak Trail, Colorado: above timberline” [Long’s Peak, Larimer County]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

99.       Pyrgus ruralis (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Pyrgus ruralis ruralis (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 311-312, no. 68; figured by Oberthür (1912), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: pl. 137, fig. 1212 ♀ D&V (lectotype).

Original Combination: Syrichtus ruralis

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Tuolumne Co., Calif.” by J. Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 7; corrected to “Hwy. 70 at Murphy Creek, 2.5 road miles SW of Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 1800' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 123 ♀ D, 124 ♀ V.

=    caespitatis (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 312, no. 69; figured by Oberthür (1912), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: pl. 137, figs. 1204 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 1205 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Syrichtus caespitatis

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Marin Co., Calif.” by J. Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 7; corrected to “Hwy. 70 at Murphy Creek, 2.5 road miles SW of Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 1800' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 126 ♂ D, 127 ♂ V.

=    ricara (W. H. Edwards, 1865)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 203, no. 6, pl. 1, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Ricara

Type Locality: “Empire City, Colorado Territory”; defined as “vicinity of the former site of Empire City, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 626.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 626-628, fig. 15 ♂ D&V.

=    petreius (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 195, no. 12.

Original Combination: Syrichtus Petreius

Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “Little Valley, Washoe County, Nevada” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 628, 630; neotype from “Neva.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 630, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.

b.   Pyrgus ruralis lagunae J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 7, figured by J. Scott (1975), J. Lepid. Soc. 29(4): fig. 3 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Pyrgus ruralis lagunae

Type Locality: “N. end, E Laguna...Laguna Mts., San Diego Co., Calif.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

100.      Pyrgus xanthus W. H. Edwards, 1878

Field & Forest 3(9): 142-143.

Original Combination: Pyrgus Xanthus

Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “Rosita, Custer County, Colorado” by J. Scott (1975), J. Lepid. Soc. 29(4): 217.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 626, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 15 ♂ D.

=    macdunnoughi (Oberthür, 1914)

Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): 86, pl. 264, fig. 2205 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: [Syrichtus] Mac Dunnoughi

Type Locality: “Arizona”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

101.      Pyrgus scriptura (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Pyrgus scriptura scriptura (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 312, no. 70; figured by Oberthür (1912), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: pl. 137, fig. 1206 ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Syrichtus scriptura

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of paper; further refined as “Dans les lieux arides”, by Boisduval (1868), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 23, no. 71; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California”, by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK, figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 129 ♂ D, 130 ♂ V.

‡”pseudoxanthus” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 495, no. 664.

Original Combination: [Pyrgus scriptura] form pseudoxanthus

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

b.   Pyrgus scriptura apertorum Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 524, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Pyrgus scriptura apertorum

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Cottonwood Pass Road, 0.6 road miles south of Nevada State Route 160 (Pahrump Road) to Cottonwood Pass, 1340 m, T23S R58E S2, 11, 14 and T22S R58E S35 on USGS Goodsprings, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Genus Burnsius Grishin, 2019

In: Li et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 4, tbl. 2 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 13. Type-species: Syricthus [sic] communis, Grote, 1872, Can. Entomol. 4(4): 69-70, by original designation.

102.      Burnsius communis (Grote, 1872)

Zhang et al.: (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(5): 12-13, 20-21, revised this taxon. They determined that the names insolatrix (Plötz, 1884), Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 4, no. 7, and varus (Plötz, 1884), Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 20, no. 53, belong to extralimital taxa and these are removed from the catalogue.

a.   Burnsius communis communis (Grote, 1872)

Can. Entomol. 4(4): 69-70.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Syricthus [sic] communis

Type Locality: “central Alabama”; suggested to be “vicinity of Demopolis” by Burns (2000), J. Lepid. Soc. 54(2): 62. [Marengo County]

Types: Syntype (#7170) in ANSP.

=    ‡tessellata (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 73-74, no. 2.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. tessellata

Type Locality: “Pennsylvania, Maryland, Iowa, Florida, Alabama, Texas, Missouri and California”; defined as “Pennsylvania” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 219; syntypes from “Dallas, Tex...California.”

Types: Syntypes (#15823) in MCZC.

Preoccupied by Hesperia tessellata Hewitson, [1866], Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (3)2(6): 494.

=    ‡”skinneri” (Gunder, 1927)

Entomol. News 38(2): 51, fig. 2 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Urbanus tesselata var. occidentalis ab. skinneri

Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 62, fig. 7 ♀ D.

=    occidentalis Skinner, 1906

Entomol. News 17(3): 96; figured by Skinner (1906), Entomol. News 17(8): pl. 12, middle row left ♂&♀ D, middle row right ♂&♀ V.

Original Combination: Pyrgus occidentalis

Type Locality: “San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise County, Arizona ...and Brownsville, Texas”; lectoytpe from “San Antonio, Texas.”

Types: Lectotype (#7108) in CMNH. designated by Skinner and R. Williams (1923), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 48(4): 289.

Zhang et al.: (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(5): 21-22, determined this synonymy.

‡”albovittata” (Grote, 1873)

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(3): 168.

Original Combination: Hesperia albovittata

Type Locality: “südlichen Theile von Alabama”

Grote referred to specimens in ZMHB under a manuscript name, in a communication with Zeller; it is a nomen nudum.

103.      Burnsius albezens Grishin, 2022

Zhang et al.: (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(5): 23, fig. 2m, ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Burnsius albezens

Type Locality: “USA: Arizona, Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mountains, Portal, ca. 4800 ft.”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Zhang et al., Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(5): 16-19, determined that albescens (Plötz, 1884), Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 4, no. 5, is an extralimital subspecies of communis and that name is removed from the catalogue and replaced with this name.

104.      Burnsius philetas (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 43, 46-47, no. 4.

Original Combination: Pyrgus philetas

Type Locality: “Western Texas”; defined as “Archer County” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 623.

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 24 ♀ [not ♂] D and F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): fig. 13 ♀ D&V.

Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 222, considered this taxon a subspecies of oileus. Burns and Kendall (1969), Psyche 76(1): 42-43, demonstrated that philetas and P oileus are distinct species.

105.      Burnsius oileus (Linnaeus, 1767)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 795-796, no. 269.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus Urbicola]. Oileus

Type Locality: “Algiriae” [Algeria]; suggested to be “Mexico or the U.S.A.” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 221.

Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 356.

This name was resurrected by Evans (1953), ibid., to replace syrichtus, a name previously in wide use.

=    syrichtus (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 534, no. 394.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus] U[rbicola] Syrichtus

Type Locality: “America”; Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 349, no. 326, listed “in America meridionali”

Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.

Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 349, no. 326, cited Papilio oileus Linnaeus, 1767, which is further justification for this synonymy.

=    montivagus Reakirt, [1867]

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 334, no. 33.

Original Combination: Pyrgus montivagus

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory...Mexico, near Vera Cruz.” Two syntypes from "Colorado."

Types: Syntype(s) in FMNH.

=    adjutrix Plötz, 1884

Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 15, no. 38, cited unpublished pl. 882.

Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Scelothrix)] Adjutrix

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Type(s) determined as lost; neotype in TAMU, designated by Grishin, in: Zhang et al.: (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(5): 14-16, fig. 2k, ♀ D&V.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 147, suggested that this is “= Hesperia montivaga, Reak.” through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    fumosa (Reverdin, 1919)

Bull. Soc. Lépid. Genève 4(2): 106, pl. 4, fig. 2 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: [Hesperia syrichtus] var. (ab.?) fumosa

Type Locality: “Mexique (Vera Cruz); Arizona; Florida (Key West); Jamaica; Cuba; Porto-Rico; Brésil (Chapada); Cuba (Guantanamo)”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably in MHNG (Reverdin collection).

Genus Heliopetes Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81. Type-species: Papilio niveus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 33, pl. 22, fig. C; (8): 154 (index) (= Papilio arsalte Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 67; synonym), by monotypy. Li et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13) SI Appendix: 46, restructure this genus.

Subgenus Heliopyrgus Herrera, 1957

In: Herrera et al., Revta. chil. Entomol. 5: 154. Type-species: Syrichtus americanus Blanchard, 1852, in: Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile 7: 44, no. 2, pl. 3, fig. 10, by original designation.

106.      Heliopetes domicella (Erichson, [1849])

a.   Heliopetes domicella domicella (Erichson, [1849])

In: Schomburgk, Reisen Brit.-Guiana 3: 604.

Original Combination: S[yrichthus]. Domicella

Type Locality: “British Guiana” implied from the title of the work. [Guyana]

Types: Location of type(s) not known (ZMHB?).

=    nearchus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(2): 26-27.

Original Combination: Pyrgus Nearchus

Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 637. [Pima County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 639, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.

=    aconita (Plötz, 1884)

Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 3, no. 1.

Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Pyrgus)] Aconita

Type Locality: “Georgia”, in error.

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM.

107.      Heliopetes sublinea (Schaus, 1902)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 434.

Original Combination: Heliopetes sublinea

Type Locality: “Orizaba, Paso de San Juan, Mexico” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype (#5992) in USNM.

Recorded from Texas by Basham et al. (2005), News Lepid. Soc. 47(1): 9-10, 6 figs.

Subgenus Leucoscirtes Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 73. Type-species: Syrichtus ericetorum Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 313, no. 71, by original designation.

108.      Heliopetes ericetorum (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 313, no. 71; figured by Oberthür (1912), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: pl. 137, fig. 1210 ♂ D&V (lectotype).

Original Combination: Syrichtus ericetorum

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “vicinity of Sawmill Peak at Griffin Gulch, rim of West Branch Feather River, 2 air miles E. of Magalia, Butte County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 132 ♂ D, 133 ♂ V.

=    alba (W. H. Edwards, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 206, no. 6.

Original Combination: Syrichtus Alba

Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Fort Whipple” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 635. [Yavapai County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 637, fig. 19 ♂ D&V.

109.      Heliopetes laviana (Hewitson, 1868)

a.   Heliopetes laviana laviana (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 48-49, no. 8; figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(95): pl. Leucochitonea II, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Leucochitonea Laviana

Type Locality: “Nicaragua”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    pastor (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 476, no. 33.

Original Combination: Leucochitonea Pastor

Type Locality: “Lerma” [Mexico State, Mexico]; syntypes from “Lerma, Mexico, 1 male from Ypanema (S. Paulo, Brasilien)”

Types: Syntypes in NHMW.

=    oceanus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 213-214, no. 16.

Original Combination: Syrichtus Oceanus

Type Locality: “Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 634.

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 634, fig. 18 ♂ D&V.

=    dividua Röber, 1925

Entomol. Mitt. 14(1): 99.

Original Combination: Heliopetes dividua

Type Locality: “Wes-Kolumbien (Rio Magdalena)”

Types: Holotype in MTD.

Subgenus Heliopetes Billberg, 1820

110.      Heliopetes macaira (Reakirt, [1867])

a.   Heliopetes macaira macaira (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 334-335, no. 34.

Original Combination: Pyrgus macaira

Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]

Types: A syntype in FMNH.

=    ‡nivea (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 73-74, no. 2.

Original Combination: L[eucoscirtes]. nivea

Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]

Types: Syntypes (#15321) in MCZC.

Secondarily preoccupied by Papilio niveus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 33, pl. 22, fig. C ♂ D; (8): 154 (index).

=    locutia (Hewitson, 1875)

Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(95): [112], pl. Leucochitonea II, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Leucochitonea Locutia

Type Locality: “Taboga Isl., Panama”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    cnemus Godman & Salvin, 1897

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(137): 448-449, no. 8; 3(138): pl. 90, figs. 25 ♀ D, 26 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Heliopetes cnemus

Type Locality: “Mexico, Lake Chapala...Dos Arroyos, Venta de Zopilote, Acapulco in Guerrero, Atoyac in Vera Cruz”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

‡”eulalia” (Plötz, 1885)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 46(1-3): 39, no. 9.

Original Combination: [Leucochitonea] Locutia [synonym] Eulalia

This name was listed in synonymy without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

111.      Heliopetes elonmuski Grishin, 2023

In: Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 40-42, figs. 39, 40 ♀ D&V,(holotype), 41a–c live photos, 42 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Heliopetes elonmuski

Type Locality: “USA: TexaUSA: Texas, Cameron Co., Boca Chica”

Types: Holotype in TAMU.

Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 40-42, fig. 39, determined that arsalte Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 67 does not occur in the United States. That name and it’s synonyms menalcas Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 535, no. 397, niveus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 33, pl. 22, fig. C ♂ D; (8): 154 (index), crameri Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81 and figara Butler, 1870, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)18(4): 510, no. 3, are removed from the catalogue.

112.      Heliopetes alana (Reakirt, 1868)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 20(1/2): 90, no. 59.

Original Combination: Pyrgus Alana

Type Locality: “Insagasugá, Nova Granada [Colombia]

Types: Syntype at FMNH.

Rickard (2017), News Lepid. Soc. 59(suppl. S1): 96, records this species for Texas.

=    ligania (Plötz, 1885)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 46(1-3): 38-39, no. 6; cited unpublished pl. 862.

Original Combination: [Pyrgus] Ligania

Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM, ZMHB, or lost.

=    adusta (Plötz, 1885)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 46(1-3): 39, no. 7; cited unpublished pl. 863.

Original Combination: [Pyrgus] Adusta

Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM, ZMHB, or lost.

=    romaniana (Bryk, 1953)

Ark. Zool. (ns)5(1): 145, no. 259b.

Original Combination: Heliopetes alana romaniana

Type Locality: “Iguassú, Bahia” [Brazil]

Types: Holotype in NHRS.

Tribe Erynnini Brues & F. Carpenter, 1932

Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 73: 235-236, couplet 156c (as “Erynninae”). Type-genus: Erynnis Schrank, 1801, Fauna boic. 2(1): 152, no. 197. Brues and Carpenter diagnosed Erynninae in a key. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 2464 conserved this name by suppressing all its homonyms.

Genus Sostrata Godman & Salvin, 1895

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 397. Type-species: Leucochitonea scintillans Mabille, 1876, Bull. Séances Soc. Entomol. Fr. (5)6(3): cc (= Hesperia bifasciata Ménétriés, 1829, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 1: 193, pl. 7, figs. 6, 7; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 101.

113.      Sostrata nordica Evans, 1953

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 126.

Original Combination: [Sostrata bifasciata] nordica

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Llorente-Bousquets et al. (1990), Publ. esp. Mus. Zool. 1: 30, A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 51, A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente-Bousquets et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 552, and other recent authors, have treated nordica as a species-level taxon.

Genus Echelatus Godman & Salvin, 1894

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 378. Type-species: Anastrus varius Mabille, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv (= Achlyodes sempiternus Butler & H. Druce, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 114; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 85.

114.      Echelatus sempiternus (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)

a.   Echelatus sempiternus sempiternus (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)

Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 114.

Original Combination: A[chlyodes]. Sempiternus

Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2003), News Lepid. Soc. 45(1): 5 figs. A, B, 7.

=    varius Mabille, 1883

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv-lv.

Original Combination: Anastrus varius

Type Locality: “Venezuela”

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB and NHMUK.

Genus Hoodus Grishin, 2019

In: Cong et al., Insecta Mundi 0731: 14, fig. 6. Type-species: Hesperia pelopidas Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 350, no. 331, by original designation.

115.      Hoodus pelopidas (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 350, no. 331; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 27, fig. 2 D&V.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Pelopidas

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Recorded from Arizona by K. Davis et al. (2005), News Lepid. Soc. 47(4): 103, 104, figs. 1-4, 106, 110-111, fig. 114.

=    ozema Butler, 1870

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)18(4): 515, no. 4.

Original Combination: Achlyodes Ozema

Type Locality: “Nicaragua...Honduras, St. Paulo, Tapejos”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    ‡”brunnea” Mabille & Boullet, 1917

Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1917(1): 55.

Original Combination: Mylon ozema ab. brunnea

Type Locality: “Mexique, Brésil”

Types: “Syntypes” in MNHP.

Genus Gorgythion Godman & Salvin, 1896

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(128): 424. Type-species: Helias pyralina Möschler, 1876, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 343, pl. 4, fig. 31 (= Goniloba begga Prittwitz, 1868, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 29(4-6): 198, no. 60; subspecies), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 88.

=    Escalophoides Köhler, 1923

Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 18(12)(Sonderheft): 33. Type-species: Helias tucumana Burmeister, 1878, Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 261-262, no. 7 (= Goniloba begga Prittwitz, 1868, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 29(4-6): 198, no. 60; subspecies), by monotypy.

*116.    Gorgythion begga (Prittwitz, 1868)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 29(4-6): 198, no. 60.

Original Combination: [Goniloba] Begga

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.

=    tucumana (Burmeister, 1878)

Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 261-262, no. 7.

Original Combination: Helias Tucumana

Type Locality: “Tucuman, Argentina” implied from name and title of the book.

Types: Syntype(s) should be in MACN.

a.   Gorgythion begga pyralina (Möschler, 1877)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 343, pl. 4, fig. 31 D.

Original Combination: [Helias?] Pyralina

Type Locality: “Paramaribo...dem Innern Surinams”

Types: Syntype(s) probably in ZMHB.

=    marginata Schaus, 1902

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 431.

Original Combination: Gorgythion Marginata

Type Locality: “Peru”

Types: Syntypes (#5982) in USNM.

Genus Chiothion Grishin, 2019

In: Cong et al., Insecta Mundi 0731: 16, fig. 6. Type-species: Pyrgus georgina Reakirt, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 20(1/2): 88, no. 53, by original designation.

117.      Chiothion georgina (Reakirt, 1868)

a.   Chiothion georgina georgina (Reakirt, 1868)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 20(1/2): 88, no. 53.

Original Combination: Pyrgus Georgina

Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Possible syntype in FMNH.

Reakirt described many taxa from “coll. W. H. Edwards” Some of his types are in the Strecker collection (FMNH), and others might be in W. H. Edwards’ collection (CMNH). L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 208, note 40, were unable to find the type(s) of this taxon. A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente-Bousquets et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 554, and other recent authors, treated this as a species-level taxon.

Genus Chiomara Godman & Salvin, 1899

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(147): 453. Type-species: Achlyodes mithrax Möschler, 1879, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 225, no. 34, by original designation.

118.      Chiomara mithrax (Möschler, 1879)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 225, no. 34.

Original Combination: Achlyodes mithrax

Type Locality: “Colombien”

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.

Recorded from Arizona by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 8.

=    noctula (Plötz, 1884)

Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 15, no. 12; cited unpublished pl. 965.

Original Combination: [Achlyodes] Noctula

Type Locality: “Parà” [Brazil]

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.

‡”selma” (W. F. Kirby, 1879)

Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lepid. Hewitson: 243.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Selma

Type Locality: “Cayenne, Amazon, Venezuela, Rio...Bolivia...Nicaragua...Minas Geraes...Calabar...Delagoa Bay...Ega”

This name was mentioned without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

Genus Timochares Godman & Salvin, 1896

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(128): 417. Type-species: Leucochitonea trifasciata Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 50, no. 11, by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 55.

119.      Timochares ruptifasciata (Plötz, 1884)

Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 27, no. 33; cited unpublished pl. 1018.

Original Combination: [Antigonus] Ruptifasciata

Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM or lost.

=    obscurior Draudt, 1923

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(324): 907; (329): pl. 176i, fig. [7] ♂ D.

Original Combination: [Timochares trifasciata] form obscurior

Type Locality: Not precisely stated; lectotype from “Honduras: San Pedro Sula.”

Types: Lectotype (#L 4052) in SMF, designated by Mielke and Schroeder (1994), Senckenberg. biol. 73(1/2): 139, fig. 10 ♂ genitalia.

Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 26, determined this synonymy.

Genus Ephyriades Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 111. Type-species: Papilio otreus Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 78, pl. 328, fig. F, (34): 252 (index) (= Papilio philemon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 534, no. 392; synonym: a subspecies of Papilio arcas Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 38, pl. 19, figs. 5, 6; 2: index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 164, no. 384.

=    Melanthes Mabille, 1903

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17a): 47, 80. Type-species: Nisoniades brunnea Herrich-Schäffer, 1865, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 172, no. 3, by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 48.

=    Brachycoryne Mabille, 1883

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liii (as “Brachycorynae”). Type-species: Papilio flyas Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 78, pl. 328, fig. E; (34): 249 (index) (= Papilio philemon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 534, no. 392; synonym: a subspecies of Papilio arcas Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 38, pl. 19, figs. 5, 6; 2: index), by monotypy. It has been considered by some (e.g., Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 80) that this name only became available when Mabille later published it in 1904 (in: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17b): 47, 81); however, Brachycoryne Mabille, 1883, is available from its first use (Code Article 32.5.2.7).

*120.    Ephyriades brunnea (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 172, no. 3.

Original Combination: [Nisoniades] brunnea

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper and label of the syntype.

Types: Syntypes in ANSP (#7155) and ZMHB.

=    electra (Lintner, 1881)

Can. Entomol. 13(4): 63-65.

Original Combination: Eudamus Electra

Type Locality: “Hamilton, Ontario”; apparently an accidental import.

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

a.   Ephyriades brunnea floridensis E. Bell & W. Comstock, 1948

Am. Mus. Novit. (1379): 17-18, fig. 14, ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Ephyriades brunnea floridensis

Type Locality: “Key Largo, Florida” [Monroe County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Genus Erynnis Schrank, 1801

Fauna boic. 2(1): 152, no. 197. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 71. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 6, fig. 8, determined that Erynnis is a genus distinct from Gesta and Erynnides with Gesta having priority over Erynnides. I have chosen to consider all congeneric.

Subgenus Erynnis Schrank, 1801

      =    ‡Thymale Oken, 1815

Lehrbuch Naturgesch. 3(Zool.)(1): 757, 758. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(845): 225. This is possibly an incorrect subsequent spelling of Thymele [Fabricius], 1807, and is also a junior objective synonym of Erynnis Schrank, 1801. The original publication was placed on the list of rejected works in Opinion 417 and this name is unavailable (Code Article 80.7.2).

      =    ‡Astycus Hübner, 1822

Syst.-alph. Verz.: 1, 3, 5, 6, 8-10. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 200. A junior objective synonym of Erynnis Schrank, 1801.

      =    ‡Thanaos Boisduval, [1834]

Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(23): 240. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Blanchard (1840), in: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 469. This name is a junior objective synonym of Erynnis Schrank, 1801; it was unjustifiably emended to “Thanatos” by [Dunning & Pickard] [1859], Accentuated List Brit. Lepid.: 6.

      =    ‡Hallia Tutt, 1906

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(8/9): 261. Type-species: Thanaos marloyi Boisduval, [1834], Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(24): 241, pl. 47, figs. 6, 7, by original designation. Preoccupied by Hallia Edwards & Haime, 1850, Brit. foss. Corals (Pal. Soc. 3): lxvi.

=    Hesperopegasus Seven, 2002

In: Koçak & Kemal, Centre Entomol. Stud. Ankara. Misc. Pap. 82/85: 27, figs. Type-species: Thanaos marloyi Boisduval, [1834], Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(24): 241, pl. 47, figs. 6, 7, by original designation.

icelus group Burns, 1964

Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 27.

121.      Erynnis icelus (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 288, fig. 3 ♂ valvae; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2 (8): pl. 28; (9): pl 77; (10): pl. 85; (11): pl. 9, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Icelus

Type Locality: “New England” Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1510-1511, mentioned several possible localities “in the White Mountain valleys and even in the subalpine region of the White Mountains in abundance...in Massachusetts...from Andover...Amherst Notch...Nantucket...vicinity of Boston...in Connecticut...New Britain”; a syntype is from “Center.” [Karner, Albany County, New York]

Types: Syntype in NYSM.

Lintner (1872), Entomol. Contr. 2: 30-31, pl. 7, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, redescribed this taxon from “Center” and “Schoharie, N. Y.”

=    bautista (Plötz, 1884)

Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 36, no. 2; cited unpublished pl. 1048 (as tages).

Original Combination: [Nisoniades] Bautista

Type Locality: “Californien”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM or lost.

‡”hamamaelidis” (Scudder, 1889)

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1507.

Original Combination: Nisoniades hamamaelidis Fitch manuscript

Proposed for a manuscript name of Fitch’s without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

122.      Erynnis brizo (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (23): pl. 66, figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [3] ♀ D; drawings of larva and pupa suspect.

Original Combination: Thanaos Brizo

Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text), but “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot. A. Clark (1936), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 95(7): 14, suggested that the model for Abbot’s figure came from the vicinity of Jacksonborough, Screven County Georgia, but Abbot spent most of his time in Burke County.

Types: The plate was a reproduction of a John Abbot drawing. The types are the specimens that he painted and are probably lost. There may be “types” in USNM or NHMUK, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”

Burns (2020), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 122(1): 25-41, treated somnus, burgessi and lacustra as distinct species. This treatment is adopted herein

123.      Erynnis somnus (Lintner, 1881)

Papilio 1(5): 73-74.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Somnus

Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida”; suggested to be “Georgiana, approximately 5 km south of the city of Merritt Island, Brevard County, Florida” by Calhoun (1993), J. Lepid. Soc. 47(1): 50.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Calhoun (1993), J. Lepid. Soc. 47(1): 50, fig. 1 ♂ D (lectotype); figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 3 ♂ D (lectotype), 4 ♀ D (paralectotype).

124.      Erynnis burgessi (Skinner, 1914)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 40(3): 203, fig. ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Thanaos burgessi

Type Locality: “Arizona...Mt. Graham”; holotype labeled “Mt. Graham, Arizona.” [Graham County]

Types: Holotype (#7089) in CMNH; a paratype figured by figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 7 ♂ D.

125.      Erynnis lacustra (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 69, no. 480; 253, no. 480, pl. 32, figs. 480 ♂ D (lectotype), 480a ♂ V.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Lacustra

Type Locality: “Central California”; “Blue Lakes, California” [Lake County]

Types: Lectotype (#4325) in CAS, designated by Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 58-59.

In its original description, this name was incorrectly applied to E. pacuvius callidus (Grinnell, 1904), a problem resolved by Burns (1964), ibid.

Subgenus Gesta Evans, 1953

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 171, 200. Type-species: Thanaos gesta Herrich-Schäffer, 1863, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 17: 142, by original designation.

=    Erynnides Burns, 1964

Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 24-25. Type-species: Nisoniades propertius Scudder & Burgess, 1870, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 298, fig. 11, by original designation.

126.      Erynnis invisus (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)

Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 114.

Original Combination: T[hanaos]. Invisus

Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 30, and other recent authors, treated E. invisus as a species-level taxon.

=    gorgona (Plötz, 1884)

Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 15, no. 11; cited unpublished pl. 963.

Original Combination: Achlyodes gorgona

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 148, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    llano (Dodge, 1903)

Can. Entomol. 35(3): 78.

Original Combination: Nisoniades llano

Type Locality: “Llano, Texas” [Llano County]

Types: Holotype in CAS.

127.      Erynnis martialis (Scudder, 1869)

Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. 1(2): 335, no. 35.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Martialis

Type Locality: “New Jefferson...open prairie...lower half of Dallas county”; on page 328 Scudder stated “New Jefferson may be anywhere along a devious, hundred-mile route beginning at Denison, including Wall Lake and Grant City, and terminating at New Jefferson.” [Iowa]

Types: Syntype (#15834) in MCZC.

=    ausonius (Lintner, 1872)

Entomol. Contr. 2: 34-35, pl. 7, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Ausonius

Type Locality: “Center” [Karner, Albany County, New York]

Types: Holotype (#3256) in NYSM; ♂ genitalia figured by Cook (1905), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 14(3): pl. 2, fig. 2.

‡”quercus” (Boisduval, [1834])

Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(23): 240.

Original Combination: [Thanaos] quercûs

This name was mentioned in the synonymy of martialis without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

128.      Erynnis pacuvius (Lintner, 1878)

a.   Erynnis pacuvius pacuvius (Lintner, 1878)

Entomol. Contr. 4: 60-61.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Pacuvius

Type Locality: “New Mexico”

Types: Holotype (#5200) in NYSM.

W. H. Edwards (1877), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 57, no. 485, listed Thanaos pacuvius in reference to a Lintner publication. There was no prior description of pacuvius by Lintner and this is a nomen nudum.

b.   Erynnis pacuvius lilius (Dyar, 1904)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 27(1376): 788.

Original Combination: Thanaos lilius

Type Locality: “Kaslo, British Columbia” inferred from text; holotype from “Kaslo, elevation 1,670 feet, Kootenai District, British Columbia”, as noted by Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 159.

Types: Holotype (#7333) in USNM.

c.   Erynnis pacuvius pernigra (F. Grinnell, 1905)

Entomol. News 16(2): 34-35.

Original Combination: Thanaos pernigra

Type Locality: “Mt. Tamalpais, Marin Co., California...in Mill Valley, on the slopes of Mt. Tamalpais”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

d.   Erynnis pacuvius callidus (F. Grinnell, 1904)

Entomol. News 15(4): 114-115, figs. 1 valve, 2 uncus, 3 penis.

Original Combination: Thanaos callidus

Type Locality: “Mt. Wilson, Sierra Madre Mountains, Los Angeles County, California. Altitude, 5886 feet” [San Gabriel Mtns.]

Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1337): 1.

129.      Erynnis juvenalis (Fabricius, 1793)

a.   Erynnis juvenalis juvenalis (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 339-340, no. 291; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 78, fig. 1.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Juvenalis

Type Locality: “America”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    juvenis (Hübner, [1819])

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 108, no. 1163, cited Papilio juvenalis J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 21.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Juvenis

Type Locality: Not stated, but “Georgia” implied from John Abbot’s figures; “Virginia” is also mentioned by Abbot in his notes for this drawing.

Types: Described, by indication, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. The figures on plate 21 represent Erynnis brizo and either Erynnis juvenalis or Erynnis horatius (Calhoun pers. comm. 2006).

=    costalis (Westwood, [1852])

In: E. Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 79, fig. 3 ♂ D; (54): 519, no. 5.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Costalis

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    ennius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 296, fig. 9 ♂ valvae.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Ennius

Type Locality: “New England”

Types: Holotype (#15836) in MCZC.

=    plautus (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 304, fig. 16 ♂ valvae.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Plautus

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: Holotype (#15830) in MCZC.

b.   Erynnis juvenalis clitus (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Papilio 2(9/10): 180.

Original Combination: Thanaos Clitus

Type Locality: Not stated; subsequently listed from “Mt. Graham” by W. H. Edwards (1883), Papilio 3(3): 65; the lectotype is from this locality. [Graham County, Arizona]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 621, figs. 9 ♂ D&V, 10 ♂ genitalia.

W. H. Edwards described this taxon from a mixed series in his possession, but W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 124, selected a specimen from Neumoegen’s collection, not seen by Edwards, as the “type.” F. Brown and L. Miller determined that the true type-series was that in Edwards’ own collection and acted accordingly.

=    maestus (Godman, 1899)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(148): 457; 3: pl. 91, fig. 18 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thanaos maestus

Type Locality: “North America, Arizona.--Mexico, Pinal, Puebla”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

130.      Erynnis telemachus Burns, 1960

Wasmann J. Biol. 18(1): 148-151, figs. 1♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 3-4 ♂ genitalia (holotype), 6 section of D forewing.

Original Combination: Erynnis telemachus

Type Locality: “Hualapai Mountains, elevation 6,500 feet, 10 miles southeast of Kingman, Mohave County, Arizona”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

131.      Erynnis propertius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 298, fig. 11 ♂ valvae.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Propertius

Type Locality: “California”

Types: Syntypes (#15837) in MCZC; Lintner (1881), Papilio 1(5): 71, discussed the type-series, which included two specimens from “Mokiah Pass”, one from “Juniper Mountains”, one from “Sierra Nevada” and four from “California” Obviously, a Californian specimen should be designated lectotype.

Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 212, included this taxon as a subspecies of E. juvenalis (Fabricius, 1793); Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 94-107, subsequently detailed its species-level status.

=    tibullus (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 299, fig. 12 ♂ valvae.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Tibullus

Type Locality: “California”

Types: Holotype (#15829) in MCZC.

132.      Erynnis meridianus E. Bell, 1927

a.   Erynnis meridianus meridianus E. Bell, 1927

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 35(3): 261; ♂ genitalia figured by Lindsey et al. (1931), Denison Univ. Bull. 31(2), J. Sci. Lab. 26(1): pl. 25, fig. 6.

Original Combination: Erynnis meridianus

Type Locality: “White Mountains, Arizona”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

133.      Erynnis horatius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 301-302, fig. 13 ♂ valvae; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): pl. 9, figs. 7 ♀ D, 10 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Horatius

Type Locality: “Massachusetts...New England, Texas”

Types: Syntype (#15832) in MCZC.

=    virgilius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 302, fig. 14 ♂ valvae.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Virgilius

Type Locality: “New England”

Types: Type(s) may be in MCZC.

=    petronius (Lintner, 1881)

Papilio 1(5): 70-71.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Petronius

Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida” [Brevard County]

Types: Syntypes (#6248, 6249) in NYSM.

This name was listed as “Nisoniades petronius”, but not described, by Mead [1876], Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): 786; a nomen nudum.

134.      Erynnis tristis (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Erynnis tristis tristis (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 311; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2081 ♂ D&V (lectotype).

Original Combination: Thanaos tristis

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 120 ♂ D, 121 ♂ V.

b.   Erynnis tristis tatius (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Papilio 2(9/10): 179-180.

Original Combination: Thanaos Tatius

Type Locality: Not stated; subsequently listed from “Mt. Graham” by W. H. Edwards (1883), Papilio 3(3): 65. [Graham County, Arizona]

Types: Holotype (#33630) in USNM, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): figs. 11 ♂ D&V, 12 ♂ genitalia.

=    albomarginatus (Godman, 1899)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(148): 458, no. 5; 3(148): pl. 91, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V, 21 ♂ genitalia, 22 ♀ D, 23 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thanaos albomarginatus

Type Locality: “Mexico, Cordova...Guatemala, Chisoy Valley...San Gerónimo...Costa Rica...Irazu...Panama, Chiriqui...Volcan de Chiriqui...Colombia”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

135.      Erynnis scudderi (Skinner, 1914)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 40(3): 215, fig. ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Thanaos scudderi

Type Locality: “Fort Grant, Arizona”; suggested to be “somewhere on Mount Graham” by Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 113. [Graham County] J. Scott (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 19: 29, suggests “Huachuca Mts., Ariz.” because he claims this species does not occur on Mount Graham. [Cochise County]

Types: Holotype (#7088) in CMNH; a paratype figured by figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 9 ♂ D.

Burns (1964), ibid., discussed the type locality of this species, emphasizing that Fort Grant is a lowland locality and that the type must have come from the flanks of Mt. Graham.

136.      Erynnis zarucco (Lucas, 1857)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 641-642.

Original Combination: Thanaos Zarucco

Type Locality: “habite l’île de Cuba”

Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.

=    diogenes (Plötz, 1884)

Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 34, no. 62; cited unpublished pl. 1041.

Original Combination: [Antigonus] Diogenes

Type Locality: “Cuba”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM or lost.

=    terentius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 292, fig. 6 ♂ valvae; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): pl. 9, fig. 15 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Terentius

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: Syntype (#15833) in MCZC.

J. Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 8, made a first reviser choice of terentius over ovidius (below). Furthermore, he suggested that terentius be regarded as a mainland subspecies of zarucco. A more substantial analysis is needed. This synonymy follows Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 3: 551-553.

=    ovidius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 295, fig. 8 ♂ valvae.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Ovidius

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: Type(s) may be in MCZC.

=    naevius (Lintner, 1881)

Papilio 1(5): 69.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Naevius

Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida” [Brevard County]

Types: Syntypes (#7771, 6247) in NYSM.

137.      Erynnis funeralis (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 293, fig. 7 ♂ valvae.

Original Combination: Nisoniades funeralis

Type Locality: “This Texan species”

Types: Syntype (#15831) in MCZC.

Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 209, accepted by J. Scott (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 20(1): 60, and (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 492, no. 656, considered this taxon to be a subspecies of zarucco (Lucas, 1857); the arrangement employed by Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 3: 526-528, is accepted herein.

=    clericalis Burmeister, 1875

Revue Mag. Zool. (3)3: 60-61, 64, pl. 1, figs. 3 larva, 7 pupa, 10 larval head capsule (not 5).

Original Combination: Phlebodes clericalis

Type Locality: “Cordova” [Córdoba, Argentina]

Types: Syntype in MACN.

=    australis (Mabille, 1883)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv.

Original Combination: Nisoniades australis

Type Locality: “E Colombia”

Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP.

138.      Erynnis baptisiae (W. Forbes, 1936)

Psyche 43(4): 111-112, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia, valvae.

Original Combination: Thanaos baptisiae

Type Locality: “Woods Hole, Mass.” [Barnstable County, Massachusetts]

Types: Holotype (#1391) in CUIC.

139.      Erynnis lucilius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 287, fig. 2 ♂ valve; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2 (9): pl. 36, figs. 4, 5, 6; (11): pl. 9, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Lucilius

Type Locality: “New England”

Types: Syntype (#2966) in NYSM.

Lintner (1872), Entomol. Contr. 2: 32-35, pl. 7, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♂ V, subsequently redescribed this species from “Schoharie...Bethlehem” [New York]

140.      Erynnis afranius (Lintner, 1878)

Entomol. Contr. 4: 63-64.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Afranius

Type Locality: “Colorado”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

persius group Burns, 1964

Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 28.

141.      Erynnis persius (Scudder, 1863)

Forbes (1936), Psyche 43(4): 104-113, demonstrated that Scudder confused this species and baptisiae, both in biological and morphological details. L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 21, note 60, claimed to follow Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 191-194, in their application of names to this complex. Burns, however, advised against using subspecies for E. persius until the group could be studied in more detail. Austin (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(4): 242, concurred. The situation remains unclear and subspecies are employed following L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), ibid., and Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 69.

a.   Erynnis persius persius (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 170, no. 58; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): pl. 9, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; (9): pl. 36, figs. 1, 2, 3, but some of these figures might represent baptisiae; ♂ valvae figured by Scudder & Burgess (1870), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: fig. 1.

Original Combination: Nisoniades Persius

Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “New England” implied from the title of the paper. The “type” is from “Mass” according to W. Forbes (1936), Psyche 43(4): fig. 5. Suggested to be “Williamstown, Berkshire County, Massachusetts” by Calhoun (2017), News Lepid. Soc. 50(3): 130.

Types: Lectotype (#00015835) in MCZC, designated by Calhoun (2017), News Lepid. Soc. 50(3): 130.

b.   Erynnis persius borealis (M. Cary, 1906)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 31(1488): 455.

Original Combination: Thanaos propertius var. borealis

Type Locality: “mouth North Nahanni River, Mackenzie” [Nunavut]

Types: Holotype (#9869) in USNM.

c.   Erynnis persius avinoffi (W. Holland, 1930)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 156-157; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, figs. 28 ♂ D (holotype), 29 ♀ D (paratype).

Original Combination: Thanaos avinoffi

Type Locality: “various points in the Yukon Valley, the valley of the Kuskokwim, and various other points in Alaska”; holotype from “Head of Bonanza Cr., Alt. 2000 ft., Dawson” [Yukon Territory]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

d.   Erynnis persius fredericki H. Freeman, 1943

Entomol. News 54(3): 74.

Original Combination: Erynnis persius fredericki

Type Locality: “near Lead, Spearfish Canyon...South Dakota” [Lawrence County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

‡”rutilius” Mead, [1876]

Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): 787.

Original Combination: Thanaos Rutilius Scudder, manuscript

Type Locality: “Turkey Creek Junction” [Jefferson County, Colorado]

This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

Subfamily Heteropterinae Aurivillius, 1925

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 13(366): 506; (368): 546 (as “Heteropterini”). Type-genus: Heteropterus Duménil, 1806, Zool. analytique: 271. Verity (1940), Farfalle diurne Ital. 1: 86, replaced Cyclopidinae Speyer, 1879, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(10-12): 483, 486, with this name. Code Article 40.2 provides that such action taken before 1961, and becoming widely accepted (as it has), is valid. Grishin, 2019, in: Li et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13) SI Appendix: 7, confirmed this status.

Tribe Heteropterini Aurivillius, 1925 (1879)

Genus Carterocephalus Lederer, 1853

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 2: 26. Type-species: Papilio paniscus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 531, no. 377 (= Papilio palaemon Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471, no. 63; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 134, no. 217. The history of this name, and the confusion surrounding it, was summarized by Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 96-97. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 30-31, fig. 29, determined that palaemon (Pallas, 1771), Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471, no. 63, is strictly an Old World species and treated skada and mandan as distinct species. palaemon and its synonyms brontes ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) and paniscus (Fabricius, 1775), Syst. Entomol.: 531, no. 377 are removed from the catalogue.

=    Aubertia Oberthür, 1896

Étud. Entomol. 20: 40. Type-species: Aubertia dulcis Oberthür, 1896, Étud. Entomol. 20: 40, pl. 9, fig. 16 (= Carterocephalus christophi Grum-Grzhimailo, 1891, Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 25(3/4): 460, no. 44; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 79.

=    Pamphilida Lindsey, 1925

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 95. Type-species: Papilio palaemon Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471, no. 63, by original designation.

142.      Carterocephalus mandan (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

a.   Carterocephalus mandan mesapano (Scudder, 1868)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 383-384, no. 94; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Mesapano

Type Locality: “Norway, Me.” [Oxford County, Maine]

Types: Syntype (#15306) in MCZC.

b.   Carterocephalus mandan mandan (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 20-21, no. 11; (4): pl. 5, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Mandan

Type Locality: “Lake Winnipeg”; neotype from “Pine Ridge, Manitoba, Canada.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 262, fig. ♂ D&V.

143.      Carterocephalus skada W. H. Edwards, 1870

a.   Carterocephalus skada skada (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 196, no. 13.

Original Combination: Cyclopides Skada

Type Locality: “Kodiak” [Alaska]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 263-264, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

W. H. Edwards (1870) redescribed Steroptes skada in Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 205, 214, no. 17. The “holotype” of the second described skada was made the neotype of the first to prevent confusion. W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 75, believed that this taxon is the same as albiguttata Christoph, 1893, Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 6(1): 87-88, from “Vilui, Irkut, Guberli, Ural merid.”

=    mackenziei Wyatt, 1965

Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 50[76](5): 70-71, pl. 8, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V, 2 ♀ D, 2a ♀ V.

Original Combination: Carterocephalus palaemon mackenziei

Type Locality: “Norman Wells, N.W.T., Kanada” [Northwest Territories]

Types: Holotype in LNKD.

b.   Carterocephalus skada magnus Mattoon & Tilden, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (51): 641-642, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Carterocephalus palaemon magnus

Type Locality: “California: Sonoma County; Kruse Ranch Road at Plantation, ca. 3 air miles east Highway 1, at Pacific Ocean, or 1 road mile West of junction Seaview Road and Hauser Bridge Road”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

Genus Piruna Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 10, 11. Type-species: Pholisora pirus W. H. Edwards, 1878, Field & Forest 3(7/8): 119, by original designation.

144.      Piruna pirus (W. H. Edwards, 1878)

Field & Forest 3(7/8): 119.

Original Combination: Pholisora Pirus

Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; suggested to be “Hardscrabble Canyon, Custer County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 264, 265.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 265, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

This taxon was redescribed by W. H. Edwards (1881), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 7.

=    semicaeca (Mabille & Boullet, 1917)

Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1917(4): 100.

Original Combination: Pholisora Pirus var. semicaeca

Type Locality: “Utah, U. S.”

Types: Holotype in MNHP.

145.      Piruna haferniki H. Freeman, 1970

J. Lepid. Soc. 24(4): 247-248, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Piruna haferniki

Type Locality: “Green Gulch, Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas, elev. 5700 ft.”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

146.      Piruna polingii (W. Barnes, 1900)

Can. Entomol. 32(2): 42, 44.

Original Combination: Pyrgus Polingii

Type Locality: “Huachuca Mountains, Arizona” [Cochise County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM and CMNH; two figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ V.

*147.    Piruna aea (Dyar, 1912)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 42(1885): 44.

Original Combination: Butleria aea

Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico...Oaxaca, Mexico”

Types: Syntypes (#14276) in USNM.

=    cingo Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 14, pl. 54 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: [Piruna] cingo

Type Locality: “Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 4600 feet”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    sombra Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 14, pl. 54 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: [Piruna cingo] sombra

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

a.   Piruna aea mexicana H. Freeman, 1979

Bull. Allyn Mus. (52): 5-6, figs. 12 ♂ D, 13 ♂ V (holotype), 25 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Piruna mexicana

Type Locality: “9 miles east of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 426, no. 434, and Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies SE Ariz.: 71, considered this taxon a synonym of Piruna cingo. A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente-Bousquets et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 555, proposed this arrangement.

148.      Piruna penaea (Dyar, 1918)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 338.

Original Combination: Butleria penaea

Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico”

Types: Holotype (#21210) in USNM.

Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 8, applied this name to the skipper previously reported (from Texas) as Piruna microsticta (Godman, 1900), in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2(156): 464, no. 1; 3: pl. 92, figs. 1 ♂ (not ♀) D, 2 ♂ (not ♀) V, 3 ♂ D.

=    milpa H. Freeman, 1970

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 78(2): 96, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V (holotype), fig. 22 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Piruna milpa

Type Locality: “Milpillas, Guerrero, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Subfamily Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809

Tribe Erionotini Distant, 1886

Rhop. malayana: 392. Type-genus: Erionota Mabille, [1879], Annls. Soc. ent. Belg. 21: 34. Grishin, 2019, in: Li et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13) SI Appendix: 7, resolved this tribe.

Genus Erionota Mabille, 1878

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 21(1): 34. Type-species: Papilio thrax Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 794, no. 260, by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 72, 86.

149.      Erionota thrax (Linnaeus, 1767)

a.   Erionota thrax thrax (Linnaeus, 1767)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 794, no. 260.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus Urbicola]. Thrax

Type Locality: “Java”

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Corbet and Pendlebury (1956), Butterflies Malay Pen.: pl. 29, fig. 8.

Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 45, substituted the name Erionota torus Evans, 1941, for this species, as it occurs in Hawaii. This was based on a misidentification of Erionota thrax by Kawazoé and Wakabayashi (1976), Col. Illus. Butterflies Japan: 310-311.

Tribe Pericharini Grishin, 2019

In: Li et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13): 3, tbl. 1 and Grishin (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(1): 8. Type-genus: Perichares Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81, by original designation.

Genus Perichares Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81. Type-species: Papilio coridon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 533, no. 385 (= Papilio philetes Gmelin, [1790], Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2364, no. 842; homonym), by original designation.

=    Alera Mabille, 1891

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(16): lxxxiv. Type-species: Alera furcata Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(16): lxxxiv, by monotypy. Grishin (2019), in: Cong et al (2019), Insecta Mundi 0731: 40, determined this synonymy.

150.      Perichares adela (Hewitson, 1867)

Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(62): [105], pl. Hesperia I, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Adela

Type Locality: “Rio de Janeiro” [Brasil]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

Burns et al. (2008), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 105(17): 6350-6355, determined that this is a species distinct from Perichares philetes (Gmelin, [1790]).

=    dolores (Reakirt, 1868)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 20(1/2): 87-88, no. 52.

Original Combination: Goniloba dolores

Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, not at ANSP.

=    marmorata Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81-82, no. 3.

Original Combination: P[erichares]. marmorata

Type Locality: “Venezuela”

Types: Syntype (#15315) in MCZC.

Tribe Hesperiini Latreille, 1809

Subtribe Hesperiina Latreille, 1809

Genus Euphyes Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 80. Type-species: Hesperia metacomet T. Harris, 1862, Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 317 (= Hesperia vestris Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 317; subspecies), by original designation. Shuey (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 160-172, discussed relationships between the various species and groups in this genus.

dion group Shuey, 1989

J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 160.

151.      Euphyes pilatka (W. H. Edwards, 1867)

a.   Euphyes pilatka pilatka (W. H. Edwards, 1867)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(3): 286, 287, no. 3.

Original Combination: Hesperia Pilatka

Type Locality: “St. Augustine, Florida” [St. Johns County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 29 ♂ D&V.

The city of Palatka, Florida was spelled “Pilatka” until 1853. Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 80, spelled this name “palatka”, both in the text and in the reference to Edwards’ original description, representing an unjustified emendation.

=    floridensis (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 196, no. 401; cited unpublished pl. 616.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Floridensis

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: Holotype may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

b.   Euphyes pilatka klotsi L. Miller, Harvey & J. Miller, 1985

Florida Entomol. 68(2): 325-327, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 11 ♂ genitalia, 12-15 ♂ valvae, 19 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Euphyes pilatka klotsi

Type Locality: “Florida: Monroe Co., Sugarloaf Key, T66S, R27E, Sec. 23”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

152.      Euphyes conspicua (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

a.   Euphyes conspicua orono (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 79, no. 4.

Original Combination: H[edone]. Orono

Type Locality: “northern states (probably)”; “Maine” implied from the name of Chief Orono of the Penobscot Nation.

Types: Holotype (#16581) in MCZC.

Elevated to the subspecies-level by L. Miller et al. (1985), Florida Entomol. 68(2): 333-334.

b.   Euphyes conspicua conspicua (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 17, no. 5; (2): pl. 5, fig. 5 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Conspicua

Type Locality: “Lansing, Michigan”; neotype from “Dansville State Game Area, Ingham County, Michigan”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 79, fig. 26 ♀ D&V.

=    pontiac (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 17-18, no. 6: (4): pl. 11, fig. 5 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Hesperia Pontiac

Type Locality: “Lansing, Michigan”; neotype from “Dansville State Game Area, Ingham County, Michigan”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 81, fig. 27 ♂ D&V.

c.   Euphyes conspicua buchholzi (P. Ehrlich & Gillham, 1951)

Entomol. News 62(6): 188-189.

Original Combination: Atrytone conspicua buchholzi

Type Locality: “Valley, Nebraska” [Douglas County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

153.      Euphyes berryi (E. Bell, 1941)

Entomol. News 52(6): 167.

Original Combination: Atrytone berryi

Type Locality: “Monticello, Florida” [Jefferson County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

154.      Euphyes dion (W. H. Edwards, 1879)

Can. Entomol. 11(12): 238-239.

Original Combination: P[amphila]. Dion

Type Locality: “Nebraska...southern shore of Lake Michigan...Indiana...Hamilton, Ont.”; defined as “Whiting, Lake County, Indiana” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 81.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 82, fig. 28 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 36 ♂ D (lectotype), 37 ♀ V (paralectotype).

=    alabamae (Lindsey, 1923)

Entomol. News 34(7): 210.

Original Combination: Atrytone (Euphyes) alabamae

Type Locality: “Mobile County, Alabama”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Shuey (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 163-165, determined this synonymy.

=    macguirei H. Freeman, 1975

J. Lepid. Soc. 29(4): 227-229, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Euphyes macguirei

Type Locality: “Benbrook Res., Tarrant Co., Texas”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Shuey (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 161-163, determined this synonymy.

155.      Euphyes bayensis Shuey, 1989

J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 165-166, figs. 8, 1st column top ♂ D (holotype), 2nd ♂ D, 3rd ♂ D, 4th ♀ D, bottom ♀ D, second column top ♂ D, 2nd ♂ D, 3rd ♂ D, 4th ♀ D, bottom ♀ D, 9 1st column top ♂ V (holotype), 2nd ♂ V, 3rd ♂ V, 4th ♀ V, bottom ♀ V, second column top ♂ V, 2nd ♂ V, 3rd ♂ V, 4th ♀ V, bottom ♀ V, figs. 10-21 ♂ genitalia, figs. 34-45 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Euphyes bayensis

Type Locality: “Bay St. Louis, Hancock County, Mississippi”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

156.      Euphyes dukesi (Lindsey, 1923)

a.   Euphyes dukesi dukesi (Lindsey, 1923)

Entomol. News 34(7): 209-210.

Original Combination: Atrytone (Euphyes) dukesi

Type Locality: “Mobile County, Alabama”

Types: Holotype in USNM; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.):pl. 54, fig. 26 ♂ D.

b.   Euphyes dukesi calhouni Shuey, 1996

J. Lepid. Soc. 50(1): 46-47, figs. 1, 2, 3 ♂ genitalia, 7, 8, 9, 10 ♀ genitalia, 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V (?holotype).

Original Combination: Euphyes dukesi calhouni

Type Locality: “Florida, Pasco County, ‘Cabbage Swamp.’“

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

vestris group Shuey, 1993

J. Lepid. Soc. 47(4): 271, 272.

157.      Euphyes bimacula (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

a.   Euphyes bimacula bimacula (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York 8: 433-434.

Original Combination: Hesperia bimacula

Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Philadelphia!)”

Types: Holotype may be in NYSM.

=    acanootus (Scudder, 1868)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 381-382, no. 84.

Original Combination: Hesperia Acanootus

Type Locality: “Lexington, Mass.” [Middlesex County, Massachusetts]

Types: Holotype may be in MCZC.

b.   Euphyes bimacula arbogasti Gatrelle, 1999

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(10): 6, figs. 21 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 22 ♀ D, 27 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphyes bimacula arbogasti

Type Locality: “South Carolina: Berkeley County, nr. jct. of I-26 and hwy. 17-A”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Euphyes bimacula illinois (Dodge, 1872)

Can. Entomol. 4(11): 217-218.

Original Combination: Hesperia illinois

Type Locality: "Burcan [sic] County, Illinois...upon grassy slopes on the high rolling prairie that forms the divide between the Illinois and Rock rivers” [Bureau County, Illinois].

Types: Lectotype in PMNH, designated by Calhoun (2013), J. Lepid. Soc. 67(4): 279, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 label. Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(10): 5, figs. 11 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, designated an invalid neotype in MGCL.

=    ‡”contradicta” (Leussler, 1933)

Entomol. News 44(3): 71.

Original Combination: Atrytone bimacula ♀ aberration contradicta

Type Locality: “Valley, Nebraska” [Douglas County]

Types: Holotype in OSUC.

158.      Euphyes arpa (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (23): pl. 68, figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [3] ♀ D, [4] larva, [5] pupa.

Original Combination: Hesperia Arpa

Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “Georgia” implied from John Abbot’s notes for this drawing.

Types: Types are the specimens that John Abbot painted and are probably lost. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 362, noted that the “type” is in NHMUK, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”

159.      Euphyes vestris (Boisduval, 1852)

Zhang et al. (2022), Insecta Mundi 0921: 42-43, fig. 11, phylotree, treat kiowah as a separate species with a Mexican subspecxies. This treatment is not adopted here until further review.

a.   Euphyes vestris harbisoni J. Brown & McGuire, 1983

Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 20(3): 58-62, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphyes vestris harbisoni

Type Locality: “13.3 km east of Dulzura, north slope of Tecate Peak, elevation 500m, San Diego County, California”

Types: Holotype (#L-49) in SDMC.

b.   Euphyes vestris vestris (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 317-318, no. 83; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2093 ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Hesperia? vestris

Type Locality: “les lieux arides”; defined as “Spanish Ranch Road at Meadow Valley Creek, vicinity of fire station in Meadow Valley, 3600', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK, figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23, figs. 153 ♀ D, 154 ♀ V.

=    osceola (Lintner, 1878)

Entomol. Contr. 4: 57-58.

Original Combination: Pamphila Osceola

Type Locality: “Mendocino, California”; syntype labeled “Ca.” [Mendocino County]

Types: Syntype (#5698) in NYSM; “paratypes” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 40 ♂ D, 41 ♀ D; a possible syntype in CMNH (W. H. Edwards collection).

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 57, discussed this name and its position of the synonymy of E. v. vestris.

=    californica (Mabille, 1883)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lxviii.

Original Combination: Pamphila Californica

Type Locality: “Californie”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

c.   Euphyes vestris kiowah (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 150.

Original Combination: Hesperia Kiowah

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; syntype from “Colorado”

Types: Syntype in FMNH.

=    ‡”immaculatus” (R. Williams, 1914)

Entomol. News 25(6): 267.

Original Combination: [Pamphila vestris] immaculatus n. var.

Type Locality: “Jamez [sic; Jemez] Mountains, New Mexico” implied from the title of the paper. [Sandoval County]

Types: “Lectotype” (#7168) in CMNH, designated by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Entomol. 33(2): 350, figs. 5, 6 ♀ genitalia, 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

d.   Euphyes vestris metacomet (T. Harris, 1862)

Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 317.

Original Combination: Hesperia Metacomet

Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition of the book; stated to be “Massachusetts” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 110, no. 18.

Types: Syntypes (#26352) in MCZC.

=    rurea (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 58, no. 7.

Original Combination: Pamphila rurea

Type Locality: “Rock Island, Illinois”; neotype from “Perryton Township, Mercer County, Illinois”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 77, fig. 24 ♂ D&V.

=    osyka (W. H. Edwards, 1867)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(3): 286, 288, no. 5.

Original Combination: Hesperia Osyka

Type Locality: “vicinity of New Orleans” [Orleans Parish, Louisiana]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 78, fig. 25 ♂ D&V.

Durden (1982), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(1): 9, treated this as a subspecies-level taxon.

‡”baeis” Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): 1865.

Original Combination: [Euphyes osyka] = Hesperia baeis Boisd. manuscript

Proposed for a Boisduval manuscript name in the synonymy of osyka without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

Genus Notamblyscirtes J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 70. Type-species: Amblyscirtes simius W. H. Edwards, 1881, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 6-7, by original designation. Burns (1990), J. Lepid. Soc. 44(1): 18-21, removed simius from Amblyscirtes. J. Scott (1992), Papilio (n.s.) 6: 160-161, listed simius as “Not-‘Amblyscirtes’”, but it was clear from the context and diagnosis that he did not propose a new name; that shortcoming was rectified as above.

160.      Notamblyscirtes simius (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

‡”nigra” (J. Scott, 1981)

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes simius form nigra

Type Locality: “southern Colorado...Arizona”

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”rufa” (J. Scott, 1981)

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes simius form rufa

Type Locality: “southern Colorado...Arizona”

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

161.      Notamblyscirtes durango J. Scott, 2017

Papilio (n. s.) 26: 5, figs. 4 ♂ D&V (holotype), 6 (holotype and paratypes) D, 7 (paratypes) V.

Original Combination: Notamblyscirtes simius durango

Type Locality: “Mexico, Durango, 3 mi. east Mimbres, Hwy. 45."

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 35, fig. 35, determined that durango is a distinct species and that arrangement is adopted here.

Genus Quasimellana Burns, 1994

J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 299-302. Type-species: Atrytone mexicana E. Bell, 1942, An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol. Méx. 2(4): 461-462, no. 11, fig. 5, by original designation.

eulogius group Burns, 1994

J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 302-303.

162.      Quasimellana eulogius (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 64, no. 393; cited unpublished pl. 608.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Eulogius

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    mellona (Godman, 1900)

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 493, no. 6; 3: pl. 94, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V, 19 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Atrytone mellona

Type Locality: “Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan...Soledad, Tierra Colorada, Dos Arroyos, Rio Papagaio, and Acaguizotla [sic; Acahuizotla], all in Guerrero...Atoyac...Orizaba...Valladolid in Yucatan...Guatemala, Pacific coast, Polochic and Chisoy Valleys...San Gerónimo...Panama, Chiriqui...Guiana”; defined as “Mexico” by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 356.

Types: Syntypes (one labeled as “holotype”) in NHMUK.

=    heberia (Dyar, 1914)

Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 2(1): 5.

Original Combination: Atrytone heberia

Type Locality: “Non Pareil Plantation, British Guiana” [Georgetown, Guyana]

Types: Lectotype (#18116) in USNM, designated by Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 304.

=    oaxaca (H. Freeman, 1979)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (52): 10-11, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♂ V (holotype), 29 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Mellana oaxaca

Type Locality: “Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Genus Anatrytone Dyar, 1905

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 140. Type-species: Hesperia delaware W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 19, no. 8, pl. 5, fig. 2 (= Hesperia logan W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 18-19, no. 7, pl. 1, fig. 5; synonym), by original designation. This genus was resurrected by J. Scott (1992, Papilio [N.S.]#6): 148-150, and this was confirmed by Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 273-337.

=    Mellana Hayward, 1948

Acta zool. Lilloana 5: 98. Type-species: Atrytone mella Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 492-493, no. 5; 3: pl. 94, figs. 14 ♂ D, 15 ♂ V, 16 ♂ genitalia, by original designation. Actually, Hayward misidentified Pamphila perfida Möschler, 1879, Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 28: 221, no. 28, as mella, as determined by Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 293-294. This is a case of a misidentified type species. The type-species is Atrytone mella Godman, 1900, as designated by Pelham (2008), J. Res. Lepid. 40: 91 (under Code Article 70.3), misidentified in the original designation by Hayward (1948).

logan group Burns, 1994

J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 280-285.

163.      Anatrytone logan (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

a.   Anatrytone logan logan (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 18-19, no. 7, pl. 1, fig. 5 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Logan

Type Locality: “Lansing, Michigan...Philadelphia”; neotype from “Kanawha River, Kanawha County, West Virginia”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 61, fig. 11 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 25 ♀ D.

=    delaware (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 19, no. 8, pl. 5, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Delaware

Type Locality: “Philadelphia”; neotype from “Kanawha River, Kanawha County, West Virginia”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 61, fig. 12 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 24 ♂ D.

Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77, no. 2, made the first reviser choice of logan over delaware.

b.   Anatrytone logan lagus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 5.

Original Combination: Pamphila Lagus

Type Locality: “western Texas...southern Colorado...Nevada...Oak Creek Canon”; defined as “Oak Creek Canon, Custer County [sic], Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 61. [Fremont County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 62, fig. 13 ♂ D&V.

164.      Anatrytone mazai (H. Freeman, 1969)

J. Lepid. Soc. 23 (suppl. 2): 39, pl. 13, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); pl. 15, fig. 8 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Atrytone mazai

Type Locality: “Mexcala, Guerrero, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Genus Atrytone Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77. Type-species: Hesperia iowa Scudder, 1868, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 401 (= Hesperia arogos Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 3-5; subspecies), by original designation.

165.      Atrytone arogos (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])

a.   Atrytone arogos arogos (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Hesperia Arogos

Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.

Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 340, noted that the “type” is in the NHMUK, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”

=    mutius (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 199, no. 413; cited unpublished pl. 625.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Mutius

Type Locality: “Georgia”

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

b.   Atrytone arogos iowa (Scudder, 1868)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 401.

Original Combination: Hesperia Iowa

Type Locality: “Iowa”; defined as “Denison and New Jefferson, Iowa” by Scudder 1869, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. 1(2): 330. [Denison, Crawford County; Jefferson, Greene County]

Types: Syntype (#15307) in MCZC.

Genus Problema Skinner & R. Williams, 1924

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 50(1): 62. Type-species: Pamphila byssus W. H. Edwards, 1880, Can. Entomol. 12(11): 224, by original designation. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 10, fig. 15, determined that the genetic divergence between Problema and Atrytone suggested they be synonymized. However, maintaining these two as separate genera is preferable.

166.      Problema byssus (W. H. Edwards, 1880)

a.   Problema byssus byssus (W. H. Edwards, 1880)

Can. Entomol. 12(11): 224-225.

Original Combination: Pamphila Byssus

Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida” [Brevard County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 63, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 41, fig. 20 ♀ D (paralectotype), pl. 53, fig. 38 ♂ D (lectotype).

b.   Problema byssus kumskaka (Scudder, 1887)

Can. Entomol. 19(3): 45-48.

Original Combination: Atrytone Kumskaka

Type Locality: “Iowa...Western States”; stated to be “Denison, Iowa” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 42. [Crawford County]

Types: Syntype (#10756) in MCZC; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 39 ♂ D, supposedly sent to W. H. Edwards by Scudder.

167.      Problema bulenta (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 67, figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [3] ♀ D, [4] larva, [5] pupa.

Original Combination: Hesperia Bulenta

Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “Georgia” implied from other drawings of the species by John Abbot.

Types: Types were the specimens that John Abbot painted and are probably lost.

F. Jones (1926), Entomol. News 37(7): 193-197, pl. 9, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♀ V, fig. of ♂ genitalia, detailed the rediscovery of this species, and provided the first written description of the taxon.

Genus Hylephila Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81. Type-species: Papilio phyleus Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 25-26, pl. 13, figs. 4, 5; 2: index, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 193, no. 544.

      =    ‡Euthymus Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77. Type-species: Papilio phyleus Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 25-26, pl. 13, figs. 4, 5; 2: index, by original designation. Preoccupied by Euthymus Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 127, and also a junior objective synonym of Hylephila.

=    Andinus Hayward, 1940

Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 10(3): 284-285. Type-species: Andinus venustus Hayward, 1940, Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 10(3): 285-286, fig. 9, by original designation.

      =    ‡Cordillana Hayward, 1941

Revta. Mus. La Plata, Zool. (n.s.) 2(14): 288. Type-species: Andinus venustus Hayward, 1940, Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 10: 285, as replacement name. Introduced to replace Andinus Hayward, 1940, erroneously thought preoccupied and a junior objective synonym of Andinus.

phyleus group MacNeill & Herrera, 1999

J. Lepid. Soc. 52(3): 285 (key), 286-287.

168.      Hylephila phyleus (Drury, 1773)

a.   Hylephila phyleus phyleus (Drury, 1773)

Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 25-26, pl. 13, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).

Original Combination: Papilio Phyleus

Type Locality: “Antigua, St. Christopher’s, Nevies”; suggested to be “Antigua” by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 311.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Panzer (1785), Diurn. Abbild.: 59, pl. 13, figs. 4, 5, misidentified this species as Papilio phareus Fabricius, 1793, a name that has sometimes been listed in the synonymy of H. phyleus. Likewise, Hübner (1823), Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 11, listed “Hesperia carin” in the synonymy of Phemiades augias Linnaeus, 1763 sensu Hübner, which included H. phyleus; this is a nomen nudum and a misidentification of phyleus.

=    ‡”druryi” (Megerle, [1803])

Cat. Ins. Viennae Austriae 28 Novembris 1803, auctionis: [29], no. 436.

Original Combination: Papilio Druryi

Proposed to replace Papilio phyleus Drury, 1773, erroneously thought pre-occupied. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1710 placed this work on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature.

=    bucephalus (Stephens, 1828)

Ill. Brit. Entomol., Haustellata 1: 102-103, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2.

Original Combination: [Pamphila] Bucephalus

Type Locality: “neighborhood of Barnstable in Devonshire [England]”; but suggested to be “from the North American continent” later in the original description.

Types: Location of syntypes not known.

=    hala (Butler, 1870)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 504, no. 2.

Original Combination: Pamphila Hala

Type Locality: “Venezuela”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    muertovalle J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10.

Original Combination: Hylephila phyleus muertovalle

Type Locality: “Furnace Creek date grove, Death Valley, Inyo Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

The utility of this name as a trinomial seems questionable.

=    eureka Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 502, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (holotype); 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hylephila phyleus eureka

Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Eureka”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

As discussed by Pyle (2002), Butterflies Cascadia:2 70, the utility of this name as a trinomial seems questionable.

=    ‡”pallida” Hayward, 1944

Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 12(3): 180.

Original Combination: Hylephila phyleus ab. pallida

Type Locality: “Tucuman” [Argentina]

Types: Holotype in IFML (Hayward collection).

Genus Polites Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78. Type-species: Hesperia peckius W. Kirby, 1837, in: Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 300, pl. 4, figs. 2, 3 (= Papilio coras Cramer, 1775 Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 51-52, pl. 31, fig. F ♀ D; (8): 152 (index); subspecies) , by original designation. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 8-10, fig. 14, extensively revised Polites, elevating Hedone and Limochores to generic status and describing a new subgenus. Previous treatments by MacNeill (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 481-489, MacNeill (1993), J. Lepid. Soc. 47(3): 180-181, Burns (1985), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (423): 1-39 and Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(1): 24-45, maintained an inclusive Polites and that practice is adopted herein. Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 49, fig. 54, treatedWallengrenia as a subgenus to maintain monophyly.

Subgenus Hedone Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 79. Type-species: Hesperia brettus Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 75, figs. 3-5 (= Thymelicus vibex Geyer, 1832, in: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [118], figs. 685 ♂ D, 686 ♂ V; 22, no. 343; synonym), by original designation. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 9, fig. 14, subdivided Polites into subgenera and named a new one.

169.      Polites vibex (Geyer, 1832)

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [118], figs. 685 ♂ D, 686 ♂ V [1826]; 22, no. 343 (1832, name given).

Original Combination: Thymelicus Vibex

Type Locality: “West Indies”

Types: Type probably lost.

Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 113, mentioned T. vibex without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

=    brettus (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 75, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ D, 5 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Brettus

Type Locality: Not stated; “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.

Types: Types are the specimens illustrated by Émile Blanchard, probably from Boisduval’s collection, possibly in MNHP or NHMUK.

=    wingina (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 173-174, no. 71.

Original Combination: Hesperia Wingina

Type Locality: “southern portions of N. England”

Types: Syntypes in MCZC.

=    morganta (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 203, no. 426; cited unpublished pl. 1444 (nachtrag).

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Morganta

Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”, in error; corrected to “North America” by Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 153.

Types: Holotype may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), ibid., determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    unna (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 204, no. 429; cited unpublished pl. 637.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Unna

Type Locality: “Philadelphia” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]

Types: Holotype may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy (under brettus) through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    brettoides (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Papilio 3(4): 71-72.

Original Combination: Pamphila Brettoides

Type Locality: “West Texas...Graham Mountains, Arizona”; lectotype from “Texas”; defined as “vicinity of Archer County, Texas” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 44.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 45, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 26 ♂ D.

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): fig. 55, determined that brettoides is a synonym of vibex.

‡”margarita” (Draudt, 1923)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(332): 931.

Original Combination: [Thymelicus] margarita

Draudt cited this as a Plötz name in the synonymy of brettus, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

170.      Polites praeceps (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 79, no. 2.

Original Combination: H[edone]. praeceps

Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]

Types: Syntype (#15313) in MCZC.

Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 37, fig. 55, determined that praeceps is a species distinct from vibex. They demonstrate that stigma (Skinner, 1896), Can. Entomol. 28(7): 188, was mislabeled and is a synonym of an extralimital taxon. They did not sequence phormio (Mabille, 1878), Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(197): 233, no. 38. I consider that the stated type locality, “Para, Brasiliae,” suggests it also belongs to an extralimital taxon. These are removed from the catalogue.

=    sulfurina (Mabille, 1878)

Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(197): 233-234, no. 39.

Original Combination: P[amphila]. sulfurina

Type Locality: “Mexicanam”; also mentioned specimens from “Cayenna” and “Venezuela”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    lumida (Möschler, 1879)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 217-218, no. 23.

Original Combination: Pamphila Lumida

Type Locality: “Colombien”

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.

=    golenia (Möschler, 1879)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 218, no. 21.

Original Combination: Pamphila Golenia

Type Locality: “Colombien”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK and ZMHB.

=    zenckei (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 196, no. 402; cited unpublished pl. 1437 (nachtrag).

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Zenckei

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Holotype may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 152, determined this synonymy (as vibex) through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    clara (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 203, no. 425; cited unpublished pl. 635.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Clara

Type Locality: “Californien”, presumably in error.

Types: Holotype may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy (as brettus) through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    hypozona (Dyar, 1918)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 339-340.

Original Combination: Lerema hypozona

Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico”

Types: Holotype (#21216) in USNM.

‡”combinata” (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 206, under no. 433.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Golenia = Combinata

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy (as vibex) through an examination of an unpublished drawing (pl. 636, from “Colombia”) made by Plötz. This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

Subgenus Limochores Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 80. Type-species: Hesperia manataaqua Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 175 (= Hesperia origenes Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 328, no. 245; synonym), by original designation. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 9, fig. 14, treated this as a distinct genus.

=    Pyrrhosidia Scudder, 1874

Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 346 (nota). Type-species: Hesperia mystic W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 16, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, by original designation.

=    Poanopsis Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 486. Type-species: Pamphila puxillius Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxx, by original designation.

171.      Polites origenes (Fabricius, 1793)

a.   Polites origenes origenes (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 328, no. 245; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 74, fig. 2; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [48], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).

Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Origenes

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Type(s) lost, name based on Jones' figure.

This name was resurrected from obscurity by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 328, based on the unpublished figures in “Jones’ Icones” in OMU, and has generally been used since. Calhoun (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(4): 119-123, 9 figs, neatly summarizes all of the issues and confirms this treatment.

=    manataaqua (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 175-176, no. 74; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, 11 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Hesperia Manataaqua

Type Locality: “Massachusetts”

Types: Syntypes (#15303) in MCZC.

b.   Polites origenes rhena (W. H. Edwards, 1878)

Field & Forest 3(7/8): 115-116.

Original Combination: Pamphila Rhena

Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “vicinity of Pueblo, Pueblo Co., Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 47.

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 47, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

=    alcina (Skinner, 1893)

Entomol. News 4(6): 212-213; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, fig. 25 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Pamphila alcina

Type Locality: “Colorado”

Types: Syntypes in CMNH (#7090) and FMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 5 ♂ D.

172.      Polites sonora (Scudder, 1872)

a.   Polites sonora siris (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 43, 47, no. 7.

Original Combination: Pamphila siris

Type Locality: “Mount Hood”; corrected to “the small prairies numerous near Puget Sound, Washington Territory. It was abundant near Tenino” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43; further defined as “Tenino Prairie, Thurston Co., Washington” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 46.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 46, fig. 2 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 9 ♂ D.

b.   Polites sonora sonora (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78, no. 3.

Original Combination: O[chlodes]. Sonora

Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada (Henry Edwards), California”

Types: Syntype (#15826) in MCZC.

c.   Polites sonora flavaventris Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 525, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Polites sonora flavaventris

Type Locality: “Nevada: Humboldt County; Pine Forest Range, Blue Lake Road, 6.7 road miles west of Nevada state route 140, Alta Creek Basin, 1829 m, T45N R30E S7 on USGS Denio, Nev.-Ore. 15' guadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

d.   Polites sonora longinqua Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 525-526, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ D (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Polites sonora longinqua

Type Locality: “Nevada: Esmeralda County; White Mountains, Trail Canyon, 2620 m, T1S R33E S10 on USGS Davis Mountain, Nev.-Calif. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Polites sonora utahensis (Skinner, 1911)

Entomol. News 22(9): 413.

Original Combination: Pamphila sylvanoides utahensis

Type Locality: “Park City, Utah” [Summit County]

Types: Syntypes (#7099, labeled as “holotype”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 13 ♂ V.

173.      Polites mystic (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

a.   Polites mystic mystic (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 15-16, no. 3, pl. 1, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Mystic

Type Locality: “Connecticut; Michigan; Canada West”; neotype from “Hunter, Greene Co., New York.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 51, fig. 5 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 22 ♂ D.

This name was also proposed by Scudder (1863), Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 172, and was credited to Scudder by many subsequent authors.

=    ‡”mystic” (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 172-173, no. 69.

Original Combination: Hesperia Mystic

Type Locality: “White Mountains to Maryland”

Types: Syntypes in MCZC.

Preoccupied by Hesperia mystic Edwards, 1863. The question of authorship was settled by F. Brown (1980), J. Lepid. Soc. 34(1): 74-75.

=    ‡”weetamoo” (Scudder, 1889)

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1707.

Original Combination: Thymelicus mystic weetamoo melanic variety

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Holotype” was from Lintner and may be in NYSM.

=    ‡”nubs” (Scudder, 1889)

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1707.

Original Combination: Thymelicus mystic nubs

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Holotype” may be in MCZC.

While the text clearly describes this taxon as infrasubspecific, it was proposed as a trinomial and might be considered available.

b.   Polites mystic dacotah (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 277, no. 21.

Original Combination: Hesperia Dacotah

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Georgetown, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 52. Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 23, further defined this as “vicinity of Idaho Springs, Clear Creek County, Colorado.”

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 23 ♂ D, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 8 ♂ D&V.

Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 61, did not recognize this as a subspecies-level taxon.

=    pallida (Skinner, 1911)

Entomol. News 22(9): 412.

Original Combination: Pamphila mystic pallida

Type Locality: “Volga, South Dakota” [Brookings County]

Types: Syntypes (#7091) in CMNH.

Subgenus Polites Scudder, 1872

174.      Polites themistocles (Latreille, [1824])

a.   Polites themistocles themistocles (Latreille, [1824])

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (723), 769, no. 115.

Original Combination: Hesperia Themistocles

Type Locality: “l’Amerique méridionale”

Types: Type(s) possibly in MNHP or NHMUK.

N. Riley (1926), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(2): 239, claimed that themistocles was proposed to replace Papilio taumas Fabricius, 1787; if so, then the type data for thaumas would replace those for themistocles.

=    ‡taumas (Fabricius, 1787)

Mantissa Ins. 2: 84, no. 746.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejius]. U[rbicola]. Taumas

Type Locality: “America boreali”

Types: Syntype in ZMUC.

Preoccupied by Papilio thaumas Hufnagel, 1766, Berl. Mag. 2: 62 (Code Article 58.11).

=    ‡phocion (Fabricius, 1798)

Entomol. Syst. Suppl.: 431.

Original Combination: Hesperia U[rbicola]. Phocion

Type Locality: “America meridionali”

Types: Syntype in ZMUC.

Preoccupied by Hesperia phocion Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 335, no. 274.

=    cernes (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Cernes

Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.

Types: Types are the specimens illustrated by Émile Blanchard, probably from Boisduval’s collection. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 328, stated that the “type” is in the NHMUK, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”

=    ahaton (T. Harris, 1862)

Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 317, fig. 140 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Ahaton

Type Locality: “Milton” [Norfolk County, Massachusetts]

Types: Syntypes in MCZC.

b.   Polites themistocles turneri H. Freeman, 1944

Entomol. News 55(2): 47-48.

Original Combination: Polites themistocles turneri

Type Locality: “Jesmond, British Columbia”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

175.      Polites coras (Cramer, 1837)

a.   Polites coras coras (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 51-52, pl. 31, fig. F ♀ D; (8): 152 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicola Coras

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”; neotype from “Flourtown, Montgomery Co. Pa.” [Pennsylvania]

Types: Neotype in FSCA, designated by Zhang et l. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 40, fig. 58a ♀ D&V..

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 40, figs. 58, 59, resolved the identity of coras but their assessment of subspecies is nebulous. Their treatment is accepted here with that reservation.

b.   Polites coras peckius (W. Kirby, 1775)

In: Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 300, no. (420), pl. 4, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Peckius

Type Locality: “taken with the preceding” [Polyommatus Lucia] “Lat. 54^o”; suggested to be “NE U.S. or SE Canada” by J. Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 69; determined to be “Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan, Canada” by Kondla et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(8): 9.

Types: Type(s) possibly in NHMUK.

=    wamsutta (T. Harris, 1862)

Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 318, fig. 141 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Wamsutta

Type Locality: “Massachussets” implied from the title of the first edition of the book; stated to be “Massachusetts” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 111-112, no. 20.

Types: Syntype (#26351) in MCZC.

‡”enys” (Butler, 1870)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(76): 93.

Original Combination: [Pamphila] Enys

Butler mentioned “Pamphila enys” without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

c.   Polites coras surllano J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 69, pl. 4, 4th row right ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Polites peckius surllano

Type Locality: “Green Mountain, Jefferson Co. Colorado”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

176.      Polites sabuleti (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Polites sabuleti sabuleti (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 316-317, no. 80; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, figs. 2091 ♂ D&V, 2092 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Sabuleti

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “general region between San Francisco and Eldorado County, California” by Austin (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 2; further defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23, figs. 150 ♂ D, 151 ♂ V.

b.   Polites sabuleti channelensis J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (24): 317-318, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Polites sabuleti channelensis

Type Locality: “California: Santa Barbara County; Santa Rosa Island; China Camp, 50' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Polites sabuleti aestivalis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (15): 201-202, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Polites sabuleti aestivalis

Type Locality: “California: Trinity County; Highway 3 near Dan Rice Creek, southeast of Scott Mtn. Summit”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Polites sabuleti tecumseh (F. Grinnell, 1903)

Entomol. News 14(1): 11.

Original Combination: Pamphila sabuleti var. tecumseh

Type Locality: “Little Crabtree Meadow near Mt. Whitney” [Tulare County, California]

Types: Syntypes may be in CAS.

=    chispa (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 66, no. 441; 247, no. 441, pl. 31, figs. 441 ♂ D (lectotype), 441b ♀ D, 441c ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Pamphila] Chispa; Pamphila Chispa n. s.

Type Locality: “Sierra Nevadas of California” “Sierra Nevadas of Central California”

Types: Lectotype (#4323) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. No. 118: 40.

Austin (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 6, discussed this name and concluded that its taxonomic status is uncertain.

e.   Polites sabuleti albamontana Austin, 1987

Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 6-7, figs. 2a second row ♂ ♀ D, 2b second row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is♂).

Original Combination: Polites sabuleti albamontana

Type Locality: “Nevada: Esmeralda County; White Mountains, Trail Canyon, 9000', T1S, R33E, S9, 10, 17"

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

f.    Polites sabuleti genoa (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 207, no. 435; cited unpublished pl. 1446 (nachtrag).

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Genoa

Type Locality: “Nevada”; suggested to be “near Genoa...Carson River Valley, Douglas Co.” by Austin (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 3.

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM, ZMHB, or lost.

g.   Polites sabuleti alkaliensis Austin, 1987

Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 4-5, figs. 2a third row ♂ ♀ D, 2b third row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is ♂).

Original Combination: Polites sabuleti alkaliensis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Granite Mountains, (Fortynine Mountain), Nevada State Route 8A, 1.3 mi west of Nevada State Route 34, 5950', T24N, R19E S8, located on USGS Vya, Nevada, 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

h.   Polites sabuleti sinemaculata Austin, 1987

Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 7-9, figs. 2a first row ♂ ♀ D, 2b first row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is ♂).

Original Combination: Polites sabuleti sinemaculata

Type Locality: “Nevada: Humboldt County; Baltazor Hot Spring, Nevada State Route 140, 5.0 miles west of Denio Junction, 4213', T46N, R28E, S13 on USGS Denio, Nevada-Oregon, 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

i.    Polites sabuleti basinensis Austin, 1988

Bull. Allyn Mus. (120): 1.

Original Combination: Polites sabuleti basinensis

Proposed to replace Polites sabuleti pallida Austin, 1987, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡pallida Austin, 1987

Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 9-10, figs. 2a bottom row ♂ ♀ D, 2b bottom row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is ♂).

Original Combination: Polites sabuleti pallida

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Reese River Valley, Nevada State Route 722 (formerly Nevada State Route 2), 4.0 miles (north) east of Reese River, 5720', T19N, R43E, S32 on USGS Austin, Nevada, 15' quadrangle. This is an expansive alkaline flat”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Secondarily preoccupied by Pamphila pallida Skinner, 1911, Entomol. News 22(9): 412.

j.    Polites sabuleti nigrescens Austin, 1987

Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 10-12, figs. 2a fourth row ♂ ♀ D, 2b fourth row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is ♂), 4a ♂ ♀ V, 4b ♂ ♀ D.

Original Combination: Polites sabuleti nigrescens

Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Steptoe Valley, Warm Springs, 5900', T21N, R63E, S25 on the USGS Monte Neva Hot Springs, Nevada, 7.5' quadrangle. This is a flat valley bottom”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

k.   Polites sabuleti chusca (W. H. Edwards, 1873)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 346.

Original Combination: Hesperia Chusca

Type Locality: “Arizona”; suggested to be “probably northern Mohave County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 55.

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 18 ♂ D, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 54, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.

=    comstocki Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(1): 7-8, no. 12, pl. 1, figs. 4 ♂ D, 4a ♂ V, 5 ♀, 5a ♀ V.

Original Combination: Polites sabuleti var. comstocki

Type Locality: “El Centro, Imperial County, California”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

l.    Polites sabuleti ministigma J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 9.

Original Combination: Polites sabuleti ministigma

Type Locality: “8 mi. W. Crestone, Saguache Co., Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

177.      Polites mardon (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

a.   Polites mardon mardon (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 43, 47-48, no. 6.

Original Combination: Pamphila mardon

Type Locality: “Mount Hood”; corrected to “the small prairies numerous near Puget Sound, Washington Territory. It was abundant near Tenino” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43; further defined as “Tenino Prairie, Thurston County, Washington” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 53.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 54, fig. 7 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 26 ♂ D (lectotype), and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 12 ♀ D (paralectotype).

b.   Polites mardon klamathensis Mattoon, J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (65): 768-770, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Polites mardon klamathensis

Type Locality: “Oregon: Jackson County; Soda Mountain Road between first and second power transmission line crossing, 3.0 to 3.8 road miles south of Highway 66 at Greensprings summit, 4,500' to 4,800' elevation, T40S-R3E S9 Southern Cascade Range, ca. 12 airline miles southeast of Ashland”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

178.      Polites draco (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 274-275, no. 17.

Original Combination: Pamphila Draco

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Twin Lakes, Lake Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 162.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 49, fig. 4 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book: pl. 53, figs. 15 ♂ D (lectotype), 16 ♀ D (paralectotype).

MacNeill (1993), J. Lepid. Soc. 47(3): 180-181, detailed the species-level status of this taxon.

Subgenus Coa Grishin, 2019

In: Zhang et al.. Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 9-10, fig. 14. Type species: Hesperia baracoa Lucas, 1857, In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 650, by original combination.

179.      Polites baracoa (Lucas, 1857)

a.   Polites baracoa baracoa (Lucas, 1857)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 650.

Original Combination: Hesperia Baracoa

Type Locality: “dans l’île de Cuba”

Types: Syntype in MNHP.

=    amadis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1863)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 17(9): 142.

Original Combination: Pamphila Amadis

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Syntypes in ANSP (#7149) and ZMHB.

=    myus (French, 1885)

Can. Entomol. 17(2): 33-34.

Original Combination: Pamphila myus

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: Location of type(s) not known (USNM?).

Subgenus Yvretta Hemming, 1935

Stylops 4(1): 3. Type-species: Pamphila citrus Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(55)[11(55): 144-145, fig. 1 (= Hesperia subreticulata Plötz, 1883, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 213, no. 454; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Chaerophon Godman, 1900, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

      =    ‡Chaerophon Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(156): 462, 474. Type-species: Pamphila citrus Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(55): 144-145, fig. 1 (= Hesperia subreticulata Plötz, 1883, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 213, no. 454; synonym), by original designation. Preoccupied by Chaerophon Dobson, 1878, Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus.: 431.

180.      Polites rhesus (W. H. Edwards, 1878)

a.   Polites rhesus rhesus (W. H. Edwards, 1878)

Field & Forest 3(7/8): 116.

Original Combination: Pamphila Rhesus

Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “west of Pueblo, Colorado, along road to Hardscrabble Canyon” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 274-275. [Pueblo County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 275, fig. 10 (labels), 276, fig. 11 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, figs. 45 ♂ D (lectotype), 46 ♀ (paralectotype).

Warren (2021), Trop. Lepid. Res. 31(1):11-21, edescribed a new subspecies rendering rhesus polytypic

=    axius (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 213, no. 452; cited unpublished pl. 1448 (nachtrag).

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Axius

Type Locality: “Colorado”

Types: Type(s) in ZMHB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 153, suggested this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

181.      Polites carus (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Can. Entomol. 15(2): 34.

Original Combination: Pamphila Carus

Type Locality: “West Texas”; defined as “Archer County, Texas” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 276.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 275, fig. 11 ♀ D&V, 276 (labels); figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 44 ♀ D.

Subgenus Wallengrenia Berg, 1897

An. Mus. Nac. (Buenos Aires) (2)5: 254-255. Type-species: Hesperia premnas Wallengren, 1860, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 4(2): 38, no. 20, by original designation. The arrangement here follows Burns (1985), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (423): 1-39.

=    Catia Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(156): 462, 481. Type-species: Hesperia drury Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (723), 767, no. 110 (= Papilio otho J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 31-32, pl. 16; subspecies), by original designation.

182.      Polites otho (J. E. Smith, 1797)

a.   Polites otho otho (J. E. Smith, 1797)

In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 31-32, pl. 16, figs. ♂ D, ♂ V, ♀ D, larva, pupa.

Original Combination: Papilio Otho

Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot.

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost.

=    pustula (Geyer, 1832)

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [108], figs. 625 ♂ D, 626 ♂ V [1826]; 11, no. 313 (1832, name given).

Original Combination: Thymelicus Pustula

Type Locality: “Georgien”; probably based on a specimen from John Abbot.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 113, listed T. pustula without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

‡”lacordairii” (Godman, 1900)

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Rhop. 2(156): 483.

Original Combination: Catia pustula (= Pamphila lacordairii Boisd)

Godman introduced the name lacordairii in the synonymy of pustula without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

b.   Polites otho clavus (Erichson, [1849])

In: Schomburgk, Reisen Brit-Guiana 3: 603-604.

Original Combination: Hesperia clavus

Type Locality: “British Guiana” implied from the title of the work.

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 68.

Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 294, determined this synonymy and suggested that this may be a species-level taxon.

=    curassavica (Snellen, 1887)

Tijdschr. Entomol. 30: 28-30, pl. 2, figs. 3, 3a ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Curassavica

Type Locality: “Curaçao” implied from the title of the paper. [Netherlands Antilles]

Types: Syntype(s) in RMNH.

=    helva (Möschler, 1877)

Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 26: 336, pl. 4, fig. 20.

Original Combination: Pamphila helva

Type Locality: “aus dem Innern Suriname”

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 68.

=    winslowi Weeks, 1906

Psyche 13(2/3): 69-70; figured by Weeks (1911), Ill. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 10, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Polites winslowi

Type Locality: “Suapure, Venezuela”

Types: Holotype (#16724) in MCZC.

=    jobrea (Dyar, 1918)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 338-339.

Original Combination: Catia jobrea

Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico”

Types: Holotype (#21212) in USNM.

183.      Polites egeremet (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 174-175, no. 73.

Original Combination: Hesperia Egeremet

Type Locality: “Mass....Georgia...Western States...N. England”

Types: Syntype (#15827) in MCZC.

=    ursa (Worthington, 1880)

Can. Entomol. 12(3): 49, no. 1.

Original Combination: Pamphila ursa

Type Locality: “Lake Co., Ind., near Ills. Line”

Types: Location of type(s) not known (USNM?).

=    cinna (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 58, no. 377; cited unpublished pl. 598.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Cinna

Type Locality: “Union” [United States]

Types: Holotype may be in ZSM or lost.

Genus Nyctelius Hayward, 1948

Acta zool. Lilloana 5: 99. Type-species: Hesperia nyctelius Latreille, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 746, no. 47[a], by original designation.

184.      Nyctelius nyctelius (Latreille, [1824])

a.   Nyctelius nyctelius nyctelius (Latreille, [1824])

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 746, no. 47[a].

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Nyctelius

Type Locality: “Brésil & à Surinam”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK (not in MNHP), as noted by N. Riley (1926), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(2): 234.

=    ares (C. Felder, [1863])

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12(1): 477, no. 65.

Original Combination: Hesperia Ares

Type Locality: “Rio de Janeiro” [Brazil]

Types: Holotype probably in NHMW.

=    coscinia (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 54, no. 9.

Original Combination: [Goniloba] coscinia

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Syntypes in ANSP (#7141) and ZMHB.

‡”aegialea” (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 52, under no. 346.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Coscinia [synonym] Aegialea

This name listed in synonymy without description or indication; a nomen nudum.

Genus Conga Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 266, 294. Type-species: Pamphila chydaea Butler, 1877, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 152, no. 259, by original designation.

185.      Conga chydaea (Butler, 1877)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 152, no. 259.

Original Combination: Pamphila chydaea

Type Locality: “Serpa, in the bush” [Amazonas, Brazil]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    valo (Mabille, 1891)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxv.

Original Combination: Pamphila Valo

Type Locality: “Bogota” [Colombia]

Types: Holotype probably in MNHP.

=    vala (Mabille, 1891)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxvi.

Original Combination: Pamphila Vala

Type Locality: “Chiriqui” [Panama]

Types: Holotype probably in ZMHB.

=    actor (Mabille, 1891)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxxii.

Original Combination: Pamphila Actor

Type Locality: “Chiriqui” [Panama]

Types: Types in ZMHB.

=    binaria (Mabille, 1891)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxxiv.

Original Combination: Pamphila binaria

Type Locality: "Mérida" [Venezuela]

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

Zhang et al., (2022), Insecta Mundi 0921: 48, determined this synonym

Genus Vernia Grishin, 2019

In: Cong et al., Insecta Mundi 0731: 39, fig. 13. Type-species: Pamphila verna W. H. Edwards, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 57, no. 6, by original designation.

186.      Vernia verna (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 57, no. 6.

Original Combination: Pamphila verna

Type Locality: “Illinois”; neotype from “Perryton Township, Mercer County, Illinois”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 57, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.

=    pottawattomie (Worthington, 1880)

Can. Entomol. 12(3): 50, no. 2.

Original Combination: Pamphila pottawattomie

Type Locality: “neighborhood of the Chicago massacre, Cook Co., Ill....Lake Co., Ind.”

Types: Syntype in USNM.

=    vetulina (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 58, no. 377; cited unpublished pl. 597.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Vetulina

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Holotype may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    sigida (Mabille, 1891)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxvii.

Original Combination: Pamphila Sigida

Type Locality: “Australie”, in error.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    sequoyah H. Freeman, 1942

Entomol. News 53(4): 104.

Original Combination: Polites verna sequoyah

Type Locality: “Hope Hill Farm, Faulkner County, Arkansas and Little Rock, Arkansas”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Genus Atalopedes Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78. Type-species: Hesperia huron W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 16-17, no. 4, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2 (= Hesperia campestris Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 316; subspecies), by original designation. Burns (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 11-32, suggested that Atalopedes and Hesperia are closely related.

=    Pansydia Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81. Type-species: Hesperia mesogramma Latreille, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (722), 765, no. 106, by original designation.

187.      Atalopedes campestris (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 316, no. 79; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2090 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia campestris

Type Locality: “dans les lieux arides”; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 22.

Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 22, figs. 147 ♂ D, 148 ♂ V.

=     Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 504, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype); 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Atalopedes campestris tenebricosus

Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Eureka”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 45, determined this synonymy.

188.      Atalopedes huron (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 16-17, no. 4, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Huron

Type Locality: “Illinois, Georgia, Texas, Washington, D.C.”; neotype from “Evanston, Illinois” [Cook County]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 59, fig. 10 ♂ D&V.

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 41, fig. 62, determined that this is a species-level taxon. That treatment is accepted herein.

=    kedema (Butler, 1870)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 504, no. 3.

Original Combination: Pamphila Kedema

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    augustus (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 213, no. 453; cited unpublished pl. 676.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Augustus

Type Locality: “Brasilien”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM or lost.

=    amphissa (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 221, no. 476; cited unpublished pl. 667.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Amphissa

Type Locality: “Venezuela”

Types: Holotype may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 145, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

Genus Hesperia Fabricius, 1793

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 258, no. 187. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, by designation of Dalman (1816), K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(2): 200. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1240 placed this name on the Official Index of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 2178. Due to the erroneous type designation by Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 187-189, most of what is now known as Pyrgus was previously called Hesperia. The name “Steropes” was introduced by Rafinesque (1815), Analyse Nat.: 128, for an unspecified part of what he called “Hesperia Cuvier.” No other information was given. This name is unidentifiable, does not conform to Code Article 12, and is unavailable; it is also preoccupied by Steropes Steven, 1806, Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 1: 166.

      =    ‡Pamphila [Fabricius], 1807

In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 287, no. 41. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, by designation of Westwood (1840), Intro. Class. Ins. 2: 88. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793.

      =    ‡Diorthosus Rafinesque, 1815

Analyse Nat.: 128, no. '7' [37]. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, as replacement name for “Hesperia Cuvier”, erroneously thought to be preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793.

      =    ‡Phidias Rafinesque, 1815

Analyse Nat.: 128, no. 41. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, as replacement name for Pamphila [Fabricius], 1807, erroneously thought to be preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793.

      =    ‡Symmachia Sodoffsky, 1837

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 10(6): 82, no. 16. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, as replacement name for Hesperia Fabricius, 1793, erroneously thought to be preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793; this name is also preoccupied by Symmachia Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 26.

=    Ocytes Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 76. Type-species: Hesperia metea Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 177-178, no. 79, by original designation.

=    Anthomaster Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78. Type-species: Hesperia leonardus T. Harris, 1862, Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 314, fig. 138, by original designation.

      =    ‡Urbicola Tutt, 1905

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(1): 84. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793. Tutt erroneously attributed this name to Barbut, thereby making it a senior synonym of Hesperia; however, Barbut did not use the name in a generic sense (see Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 454), but followed Linnaeus' usage as an interposed adjective.

*189.    Hesperia comma (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162; cited Linnaeus (1746), Fauna Svecica: 241, no. 793, and Merian (1730), Europ. Ins.: pl. 48.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus urbicola]. Comma

Type Locality: “in Europa”; suggested to be “Sweden” by Verity (1940), Farfalle diurn. Ital. 1: 112, based on citation in Fauna Svecica.

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 314.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1240 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 2838. The Palaearctic synonymy is not listed. Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 52-54, treated North American populations of “comma” as three species-level taxa. This had been done before (e.g., MacNeill (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 89-90), in a slightly different fashion. The treatment presented by Layberry et al. is adopted here, although as noted by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 12, the relationship between assiniboia and colorado requires more study; these two taxa may be conspecific.

a.   Hesperia comma lena Korshunov & P. Gorbunov, 1995

Butterflies. Asiat. Russia: 39-40.

Original Combination: Hesperia comma lena

Type Locality: “Suntar-Khayata range, 376 km of the Khandyga Magadan highway, wet meadow on the banks of the Suntar River” [Sakha Republic, Russia]

Types: Holotype in SZMN.

190.      Hesperia assiniboia (Lyman, 1892)

Can. Entomol. 24(3): 57, 59.

Original Combination: [Pamphila Manitoba] var. Assiniboia

Type Locality: “Regina” [Saskatchewan]

Types: Lectotype in LEMQ, designated by Sheppard and Vickery (1975), Can. Entomol. 107(10): 1130, fig. 2 ♂ D.

191.      Hesperia colorado (Scudder, 1874)

a.   Hesperia colorado laurentina (Lyman, 1892)

Can. Entomol. 24(3): 57, 59.

Original Combination: [Pamphila Manitoba] var. Laurentina

Type Locality: “Lower St. Lawrence...Cacouna...Rivière du Loup, Metis...Gaspé”; lectotype from “Gaspe, P. Q.” [Quebec]

Types: Lectotype in LEMQ, designated by Sheppard and Vickery (1975), Can. Entomol. 107(10): 1130, fig. 1 ♂ D.

b.   Hesperia colorado borealis Lindsey, 1942

Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): 19, pl. 1, fig. 6 ♂ genitalia, pl. 4, fig. 9 ♂ V (holotype), 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia borealis

Type Locality: “Nain, Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype in CUIC.

c.   Hesperia colorado manitoba (Scudder, 1874)

Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 342, 343, 344 key, 345 key, 346 key, 351, no. 7, pl. 10, figs. 8 ♂ D&V, 9 ♀ D&V, 10 ♀ D&V, 11 ♂ D&V (lectotype); pl. 11, figs. 7, 8 ♂ genitalia; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(10): pl. 17, fig. 4 ♂ D&V from British Columbia.

Original Combination: Pamphila Manitoba

Type Locality: “Colorado...about Pike's Peak...on the shores of Lake Winnipeg...at Labache, and at Rivière du Loup”; lectotype from “Lahache, B. C.” [Lac La Hache, British Columbia]

Types: Lectotype (#15301) in MCZC, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 127.

d.   Hesperia colorado hulbirti Lindsey, 1939

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 32(1): 171.

Original Combination: Hesperia hulbirti

Type Locality: “Hurricane Hill in the Olympic Mts., Washington” [Clallam County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; paratypes figured by Lindsey (1942), Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): pl. 4, figs. 4 ♂ V, 11 ♀ V.

e.   Hesperia colorado oregonia (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Can. Entomol. 15(8): 150.

Original Combination: [Pamphila] Oregonia

Type Locality: “north California...Nevada”; defined as “Trinity County, California” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 291-292; suggested to be “Sierra Nevada Mts., west of Carson City” by J. Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 8, but this was not acceptable to Shapiro and Forister (2005), J. Lepid. Soc. 59(3): 164 or A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 39-40, who employed F. Brown and L. Miller’s definition.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 293, fig. 22 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 5 ♂ D (lectotype), 6 ♀ D (paralectotype).

f.    Hesperia colorado mattoonorum McGuire, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (37): 464-465, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V; 18 ♀ D, 19 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia comma mattoonorum

Type Locality: “Low Divide Road (County Rd. 308) at High Divide, 6 air miles E of Hwy. 101 at Smith River, 2,300 ft. elevation, Del Norte County, California”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

g.   Hesperia colorado dodgei (E. Bell, 1927)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 35(2): 175.

Original Combination: Pamphila juba race dodgei

Type Locality: “Santa Cruz, California” [Santa Cruz County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

h.   Hesperia colorado harpalus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 3-4.

Original Combination: Pamphila Harpalus

Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “vicinity of Carson City, Ormsby County, Nevada” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 288-290; suggested to be “Sierra Nevada Mts., west of Carson City” by J. Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 7.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 289, fig. 20 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 19 ♂ D.

As first reviser, Lindsey (1942), Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): 24, gave priority to harpalus over cabelus (below).

=    cabelus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 4.

Original Combination: Pamphila Cabelus

Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “vicinity of Carson City, Ormsby County, Nevada” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 290; suggested to be “Sierra Nevada Mts., west of Carson City” by J. Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 8; corrected to “California, probably west of the Sierra Nevada” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 630.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 291, fig. 21 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 17 ♂ D (lectotype), 18 ♂ V (paralectotype).

=    yosemite Leussler, 1933

Entomol. News 44: 169-170.

Original Combination: Hesperia yosemite

Type Locality: “near Yosemite, Calif.” [Mariposa County, California]

Types: Holotype in OSUC.

i.    Hesperia colorado leussleri Lindsey, 1940

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 33(2): 373-374.

Original Combination: Hesperia colorado form leussleri

Type Locality: “Warner’s Hot Springs, San Diego Co., Cal.” [California]

Types: Holotype probably in CMNH; figured by Lindsey (1942), Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): pl. 5, figs. 1 ♂ V.

=    greenhornensis J. Scott, 2021

J. Lepid. Soc. 75(3): 205-208, figs.1♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 (paratypes).

Original Combination: H[esperia]. comma greenhornensis

Type Locality: "Greenhorn Mts., Old State Road 31, Kern Co. Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

j.    Hesperia colorado tildeni H. Freeman, 1956

Lepid. News 9(6): 196-198, pl., top row ♂ D&V (holotype), bottom row ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia tildeni

Type Locality: “Cherry Flat Reservoir, Santa Clara County, California”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

k.   Hesperia colorado susanae L. Miller, 1962

Entomol. News 73(4): 85-88, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia susanae

Type Locality: “White Mountains, Arizona...Horseshoe Cienega, White Mts., Apache Co., Ariz.; 8000 ft, in dry meadow”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

l.    Hesperia colorado mojavensis Austin & McGuire, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (39): 481-482, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia comma mojavensis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Kyle Canyon Ski Area (or Run), 2225-2400 m”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

m.  Hesperia colorado idaho (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Can. Entomol. 15(8): 148, 151, no. 5.

Original Combination: [Pamphila Colorado] var. Idaho

Type Locality: “Oregon, Washington Terr. and California”; defined as “Lake Tahoe, Placer County, California” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 293-294; subsequently suggested to be “the lowlands at Doyle in Lassen Co. Calif.” by J. Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 8.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 127; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 3 ♂ D and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 295, fig. 23 ♂ D&V.

n.   Hesperia colorado sublima A. Warren & Calhoun, 2015

J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 40-41, figs 2 ♂ D&V (holotype), 4 ♂ D&V, 5 ♂ D&V, 6 ♂ D&V, 7 ♂ D&V, 8 ♂ D&V, 9 ♀ D&V, 10 ♀ D&V, 11 ♀ D&V, 12 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia colorado sublima

Type Locality: “USA: Colorado: Clear Creek / Co.: Guanella Pass, W of summit, / NE ridge Square Top Mtn., / 12,238' [3730m], / 39°35'57.47''N 105°43'36.58''W”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

o.   Hesperia colorado colorado (Scudder, 1874)

Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 342, 343, 344 key, 345 key, 346 key, 349, no. 4, pl. 10, figs. 16 ♀ D&V, 17 ♀ D&V, 18 ♂ D&V (lectotype); pl. 11, figs. 1, 2 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Pamphila Colorado

Type Locality: “Colorado, about the Georgetown and South Park Roads...Arizona”; lectotype from “Colorado”; subsequently suggested to be “Tennessee Pass, 3150 m (=10300 feet), Lake-Eagle Cos. Colorado” by J. Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 6. Based on additional evidence, Calhoun (2016), News Lepid. Soc. 58(1):46, further limited the type locality to “Twin Lakes, along one of the gorges just north of Upper Twin Lake (the western lake), Lake County, Colorado.”

Types: Lectotype (#15299) in MCZC, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 126-127; figured by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): fig. 9 ♂ D&V.

=    oroplata J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 8.

Original Combination: Hesperia comma oroplata

Type Locality: “Spring Creek, Fremont Co., Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA; figured by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): fig. 11 ♂ D&V.

p.   Hesperia colorado ochracea Lindsey, 1941

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 34(4): 770-772.

Original Combination: Hesperia colorado form ochracea

Type Locality: “Platte Canyon, Colo.” [Jefferson-Douglas counties]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Lindsey (1942), Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): pl. 5, fig. 15 ♂ V.

This name is not a primary homonym of “Hesperia ochracea” sensu Staudinger (1871), in: Staudinger and Wocke, Cat. Lepid. Europ. (2nd ed.): 35, Plötz (1883), Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 197, etc.; these usages refer to Pamphila ochracea Bremer, 1861, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg (ser. 3)3(7): col. 473, secondarily placed in Hesperia. That taxon is now in Ochlodes, so the retrieval of this name from secondary homonymy was mandatory since no replacement name was ever proposed (Code Articles 57.3.1, 59.3).

192.      Hesperia juba (Scudder, 1874)

Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 349, pl. 10, figs. 19 ♂ D&V, 20 ♀ D&V; pl. 11 figs. 5, 6 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Pamphila Juba

Type Locality: “California...neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah”; lectotype from “California.”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Skinner and R. Williams (1924), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 50(3): 188; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2082 ♂ D&V (as Hesperia comma).

The name juba is often credited to Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77, no. 1, where he cited Pamphila comma (sensu Boisduval (1852), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 313). Neither Scudder at that time nor Boisduval actually described the taxon, so Boisduval’s reference to comma cannot qualify as an indication (Code Article 12.2). Pamphila juba Scudder, 1872, is a nomen nudum.

=    ‡”ogdenensis” (W. Holland, 1931)

Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 372, pl. 52, fig. 9 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Erynnis juba] ab. ogdenensis

Type Locality: “Ogden, Utah” [Weber County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

193.      Hesperia lindseyi (W. Holland, 1930)

a.   Hesperia lindseyi lindseyi (W. Holland, 1930)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 158-159.

Original Combination: Erynnis lindseyi

Type Locality: “Nellie, California...Ukiah, Calif.”; holotype from “Napa Co.” as reported by MacNeill (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 161. [Napa County, California]

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, figs. 10 ♂ D (holotype), 11 ♀ D (paratype).

b.   Hesperia lindseyi macneilli J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (38): 475-476, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia lindseyi macneilli

Type Locality: “California: Mendocino County; Branscomb Rd. at Laytonville, 1645'”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Hesperia lindseyi eldorado J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (38): 476-477, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia lindseyi eldorado

Type Locality: “California: El Dorado County; west slope Sierra Nevada; Meadow Brook barrens, Traverse Creek; T.12N., R.10E., Sec. 24"

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Hesperia lindseyi septentrionalis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (38): 477-478, 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia lindseyi septentrionalis

Type Locality: “California: Siskiyou Co., Shasta Valley Wildlife Area on Little Shasta River, 4 rd. mi. E. of Montague, 2500 ft. elev.; S.33, T.45N., R.5W”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Hesperia lindseyi mccorklei P. Severns & D. Severns, 2005

J. Lepid. Soc. 59(3): 166-167, figs. 1a ♀ D&V (holotype), 1b ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia lindseyi mccorklei

Type Locality: “Oregon, Douglas County, Hillside north of Jackson Creek Road, 3.8 miles east of the junction with South Umpqua Road (UTMs: N 4755771 m, E 10 514710 m, 1470 ft elevation)”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

194.      Hesperia miriamae MacNeill, 1959

a.   Hesperia miriamae miriamae MacNeill, 1959

Wasmann J. Biol. 17(1): 90-94, figs. 1A ♂ genitalia, uncus, tegumen and vinculum, 1B ♂ genitalia, valve, 1C ♂ genitalia, tegumen and uncus D.

Original Combination: Hesperia miriamae

Type Locality: “Near Mono Pass, northwest Inyo County, California; elevation 12,000 feet”

Types: Holotype in CAS; paratypes figured by MacNeill (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: pl. 1, figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V, 12 ♀ D.

b.   Hesperia miriamae longaevicola McGuire, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (37): 463, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V; 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia miriamae longaevicola

Type Locality: “California, Mono Co.: Mt. Barcroft, 13,400 ft. elevation, White Mountains”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

195.      Hesperia nevada (Scudder, 1874)

a.   Hesperia nevada nevada (Scudder, 1874)

Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 342, 343, 344 key, 345 key, 347-348, no. 2, pl. 10, figs. 1 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 2 ♀ D&V, 3 ♀ D&V, 4 ♂ D&V; pl. 11, figs. 3, 4 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Pamphila Nevada

Type Locality: “Colorado...on the mountains about the South Park and in the Park itself” “Nevada, California and Oregon”; lectotype from “Colorado”; defined as “S. Park, Colo.” by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 126. Calhoun, (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 22, further defines this as “along Beaver Creek, east/northeast of Fairplay, Park County, Colorado.”

Types: Lectotype (#15300) in MCZC, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), ibid.

b.   Hesperia nevada sierra Austin, J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (40): 487-488, figs. 1 upper left ♂ D, 2 upper left ♂ V (holotype); 1 upper right ♀ D, 2 upper right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia nevada sierra

Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Carson Range, Tahoe Meadows, Nevada State Route 431, 2.4 miles west of Mt. Rose (road) Summit, 2695 m, R18E T17N S25 on USGS Mt. Rose, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

196.      Hesperia woodgatei (R. Williams, 1914)

Entomol. News 25(6): 266, no. 71.

Original Combination: Pamphila woodgatei

Type Locality: “Jamez [sic; Jemez] Mountains, New Mexico” implied from the title of the paper. Syntypes from Jemez Springs [Sandoval County]

Types: Syntypes (#7171) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 11 ♂ V.

197.      Hesperia balcones Grishin, 2023

In: Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 42-46, figs. 43, 44 ♂ D&V holotype), 45a–d live photos, 46a–d life history, 47 a-d ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Hesperia balcones

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Travis Co., Volente, along Lime Creek Rd. between GPS 30.4611, -97.9064 and 30.4605, -97.9011”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

198.      Hesperia uncas W. H. Edwards, 1863

a.   Hesperia uncas uncas W. H. Edwards, 1863

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 19-20, no. 9; (2): pl. 5, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Uncas

Type Locality: “Philadelphia”; corrected to “vicinity of Denver, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 298-299. [Denver County]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 299, fig. 26 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 27 ♂ D.

=    ridingsii Reakirt, 1866

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 151.

Original Combination: Hesperia Ridingsii

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr.”

Types: Holotype in FMNH.

b.   Hesperia uncas tomichi M. Fisher, 2008

Papilio (n.s.) 18: 12-13, pl 4, top row left ♂ D, top row center ♂ V (holotype), second row left ♀ D, second row center ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia uncas tomichi

Type Locality: “Colorado: Gunnison Co., Big Mesa, 1 mi. S Hwy 50 off CR31 and SR 149, 7800 Ft.”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

c.   Hesperia uncas lasus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)

Papilio 4(3): 54-55.

Original Combination: Pamphila Lasus

Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; tentatively defined as “foothills east of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 299-300; corrected to “southeast from there [Tucson] in either Cochise or Santa Cruz County” by Austin and McGuire (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 777.

Types: Holotype (#33623) in USNM; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 27 ♂ D&V.

d.   Hesperia uncas grandiosa Austin & McGuire, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 778, figs. 1 third row left ♂ D, 2 third row left ♂ V (holotype); 1 third row 3 ♂’s right to left D, 2 3 ♂’s right to left, 1 fourth row 4 ♀’s D, 2 fourth row 4 ♀’s V, 9 ♂ genitalia, 17 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Hesperia uncas grandiosa

Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; White River Valley, 1 mile north of Nye County line, 1676 m, T10N R61E S11 on USGS Moorman Spring NE, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Hesperia uncas fulvapalla Austin & McGuire, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 777, figs. 3 top row left ♂ D, 4 top row left ♂ V (holotype); 3 top row 3 ♂’s right to left D, 4 top row 3 ♂’s right to left V , 3 second row 4 ♀’s D, 4 ♀’s V, 8 ♂ genitalia, 16 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Hesperia uncas fulvapalla

Type Locality: “Nevada: Nye County; Railroad Valley, U.S. Route 6, Lockes Ponds, 1.3 miles south (=southeast) of Lockes, 1463 m, T8N R55E S113 [sic] on USGS Portuguese Mt., Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

f.    Hesperia uncas reeseorum Austin & McGuire, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 776, figs. 1 top row left ♂ D, 2 top row left ♂ V (holotype); 1 top row 3 ♂’s right to left D, 2 top row 3 ♂’s right to left V, 1 second row 4 ♀’s D, 2 second row 4 ♀’s V, 7 ♂ genitalia, 15 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Hesperia uncas reeseorum

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Reese River Valley, Nevada State Route 722 (previously State Route 2), 4 miles east (=northeast) of Reese River, 1743 m, T19N R43E S32 on USGS Austin, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

g.   Hesperia uncas terraclivosa Austin & McGuire, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 779, figs. 5 top row left ♂ D, 6 top row left ♂ V (holotype); 5 top row 3 ♂’s right to left D, 6 top row 3 ♂’s right to left V, 5 second row 4 ♀’s D, 6 second row 4 ♀’s V, 11 ♂ genitalia, 18 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Hesperia uncas terraclivosa

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Toquima Range, Monitor Valley-Petes Summit Road, 12.0 road miles southeast of Nevada State Route 376, 1950 m, T16N R4E S5 on USGS Spencer Hot Springs, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

h.   Hesperia uncas giulianii McGuire, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (37): 461-462, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V; 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 6a, b ♂ valvae.

Original Combination: Hesperia uncas giuliani

Type Locality: “California, Mono County: Adobe Hills, 5 mi. NW of Adobe Lake, 7100 ft. elevation”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

i.    Hesperia uncas macswaini MacNeill, 1964

Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 85-86, pl. 1, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D (including holotype?), figs. 12 ♂ stigma, 19 ♂ valve, 22 ♂ genitalia, pl. 7 photograph of egg.

Original Combination: Hesperia uncas macswaini

Type Locality: “Blancos Corral, White Mountains, Mono County, California. Elevation 10,400 feet”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

199.      Hesperia leonardus T. Harris, 1862

a.   Hesperia leonardus leonardus T. Harris, 1862

Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 314-315, fig. 138 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Leonardus

Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition of the book; stated to be “Massachusetts” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 110, no. 16. Reverend L. W. Leonard lived in Boston.

Types: Syntypes (#26350) in MCZC.

=    lidia Plötz, 1882

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 64, no. 394; cited unpublished pl. 607.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Lidia

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, suggested that this is a “var. of Limochores manataqua Scudd.”, through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz; however, Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 324, considered this a synonym of Hesperia leonardus on the same basis. This name may best be considered a nomen dubium.

=    liberia Plötz, 1883

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 220, no. 473; cited unpublished pl. 661.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Liberia

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM or lost.

Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 320, considered this a senior synonym of Hesperia woodgatei (R. Williams, 1914); however there is little support for that notion.

=    stallingsi H. Freeman, 1944

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 38(5): 153-154.

Original Combination: Hesperia leonardus stallingsi new form

Type Locality: “Blendon, Franklin Co., Ohio”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Hesperia leonardus pawnee Dodge, 1874

Can. Entomol. 6(3): 44-45.

Original Combination: Hesperia pawnee

Type Locality: “Glencoe, Nebraska, upon high rolling prairie” [Dodge County]

Types: Syntypes in MCZC (#16583), PMNH and CMNH; a syntype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 30 ♂ D.

=    ogallala (Leussler, 1921)

Entomol. News 32(7): 206-207.

Original Combination: Pamphila ogallala

Type Locality: “Omaha, Nebraska” [Douglas County]

Types: Holotype in OSUC; “paratypes” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♂ V.

c.   Hesperia leonardus montana (Skinner, 1911)

Entomol. News 22(9): 413.

Original Combination: Pamphila pawnee montana

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined in error as “Chaffee Co., 7500" by Gillham and Ehrlich (1954), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 80(3/4): 110; subsequently defined as “Buffalo Creek, Jefferson County, Colorado” by J. Scott and Stanford (1983), J. Res. Lepid. 20(1): 27-28.

Types: Lectotype (#7086) in CMNH, designated by J. Scott and Stanford (1983), J. Res. Lepid. 20(1): 27; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 29 ♂ D.

200.      Hesperia pahaska Leussler, 1938

a.   Hesperia pahaska pahaska Leussler, 1938

Entomol. News 49(1): 5-6.

Original Combination: Hesperia pahaska

Type Locality: “canyon region of Sioux County near the town of Harrison, Nebraska”

Types: Holotype in OSUC.

b.   Hesperia pahaska williamsi Lindsey, 1940

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 33(2): 375-376.

Original Combination: Hesperia pahaska form williamsi

Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mts., Pima Co., Ariz.”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

c.   Hesperia pahaska martini MacNeill, 1964

Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 148-150, pl. 1, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♀ D (including holotype?), figs. 5 larval setal pattern, 6 larval head capsule, 7 larval head capsule, 26 ♀ genitalia, pl. 6 egg.

Original Combination: Hesperia pahaska martini

Type Locality: - “4.5 miles southeast of Ivanpah, New York Mtns., San Bernardino Co., Calif.”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

201.      Hesperia columbia (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77, no. 2; figured (as Pamphila sylvanoides) by Scudder (1874), Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): pl. 10, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: P[amphila]. Columbia

Type Locality: “California (Henry Edwards)”

Types: Syntype (#15298) in MCZC.

=    california (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 65, no. 423; 241, no. 423, pl. 31, figs. 423 ♂ D (lectotype), 423b ♀ D, 423c ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Pamphila] California; Pamphila California n. s.

Type Locality: “Southern California”

Types: Lectotype (#4321) in CAS, designated by MacNeill (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 142.

=    erynnioides (Dyar, 1907)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 15(1): 50-51.

Original Combination: Thymelicus erynnioides

Type Locality: “Monterey Co., California”

Types: Holotype (#10252) in USNM.

202.      Hesperia ottoe W. H. Edwards, 1866

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 207, no. 7.

Original Combination: Hesperia Ottoe

Type Locality: “Kansas”

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 18 ♂ D&V.

203.      Hesperia viridis (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Can. Entomol. 15(8): 147.

Original Combination: [Pamphila Juba] var. Viridis

Type Locality: “Los [sic] Vegas, N. M.”; holotype labeled “Las Vegas, N. M. 7000 ft” [San Miguel County, New Mexico]

Types: Holotype in SEMC, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 19 ♂ D&V.

204.      Hesperia metea Scudder, 1863

a.   Hesperia metea metea Scudder, 1863

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 177-178, no. 79; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, 11 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Hesperia Metea

Type Locality: “Conn.” [Connecticut]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Hesperia metea intermedia Gatrelle, 2003

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(3): 4-5, figs. 7 ♂ D&V (holotype), 8 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia metea intermedia

Type Locality: “South Carolina: Pickens County, visc. [sic] Lake Issaqueena”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Hesperia metea licinus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 275, no. 18.

Original Combination: Pamphila Licinus

Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 28 ♂ D, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 24 ♂ D&V.

As first reviser, H. Freeman (1948), Entomol. News 59(8): 205, gave licinus priority over horus (below).

=    horus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 277, no. 22.

Original Combination: Pamphila Horus

Type Locality: “Dallas, Texas” [Dallas County]

Types: Holotype (#8975) in MCZC; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 14 ♀ V, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 25 ♀ D&V.

=    belfragei H. Freeman, 1944

Field & Lab. 12(1): 20.

Original Combination: Hesperia metea belfragei new form

Type Locality: “Cedar Hill, Dallas County, Texas”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

205.      Hesperia attalus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

a.   Hesperia attalus attalus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 276, no. 19.

Original Combination: Pamphila Attalus

Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 282, fig. 15 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 24 ♀ V.

=    seminole (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77, no. 2.

Original Combination: O[cytes]. Seminole

Type Locality: “Florida to Texas”

Types: Syntypes (#8971) in MCZC.

Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(10): pl. 17, fig. 9 ♀ D, figured a specimen from Texas, which he claimed was drawn from the “type.”

=    ‡”quaiapen” (Scudder, 1889)

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1655.

Original Combination: Erynnis attalus quiapen dimorphic form [♀]

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) may be in MCZC.

b.   Hesperia attalus nigrescens Gatrelle, 1999

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(10): 12, figs. 23 ♂ D, 28 ♂ V (holotype); 24 ♀ D, 29 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia attalus nigrescens

Type Locality: “South Carolina: Horry County”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Hesperia attalus slossonae (Skinner, 1890)

Entomol. Am. 6(7): 138.

Original Combination: Pamphila slossonae

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: Syntypes (#7765) in CMNH.

206.      Hesperia meskei (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

a.   Hesperia meskei meskei (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

Can. Entomol. 9(3): 58-59.

Original Combination: Pamphila Meskei

Type Locality: “Bastrop Co., Texas”

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 33 ♀ D, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 16 ♀ D&V.

b.   Hesperia meskei straton (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(5): 78.

Original Combination: Pamphila straton

Type Locality: “Indian River” [Brevard County, Florida]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 285, fig. 17 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, figs. 32 ♂ D (paralectotype), 34 ♂ V (lectotype).

c.   Hesperia meskei pinocayo Gatrelle & Minno, 2003

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(3): 6, figs. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), 2 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia meskei pinocayo

Type Locality: “Florida: Monroe County, Big Pine Key”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

207.      Hesperia dacotae (Skinner, 1911)

Entomol. News 22(9): 412.

Original Combination: Pamphila sassacus dacotae

Type Locality: “Volga, South Dakota” [Brookings County]

Types: Syntype (#7087, labeled as “holotype”, from Volga) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 22 ♂ D.

208.      Hesperia sassacus T. Harris, 1862

a.   Hesperia sassacus nantahala Gatrelle & Grkovich, 2003

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(3): 3, figs. 14 ♂ D&V (holotype), 15 ♀ D&V, 16 ♂ V, 18 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia sassacus nantahala

Type Locality: “North Carolina: Clay County, Hwy. 64 at Buck Creek, 3400 ft.”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Hesperia sassacus sassacus T. Harris, 1862

Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 315.

Original Combination: Hesperia Sassacus

Type Locality: “Cambridge” [Middlesex County, Massachusetts]

Types: Holotype (#26349) in MCZC.

‡”incerta” (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 173, under no. 70.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. incerta

Scudder compared Hesperia sassacus with “H. incerta”; this name has never been used otherwise and is a nomen nudum.

c.   Hesperia sassacus manitoboides (Fletcher, 1889)

Ann. Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 19: 85-86.

Original Combination: Pamphila Manitoboides

Type Locality: “Nepigon”; emended to “Nepigon, Ont., and Sudbury, Ont.” by Fletcher (1903), Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 215. [Nipigon, Thunder Bay County, Ontario]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

The description is of the larva, and might be considered conditional. Fletcher (1903), Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 214-215, and (1904), Can. Entomol. 36(5): 128-129, redescribed this taxon. Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 57, did not recognize this as a subspecies-level taxon.

Genus Pseudocopaeodes Skinner & R. Williams, 1923

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 49(2): 137. Type-species: Copaeodes eunus W. H. Edwards, 1881, Papilio 1(4): 47, no. 5, by original designation.

209.      Pseudocopaeodes eunus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

a.   Pseudocopaeodes eunus eunus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 43, 47, no. 5.

Original Combination: Copaeodes eunus

Type Locality: “Mt. Hood”; corrected to “the bottoms of Kern River, near Bakersfield, Cal.” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43. [Kern County, California]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, fig. 6 ♂ V, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 12 ♂ D& V.

=    wrightii (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Can. Entomol. 14(8): 152.

Original Combination: Copaeodes Wrightii

Type Locality: “Mohave Desert, So. California...over a pass 6,000 feet high...on the high dry plain...for 20 miles to Mohave River. About 60 rods from the river”; defined as “near Victorville, San Bernardino Co., Calif.” by J. Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 278, fig. 13 ♂ D&V; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 47, fig. 10 ♂ D.

This was treated as a subspecies-level taxon by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 211, note 103, but was considered a synonym of P. e. eunus by J. Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 12, (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 435, and Austin & J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 503.

b.   Pseudocopaeodes eunus alinea J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 12.

Original Combination: Copaeodes eunus alinea

Type Locality: “Afton, San Bernardino Co. Calif.” [San Bernardino County, California]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Pseudocopaeodes eunus flavus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 503, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype); 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Pseudocopaeodes eunus flavus

Type Locality: “Nevada: Churchill County; Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge, Loop Road, 1189 m, T20N R32E S4-5 on USGS Foxtail Lake, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

d.   Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 503-504, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V (holotype); 13 ♀ D, 14 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus

Type Locality: “Nevada: Carson City; Eagle Valley, Lompa Lane at Airport Road (the latter combines with Hot Springs Road and Graves Lane), 1417 m, T15N R20E S9 on USGS New Empire, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Genus Ochlodes Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78. Type-species: Hesperia nemorum Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 314 (= Hesperia agricola Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 314; subspecies), by original designation. Chiba and Tsukiyama (1996), Butterflies 14: 3-16, revised this genus. The relative precedence of the various taxa named by Boisduval has not been unequivocally stated anywhere. This arrangement generally follows L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 42, Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 72, and Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 5: 1112-1116.

210.      Ochlodes agricola (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Ochlodes agricola agricola (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 314-315, no. 76; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2087 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia agricola

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “slope between Yellow Bluff and Cavallo Point, 2 miles SSE of Sausalito, Marin County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2) 21, figs. 141 ♂ D, 142 ♂ V.

=    yreka (W. H. Edwards, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 207-208, no. 9.

Original Combination: Hesperia Yreka

Type Locality: “San Francisco” [San Francisco County, California]

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 66, fig. 17 ♂ D&V. This is the same specimen designated as lectotype by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 40.

Weidemeyer (1864), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 541, listed “yrika” without a description or indication; it is both a misspelling and a nomen nudum.

b.   Ochlodes agricola nemorum (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 314, no. 75; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2086 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia nemorum

Type Locality: “le bord des bois”; defined as “Broderick, Yolo Co., Calif.” by J. Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11; corrected to “Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21, figs. 138 ♂ D, 139 ♂ V.

=    milo (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Can. Entomol. 15(2): 34-35.

Original Combination: Pamphila Milo

Type Locality: “Mt. Hood, Oregon”; considered more likely from “the prairies of western Washington” and suggested to be “Tenino in Thurston County, Washington” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 69; this is also impossible. See discussion below.

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 18 ♂ D&V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 44 ♂ D. This is the same specimen designated lectotype by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 40.

The originally stated type locality and the subsequent “restriction” are both incorrect. Ochlodes agricola has never been documented in Washington, and the only records from Oregon are in the southwestern part of the state (A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 55). Many localities provided to Edwards by Morrison were erroneous; some of these were later corrected by Morrison.

c.   Ochlodes agricola verus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 4-5.

Original Combination: Pamphila Verus

Type Locality: “Havilah, California” [Kern County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 40; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 19 ♂ D&V.

211.      Ochlodes sylvanoides (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Ochlodes sylvanoides sylvanoides (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 313-314, no. 71; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, figs. 2083 ♂ D&V, 2084 ♂ D&V, 2085 ♀ D&V [this species?].

Original Combination: Hesperia sylvanoides

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Tuolumne gold fields, Tuolumne Co. Calif.” by J. Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10; corrected to “Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, based on the lectotype and Lorquin’s itinerary.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21, figs. 135 ♂ D, 136 ♂ V.

=    pratincola (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 315, no. 77; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, figs. 2088 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia pratincola

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Broderick, Yolo Co., Calif.” by J. Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11; corrected to “Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 22, figs. 144 ♀ D, 145 ♀ V.

Tilden and Smith (1986), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 227, suggested that pratincola is a species-level taxon, occurring in south-central California, flying in June (earlier than sylvanoides). The restriction of the type locality as given above removes the name pratincola from that consideration. If such a taxon is “rediscovered” in the future, it would require a new name.

=    francisca (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 220, no. 472; cited unpublished pl. 666.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Francisca

Type Locality: “Californien, Mexico”

Types: Syntypes in ZHMB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 145, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

b.   Ochlodes sylvanoides santacruza J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11.

Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides santacruza

Type Locality: “Santa Cruz Is. Calif...Central Valley” [Santa Barbara County, California]

Types: Holotype in EMEC.

c.   Ochlodes sylvanoides catalina J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (23): 313-314, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides catalina

Type Locality: “California: Los Angeles County; Santa Catalina Island; Toyon Bay”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Ochlodes sylvanoides orecoasta J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11.

Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides orecoasta

Type Locality: “Cullaby Lake, Clatsop Co., Ore.” [Oregon]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Ochlodes sylvanoides bonnevilla J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10.

Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides bonnevilla

Type Locality: “Thomas Can., Ruby Mtns., Elko Co., Nev.” [Nevada]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

f.    Ochlodes sylvanoides omnigena Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 526, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides omnigena

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Toiyabe Mountains, Kingston Canyon, 2285 m, T16N R43E, S27, 28 on USGS Millett Ranch, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

g.   Ochlodes sylvanoides napa (W. H. Edwards, 1865)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 202, pl. 1, figs. 3 ♂ D&V, 4 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Napa

Type Locality: “Empire City, Colorado Territory”; defined as “Empire in Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 71. Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 23, further defined this as “vicinity of Idaho Springs, Clear Creek County, Colorado.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 71, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.

The neotype is the same specimen designated as lectotype by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 39; this specimen was not in Edwards' original type-series, and could not be a candidate for lectotype. No syntypes were found, so Brown and Miller decided that the specimen should be the neotype. Weidemeyer (1864), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 541, listed “[Hesperia] napa” without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

=    amanda (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 197, no. 404; cited unpublished pl. 617.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Amanda

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Holotype may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, suggested that this is “a var. of the N.- American Erynnis ottoe, Edw., ♂” through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz. This name should probably be considered a nomen dubium.

212.      Ochlodes yuma (W. H. Edwards, 1873)

a.   Ochlodes yuma sacramentorum Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 528, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Ochlodes yuma sacramentorum

Type Locality: “California: Sacramento County; Sacramento River Valley, Sherman Island, 3 m”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Ochlodes yuma yuma (W. H. Edwards, 1873)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 346.

Original Combination: Hesperia Yuma

Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Owens Lake, Inyo County, California” by F. Brown (1958), Lepid. News 11(4/5): 154; neotype from “Darwin Falls, Inyo Co., California.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 42-43; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 15 ♂ D&V.

c.   Ochlodes yuma lutea Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 527, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Ochlodes yuma lutea

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Toiyabe Mountains, Bowman Creek, 1859 m, T15N R43E S13 near Nye County Line on USGS Millett Ranch, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

d.   Ochlodes yuma scudderi (Skinner, 1899)

Entomol. News 10(5): 111-112; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Pamphila scudderi

Type Locality: “White River, Colorado” [Rio Blanco County]

Types: Syntype (#7097, labeled as “holotype”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 2 ♂ D.

e.   Ochlodes yuma anasazi S. Cary & Stanford, 1995

Bull. Allyn Mus. (140): 2-3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Ochlodes yuma anasazi

Type Locality: “New Mexico: Taos Co., Rio Grande Gorge near Questa”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Genus Stinga Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 300, 317. Type-species: Pamphila morrisoni W. H. Edwards, 1878, Field & Forest 3(7/8): 116, by original designation. A. Warren & Austin (2009), Zootaxa 2197: 1–19, discuss the variation, distribution, and systematics of this genus.

213.      Stinga morrisoni (W. H. Edwards, 1878)

Field & Forest 3(7/8): 116-117.

Original Combination: Pamphila Morrisoni

Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “Hardscrabble Canyon, Custer County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 279, 280.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 280, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 26 ♂ D (lectotype), 27 ♀ D (paralectotype).

Genus Poanes Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 76. Type-species: Hesperia massasoit Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 171, no. 65, by original designation. Burns (1992), J. Lepid. Soc. 46(1): 1-23, discussed the probability that this genus is polyphyletic, and created species groups. The first group includes hobomok, zabulon and taxiles, while the second group includes massasoit, viator, aaroni and yehl (massasoit may belong in its own group). Burns also transferred melane to Poanes from Paratrytone, and noted that at least some Poanes species may belong in Ochlodes.

=    Phycanassa Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77. Type-species: Hesperia viator W. H. Edwards, 1865, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 202-203, pl. 1, fig. 5, by original designation.

      =    ‡Paratrytone Dyar, 1905

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 136. Type-species: Pamphila howardi Skinner, 1896, Can. Entomol. 28(7): 187 (= Pamphila aaroni Skinner, 1890, Entomol. News 1(1): 6; subspecies), by original designation. Preoccupied by Paratrytone Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 487.

214.      Poanes aaroni (Skinner, 1890)

a.   Poanes aaroni aaroni (Skinner, 1890)

Entomol. News 1(1): 6-7; figured by [Skinner] (1892), Entomol. News 3(3): 49, pl. 2, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V, and (1897), Entomol. News 8(6): pl. 7, 4th row ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Pamphila aaroni

Type Locality: “Cape May, N. J.” implied from the title of the paper. [Cape May County, New Jersey]

Types: Lectotype (#7093) in CMNH, designated by Gatrelle (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(2): 6.

b.   Poanes aaroni minimus Gatrelle, 1999

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(10): 9, figs. 13 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 14 ♀ D, 19 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Poanes aaroni minimus

Type Locality: “South Carolina: Orangeburg County, Bull Swamp”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

c.   Poanes aaroni howardi (Skinner, 1896)

Can. Entomol. 28(7): 187.

Original Combination: Pamphila Howardi

Type Locality: “Florida...Georgiana, on the Indian River” [Brevard County]

Types: Lectotype (#7092) in CMNH, designated by Gatrelle (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(2): 6; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 46, figs. 38 ♂ D (lectotype), pl. 54, fig. 1 ♀ D (paralectotype).

d.   Poanes aaroni bordeloni Gatrelle, 2000

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(2): 8-9, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V, 12 ♀ D&V, 13 ♂ DFW, 16 ♀ DFW.

Original Combination: Poanes aaroni bordeloni

Type Locality: “Texas: Jefferson County, Sabine Pass”

Types: Holotype at TAMU.

215.      Poanes yehl (Skinner, 1893)

Entomol. News 4(6): 212; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 40 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Pamphila yehl

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: Holotype in FMNH.

‡”baiva” (Butler, 1870)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(76): 93.

Original Combination: [Pamphila] Baiva

Butler cited this as a Boisduval name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

216.      Poanes massasoit (Scudder, 1863)

a.   Poanes massasoit massasoit (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 171, no. 65.

Original Combination: Hesperia Massasoit

Type Locality: “Carver, Mass.” [Plymouth County]

Types: Syntype (#15305) in MCZC.

=    suffusa (Laurent, [1891])

Entomol. News 3(1): 15-16.

Original Combination: Pamphila massasoit var. suffusa

Type Locality: “around Philadelphia...in low meadow- or swamp-lands” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]

Types: Syntype (#7172) in CMNH.

=    hughi A. Clark, 1931

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 21(1): 7-9, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Poanes massasoit hughi

Type Locality: “Beltsville, Maryland; bog between the railway station and the experiment farm of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture” [Prince Georges County]

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by A. Clark and L. Clark (1951), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116(7): frtspc. fig. 11 ♂ V, pl. 26, fig. c ♂ D.

b.   Poanes massasoit chermocki W. Andersen & Simmons, 1976

J. Lepid. Soc. 30(1): 19-20, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Poanes massasoit chermocki

Type Locality: “New Bridge, Dorchester County, Maryland”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

217.      Poanes viator (W. H. Edwards, 1865)

a.   Poanes viator viator (W. H. Edwards, 1865)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 202-203, no. 5, pl. 1, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia viator

Type Locality: “Northern Illinois...New Orleans”; neotype from “Goose Lake Prairie, Grundy Co., Ill.”

Types: Neotype in INHS, designated by Shapiro (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 9(2): 110, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 21 ♂ D&V.

b.   Poanes viator zizaniae Shapiro, 1971

J. Res. Lepid. 9(2): 110, 113, figs. 2 a ♂ D, b ♂ D, c ♂ D, d ♀ D, e ♂ D (holotype), f ♀ D, g ♂ V, h ♂ V, i ♂ V, j ♀ V.

Original Combination: Poanes viator zizaniae

Type Locality: “Tinicum Wildlife Preserve, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania”

Types: Holotype in CUIC.

Genus Lon Grishin, 2019

In: Cong et al., Insecta Mundi 0731: 39, fig. 13. Type-species: Hesperia zabulon Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 6, 7, by original designation.

218.      Lon hobomok (T. Harris, 1862)

a.   Lon hobomok hobomok (T. Harris, 1862)

Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 313-314, fig. 137 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Hobomok

Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition of the book; stated to be “Massachusetts” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 110, no. 15.

Types: Syntypes (#26348) in MCZC.

=    pocahontas (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 171-172, no. 67; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, fig. 9 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Pocahontas

Type Locality: “Mass. and Conn.” [Massachusetts and Connecticut]

Types: Syntypes in MCZC (#15825) and CMNH.

=    quadaquina (Scudder, 1868)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 381, no. 76.

Original Combination: Hesperia Quadaquina

Type Locality: “West Roxbury, Mass....Quincy, Mass....Guilford, Conn....New Haven, Conn.”

Types: Syntype (#15824) in MCZC; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 44 ♀ D.

=    ridingsii F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940

Can. Entomol. 72(4): 83.

Original Combination: Poanes hobomok form ridingsii

Type Locality: “Riding Mtns., Manitoba”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

This name is considered available from its original description, since Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 250, treated it as a subspecies-level taxon (Code Article 45.6.4.1).

=    ‡”alfaratta” W. Holland, 1930

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 159; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 45 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Poanes hobomok var. ♀ alfaratta

Type Locality: “Kansas”

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.

=    ‡”friedlei” F. Watson, 1920

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 28(3-4): 232.

Original Combination: Poanes hobomok f. ♀ pocahontas ab. friedlei

Type Locality: “Van Cortland Park, New York City, N. Y.” [Bronx County, New York]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”pallida” F. Watson, 1921

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 29(3-4): 172-173.

Original Combination: Poanes hobomok ab. pallida

Type Locality: “near Dunwoodie, Westchester County, New York”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

b.   Lon hobomok monofacies Gatrelle, 2002

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(8): 6-7, figs. 17 ♂ D, 19 ♂ V (holotype); 18 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V, 21 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V, 22 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V, 25 ♂ D, 27 ♂ V, 26 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Poanes hobomok monofacies

Type Locality: “North Carolina: Macon County, near summit of Chestnut Mountain, 3,500', FS Rd. 4563”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Lon hobomok wetona J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 9.

Original Combination: Poanes hobomok wetona

Type Locality: “Sand Gulch S. Greenwood, 7200', Custer Co., Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA; figured by Gatrelle (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(8): figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

219.      Lon zabulon (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Zabulon

Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.

Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 348, noted that the “type” is in the NHMUK, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”

=    erratica (Plötz, 1883)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 210-211, no. 446; cited unpublished pl. 656.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Erratica

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 145, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

‡”ogeechensis” (Scudder, 1889)

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1617.

Original Combination: [Atrytone zabulon] = Papilio ogeechensis Abb.

This name was mentioned in the synonymy of Atrytone zabulon without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

220.      Lon taxiles (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

a.   Lon taxiles taxiles (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 5-6.

Original Combination: Pamphila Taxiles

Type Locality: “Arizona...South Colorado...Nevada...Oak Creek Canon, South Colorado”; defined as “Oak Creek Canyon, Custer County [sic], Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 73-74. [Fremont County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 74, fig. 22 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 31 ♂ D.

=     (Godman, 1900)

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 489, no. 1; 3: pl. 94, figs. 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Phycanassa psaumis

Type Locality: “Mexico, Bolaños in Jalisco”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

b.   Lon taxiles albimaculatus Spomer, 2021

J. Lepid. Soc. 75(2): 149-150, fig. 1 map, fig. 2 ♀ D&V (holotype), fig. 3 ♂ D&V (allotype), fig. 4 (paratypes).

Original Combination: Lon taxiles albimaculatus

Type Locality: “NE: Sioux Co., Sow Belly Canyon, Coffee Park”

Types: Holotype in in AMNH.

221.      Lon melane (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

a.   Lon melane melane (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 312.

Original Combination: Hesperia Melane

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “San Francisco Bay area, California” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 75.

Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 75, fig. 23 ♂ D&V.

b.   Lon melane vitellina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min Ver. Regensb. 23(12): 199, no. 25.

Original Combination: [Cobalus] vitellina

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) may be in NHMW.

Burns (1992), J. Lepid. Soc. 46(1): 14, suggested that this may be a species-level taxon.

‡”marmarosa” (Godman, 1900)

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 495.

Original Combination: Pamphila marmarosa

Godman cited this as a Staudinger name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

Genus Paratrytone Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 487. Type-species: Paratrytone rhexenor Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 488, no. 1; 3: pl. 93, figs. 41, 42, 43, by original designation. Burns (1992), J. Lepid. Soc. 46(1): 1-23, discussed the circumscription of this genus; he removed melane (to Poanes) and added snowi (from Ochlodes).

222.      Paratrytone snowi (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

Can. Entomol. 9(2): 29-30.

Original Combination: Hesperia Snowi

Type Locality: “Colorado, at Ute Pass” [Teller County]

Types: Lectotype in SEMC, designated by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 41; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 67, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.

Genus Oligoria Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82. Type-species: Hesperia maculata W. H. Edwards, 1865, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 202, pl. 1, fig. 6, by original designation. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 9, fig. 16, determined this synonymy.

223.      Oligoria maculata (W. H. Edwards, 1865)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 202, pl. 1, fig. 6 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia maculata

Type Locality: “New Orleans”; neotype from “Edgard, St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 59, fig. 23 ♀ D&V.

=    deleta (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 202, no. 54.

Original Combination: [Cobalus] deleta

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 141, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 507) made by Plötz.

=    grossula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 202, no. 56.

Original Combination: [Cobalus] grossula

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) may be in NHMW.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 141, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 507) made by Plötz.

=    norus (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 36, no. 268; cited unpublished pl. 518.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Norus

Type Locality: “New-Orleans” [Louisiana]

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 142, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

‡”orthomenes” Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1761.

Original Combination: [Oligoria maculata] = Hesperia orthomenes

Scudder mentioned “Hesperia orthomenes Boisduval manuscript” in the synonymy of this species without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

224.      Oligoria percosius (Godman, 1900)

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(159): 536, no. 4; 3(158): pl. 95, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V, 24 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Cobalus percosius

Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac...Guatemala, Zapote...Panama, Chiriqui [Mus Staudinger]”; a specimen from Atoyac was figured. [Atoyac, Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

Genus Atrytonopsis Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 497. Type-species: Hesperia deva W. H. Edwards, 1877, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 292, by original designation.

225.      Atrytonopsis hianna (Scudder, 1868)

a.   Atrytonopsis hianna hianna (Scudder, 1868)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 382-383, no. 92; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, figs. 31 ♂ D&V, 32 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Hesperia Hianna

Type Locality: “Quincy and Dorchester, Mass.” [Quincy is in Norfolk County]

Types: Syntypes (#15334) in MCZC.

=    grotei (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 54, no. 360; cited unpublished pl. 360 (pl. 573 in NHMUK).

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Grotei

Type Locality: “Union” [United States]

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

b.   Atrytonopsis hianna turneri H. Freeman, 1948

Entomol. News 59(8): 205-206.

Original Combination: Atrytonopsis turneri

Type Locality: “Barber Co., Kansas”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

226.      Atrytonopsis quinteri (Burns, 2015)

J. Lepid. Soc. 69(4): 276-277, figs. 2, 17 ♂ D&V, 3, 18 ♂ D&V, 4, 19 ♂ D&V, 5, 20 ♂ D&V, 6, 21 ♂ D&V, 7, 22 ♀ D&V, 8, 23 ♂ D&V, 9, 24 ♀ D&V, 10, 25 ♀ D&V, 11, 26 ♂ D&V (holotype), 12, 27 ♀ D&V, 13, 28 ♀ D&V, 14, 29 ♀ D&V, 32 ♂ genitalia, 43 ♀ genitalia, 55 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Atrytonopsis quinteri

Type Locality: "Hammocks Beach State Park, Bear Island, Onslow County, North Carolina"

Types: Holotype in USNM.

227.      Atrytonopsis loammi (Whitney, 1876)

Can. Entomol. 8(4): 76-77; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, fig. 27 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Lerema loammi

Type Locality: “Jacksonville, Fla.” [Duval County]

Types: Location of syntype(s) not known (ANSP or DCM?).

J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 457, treated this as a subspecies of A. hianna.

=    regulus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 5.

Original Combination: Pamphila Regulus

Type Locality: “upper St. John's River, Orange Co., Florida” Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 43, suggested that this may be in modern Lake, Osceola or Seminole counties.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 34-35, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

=    apostologica (Strand, 1921)

Archiv. Naturgesch. (A)86(7): 160-161.

Original Combination: Parnara apostologica

Type Locality: “Stemper, Fl.” [Hillsborough County, Florida]

Types: Holotype in SDEI.

228.      Atrytonopsis deva (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 292.

Original Combination: Hesperia Deva

Type Locality: “Prescott”; neotype suggested to be from “vicinity of Tucson” [Pima County, Arizona]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 38, fig. 6 ♀ D&V.

229.      Atrytonopsis lunus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)

Papilio 4(3): 56.

Original Combination: Pamphila Lunus

Type Locality: “Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 35.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 35, fig. 6 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 15 ♂ D (lectotype), 16 ♀ V (paralectotype).

230.      Atrytonopsis vierecki (Skinner, 1902)

Entomol. News 13(7): 213.

Original Combination: Pamphila vierecki

Type Locality: “Dry Canon, Alamagordo, New Mexico” [Otero County]

Types: Syntypes (#7105) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 3 ♂ D.

231.      Atrytonopsis pittacus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(8): 138-139.

Original Combination: Pamphila Pittacus

Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 33, fig. 3 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 11 ♂ D.

232.      Atrytonopsis python (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(8): 139.

Original Combination: Pamphila Python

Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ V (paratype).

233.      Atrytonopsis margarita (Skinner, 1913)

Can. Entomol. 45(12): 426.

Original Combination: Pamphila margarita

Type Locality: “Jemez Springs, New Mexico” [Sandoval County]

Types: Syntypes (#7106) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 12 ♂ D.

Burns (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(4): 289, treated this as a species-level taxon.

234.      Atrytonopsis cestus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)

Papilio 4(3): 57.

Original Combination: Pamphila Cestus

Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 31.

Types: Holotype (#33624) in USNM; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

235.      Atrytonopsis edwardsi W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 135, pl. 8, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Atrytonopsis edwardsi

Type Locality: “Redington, Ariz....Babaquivera [sic] Mts., Ariz.”; lectotype from “Redington”; Burns (1983), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84(3): 337, suggested that the type locality is “higher ground to the west, to wit, the ‘Santa Catalina Mountains.’” [Pima County]

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by Burns (1983), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84(3): 337, fig. 13 ♂ D&V, figs. 25-27 ♂ genitalia.

=    ‡”polingi” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(7): 195, no. 3, pl. 5, fig. 3 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Atrytonopsis edwardsi ab. ♂ polingi

Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County, Arizona”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

Genus Thespieus Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(158): 519. Type-species: Hesperia dalman Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (717), 747, no. 48, by original designation.

236.      Thespieus macareus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 192, no. 53.

Original Combination: [Goniloba] macareus

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 66.

=    emacareus (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(10-12): 438, no. 148; cited unpublished pl. 393.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Emacareus

Type Locality: “Venezuela”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 139, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    cacajo Dyar, 1913

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 44(1951): 280.

Original Combination: Thespieus cacajo

Type Locality: “Naranjo, Guerrero, Mexico, 3,000 feet”

Types: Lectotype (#14489) in USNM, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 66golovinus.

Subtribe Moncina A. Warren, 2008

In: Warren et al., Cladistics 24(5): 4, 8, 17. Type-genus: Monca Evans, 1955, Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 87, 124. Grishin, 2019, in: Li et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13) SI Appendix: 7, resolved this subtribe.

Genus Niconiades Hübner, 1821

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [147]. Type-species: Niconiades xanthaphes Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [147], figs. 1-4, by monotypy.

      =    ‡Goniloba Westwood, 1852

In: E. Doubledy, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(54): 511. Type-species: Niconiades xanthaphes Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [147], figs. 1-4, by selection of Scudder (1875), Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 179. A junior objective synonym of Niconiades Hübner, [1821].

237.      Niconiades nikko Hayward, 1948

Acta zool. lilloana 5: 178.

Original Combination: Niconiades nikko

Type Locality: “Misiones, Argentina”

Types: Holotype in IFML.

Rickard (2017), News Lepid. Soc. 59(suppl. S1): 96, records this species for Texas.

Genus Rhinthon Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(158): 530. Type-species: Proteides chiriquensis Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(53): 127, fig. 1 (= Hesperia osca Plötz, 1882, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 48, no. 334; synonym), by original designation.

238.      Rhinthon osca (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 48, no. 334; cited unpublished pl. 537 (557 in NHMUK collection).

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Osca

Type Locality: “Caracas” [Venezuela]

Types: Syntype (#5219) in ZMHB.

This was considered a species-level taxon by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 30, 210, note 84, A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 54, A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente-Bousquets et al., Biodiver. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx.2: 558, and other recent authors.

=    cabella (Plötz, 1886)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(1-3): 96-97, no. 315e; cited unpublished pl. 1419.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Cabella

Type Locality: “Porto Cabello” [Venezuela]

Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 152, determined this synonymy (as chiriquensis) through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    chiriquensis (Mabille, 1889)

Naturaliste (2)3(53): 127, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Proteides Chiriquensis

Type Locality: “Chiriqui” [Panama]

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

=    biserta (Schaus, 1902)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 460.

Original Combination: Thracides Biserta

Type Locality: “Trinidad”

Types: Holotype (#6073) in USNM.

Genus Amblyscirtes Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 75. Type-species: Hesperia vialis W. H. Edwards, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 58, no. 8, by original designation. Grishin in: Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 7-8, fig. 12, establishes this subgeneric arrangement.

Subgenus Stomyles Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 76. Type-species: Pyrgus textor Hübner, [1831], Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [89], figs. 515, 516; 28, no. 258 (= Hesperia aesculapius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 347-348, no. 321; synonym), by original designation.

=    Epiphyes Dyar, 1905

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 132. Type-species: Pamphila carolina Skinner, 1892, Entomol. News 3(9): 222-223, by original designation.

239.      Amblyscirtes carolina (Skinner, 1892)

Entomol. News 3(9): 222-223.

Original Combination: Pamphila carolina

Type Locality: “about one-half mile south of Hamlet, Richmond County, North Carolina, on the border of a small cane brake”

Types: Syntypes (#7096) in CMNH and FMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 46, fig. 36 ♂ D.

240.      Amblyscirtes reversa F. Jones, 1926

Entomol. News 37(7): 197-198, pl. 9, figs. 3 ♂ D, 3a ♂ V, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes carolina reversa

Type Locality: “Suffolk, Virginia” [Nansemond County]

Types: Holotype (#7169) in CMNH.

241.      Amblyscirtes hegon (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 176, no. 77.

Original Combination: Hesperia Hegon

Type Locality: “White Mountains” [New Hampshire]

Types: Holotype (#8973) in MCZC.

As first reviser, W. F. Kirby (1871), Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 613, no. 16, selected hegon over samoset on the basis of line priority; Scudder applied the names hegon to the female and samoset to the male.

=    samoset (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 176-177, no. 78; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(10): pl. 10, fig. 1 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hesperia Samoset

Type Locality: “Mass. and N. H.” [Massachusetts and New Hampshire]

Types: Syntypes (#8974) in MCZC.

=    nemoris (W. H. Edwards, 1864)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, 507.

Original Combination: Hesperia Nemoris

Type Locality: “Portsmouth, Ohio”; neotype from “3 miles east of Zaleski, Vinton County, Ohio, some 50 miles NE of Portsmouth.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 50, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.

=    argina (Plötz, 1884)

Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 22, no. 60.

Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Syrichthus)] Argina

Type Locality: “Brisbane”, [Australia], in error.

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM or lost.

242.      Amblyscirtes aesculapius (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 347-348, no. 321; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 29, fig. 4 D&V.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Aesculapius

Type Locality: “America boreali”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

This species was widely known as A. textor (Hübner, [1831]), until Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 390, replaced textor with aesculapius, a senior, but obscure, generally unused name.

=    textor (Hübner, [1831])

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [89], figs. 515 ♀ D, 516 ♀ V [1824]; 28, no. 258 [1831, name given].

Original Combination: Pyrgus Textor

Type Locality: “United States”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    oneko (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 176, no. 76.

Original Combination: Hesperia Oneko

Type Locality: “Connecticut”; corrected to “Florida” by Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871):76.

Types: Type(s) may be in MCZC.

=    wakulla (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 311.

Original Combination: Hesperia Wakulla

Type Locality: “Apalachicola, Florida” [Franklin County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 49, fig. 15 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 16 ♂ D.

Subgenus Amblyscirtes Scudder, 1872

243.      Amblyscirtes nysa W. H. Edwards, 1877

Can. Entomol. 9(10): 191-192.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes nysa

Type Locality: “Texas”; lectotype from “Clifton, Bosque County, Texas.”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 46, fig. 13 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 25 ♀ D.

=    similis (Strecker, [1878])

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 131.

Original Combination: Pamphila Similis

Type Locality: Not stated; “vicinity of New Braunfels and San Antonio, Southwestern Texas” implied from the introductory text. [Comal and Bexar counties]

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

244.      Amblyscirtes alternata (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(1): 3-4.

Original Combination: Hesperia alternata

Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Georgia!)”

Types: Holotype may be in NYSM or AMNH.

=    asella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 203, no. 66.

Original Combination: [Cobalus] asella

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

Zhang et al., (2022), Insecta Mundi 0921: 63, determined this synonymy

245.      Amblyscirtes vialis (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 58, no. 8.

Original Combination: Hesperia vialis

Type Locality: “Rock Island, Illinois; Lake Winnipeg”; neotype from “Perryton Twp., Mercer Co., Illinois.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 41, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.

246.      Amblyscirtes aenus W. H. Edwards, 1878

a.   Amblyscirtes aenus erna H. Freeman, 1943

Entomol. News 54(1): 17-18.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes erna

Type Locality: “Palo Duro Canyon, Texas” [Armstrong County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 388, considered erna a synonym of Amblyscirtes fluonia Godman, 1900. J. Scott [1977], J. Res. Lepid. 15(2): 92, demonstrated that this taxon is conspecific with A. aenus.

b.   Amblyscirtes aenus aenus W. H. Edwards, 1878

Field & Forest 3(7/8): 118.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Aenus

Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “Hardscrabble Road, Pueblo County, Colorado, in the foothills of the Wet Mountains” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 51.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 51, fig. 17 ♂ D&V.

c.   Amblyscirtes aenus megamacula J. Scott, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 11: 6, fig. 13 ♂ D (holotype), 14 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes aenus megamacula

Type Locality: “WSW Peña Blanca Lake, Santa Cruz Co. Ariz”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

247.      Amblyscirtes linda H. Freeman, 1943

Entomol. News 54(1): 19.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes linda

Type Locality: “Hope Hill Farm, Faulkner Co., Arkansas”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    meridionalis Dyar, 1905

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 135.

Original Combination: A[mblyscirtes]. meridionalis

Type Locality: “Georgia and Florida”

Types: Syntypes may be in AMNH and/or USNM.

248.      Amblyscirtes cassus W. H. Edwards, 1883

Papilio 3(4): 72-73.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Cassus

Type Locality: “Mt. Graham, Arizona” [Graham County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 52, fig. 18 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 31 ♂ D.

249.      Amblyscirtes texanae E. Bell, 1927

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(4): 203.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes texanae

Type Locality: “vicinity of Alpine, Brewster County, Texas”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

*250.    Amblyscirtes tolteca Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 76, no. 3.

Original Combination: A[mblyscirtes]. Tolteca

Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]

Types: Syntype (#15322) in MCZC.

a.   Amblyscirtes tolteca prenda Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 389.

Original Combination: [Amblyscirtes tolteca] prenda

Type Locality: “Tucson, Arizona” [Pima County]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

H. Freeman (1993), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 62(4): 343, detailed the subspecies-level status of this taxon.

251.      Amblyscirtes celia Skinner, 1895

Entomol. News 6(4): 113-114.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes celia

Type Locality: “Blanco, Comal and Nueces Counties, Texas”

Types: Syntype (#7095, labeled as “holotype”, from “New Braunfels, Tex.”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 30 ♂ D.

252.      Amblyscirtes belli H. Freeman, 1941

Entomol. News 52(2): 50-51.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes belli

Type Locality: “Lancaster and two miles west of Vickery, Dallas County, Texas”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

253.      Amblyscirtes nereus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 207.

Original Combination: Hesperia Nereus

Type Locality: “South Apache”; defined as “between Camp Apache and the Gila River” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 47. [Navajo-Apache counties, Arizona]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 14 ♂ D&V.

This name was listed as “[Pamphila] nereus”, without a description or indication, by W. H. Edwards [1876], in: Mead, Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): 794; a nomen nudum.

254.      Amblyscirtes eos (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 276-277, no. 20.

Original Combination: Hesperia Eos

Type Locality: “Dallas, Texas” [Dallas County]

Types: Lectotype (#8972) in MCZC, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 42-43, fig. 10 ♂ D&V.

=    comus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 206-207.

Original Combination: Hesperia Comus

Type Locality: “Texas”; neotype from “Archer County, Texas.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 44, fig. 11 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 27 ♂ D.

=    nilus W. H. Edwards, 1878

Field & Forest 3(7/8): 118-119.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Nilus

Type Locality: “Texas”; defined as “Archer Co., Texas” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 44.

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 45, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.

=    quinquemacula (Skinner, 1911)

Entomol. News 22(9): 413.

Original Combination: Pamphila quinquemacula

Type Locality: “Las Cruces, New Mexico” [Dona Ana County]

Types: Holotype (#7107) in CMNH.

Subgenus Amblyteria Grishin, 2019

In: Zhang et al., Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 7-8, fig. 12. Type species. Goniloba exoteria Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 196, no. 54, by original designation.

255.      Amblyscirtes oslari (Skinner, 1899)

Entomol. News 10(5): 112.

Original Combination: Pamphila oslari

Type Locality: “Chimney Gulch, Colorado” [Jefferson County]

Types: Syntype (#7101) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 39 ♀ D.

*256.    Amblyscirtes arizonae H. Freeman, 1993

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 62(4): 345-346, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes elissa arizonae

Type Locality: “United States. Arizona: Santa Cruz Co., 0.5 mi W Kino Springs”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 31, fig. 30, determined that elissa Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(158): 505, no. 4; 3: pl. 95, figs. 40, 41, is a distinct extralimital species.

257.      Amblyscirtes exoteria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 196, no. 54.

Original Combination: [Goniloba] exoteria

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Holotype in ZMHB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz (pl. 572).

=    nanno W. H. Edwards, 1882

Papilio 2(8): 142-143.

Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Nanno

Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 20 ♀ D&V.

=    marcus (Strand, 1909)

Int. Entomol. Z. 3(33): 176.

Original Combination: Chapra marcus

Type Locality: “Delagoa Bai” in error. [Africa]

Types: Holotype in ZMHB.

258.      Amblyscirtes phylace (W. H. Edwards, 1878)

Field & Forest 3(7/8): 117-118.

Original Combination: Pamphila Phylace

Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “foothills of the Wet Mountains in Pueblo County, Colorado, probably along Hardscrabble Road” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 40.

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 8 ♂ D&V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 32 ♂ D.

Subgenus Mastor Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 567. Type-species: Mastor anubis Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 568; 3: pl. 100, figs. 32 ♂ D, 33 ♂ V, 34 ♂ FW venation, 35 ♂ genitalia, by original designation.

259.      Amblyscirtes fimbriata (Plötz, 1882)

a.   Amblyscirtes fimbriata fimbriata (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(7-9): 322, no. 49; cited unpublished pl. 301.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Fimbriata

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype (#5649) in ZMHB.

=    bellus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)

Papilio 4(3): 57.

Original Combination: Pamphila Bellus

Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 39. [Pima County]

Types: Holotype (#33625) in USNM; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 7 ♂ D&V.

Amblyscirtes fimbriata is currently only known in Arizona from Cochise County, as noted by Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies SE Ariz.: 103.

Genus Nastra Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 87, 125. Type-species: Hesperia lherminier Latreille, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (725), 777-778, no. 135, by original designation.

Subgenus Nastra Evans, 1955

260.      Nastra lherminier (Latreille, [1824])

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (725), 777-778, no. 135.

Original Combination: Hesperia l’herminier

Type Locality: “de la Caroline”

Types: Type(s) probably lost; N. Riley (1926), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(2): 240, noted that the type was not in the MNHP.

The specific name as given is in accordance with Code Articles 27 and 32. The emendation of the name to “lherminieri” is unjustified, regardless of the authorship.

261.      Nastra fusca (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(1): 2-3.

Original Combination: Hesperia fusca

Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Georgia!...Florida!)”

Types: Syntype in AMNH.

=    neamathla (Skinner & R. Williams, 1923)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 49(2): 145-146, no. 33, fig. 33 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Lerodea neamathla

Type Locality: “Central Florida”

Types: Holotype (#7109) in CMNH; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 17 ♂ V.

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 49-50, fig. 76, determined that a syntype of fusca is conspecific with neamathla. It is senior to the last and the I.C.Z.N. Code provides no remedy in this matter. That arrangement is adopted here.

262.      Nastra julia (H. Freeman, 1945)

Entomol. News 56(8): 203, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Lerodea julia

Type Locality: “Pharr, Texas” [Hidalgo County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    hoffmanni (E. Bell, 1947)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1354): 8, fig. 10 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Lerodea hoffmanni

Type Locality: “Colima, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Subgenus Rayia Grishin, 2022

263.      Nastra perigenes (Godman, 1900)

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 569, no. 3; 3: pl. 100, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Mastor perigenes

Type Locality: “Mexico, Rincon in Guerrero”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 7, fig. 11, determined this synonymy.

Genus Lerodea Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 80. Type-species: Hesperia eufala W. H. Edwards, 1869, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 311-312, by original designation.

264.      Lerodea eufala (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

a.   Lerodea eufala eufala (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 311-312.

Original Combination: Hesperia Eufala

Type Locality: “Apalachicola, Florida”; neotype from “Ind[ian]. River.” [Brevard and Volusia counties]

Types: Neotype (possibly lectotype) in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 58, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.

=    dispersa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 197, no. 56.

Original Combination: [Goniloba] dispersa

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in ANSP.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 142, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 541) made by Plötz.

=    floridae (Mabille, 1876)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (5)6(2): 269, no. 16; (bull.): ix, no. 6, referring to p. 269.

Original Combination: Pamphila Floridae

Type Locality: “E. Florida” “Floride, Texas”

Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.

=    micylla (Burmeister, 1878)

Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 272-273, no. 7.

Original Combination: Carystus Micylla

Type Locality: “Buénos-Ayres” [Buenos Aires, Argentina]

Types: Syntype in MACN.

‡”obscura” Lindsey, E. Bell & R. Williams, 1931

Denison Univ. Bull. 31(2), J. Sci. Lab. 26(1): 134; cited Mabille (1904), in: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17b): 131.

Original Combination: Lerodea eufala floridae var. obscura

This name was inadvertently proposed by Lindsey et al., who erroneously believed that it had been described by Mabille; a nomen nudum.

265.      Lerodea arabus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(2): 26.

Original Combination: Pamphila Arabus

Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 56; neotype from “Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., Pima Co., Arizona, 2900'.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 57, fig. 21 ♂ D&V.

=    dysaules Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 500, no. 2; 3(158): pl. 95, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V (lectotype).

Original Combination: Lerodea dysaules

Type Locality: “Mexico, Venta de Zopilote in Guerrero”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by A. Warren and Mielke (2005), Revta. bras. Zool. 22(1): 288.

A. Warren and Mielke (2005), Revta. bras. Zool. 22(1): 285-288, determined this synonymy, though others have suggested it (e.g., J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 465).

Genus Papias Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2(160): 559. Type-species: Pamphila integra Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxix, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 829; the same Opinion placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 2213.

=    Mnasilus Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2(160): 569. Type-species: Mnasilus penicillatus Godman, 1900, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2(160): 570; 3(160): pl. 100, figs. 39-42 (= Pamphila allubita Butler, 1877, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 151, no. 257; synonym), by monotypy.

266.      Papias allubita (Butler, 1877)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 151, no. 257.

Original Combination: Pamphila allubita

Type Locality: “Obydos...Rio Sapó” [Óbidos, Pará, Brazil...Rio Sapó, Amazonas, Brazil]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Reid and A. Warren (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(4): 115, 117, 2 photos. Zhang et al., 2022, Insecta Mundi 0921: 74, treated Pamphila amyrna (Mabille, 1891) Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxxiii, as a distinct species and it is removed from the catalogue.

=    umbrosus (Mabille, 1883)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lxii-lxiii.

Original Combination: Cobalus umbrosus

Type Locality: not stated.

Types: Syntype(s) in NHMUK.

=    evanidus (Mabille, 1883)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lxiii.

Original Combination: Cobalus evanidus

Type Locality: “America meridionali”

Types: Syntype(s) probably in NHMUK.

=    zalma (Plötz, 1886)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(1-3): 89, no 19c.

Original Combination: [Cobalus] zalma

Type Locality: “Panama”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM, ZMHB, or lost.

=    amyrna (Mabille, 1891)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxxiii.

Original Combination: Pamphila Amyrna

Type Locality: “Porto Cabello” [Venezuela]

Types: Holotype in ZMHB

=    norma (Dyar, 1917)

Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 5(4/6): 65-66.

Original Combination: Vehelius norma

Type Locality: “Plantation Kitty, Georgetown, British Guiana”

Types: Holotype (#21188) in USNM.

Genus Monca Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 87, 124. Type-species: Cobalus telata Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 201, no. 43, by original designation.

267.      Monca crispinus (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(7-9): 318, no. 25; cited unpublished pl. 277.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Crispinus

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype (# 5306) in ZMHB.

Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 57, determined this synonymy.

=    tyrtaeus (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 51, no. 348; cited unpublished pl. 581.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Tyrtaeus

Type Locality: “Laguayra” [Venezuela]

Types: Lectotype in EMAU, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 57.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, treated this taxon as a synonym of Megistias telata Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 201, based on an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz; Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 124, concurred. However, E. Bell (1941), Entomol. News 52(7): 183-185, demonstrated that M. telata and M. tyrtaeus are distinct species-level taxa, and Austin et al. (1996), Tropical Lepid. 7(1): 25, corroborated this.

Genus Troyus A. Warren and Turland, 2012

Tropical Lepidoptera Research 22(2): 67. Type-species: Troyus turneri A. Warren and Turland, 2012,Tropical Lepidoptera Research 22(2): 67-70, figs. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 4, 5, 6, by original designation. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 8, fig. 13, determined this synonymy.

268.      Troyus fabulosus Grishin, 2023

In: Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 46-49, figs. 48, 49 ♂ D&V,(holotype), 50a, b, live photos 51 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Troyus fabulosus

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co., Peñita”

Types: Holotype in TAMU.

Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 46-49, fig. 48, determined that fantasos Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(25): 20, pl. 300, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (34): 249 (index), does not occur in the United States. That name and it’s synonyms abebalus Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(31): 145, pl. 365, figs. G ♂ D, H ♂ V; (34): 247 (index) and eucherus Plötz, 1882, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(10-12): 452, no. 210; are removed from the catalogue.

=    abebalus (Stoll, 1781)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(31): 145, pl. 365, figs. G ♂ D, H ♂ V; (34): 247 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urb[icola]. Abebalus

Type Locality: “Kust van Guiné en aan de Kaap de Goede Hoop” “Côte de Guiné & au Cap de Bonne Espérance”, in error.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    eucherus (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(10-12): 452, no. 210; cited unpublished pl. 445, and Papilio fantasos (sensu Sepp [1847], Surinaam. Vlinders 2(21): pl. 82).

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Eucherus

Type Locality: “Surinam”

Types: Type(s) in ZSM.

This name was probably proposed as a replacement for Papilio fantasos (Cramer, 1780), thus a junior objective synonym. Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 140, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

Genus Cymaenes Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82. Type-species: Cobalus tripunctus Herrich-Schäffer, 1865, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 53, no. 1, by original designation.

=    Megistias Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 571. Type-species: Hesperia tripunctata Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 752, no. 62[a], by original designation.

269.      Cymaenes tripunctus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)

a.   Cymaenes tripunctus tripunctus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 53, no. 1.

Original Combination: Cobalus tripunctus

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Syntypes in ANSP (#7114) and ZMHB.

=    jamaca (Schaus, 1902)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 452.

Original Combination: Megistias Jamaca

Type Locality: “Jamaica, British West Indies”

Types: Holotype (#6050) in USNM.

=    ‡”sinepunctis” (Avinoff & Shoumatoff, 1946)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 30(16): 293, no. 113.

Original Combination: Lerodea tripuncta sinepunctis ab. nov.

Type Locality: “Cave River” [Clarendon Parish, St. Ann., Jamaica]

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Entomol. 33(2): figs. 7-11 ♂ genitalia, figs. 21, 22 ♂ D&V.

270.      Cymaenes isus (Godman, 1900)

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 574, no. 5; 3(162): pl. 101, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Megistias isus

Type Locality: “Mexico, Acapulco, Dos Arroyos, Rio Papagaio, Venta de Zopilote, Tierra Colorada, Cuernavaca, Atoyac, Fortin, Teapa...Misantla, Jalapa...Orizaba...Paso de San Juan...Guatemala...Nicaragua, Chontales...Costa Rica, Caché, San Francisco...Venezuela; Guiana”; suggested to be “Mexico: Guerrero” by Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 43.

Types: Syntypes in BMNH.

Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 43-44, fig. 66, determined that isus represents the species in the United States and the name trebius (Mabille, 1891), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxiv, is removed from the catalogue.

Genus Lerema Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82. Type-species: Papilio accius J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 45, pl. 23, by original designation. Zhang et al., 2022, Insecta Mundi 0921: 69-70, treated Lerema as fconsisting of three subgenera. This is adopted herein.

Subgenus Lerema , 2019

=    Sarega Mabille, 1904

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17b): 133. Type-species: Sarega staurus Mabille, 1904, in: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17b): 133, by monotypy.

271.      Lerema accius (J. E. Smith, 1797)

In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 45-46, pl. 23, figs. ♂ D, ♂ V, ♀ D, larva, pupa.

Original Combination: Papilio Accius

Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot.

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost.

Zhang et al., (2022), Insecta Mundi 0921: p. 67, determined that pattenii Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82, represents a distinct species, and p. 73, that phocylides (Plötz, 1882), Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 52, is a synonym of Cymaenes edata (Plötz, 1882) and these names are removed from the catalogue.

=    monoco (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 178, no. 80.

Original Combination: Hesperia Monoco

Type Locality: “southern portions; Conn.Mass.” [Connecticut and Massachusetts]

Types: Syntypes (#15304) in MCZC.

=    punctella (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(1): 1.

Original Combination: Hesperia punctella

Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Georgia!)”

Types: Holotype in MCZC.

=    nortonii (W. H. Edwards, 1867)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(3): 286, 287-288, no. 4.

Original Combination: Hesperia Nortonii

Type Locality: “New Orleans” [Orleans Parish, Louisiana]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 266, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

=    parumpunctata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 196, no. 52.

Original Combination: [Goniloba] parumpunctata

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.

=    pattenii Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82, no. 3.

Original Combination: L[erema]. Pattenii

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Holotype (#15318) in MCZC.

‡”chamis” Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1768.

Original Combination: [Lerema accius] = Hesperia chamis Boisd. manuscript

Proposed for a Boisduval manuscript name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

272.      Lerema ochrius Grishin, 2023

Zhang et al. Insecta Mundi 0969: 50-55, figs. 52, 53a ♂ D&V, b ♀ D&V (holotype), 54b ♀ D&V, 55a, b live photos, 56 ♂ genitalia, 57a-f, 58, life history.

Original Combination: Lerema (Lerema) ochrius

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co., 1.5 air mi SE of Relampago, Old Rio Rico Rd., GPS 26.0682, -97.8912”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

273.      Lerema liris Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 164.

Original Combination: [Lerema ancillaris] liris

Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac, Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

This was considered a species-level taxon by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 29, 210, note 82, A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 54, and other recent authors.

Genus Callimormus Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 74. Type-species: Callimormus juventus Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 74, no. 1, by original designation.

274.      Callimormus saturnus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)

CorrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensb. 23(12): 201, no. 46.

Original Combination: [Cobalus] saturnus

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) may be in NHMW.

Evans, 1955, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 95 confirms the placement of this taxon based on the examination of Plötz’s MS plates. Recorded from Texas by Rickard (2019), News Lepid. Soc. 61(suppl. S1): 29. This record confirms an earlier by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 95.

a.   Callimormus saturnus tenera (Plötz, 1884)

Stett. ent. Ztg. 45(4-6): 161, no. 43; cites unpublished pl. 758.

Original Combination: [Apaustus] Tenera

Type Locality: "Laguayra." [Venezuela]

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSBS or lost.

Subtribe Anthoptina A. Warren, 2009

In: Warren et al., Syst. Entomol. 34(3): 479, fig, 4, 482, 498. Type-genus: Anthoptus Bell, 1942, Am. Mus. Novit. (1205): 7. Grishin, 2019, in: Li et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13) SI Appendix: 7, resolved this subtribe.

Genus Corticea Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 46, 63. Type-species: Hesperia corticea Plötz, 1882, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 56-57, no. 369, by original designation.

275.      Corticea corticea (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 56-57, no. 369; cited unpublished pl. 591.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Corticea

Type Locality: “Laguayra” [Venezuela]

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

Genus Asbolis Mabille, 1904

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17b): 134. Type-species: Goniloba sandarac Herrich-Schäffer, 1865, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 54, no. 10 (= Eudamus capucinus Lucas, 1857, in: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 625-626; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 25: 79.

276.      Asbolis capucinus (Lucas, 1857)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 625-626.

Original Combination: Eudamus Capucinus

Type Locality: “l’île de Cuba”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    sandarac (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 54, no. 10.

Original Combination: [Goniloba] sandarac

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Syntypes in ANSP (#7157) and ZMHB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 137, determined that this taxon is synonymous with palaea, through an examination of an unpublished drawing made by Plötz (pl. 271).

=    palaea (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 31, no. 21; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(70): pl. Hesperia IV, fig. 31 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Hesperia palaea

Type Locality: Not stated; given as “Cuba” by Hewitson (1869), Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(70): [111] and on syntype label.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Subtribe Falgina Grishin , 2019

In: Cong et al., Insecta Mundi 0731: 5, 7, fig. 1. Type-genus: Falga Mabille, 1898, Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 66(2/3): 211.

Genus Synapte Mabille, 1904

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. (17b): 133. Type-species: Carystus salenus Mabille, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lx-lxi, by monotypy.

      =    ‡Godmania Skinner & Ramsden, 1924

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 75: 321. Type-species: Goniloba malitiosa Herrich-Schäffer, 1865, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 54, no. 11, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Godmania Horvath, 1919, Ann. Mus. Hungar. 17: 211, 222.

277.      Synapte pecta Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 51.

Original Combination: [Synapte malitiosa] pecta

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 53, and A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente-Bousquets et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 555, among other recent authors, considered pecta to be a species-level taxon.

278.      Synapte salenus (Mabille, 1883)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lx-lxi.

Original Combination: Carystus Salenus

Type Locality: “Colombie”; this locality was doubted by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 53.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

279.      Synapte shiva Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 53.

Original Combination: [Synapte syraces] shiva

Type Locality: “Dos Arroyas, Guerrero, 1000 feet” [Mexico]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 53, and A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente-Bousquets et al., Biodiver. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 556, among other recent authors, considered S. syraces (Godman, 1901), in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(161): 595-596, no. 3; 3(163): pl. 103, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♂ genitalia, and S. shiva to be distinct species-level taxa.

Subtribe Thymelicina Tutt, 1905

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(1): 90, 91 (as "Thymelicinae" and "Thymelicidi"). Type-genus: Thymelicus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 113. Grishin, 2019, in: Li et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13) SI Appendix: 7, resolved this subtribe.

Genus Thymelicus Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 113. Type-species: Papilio acteon Rottemburg, 1775, Naturforscher 6: 30-31, no. 18, by designation of Butler (1870), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(76): 94.

=    Adopoea Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81. Type-species: Papilio linea [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 160, no. 5 (= Papilio sylvestris Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79, no. 51; synonym), by monotypy.

      =    ‡Pelion W. F. Kirby, 1858

List Brit. Rhop.: [3]. Type-species: Papilio linea [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 160, no. 5 (= Papilio sylvestris Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79; synonym), by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Adopoea Billberg, 1820. McHenry (1962), J. Lepid. Soc. 16(2): 104, examined Kirby’s rare document; this arrangement relies on his appraisal.

      =    ‡Doricha Moore, 1883

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883(3): 317. Type-species: Papilio sylvestris Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79, by original designation. Preoccupied by Doricha Reichenbach, 1853, J. Ornithologie 1(Aufzählung Colibris): 12.

280.      Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808)

Most of the Palearctic synonymy of this species is not listed. Asou and Sekiguchi (2002), Trans. Lepid. Soc. Japan 53(2): 103-109, detailed the close relationship between Japanese, American and European populations of this species.

a.   Thymelicus lineola lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808)

Schmett. Europ. 1(2): 230, no. 19.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Lineola

Type Locality: “Germania”

Types: Type(s) may be in HNHM or lost.

=    virgula (Hübner, [1813])

Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 130, figs. 660 ♂ D, 661 ♂ V, 662 ♀ D, 663 ♀ V [1813]; Nachtr.: 5 [1824].

Original Combination: [Papilio] Virgula

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) may be in NHMW, but probably lost.

=    kirbyi (Reed, 1877)

An. Univ. Chile 51(9): 722.

Original Combination: Pamphila Kirbyi

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Holotype in MNNC.

Hayward (1955), Entomol. 88(1110): 262, determined this synonymy.

=    ludovicae (Mabille, 1883)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27: 118; (c. r.)(31): lxviii-lxix, in reference to p. 118.

Original Combination: Pamphila Ludovicae

Type Locality: “E Gallia in Montibus Arverniae...et Pyrenaeis” [France]

Types: Syntypes in MNHP and NHMUK.

=    ‡”pallida” Tutt, 1896

Brit. Butterflies: 136.

Original Combination: [Thymelicus lineola] Ab. pallida

Type Locality: not stated; “Britain” implied from the title of the book.

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly NHMUK.

Genus Oarisma Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 75. Type-species: Hesperia powesheik Parker, 1870, Am. Entomol. Bot. 2(9): 271, by original designation. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 6-7, fig. 9, determined that Copaeodes and Oarisma are congeneric. However, placing edwardsii in Copaeodes resolves monophyly, preserves these two genera and is adopted here.

=    Paradopaea Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(156): pl. 92, figs. 23-29. Type-species: Hesperia garita Reakirt, 1866, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 150-151, by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 96.

281.      Oarisma poweshiek (Parker, 1870) (emended)

Am. Entomol. Bot. 2(9): 271-272.

Original Combination: Hesperia Powesheik

Type Locality: “a grassy prairie slope, at Grinnell, Iowa” [Poweshiek County]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

This name is emended since it is clearly stated in the text that it was named for the County and the native American. This has been done by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 31, and Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 48.

282.      Oarisma garita (Reakirt, 1866)

a.   Oarisma garita garita (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 150-151.

Original Combination: Hesperia Garitá

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr.”; suggested to be “Mts. W. of Denver Colo.” by J. Scott (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 19: 30.

Types: Syntype(s) in FMNH.

=    hylax (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 274, no. 16.

Original Combination: Thymeticus [sic] Hylax

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “South Park and at Twin Lakes, Colorado” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 162; further defined as “vicinity of Twin Lakes, Lake County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(1): 269.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(1): 269-270, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

Genus Copaeodes Speyer, 1877

In: W. H. Edwards, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 49, 64. Type-species: Heteropterus procris W. H. Edwards (1871), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 215 (= Ancyloxipha [sic] aurantiaca Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 45; synonym), by designation of W. F. Kirby 1879, Zool. Rec. 14(1877)(Ins.): 139.

283.      Copaeodes edwardsii (W. Barnes, 1897)

Can. Entomol. 29(2): 42.

Original Combination: Thymelicus Edwardsii

Type Locality: “near Denver, Colorado” This species is not currently known from the Denver area or Platte River drainage; the type probably came from the Arkansas River drainage (A. Warren pers. comm. 2006). Suggested to be “Hardscrabble Can., Wet Mts., Custer Co. Colo. by J. Scott (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 19: 30.

Types: Holotype in USNM.

284.      Copaeodes aurantiaca (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 45, no. 1.

Original Combination: Ancyloxipha [sic] aurantiaca

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    waco (W. H. Edwards, 1868)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(2): 122.

Original Combination: Hesperia Waco

Type Locality: “Texas”; neotype from “Dallas, Texas.” [Dallas County]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 271, fig. 7 ♂ D&V.

=    simplex (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 476, no. 31.

Original Combination: Ancyloxypha simplex

Type Locality: “Cordoba, Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Holotype in NHMW.

=    procris (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 215, no. 19.

Original Combination: Heteropterus Procris

Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 274, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.

The type series included both C. aurantiaca and C. minima. F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), ibid., selected a specimen of the former as lectotype.

=    macra (Plötz, 1884)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45: 284, no. 2; cited unpublished pl. 1500 (nachtrag).

Original Combination: [Thymelicus] Macra

Type Locality: “Nord-Amerika”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM, ZMHB, or lost.

=    candida W. G. Wright, 1890

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2)3(4): 34; figured by W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: pl. 30, figs. 411 ♀ [not ♂] D, 411b ♂ [not ♀] D, 411c ♂ V.

Original Combination: Copaeodes candida

Type Locality: “cañons in the foothills of southwestern California”

Types: Lectotype (#3227) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 38.

285.      Copaeodes minima (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 196, no. 14.

Original Combination: Hesperia Minima

Type Locality: “Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 8 ♂ D&V.

=    rayata W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(3): 100, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Copaeodes rayata

Type Locality: “San Benito, Texas” [Cameron County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

Durden (1982), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(1): 9, claimed this is a winter form, genitalically distinct from minima, but this was disproved by Austin et al. (2008), Florida Entomol. 91(4): 636-642.

‡”singularis” (Plötz, 1884)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(7-9): 284, under no. 1.

Original Combination: [Thymelicus] Waco [synonym] Singularis

Plötz introduced “Thymelicus singularis (Herrich-Schäffer manuscript)” as a synonym of waco without description or indication; a nomen nudum.

Subtribe Calpodina A. Clark, 1948

Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 61: 81. Type-genus: Calpodes Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 107. Proposed by indication (see Code Article 13.2.1). Voss (1952), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 45(2): 255, also proposed this name; he did not cite Clark, but established Calpodes as the type-genus, thus validating Clark’s authorship. Grishin, 2019, in: Li et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13) SI Appendix: 7, resolved this subtribe.

Genus Panoquina Hemming, 1934

Entomol. 67(849): 38. Type-species: Hesperia panoquin Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 178-179, no. 81, as replacement name. Proposed to replace Prenes Scudder, 1872, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

      =    ‡Prenes Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81. Type-species: Hesperia panoquin Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 178-179, no. 81, by original designation. Preoccupied by Prenes Gistel, 1848, Nat. Thierr.: 10.

286.      Panoquina evansi (H. Freeman, 1946)

Entomol. News 57(8): 186-187, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia; figured by H. Freeman (1950), Field & Lab. 18(1): fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Calpodes evansi

Type Locality: “Pharr, Texas” [Hidalgo County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 407, and J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 468, considered this taxon a subspecies of Panoquina fusina Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 30, without justification.

287.      Panoquina panoquin (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 178-179, no. 81.

Original Combination: Hesperia Panoquin

Type Locality: “Conn.” [Connecticut]

Types: Syntypes may be in MCZC.

=    ophis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 216, no 21.

Original Combination: Hesperia Ophis

Type Locality: “Apalachicola, Fla.”; neotype from “St. George’s Island [sic], Franklin County, Florida.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 62, fig. 25 ♂ D&V.

‡”cochles” (Scudder, 1889)

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): 1867.

Original Combination: [Prenes panoquin] = Hesperia cochles

Proposed as a Latreille manuscript name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

‡”wimico” (Plötz, 1882)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 55, under no. 361.

Original Combination: [Hesperia] Panoquin [synonym] Wimico

This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

288.      Panoquina panoquinoides (Skinner, 1891)

a.   Panoquina panoquinoides panoquinoides (Skinner, 1891)

Entomol. News 2(9): 175; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, fig. 26 ♂ D.

Original Combination: P[amphila]. panoquinoides

Type Locality: “Key West, Fla. and Texas” [Monroe County, Florida]

Types: Syntypes (#7103, one labeled “holotype”, from “Key West, Fla.”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 23 ♂ D.

289.      Panoquina errans (Skinner, 1892)

Entomol. News 3(7): 174-175.

Original Combination: Pamphila errans

Type Locality: “California...Texas”

Types: Syntype (#7102), labeled “holotype”, from “Cal.”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 24 ♂ D.

MacNeill (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 428-429, L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 51, and Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 15, considered P. errans to be a species-level taxon.

290.      Panoquina hecebolus (Scudder, 1872)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81, no. 3.

Original Combination: P[renes]. Hecebolus

Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]

Types: Syntype (#15312) in MCZC.

=    ortygia (Möschler, 1883)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 32: 328.

Original Combination: P[amphila]. Ortygia

Type Locality: “dem Innern”; “Surinam” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Holotype in ZMHB.

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 53, fig. 82, determined that the holotype of ortygia represents the taxon hecebolus. That synonymy is adopted here.

=    parilis (Mabille, 1891)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxi.

Original Combination: Pamphila parilis

Type Locality: “Chiriqui, Honduras” [Panama and Honduras]

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.

291.      Panoquina ocola (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 20, no. 10; (4): pl. 11, fig. 4 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Hesperia Ocola

Type Locality: “Georgia; Florida; Texas”; neotype from “Fla.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 61, fig. 24 ♂ D&V.

=    stratyllis (Burmeister, 1878)

Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 276, no. 3.

Original Combination: Pamphila Stratyllis

Type Locality: “Corrientes” [Argentina]

Types: Syntype in MACN.

=    heterospila (Mabille, 1878)

Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(198): 238, no. 54.

Original Combination: Pamphila heterospila

Type Locality: “Peruvia”

Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP (Mabille collection).

292.      Panoquina lucas Fabricius, 1793

Type Locality: “Americae meridionalis Insulis”

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 52, fig. 82, determined that ocola is monotypic and lucas is polytypic. That tratment I adopted here.

a.   Panoquina lucas lucas (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 339, no. 290.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Lucas

Type Locality: “Georgia; Florida; Texas”; neotype from “Fla.”

Types: Lectotype in ZMUC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 59.

=    sylvicola (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 55, no. 13.

Original Combination: [Goniloba] sylvicola

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 59.

=    woodruffi F. Watson, 1937

Am. Mus. Novit. (906): 6.

Original Combination: Panoquina sylvicola woodruffi

Type Locality: "Aibonito, Puerto Rico"

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Genus Calpodes Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 107. Type-species: Papilio ethlius Stoll, 1782, Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 212, pl. 392, figs. A, B; (34): 249 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82.

=    Saliana Evans, 1955

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 400, 442. Type-species: Papilio salius Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(6): 107, pl. 68, fig. E, by original designation. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 7, fig. 10, determined this synonymy.

293.      Calpodes ethlius (Stoll, 1782)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 212, pl. 392, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (34): 249 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Ethlius

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost (Raye de Breukelewaert collection, in RMNH?).

=    chemnis (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 331, no. 257; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 86, fig. 2; figured by Donovan (1802), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [49], fig. 1 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).

Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Chemnis

Type Locality: “Indiis”; suggested to be “Jamaica” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 50.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    olynthus (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 75, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Eudamus ? Olynthus

Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.

Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection (USNM and/or NHMUK).

294.      Calpodes esperi Evans, 1955

a.   Calpodes esperi esperi (Evans, 1955)

Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 446, pl. 68 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Saliana esperi

Type Locality: “Ecuador, La Chima” [Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Rickard (2017), News Lepid. Soc. 59(suppl. S1): 97, records this species for Texas.

=    ‡telegonus Esper, 1780

Die Schmett. 1(2)(1): 33-34, pl. 56 (Cont. 6), fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Pl[ebejus]. Urb[icola]. Telegonus

Type Locality: “Ungarn” [Hungary]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Preoccupied by Papilio telegonus Bergsträsser, 1779, Nom. Ins. 2: 72, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2.

Subtribe Apaustina Grishin, 2019

In: Cong et al., Insecta Mundi 0731: 7, fig. 1. Type-genus: Apaustus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 113.

Genus Ancyloxypha C. Felder, [1863]

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12(1): 477. Type-species: Hesperia numitor Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 324, no. 228, by original designation. This name has frequently been misspelled, most commonly as “Ancyloxipha.”

295.      Ancyloxypha numitor (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 324, no. 228; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 74, fig. 2; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [44], fig. 3 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).

Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Numitor

Type Locality: “Indiis”; stated to be “certainly the eastern U.S.” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 30.

Types: Type(s) lost, name based on Jones' figure.

=    bion (Fabricius, 1798)

Entomol. Syst. Suppl.: 432.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Bion

Type Locality: “America meridionali”; stated as “certainly the eastern U.S.” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 30.

Types: Syntype in ZMUC.

=    puer (Hübner, 1823)

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [48], figs. 275 ♂ D, 276 ♂ V [1821]; 17, no. 138 (1823, name given).

Original Combination: Thymelicus Puer

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    marginatus (T. Harris, 1862)

Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 308, fig. 131 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Heteropterus marginatus

Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition.

Types: Syntypes (#26353) in MCZC.

=    longleyi French, 1897

Can. Entomol. 29(4): 80.

Original Combination: Ancyloxypha Longleyi

Type Locality: “Ridgeland, near Chicago” [Iroquois County, Illinois]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

296.      Ancyloxypha arene (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 214-215, no. 18.

Original Combination: Heteropterus Arene

Type Locality: “Arizona”; neotype from “near Tucson.” [Pima County, Arizona]

Types: Neotype (#33628) in USNM, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(1): 267, fig. 5 ♂ D&V. This specimen is the holotype of myrtis (see below).

=    ‡myrtis (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(2): 26.

Original Combination: Copaeodes Myrtis

Type Locality: “near Tucson” [Pima County, Arizona]

Types: Holotype (#33628) in USNM.

A junior objective synonym of Ancyloxypha arene (W. H. Edwards, 1871).

=    euphrasia (Plötz, 1884)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 166, no. 63; cited unpublished pl. 773.

Original Combination: [Apaustus] Euphrasia

Type Locality: “Mexiko”

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 146, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    leporina (Plötz, 1884)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 166, no. 64; cited unpublished pl. 774.

Original Combination: [Apaustus] Leporina

Type Locality: “Mexiko”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 146, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.

=    isidorus (Plötz, 1884)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(7-9): 287, no. 11; cited unpublished pl. 780.

Original Combination: [Thymelicus] Isidorus

Type Locality: “Mexiko”

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

Genus Adopaeoides Godman, 1900

In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(156): 470. Type-species: Apaustus prittwitzi Plötz, 1884, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 165, no. 61, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 825; the same Opinion placed this name on the Official Index of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1766.

      =    ‡Neadopaea Hayward, 1941

Revta. Mus. La Plata, Zool. (n.s.) 2(14): 285. Type-species: Apaustus prittwitzi Plötz, 1884, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 165, no. 61, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Adopaeoides Godman, 1900.

297.      Adopaeoides prittwitzi (Plötz, 1884)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 165, no. 61; cited unpublished pl. 771.

Original Combination: [Apaustus] Prittwitzi

Type Locality: “Mexiko”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZSM, ZMHB, or lost.

Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 146, determined that this is “Adopaeoides simplex, Godm. (Nec Feld.)” through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 309, concurred. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 825 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 2209.

Tribe Megathymini J. H. Comstock and A. B. Comstock, 1895

Man. Study Insects: 365 (as “Megathymidae”). Type-genus: Megathymus Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 83. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 places Megathymidae on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as Name no. 192; the same Opinion places Megathymus on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name no. 1222. Grishin, 2019, in: Li et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 116(13) SI Appendix: 7, resolved this tribe.

Genus Agathymus H. Freeman, 1959

Lepid. News 12(3/4): 82-83. Type-species: Megathymus neumoegeni W. H. Edwards, 1882, Papilio 2(2): 27-28, by original designation.

298.      Agathymus baueri (D. Stallings & Turner, 1954)

a.   Agathymus baueri baueri (D. Stallings & Turner, 1954)

Lepid. News 8(3-4): 80-81, pl. 1, 3rd row ♂ D&V (holotype), 4th row ♀ D&V, pl. 4, 2nd row ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Megathymus baueri

Type Locality: “near Verde Hot Springs, Yavapai County, Arizona...elevation 4,000 ft.”

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

b.   Agathymus baueri freemani D. Stallings & Turner, 1960

Entomol. News 71(5): 109-110, 112, pl. 1, top ♂ D&V (holotype), middle ♀ D&V, bottom ♂ & ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Agathymus freemani

Type Locality: “near Bagdad, Ariz.” [Yavapai County]

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

299.      Agathymus gentryi Roever, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (41): 491-492, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V (holotype), 1c ♀ D, 1d ♀ V.

Original Combination: Agathymus gentryi

Type Locality: “Arizona. Pima County, vic. Agua Dulce Spring, 670-790 m, Agua Dulce Mountains”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

300.      Agathymus aryxna (Dyar, 1905)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 141.

Original Combination: M[egathymus]. aryxna

Type Locality: Not specifically stated, cited Megathymus neumoegeni (sensu H. Druce (1897), Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Het. 3(133): 320, pl. 69, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D, from “Mexico...Northern Sonora”); defined as “SE of Nogales, Sonora” by Barnes and McDunnough (1912), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 1(3): 23; further defined as “western slopes of the Patagonia Mtns., S. E. of Nogales, Sonora, Mexico” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 139.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483; restricted to fig. 4 ♀ [sic ♂] D in H. Druce (1897), Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Het. 3(133): pl. 69; also figured by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3/4): pl. 3, 3rd row ♂ D. The same specimen was designated lectotype by Skinner and R. Williams (1924), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 50(3): 205. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1358.

301.      Agathymus evansi (H. Freeman, 1950)

Field & Lab. 18(1): 144-145.

Original Combination: Megathymus evansi

Type Locality: “Ramsey Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona” [Huachuca Mtns.]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3/4): pl. 2, 3rd row ♂ D&V, and H. Freeman (1955), Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.

302.      Agathymus neumoegeni (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

a.   Agathymus neumoegeni neumoegeni (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(2): 27-28.

Original Combination: Megathymus Neumoegeni

Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; defined as “About ten miles from Prescott, Ariz.” by Ottolengui (1895), Entomol. News 6(7): 218, and “Prescott, Arizona” by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3/4): 79; corrected to “approx. 9 mi S. Prescott, Ariz.” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 139; stated as “Prescott, Yavapai County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 63-64.

Types: Lectotype (#3368) in USNM, designated by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3/4): 79, pl. 2, top row ♂ D&V; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 26 ♂ D&V.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1386.

b.   Agathymus neumoegeni judithae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)

Entomol. News 68(1): 5-6, pl. 4, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, 3rd row genitalia of both sexes.

Original Combination: Megathymus judithae

Type Locality: “Hueco Mts., Hueco, Texas, el. 5300 ft.”; defined as “Approximately 8 miles east of Hueco, in the Hueco Mountains, El Paso Co., Texas” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 36.

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

c.   Agathymus neumoegeni diabloensis H. Freeman, 1962

Am. Mus. Novit. (2097): 1-5, figs. 1, 2 ♂ D&V, 3, 4 ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Agathymus diabloensis

Type Locality: “5 miles west of Victoria Canyon, Diablo Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

d.   Agathymus neumoegeni carlsbadensis (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)

Entomol. News 68(1): 8-10, pl. 3, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, 3rd row genitalia of both sexes.

Original Combination: Megathymus carlsbadensis

Type Locality: “Guadeloupe Mts., Carlsbad Cavern National Park, New Mexico, on the mesa at head of Yucca Canyon, el. 5470 ft.” [Eddy County]

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

e.   Agathymus neumoegeni florenceae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)

Entomol. News 68(1): 12-13, pl. 4, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, 3rd row genitalia of both sexes.

Original Combination: Megathymus florenceae

Type Locality: “Davis Mts., Ft. Davis, Texas, el. 6200 ft.”; defined as “Davis Mountains, Scenic Drive, Jeff Davis Co., Texas” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 35.

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

f.    Agathymus neumoegeni mcalpinei (H. Freeman, 1955)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): 6, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype), 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V, 30 ♂ genitalia, 31 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Megathymus mcalpinei

Type Locality: “5.1 miles north of Marathon, Texas” [Brewster County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

303.      Agathymus polingi (Skinner, 1905)

Entomol. News 16(7): 232.

Original Combination: Megathymus polingi

Type Locality: “So. Arizona...Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County”; defined as “Baboquivari Mountains, Pima Co., Arizona” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 53.

Types: Syntype (#7059) in CMNH; “paratypes” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 31 ♂ D, 32 ♀ D.

=    drucei (Skinner, 1911)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): 207; cited Megathymus neumoegeni (sensu H. Druce (1897), Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Het. 3(133): pl. 69, fig. 3 ♂ D).

Original Combination: [Megathymus]. drucei

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483; figured by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3-4): pl. 3, 2nd row ♂ D&V (as holotype), 4th row ♂ genitalia.

304.      Agathymus chisosensis (H. Freeman, 1952)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1593): 1-3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 8 ♂ genitalia, 13 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Megathymus chisosensis

Type Locality: “Chisos Basin, Chisos Mountains, Texas”; defined as “Chisos Mountains, el. 5400 ft., Brewster Co., Texas” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 37.

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 36-38, recorded a chromosome number of 10 for Agathymus florenceae and A.mcalpinei, and 18 for chisosensis. Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 13, cited this as justification for considering chisosensis a distinct species and this was corroborated by Grishin (2014) in a presentation given in Park City, Utah.

305.      Agathymus alliae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)

a.   Agathymus alliae alliae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)

Entomol. News 68(1): 1-4, pl. 1, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, 3rd row, genitalia of both sexes.

Original Combination: Megathymus alliae

Type Locality: “15 miles west of Cameron, Arizona, el. 5000 ft.”; defined as “15 miles west of Cameron, Coconino Co., along canyon of Little Colorado River, el. 5000 ft., Arizona” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 53.

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

b.   Agathymus alliae paiute Roever, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (41): 492-493, figs. 3a ♂ D, 3b ♂ V (holotype), 3b ♀ D, 3d ♀ V.

Original Combination: Agathymus alliae paiute

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County, Peek-a-boo Cnyn. [sic], N end Las Vegas Range, ca. 1770 m”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

306.      Agathymus stephensi (Skinner, 1912)

Entomol. News 23(3): 126-127.

Original Combination: Megathymus neumoegeni stephensi

Type Locality: “La Puerta, eastern edge of San Diego County, California”; defined as “Mason Valley (La Puerta), San Diego Co., California” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 51.

Types: Syntypes (#7060) in CMNH; figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1913), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(1): pl. 1, fig. 7 ♀ D.

307.      Agathymus mariae (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1924)

a.   Agathymus mariae mariae (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1924)

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(3): 100-101.

Original Combination: Megathymus mariae

Type Locality: “El Paso Texas”; defined as “Franklin Mountains, El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 45.

Types: Holotype in USNM.

b.   Agathymus mariae chinatiensis H. Freeman, 1964

J. Lepid. Soc. 18(3): 172-173, pl. 1, 3rd row ♂ D&V, pl. 2, 3rd row ♀ D&V (holotype), pl. 3, figs. 2 ♂ genitalia, 7 ♀ genitalia, 12 cremaster.

Original Combination: Agathymus chinatiensis

Type Locality: “2.7 miles south of Shafter, Texas” [Presidio County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

c.   Agathymus mariae lajitaensis H. Freeman, 1964

J. Lepid. Soc. 18(3): 174-175, pl. 1, lower row ♂ D&V, pl. 2, bottom row ♀ D&V (holotype), pl. 3, figs. 3 ♂ genitalia, 8 ♀ genitalia, 13 cremaster.

Original Combination: Agathymus lajitaensis

Type Locality: “10 miles west of Lajita, Texas” [Presidio County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

d.   Agathymus mariae rindgei H. Freeman, 1964

J. Lepid. Soc. 18(3): 180-182, pl. 1, top row ♂ D&V, pl. 2 top row ♀ D&V (holotype), pl. 3, figs. 5 ♂ genitalia, 10 ♀ genitalia, 15 cremaster.

Original Combination: Agathymus rindgei

Type Locality: “14 miles north of Bracketville, Texas” [Kinney County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

308.      Agathymus gilberti H. Freeman, 1964

J. Lepid. Soc. 18(3): 176-178, pl. 1, 2nd row ♂ D&V, pl. 2 2nd row ♀ D&V (holotype), pl. 3, figs. 4 ♂ genitalia, 9 ♀ genitalia, 14 cremaster.

Original Combination: Agathymus gilberti

Type Locality: “14 miles north of Bracketville, Texas” [Kinney County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 46, recorded a chromosome number of 22 for rindgei and 21 for gilberti. These two taxa have the same type locality and cannot be subspecies of the same species. They are either distinct species or synonyms. It is possible that there was an error in the determination of chromosome number. The species-level status of gilberti needs investigation.

*309.    Agathymus estelleae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1958)

Lepid. News 11(4-5): 119, 121, pl. 2, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, lower row ♂&♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Megathymus estelleae

Type Locality: “the plains 56 miles southwest of Reynosa, Mexico, near General Bravo, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, at an elevation of 400 ft.”

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

a.   Agathymus estelleae valverdiensis H. Freeman, 1966

J. Lepid. Soc. 20(3): 182-183, pl. 1, top row ♂ D&V, bottom row ♀ D&V, pl. 2 ♂&♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Agathymus valverdiensis

Type Locality: “28 miles north of Del Rio, Val Verde County, Texas”; H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 49, added “el. 1450 ft.”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Roever (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 415, considered valverdiensis a “weak subspecies” of estelleae. J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 423, considered valverdiensis and estelleae to be subspecies of A. remingtoni D. Stallings & Turner, 1958, Lepid. News 11(4-5): 117.

Genus Megathymus Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 83. Type-species: Eudamus (?) yuccae Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (23-26): pl. 70, figs. [1]-[5] ♂ [not ♀], larva and pupa, by original designation. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1222.

310.      Megathymus yuccae (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])

a.   Megathymus yuccae yuccae (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (24): pl. 70, [1] ♂ D, [2] ♀ V (appears to be female wings on a male body).

Original Combination: Eudamus (?) Yuccae

Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text), but “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot; defined as “South Carolina to the southern tip of Florida” by H. Freeman (1943), Entomol. News 54(9): 211; redefined as “Scriven [sic; Screven] County, Georgia” by H. Freeman (1952), Field & Lab. 20(1): 30; neotype from “Aiken County, South Carolina.”

Types: Types are the specimens figured by John Abbot, and are probably lost. Neotype in AMNH, designated by H. Freeman (1952), Field & Lab. 20(1): 30.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1387. Calhoun (2012), News Lepid. Soc.54(1): 8-13, determined that fig. [3] in the original description of Megathymus yuccae represented M. cofaqui. This sentiment was first put forward by Evans, 1955, Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 466. Calhoun also noted that figs. [4], [5] do not represent life history stages of M. yuccae.

=    alabamae H. Freeman, 1943

Entomol. News 54(3): 76-77.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae alabamae

Type Locality: “Anniston, Alabama” [Calhoun County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    buchholzi H. Freeman, 1952

Field & Lab. 20(1): 31-33.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae buchholzi

Type Locality: “Jupiter, Florida” [Palm Beach County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Megathymus yuccae reinthali H. Freeman, 1963

J. Lepid. Soc. 17(2): 91, 93, pl. 1, 3rd row ♂ D&V, 4th row ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae reinthali

Type Locality: “two miles W. Ben Wheeler, Texas” [Van Zandt County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    kendalli H. Freeman, 1965

J. Lepid. Soc. 19(2): 83-84, pl. 1, top row ♂ D&V, 2nd row ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae kendalli

Type Locality: “San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

c.   Megathymus yuccae wilsonorum D. Stallings & Turner, 1958

Lepid. News 11(4/5): 129-130, pl. 3, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, lower row ♂&♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Megathymus wilsonorum

Type Locality: “around Victoria, Tamps., Mexico” [Tamaulipas]

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

d.   Megathymus yuccae louiseae H. Freeman, 1963

J. Lepid. Soc. 17(2): 95-96, pl. 1, top row ♂ D&V, 2nd row ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae louiseae

Type Locality: “16 miles north Del Rio, Texas” [Val Verde County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

e.   Megathymus yuccae coloradensis C. Riley, 1877

Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 3(36): 567-568 (name given on 568).

Original Combination: [Megathymus yuccae] var. Coloradensis

Type Locality: “Colorado”; suggested to be “near Colorado Springs, Colorado” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23 (suppl.1): 13. [El Paso County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM and CMNH.

=    stallingsi H. Freeman, 1943

Entomol. News 54(9): 214-215.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae stallingsi

Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    winkensis H. Freeman, 1965

J. Lepid. Soc. 19(2): 87-88, pl. 1, 3rd row ♂ D&V, lower row ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae winkensis

Type Locality: “Wink, Winkler County, Texas”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    elidaensis D. Stallings, Turner & V. Stallings, 1966

J. Lepid. Soc. 20(3): 170-172, pl. 4, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), bottom row ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae elidaensis

Type Locality: “New Mexico, Roosevelt County, southwest of Elida”

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

=    ‡”dee” H. Freeman, 1943

Entomol. News 54(9): 216-217.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae stallingsi ♀ form dee

Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

f.    Megathymus yuccae reubeni D. Stallings, Turner & V. Stallings, 1963

J. Lepid. Soc. 17(2): 87, pl. 3, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), bottom row ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae reubeni

Type Locality: “at an elevation of 5300 feet in the Hueco Mts. of Texas” [El Paso County]

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

g.   Megathymus yuccae navajo Skinner, 1911

Entomol. News 22(7): 300.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae var. navajo

Type Locality: “Fort Wingate, New Mexico”; defined as “Fort Wingate, Zuni Mountains, McKinley Co., New Mexico” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 14; holotype labeled “Mountain back of post; Fort Wingate, N. M.”

Types: Syntype (#7052) in CMNH; figured by Skinner (1911), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): pl. 10.

=    arizonae Tinkham, 1954

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 53(2): 81-83, pl. 18, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, pl. 19, figs. 3 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V (holotype); 4 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae arizonae

Type Locality: “Mountain View, Pima County, Arizona”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    browni D. Stallings & Turner, 1960

Entomol. News 71(5): 112, 114-115, pl. 2, top ♂ D&V (holotype), middle ♀ D&V, bottom ♂&♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae browni

Type Locality: “near Salina, Utah” [Sevier County]

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

=    albasuffusa R. Wielgus & D. Wielgus, 1974

Bull. Allyn Mus. (17): 1-3, figs. 4 ♀ D, 5 ♀ V (holotype); 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V, 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V, 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Megathymus coloradensis albasuffusa

Type Locality: “Wahweap Campground, Glen Canyon National recreation Area, 5 miles northwest of Glen Canyon Dam, 3700' elevation, Coconino County, Arizona”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

h.   Megathymus yuccae martini D. Stallings & Turner, 1956

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 55(3): 150-152; figured by Tinkham (1954), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 53(2): pl. 18, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D; pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae martini

Type Locality: “Little Rock, Los Angeles Co., California”

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

=    maudae D. Stallings, Turner & V. Stallings, 1966

J. Lepid. Soc. 20(3): 169-170, pl. 3, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), bottom row ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae maudae

Type Locality: “California, San Bernardino County, 21 miles north of Essex, on Cima Road in Providence Mountains”

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

i.    Megathymus yuccae harbisoni J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (64): 763-764, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae harbisoni

Type Locality: “California: San Diego County; 1 mile west of Scissors Crossing”

Types: Holotype in SDMC.

311.      Megathymus ursus Poling, 1902

a.   Megathymus ursus ursus Poling, 1902

Entomol. News 13(4): 97-98, pl. 4; this figure reproduced by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 72, fig. 1 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Megathymus ursus

Type Locality: “Pinal County, Arizona”; defined as “Santa Catalina Mountains, west of Redington, Pima Co., Arizona” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23 (suppl.1): 25.

Types: Holotype in USNM.

b.   Megathymus ursus deserti R. Wielgus, J. Wielgus & D. Wielgus, 1972

Bull. Allyn Mus. (9): 1-4, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V (holotype); 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Megathymus ursus deserti

Type Locality: “Arizona, Maricopa County, 1/2 - 1-1/2 miles north of Camp Creek on road to Seven Springs, 3500-3680 feet elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

312.      Megathymus violae D. Stallings & Turner, 1956

Lepid. News 10(1/2): 4-5, pl. 2, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, lower row ♂&♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Megathymus violae

Type Locality: “Carlsbad Caverns National Park in the Guadeloupe Mts., New Mexico” [Eddy County]

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 31-32, fig. 31, determined that violae is a species distinct from ursus.

313.      Megathymus cofaqui (Strecker, 1876)

a.   Megathymus cofaqui cofaqui (Strecker, 1876)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 28(7): 148-150; figured by Strecker [1878], Lepid. Rhop. Het. (15): pl. 15, fig. 2 ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Ægiale Cofaqui

Type Locality: “Georgia”; defined as “somewhere in northern Florida near Georgia” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 140; subsequently defined as “Burke County, Georgia” by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(4): 3. Calhoun (2012), News Lepid. Soc.54(1): 12, discussed this issue and suggested the possibility that the holotype was collected in "southern Georgia."

Types: Holotype in FMNH; figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1912), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 1(3): 36, Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(4): fig. 5 ♀ D and Calhoun (2012), News Lepid. Soc.54(1): figs. 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V, 11 labels.

=    harrisi H. Freeman, 1955

Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): 2, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V, 27 ♂ genitalia, 28 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Megathymus harrisi

Type Locality: “Stone Mountain, Georgia” [De Kalb County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

This synonymy determined by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(4): 3.

b.   Megathymus cofaqui slotteni Gatrelle, 1999

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(4): 4-5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Megathymus cofaqui slotteni

Type Locality: “Vicinity of Williston, Levy County, Florida”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

314.      Megathymus streckeri (Skinner, 1895)

a.   Megathymus streckeri streckeri (Skinner, 1895)

Can. Entomol. 27(7): 179; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, fig. 24 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Aegiale Streckeri

Type Locality: “Texas...probably from Arizona...Colorado”; defined as “Petrified Forest area, Arizona” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 141. [Apache County]

Types: Syntypes in FMNH and CMNH (#7053).

b.   Megathymus streckeri texana W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1912

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 1(3): 39-40, no. 2, pl. 2, fig. 9 ♀ (holotype).

Original Combination: Megathymus streckeri texana

Type Locality: “South Texas (Dallas, San Antonio)”; defined as “Kerrville, Texas” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 141. [Kerr County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

=    albocincta W. Holland, 1930

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 159-160.

Original Combination: Megathymus albocincta

Type Locality: Stated to be “southwestern Texas” by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 402.

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 71, fig. 17 ♂ D (holotype), 18 ♂ D (paratype).

c.   Megathymus streckeri leussleri W. Holland, 1931

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20(2): 262-263; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 72, figs. 10 ♂ D (holotype), 12 ♀ D (allotype).

Original Combination: Megathymus leussleri

Type Locality: “sandhills of Nebraska”; defined as “Valentine, Nebraska” by H. Freeman (1944), Entomol. News 55(4): 104; redefined as “Sand Hills near Valentine, Cherry Co., Nebraska” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 24.

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

Genus Stallingsia H. Freeman, 1959

Lepid. News 12(3/4): 87-88. Type-species: Megathymus maculosus H. Freeman, 1955, Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): 10-11, figs. 21-24, 32-33, by original designation.

315.      Stallingsia maculosus (H. Freeman, 1955)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): 10-11, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V, 32 ♂ genitalia, 33 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Megathymus maculosus

Type Locality: “Kingsville, Texas” [Kleberg County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Recorded in older literature as smithi H. Druce, 1896, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Het. 2(131): 320, a Mexican congener.

Family PAPILIONIDAE Latreille, [1802]

Subfamily Parnassiinae Duponchel, [1835]

In: Godart, Hist. Nat. Lépid. Fr. Suppl. 1(22): 380. Type-genus: Parnassius Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab.): 185, 199.

Tribe Parnassiini Duponchel, [1835]

Genus Parnassius Latreille, 1804

Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab.): 185, no. 472, 199. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by monotypy. Koçak (1981), Priamus 1(2): 51 (nota), claimed that Parnassius was first used as a proper genus by Schneider (1785), Nomen. Entomol.: 34 (as “2 Parnassius F.”). Schneider did not use the name in a generic sense, but as an interposed adjective; Wagener (1988), Nota Lepid. 11(3): 237-238, discussed this issue. Nomina collectiva are descriptive epithets applying to individual variants below the subspecies-level. They frequently lack a description or indication and are almost always cited in some kind of quadrinomial combination. In the following synonymies, nomina collectiva are referenced for each taxon, but not listed individually.

      =    ‡Doritis [Fabricius], 1807

In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 283, no. 22. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by designation of Dalman (1816), K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 60. A junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804.

      =    ‡Parnassis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 90. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by designation of Hemming (1939), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)8(7): 136. A junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804. This name may have been a misspelling, emendation, or a new description by Hübner; see Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Entomol.) Suppl. 9: 345.

      =    ‡Therius Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 75. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 199. A junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804.

=    Tadumia Moore, 1902

Lepid. Ind. 5(53): 116. Type-species: Parnassius acco Gray, [1853], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1(Pap.): 76, no. 350, pl. 12, figs. 5, 6, by original designation.

=    Kailasius Moore, 1902

Lepid. Ind. 5(53): 118. Type-species: Parnassius charltonius G. Gray, [1853] Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1(Pap.): 77, no. 355, pl. 12, fig. 7, by original designation.

=    Koramius Moore, 1902

Lepid. Ind. 5(53): 120. Type-species: Doritis delphius Eversmann, 1843, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 16(3): 541, pl. 7, fig. 1A, B, by original designation.

=    Lingamius Bryk, 1935

Tierreich 65: 538-540. Type-species: Parnassius hardwickii G. Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell. (J. E. Gray) (1): 32, by original designation. This name was proposed twice by Bryk (1932), Parnassiana 2(1): 1, and Parnassiana 2(2): 20; no diagnosis or type-species designation was included in either publication. Since these names were proposed after 1930, they are not available (Code Articles 13.1.1, 13.3, 67.4.1).

=    Eukoramius Bryk, 1935

Tierreich 65: 630, 673-674. Type-species: Parnassius imperator Oberthür, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 6(3)(bull.)2(5): lxxvi-lxxvii, by monotypy. This name was proposed by Bryk (1934), Parnassiana 3(3): 43; without a diagnosis or type-species designation; since this name was proposed after 1930, it is not available (Code Articles 13.1.1, 13.3, 67.4.1).

=    Driopa Korshunov, 1988

Nov. Maloizvestiye Vidy Fauny Sib. No. 20: 65-67. Type-species: Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 42, by original designation.

=    Erythrodriopa Korshunov, 1988

Nov. Maloizvestiye Vidy Fauny Sib. No. 20: 67. Type-species: Parnassius ariadne Lederer, 1853, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 3: 354, by original designation.

=    Sachaia Korshunov, 1988

Nov. Maloizvestiye Vidy Fauny Sib. No. 20: 67-68. Type-species: Parnassius tenedius Eversmann, 1851, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 24(2): 621-622, no. 10, by original designation.

      =    ‡Adoritis Koçak, 1989

Priamus 4(4): 165-167. Type-species: Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 42, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Driopa Korshunov, 1988.

=    Quinhaicus Korshunov, 1990

Chlenist. Gelmint. sbornik trudov: 99. Type-species: Parnassius szechenyii Frivaldszky, 1886, Természettud. Füz. 10(1): 39, pl. 4, figs. 1, 1a, by original designation.

=    Kreizbergius Korshunov, 1990

Chlenist. Gelmint. sbornik trudov: 102. Type-species: Parnassius simo G. Gray, [1852], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 76, no. 351, pl. 12, figs. 3, 4, by original designation.

=    Eversmanniodriopa Korb, 2005

Cat. Butterflies ex USSR: 13. Type-species: Parnassius eversmanni [Ménétriés], [1850], in: Simashko, Russk. Fauna (17)(Lepid.): Pl. 4, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, legend, by original designation.

*316.    Parnassius eversmanni [Ménétriés], [1850]

In: Simashko, Russk. Fauna (17)(Lepid.): Pl. 4, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, legend.

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. Eversmanni

Type Locality: Not stated; “Russia” implied from the title of the work; defined as “Kansk” by Ménétriés (1855), Enum. corp. anim. (1): 74, no. 110. [Krasnoyarsk Kray, Russia]

Types: Holotype in ZIN; figured by Chikolovets et al. (2002), Butterflies Transbaikal Siberia: pl. 48, fig. 4 ♂ D.

Nekrutenko and Kerzhner (1986), Entomol. Obozr. 65(4): 774, discussed this species. Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1932), Parnassiana 2(6/8): 92-93, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 139, and (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 18.

=    ‡altaica Verity, [1911]

Rhop. palae. (26-29): 319, pl. 64, fig. 19 ♂ D; ind. syst.: xxiii.

Original Combination: [Parnassius eversmanni] race altaica

Type Locality: “Tchuja Mts., 1800-2400 m, S.-E. de l’Altaï” implied from the legend to plate 64.

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK and ZMKU.

Preoccupied by Parnassius intermedius var. altaica Ménétriés, 1859, in: Schrenck, Reise Amur-Lande 2(1): 12, 13.

=    lacinia Hemming, 1934

Stylops 3(9): 198.

Original Combination: Parnassius eversmanni lacinia

Proposed as a replacement name for Parnassius eversmanni race altaica Verity, [1911], with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡”flavescens” O. Bang-Haas, 1927

Horae Macrolepid. 1(1): 7.

Original Combination: [Parnassius eversmanni felderi] ab. flavescens

Type Locality: “Sajan-Gebirgen” [Sayan Mountains, Krasnoyarski Kray, Russia]

Types: “Holotype” in ZMHB.

=    ‡”ampliusdecora” Eisner, 1928

Int. Entomol. Z. 22(32): 302.

Original Combination: [Parnassius eversmanni eversmanni] ab. ampliusdecora

Type Locality: “Sajan-Gebirge” [Sayan Mountains, Krasnoyarski Kray, Russia]

Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.

a.   Parnassius eversmanni thor Hy. Edwards, 1881

Papilio 1(1): 4.

Original Combination: Parnassius Thor

Type Locality: “about 800 miles up the Yukon river, Alaska”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 1 ♀ D.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1934), Parnassiana 3(1): 15, Bryk (1934), Parnassiana 3(2): 32, and Eisner (1978), Zoöl. Meded. 53(11): 109.

=    ‡meridionalis Eisner, 1978

Zoöl. Meded. 53(11): 109, pl. 2, figs. 9 ♀ D, 10 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Parnassius eversmanni meridionalis

Type Locality: “Pink Mt., B. C., 122^o 30' long., 57 ^o lat.” [British Columbia]

Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.

Preoccupied by Parnassius apollo meridionalis Pagenstecher, 1909, Entomol. Z. 22(44): 187.

=    pinkensis Gauthier, 1984

Entomol. Z. 94(21): 319.

Original Combination: Parnassius eversmanni pinkensis

Proposed to replace meridionalis Eisner, 1978, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡”kohlsaati” Gunder, 1932

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 123.

Original Combination: Parnassius eversmanni race thor tr. f. kohlsaati

Type Locality: “McKinley National Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

317.      Parnassius clodius Ménétriés, 1857

a.   Parnassius clodius strohbeeni Sternitzky, 1945                                       ✝

Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club 23: 82-83.

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius strohbeeni

Type Locality: “Santa Cruz, California” [Santa Cruz County]

Types: Holotype (#27214) in MCZC.

=    ‡”dodgei” Gunder, 1932

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 123; cited J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 5, fig. 6 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius tr. f. dodgei

Type Locality: “Santa Cruz Hills, Santa Cruz, California” [Santa Cruz County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

b.   Parnassius clodius clodius Ménétriés, 1857

Enum. corp. anim. (1): 7, no. 109 (1855); 73, no. 109 (1857).

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius

Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “Marin county...Bear Valley” by J. Shepard and S. Shepard (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 405.

Types: Type(s) may be in ZIN.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1932), Parnassiana 2(6-8): 96, (1937), Parnassiana 5(1/3): 4, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 141, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 87.

=    ‡”castus” Bryk, 1913

Arch. Naturgesch. (A)79(3): 2-3, no. 7; cited Parnassius clodius (sensu W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](7): pl. Parnassius 1, fig. 5 ♂ D).

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius ab. castus

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Holotype” (#375) in ZMHB.

c.   Parnassius clodius claudianus Stichel, 1907

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 58: 15, no. 5c (nota 1); cited Parnassius clodius (sensu Verity [1907], Rhop. Pal.: pl. 22, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D, 19 ♀ D).

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius claudianus

Type Locality: “Washington”; “western Washington” according to J. Shepard and S. Shepard (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 405.

Types: Syntypes (#27918, 27919, 27920, 27921) in ZMHB. The specimen cited by Verity (fig. 19, ♀ from British Columbia) is in ZMKU.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 142, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 88-89.

=    baldus Ehrmann, 1918

Lepidoptera 2(4): 29.

Original Combination: Parn[assius]. smintheus v. baldus

Type Locality: “Olympic Mountains, Washington” [Clallam County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

=    ‡kallias Ehrmann, 1918

Lepidoptera 2(6): 41.

Original Combination: Parn[assius]. clodius var. kallias

Proposed to replace baldus Ehrmann, 1918, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of baldus.

d.   Parnassius clodius pseudogallatinus Bryk, 1913

Arch. Naturgesch. (A)79(3): 3; cited Parnassius clodius (sensu Verity [1907], Rhop. palae. (7-8): pl. 22, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D, 19 ♀ D); figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: fig. 158 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius var. pseudogallatinus

Type Locality: “Brit. Columb. (Yale 1890)”

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB and NHMUK.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 143, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 89.

=    hel Eisner, 1956

Zoöl. Meded. 34(18): 243-244, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius hel

Type Locality: “Stevens Pass, Mts. Cascade, Washington, 4500'” [King-Chelan counties]

Types: Holotype in RMNH.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1956), Zoöl. Meded. 34(18): 243, pl. 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 89.

e.   Parnassius clodius incredibilis Bryk, 1935

Tierreich 65: 162.

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. clodius incredibilis

Type Locality: “S. Elja Berg (Alaska)” [Mt. St. Elias, Alaska.]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Bryk & Eisner 1932, Parnassiana 2(6-8): 99, listed this name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum. It is possible that the type of this taxon was mislabeled.

f.    Parnassius clodius sol Bryk & Eisner, 1932

Parnassiana 2(6-8): 97, fig. 6 ♂ D (holotype); figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: fig. 157 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: [Parnassius clodius] sol

Type Locality: “Nevada”; corrected to “Sierra-Nevada” [California] by Eisner (1961), Zool. Meded. 37(11): 172; defined as “California...Baxters, Placer County” by J. Shepard and S. Shepard (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 405.

Types: Holotype in RMNH.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by the authors at the time of the original description.

=    ‡”sulfureus” Gunder, 1932

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 124.

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius race baldur tr. f. sulfureus

Type Locality: “Davis Creek, Modoc County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

g.   Parnassius clodius baldur W. H. Edwards, 1877

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 12, no. 24; cited Parnassius clarius (sensu W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](7): pl. Parnassius 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Parnassius Baldur

Type Locality: “California, Sierras; Utah; Montana”; defined as “Tioga Pass” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 5. [Mono-Tuolumne counties, California]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 5, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1932), Parnassiana 2: 97, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 142, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 87-88.

=    ‡”lorquini” Oberthür, 1891

Étud. Entomol. 14: 7, 17-18, pl. 2, fig. 17 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius ab. lorquini

Type Locality: “Californie”

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK?

=    ‡”lusca” Stichel, 1907

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 58: 14, no. 5bα (nota 1).

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius baldur forma lusca

Type Locality: “Californien”

Types: “Holotype” may be in SMNS (Seitz collection).

=    ‡”binigrimaculella” Gunder, 1926

Entomol. News 37(1): 8-9, no. 13, pl. 1, figs. 13 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius var. baldur ab. ♂ binigrimacullela

Type Locality: “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

h.   Parnassius clodius altaurus Dyar, 1903

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 5(4): 290-291.

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius var. altaurus

Type Locality: “Alturas Lake, near Saw-tooth Mt., Idaho, 7,000-9000 feet” [Blaine County]

Types: Holotype (#6769) in USNM.

Dyar [1903], Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 52: 1, no. 1, listed this name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum. A nomen collectivum was proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1932), Parnassiana 2(6): 96.

=    gallatinus Stichel, 1907

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 58: 15, no. 5d (nota 2); cited Parnassius clodius (sensu Elrod and Maley (1906), Bull. Univ. Montana 30, (Biol. Ser.) 2(10): fig. 15 ♀&♂ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius gallatinus

Type Locality: “aus dem südlichen Teile von Montana”; suggested to be “Gallatin Co. Mont./ Elev. 6800" by Kohler (1978), J. Lepid. Soc. 32(1): 1-2.

Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by Kohler (1978), J. Lepid. Soc. 32(1): 1-2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V are of the sole paralectotype).

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 143, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 89.

=    immaculata Skinner, 1911

Entomol. News 22(3): 108; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 7 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Parnassius immaculata

Type Locality: “Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming”

Types: Holotype (#7025) in ANSP; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book. (rev. ed.) pl. 75, fig. 3 ♂ D.

=    shepardi Eisner, 1966

Zoöl. Meded. 41(8): 145-146, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius clodius shepardi

Type Locality: “Wawawai, Snake River, Whitman Co., Washington, U.S.A.”

Types: Holotype in RMNH.

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 59, discussed this taxon and its placement in synonymy.

i.    Parnassius clodius menetriesii Hy. Edwards, 1877

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(12): 164-165.

Original Combination: Parnassius Menetriesii n. var. of Clodius

Type Locality: “Bear Valley, Sierra Nevada...Lake Tahoe...Downieville, Cal[ifornia]...Mt. Nebo, Utah”; lectotype from “Mt. Nebo, Utah.” [Juab-Utah counties]

Types: Lectotype in AMNH; designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1918), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 62; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 3 ♂ D.

A nomen collectivum was proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 90.

*318.    Parnassius phoebus (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 181, no. 561; cited Jones’ Icones 2: pl. 2, fig. 2.

Original Combination: P[apilio] P[arnasius]. Phoebus

Type Locality: “Siberia”; “neotypes” from “Altai: Ongodai, Kurai Paß, Arassam Quelle.” [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]

Types: Type(s) presumed lost. “Neotypes” in ZMHB, designated by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: 219, figs. 215 ♂ D, 215a ♀ D, but this action violated Code Article 75. Bryk designated two neotypes, which is improper procedure.

A petition is currently before the ICZN, to conserve the longstanding name P. phoebus (Fabricius , 1793) for this species (Lukhtanov et al., 2019, Bull. Zool. Nomen. 76(1):14-22). Pending resolution of this case, I retain the name phoebus. The Palaearctic synonymy is not included here and the names altaica Ménétriés, 1859, In: Schrenck, Reise Amur-Lande 2(1): 12-13, under no. 53, halasicus Huang & Murayama, 1992, Tyo to Ga 43(1): 3, fig. 4 ♂ D, virginea Austaut, 1910, Entomol. Z. 24(11): 55, alpestris Verity, [1911], Rhop. palae. (26-29): 314, pl. 63, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D; (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911], melanica Verity, [1911], Rhop. palae. (26-29): 314, pl. 63, fig. 18 ♂ D; (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911], leucostigma Austaut, 1912, Int. Entomol. Z. 6(13): 87, 125, punctatus” Bryk, 1912, Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 57 and reciprocus Bryk, 1913, Soc. Entomol. 28(16): 95, are removed from the catalogue.

a.   Parnassius phoebus apricatus Stichel, 1906

Berl. Entomol. Z. 51(1): 87, pl. 2, figs. 13a ♂ D, 13b ♀ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus apricatus

Type Locality: “aus Kadiak, Insel südlich von Alaska, Nord-Amerika” [Kodiak Island, Alaska]

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB; figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: figs. 234 ♂ D, 234a ♀ D.

=    elias Bryk, 1932

Parnassiana 2(3): 31-32, no. 41; figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: fig. 233 ♂ D.

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. phoebus elias

Type Locality: “St. Ilja (Alaska)” [Mt. St. Elias]

Types: Holotype in Peebles collection.

=    alaskensis Eisner, 1956

Zoöl. Meded. 34(18): 244-245, pl. 3 figs. 7 ♂ D (holotype), 8 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus alaskensis

Type Locality: “Mt. Kinley Park, Alaska centr.”; stated as “Mount McKinley National Park” by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 95. [Denali National Park]

Types: Holotype in RMNH.

This was spelled “alaskaensis” by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 95, representing either an incorrect subsequent spelling of alaskensis Eisner, 1956, or an unjustified emendation.

b.   Parnassius phoebus golovinus W. Holland, 1930

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 155-156; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 69, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Parnassius golovinus

Type Locality: “Golovin Bay” [NW Alaska]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 69, figs. 3 ♂ D (lectotype) 4 ♂ V (paralectotype), 5 ♀ D (paralectotype), 6 ♀ V (paralectotype).

319.      Parnassius smintheus E. Doubleday, 1847

a.   Parnassius smintheus behrii W. H. Edwards, 1870

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Parnassius 3, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Parnassius Behrii

Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada”; defined as “top of Mt. Lyell, at an altitude of nearly 11,000 ft.” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 11; neotype from “Tioga Pass, Cal.” [Mono-Tuolumne counties, California]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 12, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

heraclidesZhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 3-4, fig. 1, treat this as a subspecies of smintheus and that treatment is adopted herein. Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 97.

=    niger W. G. Wright, 1905

Butterflies W. Coast: 47, no. 10; 79, no. 10, pl. 2, fig. 10 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: [Parnassius Smintheus var.] Niger, Parnassius Niger n. v.

Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada”; “Summit, Cal.” [Donner Summit, Sierra County, California]

Types: Holotype (#4278) in CAS.

=    astriotes Fruhstorfer, 1923

Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius astriotes

Type Locality: “California, Süd-Ost Sierra”

Types: Syntypes in ZSM.

b.   Parnassius smintheus sternitzkyi McDunnough, 1937

Can. Entomol. 68(12): 273-274, figs. of ♂ D (holotype) and ♀ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus var. sternitzkyi

Type Locality: “Castle Lake, Siskiyou Co. Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype (#4116) in CNC.

W. H. Edwards (1862), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 225, no. 10, redescribed Parnassius smintheus from “California” A “neotype” of this misidentification was designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 6; this is the holotype of sternitzkyi.

c.   Parnassius smintheus olympianna Burdick, 1941

Can. Entomol. 73(7): 117-118, figs. ♂ D, ♀ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus olympianna

Type Locality: “Hurricane Ridge, Olympic Range, Clallam Co., Washington”

Types: Holotype (#5191) in CNC.

=    guppyi Wyatt, 1969

Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 54[80](9-12): 132-133, pl. 15, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus guppyi

Type Locality: “Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver-Insel, Britisch Kolumbien, Kanada, 1500 m”

Types: Holotype in LNKD.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 96-97.

d.   Parnassius smintheus yukonensis Eisner, 1969

Zoöl. Meded. 43(14): 175; figured by Eisner (1976), Zool. Verh. (146): pl. 2, fig. 9 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus yukonensis

Type Locality: “5 Miles s.w. Haines Junction, Yukon, Alaska” [Yukon Territory]

Types: Holotype in RMNH.

e.   Parnassius smintheus smintheus E. Doubleday, 1847

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(3): 26; 27, no. 8, pl. 4*, fig. 4 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius Smintheus

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; defined as “vicinity of Rock Lake, [near Jasper] Alberta (53^o27'N, 118.^o16'W)” by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 40-41.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 41.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 150, (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 96, and (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 25, no. 273.

=    nanus Neumoegen, 1890

Entomol. Am. 6(4): 61-62.

Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus var. nanus

Type Locality: “near Fort Calgarry [sic]...at Spence's Bridge, both places being in British Columbia” [Fort Calgary is in Alberta]

Types: Syntypes in USNM; two figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, figs. 4 ♀ D (‘Ft. Calgary’), 5 ♂ D (“British Columbia”).

McDunnough (1936), Can. Entomol. 68(10): 223, discussed the Spence’s Bridge locality. Upon any future lectotype designation, the position of this taxon in the synonymy of P. smintheus may require revision.

=    manitobaensis Bryk & Eisner, 1935

Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55.

Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] manitobaënsis

Type Locality: “Manitoba, End-Mountains”; corrected to “End Mountain, Alta.” by McDunnough (1936), Can. Entomol. 68(2): 43; further defined as “End Mountain, near Exsham, Alberta” by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 96. [Exshaw]

Types: Holotype in ZMHB.

=    ‡”nigerrima” Verity, [1907]

Rhop. palae. (7/8): pl. 16, fig. 23 ♀ D (“holotype”) [28 Feb 1907]; (11-12): 108 [31 Oct 1907]; (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].

Original Combination: Parnassius delius var. smintheus forme hermodur ab. nigerrima

Type Locality: “Montagnes Rocheuses de la Colombie Britannique” implied from the legend to plate 16.

Types: “Holotype” in ZMKU.

Date of publication is that of plate 16; original combination is from page 108.

=    ‡”minor” Verity, [1907]

Rhop. palae. (7/8): pl. 16, fig. 21 ♂ D (“holotype”) [28 Feb 1907]: (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius var. smintheus forme minor

Type Locality: “Montagnes Rocheuses de la Colombie Britannique” implied from the legend to plate 26.

Types: “Holotype” in ZMKU.

Date of publication is that of plate 16; original combination is from the legend to plate 16.

=    ‡”minusculus” Bryk, 1912

Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 58, fig. 4 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Parnassius v. smintheus ab. minusculus

Type Locality: “Colorado” apparently in error.

Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.

Original combination given on figure.

=    ‡”ernestinae” Bryk & Eisner, 1935

Parnassiana 3(4/5): 51.

Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus smintheus form ernestinae

Type Locality: “Ptarmigan-Paß 135^o 20'/ 50^o 20” [Alberta]

Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.

=    ‡”verity” Ehrmann, 1918

Lepidoptera 2(4): 30.

Original Combination: Parnassius verity

Proposed to replace minor Verity, [1907], but unavailable names cannot be replaced (Code Article 1.3.4).

‡”rocky” Grum-Grzhimailo, 1890

In: Romanov, Mém. Lépid. 4: 149 (note 9).

Original Combination: [Parnassius Smintheus var.] Rocky

Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

f.    Parnassius smintheus magnus W. G. Wright, 1905

Butterflies W. Coast: 47, no. 13; 80-81, no. 13, pl. 2, figs. 13 ♂ D (lectotype), 13b ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Parnassius Smintheus var.] Magnus; Parnassius Magnus n. v.

Type Locality: “British Columbia”; “Enderby, B. C.”

Types: Lectotype (#4279) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 5.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 152, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 97-98.

=    xanthus Ehrmann, 1918

Lepidoptera 2(3): 21-22.

Original Combination: Par[nassius]. Smintheus var. xanthus

Type Locality: “Moron [sic], Idaho” [Moscow, Latah County, Idaho]

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 152, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 98-99.

=    idahoensis Bryk & Eisner, 1931

Parnassiana 1(5): 5-6, fig. 4 ♂ D&V, 5 ♀ D&V; figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: figs. 231, ♂ D&V (holotype), 231a ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: P[arnassius] phoebus idahoensis

Type Locality: “Wallace, Idaho” [Shoshone County]

Types: Holotype in RMNH.

=    montanula Bryk & Eisner, 1935

Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55; figured by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): pl. 4, figs. 5 ♀ D (holotype), 6 ♂ D, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♂ D.

Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] montanula

Type Locality: “Turah, Montana” [Missoula County]

Types: Holotype in RMNH.

=    ‡”mendica” Stichel, 1907

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 58: 20, no 9hα (nota 1); cited Neumoegen (1890), Entomol. Am. 6(4): 61, and W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: 79.

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. phoebus smintheus forma mendica

Type Locality: “Montana, Brit. Columbia, Colorado”

Types: “Types” should be in ZMHB.

Upon any future lectotype designation, the position of this taxon in the synonymy of P. smintheus may require revision.

g.   Parnassius smintheus maximus Bryk & Eisner, 1937

Parnassiana 5(1-3): 7; cited Parnassius phoebus sayii (sensu Bryk and Eisner (1935), Parnassiana 3(4/5): 54); figured by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): pl. 4, figs. 1 ♀ D (holotype), 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus maximus

Type Locality: “Judith Mts., Montana, U.S.A.” [Fergus County]

Types: Holotype in RMNH.

=    ‡”pseudocorybas” Verity, [1909]

Rhop. palae. (11/12): 107 [31 Oct 1907]; (24/25): pl. 24, figs. 12 ♂ D, 13 ♀ D [31 Dec 1909]; (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius var. apricatus forme pseudocorybas

Type Locality: “Montana” implied from the text, “Montana, Montagnes Rocheuses” from the legend to plate 24.

Types: Location of “types” not known (possibly in MNHP).

Date of publication and original combination determined from the legend to plate 24.

h.   Parnassius smintheus sayii W. H. Edwards, 1863

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Parnassius 2, figs. 2 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Parnassius Sayii

Type Locality: “Pikes Peak”; corrected to “gold region west of Denver” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 6; neotype from “Running Creek Field Sta., 6950', Elbert Co., Colo., T9S R65W, SW ¼ 25" [Colorado]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 9, fig. 2 ♀ D&V.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon and its synonyms by Bryk and Eisner (1935), Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 151, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 98, 100, 102, 103, 104.

=    hermodur Hy. Edwards, 1881

Papilio 1(1): 4.

Original Combination: Parnassius Hermodur

Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 8 ♀ D.

J. Scott (1992), Papilio (n.s.) 6: 6-7, treated this as a subspecies-level taxon, a position which would require a thorough reevaluation of the synonymy of P. s. sayi.

=    polus Ehrmann, 1917

Lepidopterist 1(7): 54-55.

Original Combination: Parnassius polus

Type Locality: “Ashcroft, Pidkin [sic] County, Colorado” [Pitkin County]

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

=    montanus Ehrmann, 1918

Lepidoptera 2(4): 29-30.

Original Combination: Parn[assius]. smintheus v. montanus

Type Locality: “Bullion Peak, Colorado” [Park County]

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

=    utahensis Rothschild, 1918

Novit. Zool. 25(1): 233.

Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus utahensis

Type Locality: “Park City, Utah” [Summit County]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    catullius Fruhstorfer, 1923

Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.

Original Combination: Parnassius delius catullius

Type Locality: “Colorado, Pikes Peak...ca. 12-13 500 fuß” [El Paso-Teller counties]

Types: Syntypes said to be in Fruhstorfer collection, but may be in SMNS (Seitz collection).

=    aristion Fruhstorfer, 1923

Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius aristion

Type Locality: “Colorado”

Types: Holotype said to be in ZSM, but may be in SMNS (Seitz collection).

=    sordellus Fruhstorfer, 1923

Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius sordellus

Type Locality: “Nordamerika--näherer Fundort unbekannt”

Types: Syntypes possibly in ZSM.

=    hollandi Bryk & Eisner, 1935

Parnassiana 3(4/5): 53; figured by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): pl. 23, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] hollandi

Type Locality: “La Sal Mts., Turpus Valley, Californien [sic]” [Grand-Wayne counties, Utah]

Types: Holotype in RMNH.

ZMHB was originally noted as the repository of the type, but Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 24, claimed to have deposited the holotype and allotype in RMNH.

=    dakotaensis Bryk & Eisner, 1935

Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, figs. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] dakotaensis

Type Locality: “Black Hills, Mt. Roosevelt, Dakota merid.” [Lawrence-Pennington counties, South Dakota]

Types: Holotype noted to be in RMNH, but “syntype” series apparently split between that institution and ZMHB.

=    rotgeri O. Bang-Haas, 1938

Parnassiana 6(3/4): 20, pl. 1, figs. 6 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D.

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. phoebus rotgeri

Type Locality: “Colorado, westl. von Denver, Evans mont., Clear Creek, 3800 m” [Mount Evans, Clear Creek County, Colorado]

Types: Syntype in MTD.

=    rubina Wyatt, 1961

Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 46[72](9): 145-146, pl. 11, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus rubina

Type Locality: “Liberty Peak, 3,120 m, Ruby Gebirge, südlich von Elko, Nevada”; redefined as “above Liberty Lake, Ruby Mountains, Elko County, Nevada” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 630.

Types: Holotype in LNKD.

=    ‡”leonhardi” Bryk, 1912

Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 57, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Parnassius v. smintheus ab. Leonhardi

Type Locality: “Colorado”

Types: “Holotype” should be in MTD; figured by Bryk (1921), Entomol. Tidskr. 42(2): 114, fig. 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ D.

Original combination as given on figure.

=    ‡”mariae” Bryk, 1912

Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 57-58, fig. 3 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Parnassius v. smintheus ab. Mariae

Type Locality: “Colorado”

Types: “Holotype” should be in MTD (O. Bang-Haas collection).

=    ‡”quincunx” Bryk, 1915

Arch. Naturgesch. (A)80(7): pl. 9, fig. 67 ♂ (“cotype”); (9): 140, text.

Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus ab. quincunx

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Colorado, U.S.A.” by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 25.

Types: “Cotype” in RMNH; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, fig. 6 ♂ D.

=    ‡”fermata” Bryk, 1921

Entomol. Tidskr. 42(2): 112-114, figs. 1 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus ab. fermata

Type Locality: “Denver Colorado Rocky mountains”

Types: “Holotype” in RMNH; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, fig. 6 ♂ D.

=    ‡”melanophorus” Bryk, 1921

Entomol. Tidskr. 42(2): 114, fig. 2 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Parnassius smintheus] ab. melanophorus

Type Locality: “Denver Colorado Rocky mountains”

Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.

=    ‡”reducta” O. Bang-Haas, 1938

Parnassiana 6(3/4): 20.

Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus rotgeri] f[orm]. reducta

Type Locality: “Colorado, westl. von Denver, Evans mont., Clear Creek, 3800 m” [Mount Evans, Clear Creek County, Colorado]

Types: “Holotype” should be in ZMHB.

i.    Parnassius smintheus pseudorotgeri Eisner, 1966

Zoöl. Meded. 41(8): 144.

Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus pseudorotgeri

Type Locality: “Elwood-Pass, Rio Grande Co., Colorado, U.S.A.”

Types: Holotype in RMNH.

Eisner (1964), Zoöl. Meded. 40(16): 135-136, credited this name to F. Chermock; a nomen nudum. Subsequently, Eisner (1966), adopted the name and described it based on his own specimens.

Subfamily Papilioninae Latreille, [1802]

Tribe Leptocircini W. F. Kirby, 1896

In: Allen, Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2: xviii, 307-308 (as “Leptocircinae, Leptocirciti”). Type-genus: Leptocircus Swainson, 1833, Zool. Illustr. (2)3(23): pl. 106, unnumbered text. The application of this family-group name is discussed by Smith and Vane-Wright (2001), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 70(2): 506-508.

Genus Eurytides Hübner, [1821]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [92]. Type-species: Eurytides iphitas Hübner, [1821], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [92], figs. 3, 4, by monotypy. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 2-3, fig. 1, determined this synonymy. They also determined that the application of the genus Protographium Munroe (1961) to any New World swallowtail is unwarranted.

=    Bellerographium Möhn, 2002

In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Butterflies World. Part. 14: 5. Type-species: Papilio bellerophon Dalman, 1823, Analecta Entomol.: 37, no. 1, by original designation.

Subgenus Neographium Möhn, 2002

In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Butterflies World. Part. 14: 2. Type-species: Papilio philolaus Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 256, no. 80, by original designation.

=    Asiographium Möhn, 2002

In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Butterflies World. Part. 14: 4. Type-species: Papilio asius Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2: 5, no. 17, by original designation.

=    Eurygraphium Möhn, 2002

In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Butterflies World. Part. 14: 4. Type-species: Papilio thyastes Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: index, pl. 35, fig. 1, by original designation.

320.      Eurytides philolaus (Boisduval, 1836)

a.   Eurytides philolaus philolaus (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 256, no. 80.

Original Combination: Papilio Philolaus

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Syntype in MNHP.

=    ‡ajax (Eimer, 1889)

Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 1: 212.

Original Combination: Papilio Philolaus Ajax

Type Locality: “Mexiko”

Types: Location of “type(s)” not known.

Preoccupied by Papilio ajax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 26.

=    ‡”nigrescens” (Eimer, 1889)

Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 1: 213.

Original Combination: Papilio Philolaus nigrescens

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Location of “type(s)” not known.

Preoccupied by Papilio nigrescens Eimer, 1889, Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 1: 88.

=    ‡”niger” (Eimer, 1889)

Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 1: 214, pl. 4, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Papilio] Philolaus niger

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

=    ‡”felicis” (Fruhstorfer, 1904)

Soc. Entomol. 19(4): 25.

Original Combination: Papilio philolaus ab. felicis

Type Locality: “Honduras”; syntype from “San Pedro Sula, Honduras.”

Types: “Syntype” in NHMUK; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 65, fig. I ♀ D.

=    ‡”vazquezae” Beutelspacher-Baigts, 1976

Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 61, fig. 1B ♂ D.

Original Combination: Eurytides philolaus forma vazquezae

Type Locality: “Zoquiapan, Pue. (colln. Inst. Biol. UNAM)...Cañon del Novillo, Tamps....Tamán, S.L.P...Fortín, Ver....Mesa de San Diego, Pue....El Salto, S.L.P.”

Types: “Syntypes” in UNAM and de la Maza collection.

Subgenus Boreographium Grishin, 2021

In: Zhang et al., Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 5, fig. 2. Type-species: Papilio marcellus (Cramer, 1777), Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 4, pl. 98, figs. F, G: 149 (index), by original designation.

321.      Eurytides marcellus (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 4, pl. 98, figs. F ♂ D, G ♂ V; (16): 149 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Achiv[us]. Marcellus

Type Locality: “Virginien” “Virginie”

Types: Possible syntype (#665081) in NHMUK.

=    ‡ajax (Linnaeus, 1758) in partim

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 26; cited Ray (1710), Hist. Ins.: 111, no. 2, and Edwards (1743), Nat. Hist. Birds 1: pl. 34.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Achivus] Ajax

Type Locality: “America boreali”

Types: Type(s) lost.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 286 suppressed this name, and placed it on the Official Index of Unavailable and Rejected Names as name no. 68. The original description of ajax applied to several different insects. Linnaeus based his description on figures from earlier authors, and in North America the species figured include Eurytides marcellus (Cramer, 1777), Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758 and P. polyxenes asterius (Stoll, 1782).

=    telamonides (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 14: 303, no. 205; cited Papilio ajax (sensu Palisot de Beauvois (1805), Ins. Afr. Amér.: 71, pl. 2, fig. 2).

Original Combination: [Papilio] Telamonides

Type Locality: “America sept. (Unio austral.)”

Types: Syntypes in NHMW and NHMUK.

The reference to Palisot de Beauvois qualified as an indication and made this name available (Code Articles 12.1 and 12.3).

=    floridensis (Klots, 1951)

Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 179.

Original Combination: P[apilio] m[arcellus] floridensis

Type Locality: “America sept. (Unio austral.)”

Types: Syntypes in NHMW and NHMUK.

=    ‡”floridensis” (W. Holland, 1898)

Butterfly Book: 307, pl. 44, fig. 2 ♂ D.

Original Combination: [Papilio ajax winter form] floridensis

Type Locality: “St. Johns River, in Florida”

Types: “Syntypes” in CMNH.

=    ‡”walshii” (W. H. Edwards, [1872])

Butterflies N. Am. [1](9): [1-2], pl. Papilio 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Papilio] Ajax var. Walshii

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: No “types” designated.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”abbottii” (W. H. Edwards, [1872])

Butterflies N. Am. [1](9): [2], pl. Papilio 1, fig. 6 ♂ D.

Original Combination: [Papilio Ajax] var. Abbotii

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: No type(s) designated.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”floridensis” (W. Holland, 1898)

Butterfly Book: 307, pl. 44, fig. 2 ♂ D.

Original Combination: [Papilio ajax winter form] floridensis

Type Locality: “St. Johns River, in Florida”

Types: “Syntypes” in CMNH.

Klots adopted Papilio ajax winter form floridensis (W. Holland, 1898) to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”lecontei” (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)

Novit. Zool.. 13(3): 690, no. 138d’; cited Papilio marcellus (sensu Boisduval and Le Conte (1829), Hist. Lepid. Amér. sept. (1): pl. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3, larva, 4 pupa).

Original Combination: P[apilio]. marcellus f. aest. Le Contei

Type Locality: “Nashville” [Davidson County, Tennessee]

Types: “Syntypes” in NHMUK.

=    ‡”tockhorni” (Schultz, 1908)

Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.

Original Combination: Papilio ajax ab. (nov.) tockhorni

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

=    ‡”broweri” (Gunder, 1927)

Entomol. News 38(9): 269.

Original Combination: Papilio marcellus tr. fm. broweri

Type Locality: “Willard, Missouri” [Greene County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”pricei” (W. D. Field, 1936)

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 18-19.

Original Combination: Iphiclides marcellus gen. aest. Le Contei tr. f. pricei

Type Locality: “Greenwood Co., Kansas”

Types: “Holotype” probably in USNM.

=    ‡”nigrosuffusa” (W. D. Field, 1936)

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 19.

Original Combination: Iphiclides marcellus gen. aest. Le Contei tr. f. nigrosuffusa

Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]

Types: “Holotype” probably in USNM.

=    ‡annonae (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 49, no. 108; cited Papilio marcellus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 4, pl. 98, figs. F, G; (16): 149 (index), and Papilio ajax (sensu J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 4).

Original Combination: P[apilio]. A[chivus]. Annonae

Proposed as a replacement name for ajax and marcellus based on an erroneous foodplant name in Smith and Abbot; a junior objective synonym of Papilio marcellus.

‡”cubensis” (Boullet & Le Cerf, 1912)

Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris Suppl. [1]18(2): 41.

Original Combination: [Papilio] marcellus-cubensis

Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

Subgenus Mimoides K. Brown, 1991

Entomol. Z. 101(20): 375. Type-species: Papilio ariarathes, Esper, 1788, Ausl. Schmett. (4): 57, pl. 14, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂V, by original designation. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 2-3, fig. 1, determined this synonymy. They also determined that the application of the genus Protographium Munroe (1961) to any New World swallowtail is unwarranted.

322.      Eurytides phaon (Boisduval, 1836)

a.   Eurytides phaon phaon (Boisduval, 1836)

Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 319-320, no. 160.

Original Combination: Papilio phaon

Type Locality: “Mexique...Pérou”

Types: Syntype(s) in NHMUK.

Reported for Texas by Reid (2008), News Lepid. Soc. 50(3/4): 75, 87.

=    ulopos (G. Gray, [1853])

Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 69, no. 312.

Original Combination: Papilio Ulopos

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype(s) in NHMUK.

=    xenarchus (Hewitson, 1861)

Ill. exot. Butterflies 2(39): [5], pl. Papilio V, fig. 12 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Papilio Xenarchus

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype(s) in NHMUK.

=    eridamus (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 248-249, no. 25.

Original Combination: Papilio Eridamus

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype in FMNH.

=    metaphaon (Butler, 1874)

Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1874(4): 434.

Original Combination: Papilio Metaphaon

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype(s) probably in NHMUK.

=    immarginatus (Oberthür, 1879)

Étud. Entomol. 4: 97, under phaon, no. 298

Original Combination: [Papilio phaon] var. A immarginatus

Type Locality: “Mexíque”

Types: Holotype probably in NHMUK.

=    pharax (Godman & Salvin, 1890)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 211, no. 36, (167): 729; 3: pl. 67, fig. 8 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Papilio pharax

Type Locality: “British Honduras, Corosal”

Types: Syntype(s) in NHMUK.

=    praxenus (Ehrmann, 1919)

Lepidoptera (Boston) 3(5): 37.

Original Combination: Papilio ulopus [sic] v. praxenus

Type Locality: “San Pedro, Honduras, Central America”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

Tribe Troidini Talbot, 1939

Fauna Brit. Ind., Butterflies 1 (ed. 2): 60 (key), 61. Type-genus: Troides Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 88.

Subtribe Troidina Talbot, 1939

Genus Parides Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 87. Type-species: Princeps echelus Hübner, [1815], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [126], figs. 1, 2 (= Princeps echemon Hübner, [1813], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [121], figs. 3, 4; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 241, no. 811.

Subgenus Parides Hübner, [1819]

=    Hectorides Hübner, 1821

Index. exot. Lepid.: [1], [2]. Type-species: Papilio agavus Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 11, index, pl. 9, fig. 4, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 184, no. 502.

=    Endopogon Lacordaire, 1833

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]2: 384. Type-species: Papilio sesostris Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 34, pl. 211, figs. F, G; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 162, no. 377.

=    Ascanides Geyer, 1837

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: 32. Type-species: Papilio triopas Godart, 1819, Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (14), 33, no. 23 (= Parides chabrias ygdrasilla Hemming (1935), Entomol. 68(2)[861]: 41; homonym), by monotypy.

=    Blakea Grote, 1876

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(2): 118. Type-species: Papilio gundlachianus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 14: 294, no. 75, by original designation.

‡”Mineroides” Bryk, 1930

Lepid. Cat. 37: 63. This name was published in synonymy without description or indication; a nomen nudum.

*323.    Parides eurimedes (Stoll, 1782)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 199, pl. 386, pl. 386, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V ; (34): 249 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eques Troj[anus]. Eurimedes

Type Locality: “Berbices”

Types: Syntype (#665199) in NHMUK; figured by Chainey (2005), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 145(3): fig. 11 ♂ D.

=    ‡arcas (Stoll, 1781)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(32): 174, pl. 378, fig. C ♀ D&V; (34): 247 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eques Trojanus Arcas

Type Locality: “Brasilien” “Brazil”

Types: Type(s) maybe in NHMUK or lost.

Preoccupied by Papilio arcas Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 38, pl. 19, figs. 5, 6; 2: (index).

a.   Parides eurimedes mylotes (H. Bates, 1861)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (2)5(8): 346 (nota), 360; cited Papilio mylotes G. Gray, 1856, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 64, no. 258.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Mylotes and [Papilio Eurimedes] Local var. Mylotes

Type Locality: “Nicaragua”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

First mentioned by G. Gray (1856), List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 64, no. 258, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

=    caleli (Reakirt, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 138-139, no. 8.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Caleli

Type Locality: “Guatemala” “near the Copán river”

Types: Syntype in FMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 59, fig. H ♂ D.

=    tonila (Reakirt, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 140, no. 10.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Tonila

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Holotype in FMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 59, fig. I ♀ D.

=    aristomenes (C. Felder & R. Felder, [1865])

Reise Novara Zool. (1): 38, no. 27, pl. 7, fig. a ♀ D.

Original Combination: Papilio Aristomenes

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

This taxon was listed without a description or indication by C. Felder and R. Felder (1864), Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 14: 286, no. 108; a nomen nudum.

‡”docimus” (G. Gray, 1856)

List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 64, no. 259.

Original Combination: Papilio docimus

Published without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

324.      Parides alopius (Godman & Salvin, 1890)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(87): 197-198, no. 12; 3(87): pl. 65, figs. 10 ♀ D, 11 ♀ V; cited Papilio alopius G. Gray, 1856, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 58, no. 231.

Original Combination: Papilio alopius

Type Locality: “Mexico, Los Remedios in Chihuahua...Ciudad in Durango”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

This name was mentioned by G. Gray (1856), List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 58, no. 231, and Weidemeyer (1863), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 146, each time without a description or indication; nomina nuda.

=    lopiusa (Schaus, 1911)

Entomol. News 22(10): 439.

Original Combination: Papilio lopiusa

Type Locality: “Guadalajara, Mexico” [Jalisco]

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 55, fig. M ♂ V.

This may be a hybrid taxon with Parides montezuma (Westwood, 1842), Arcana entomologica 1: 67, pl. 18, f. 3, as Schaus suggested in the original description.

=    ‡”tepoztecatl” R. de la Maza, 1976

Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(1): 5, 7, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Parides alopius ab. tepoztecatl

Type Locality: “pueblo Tepoztlán, en el Estado de Morelos” [Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in de la Maza collection.

Subtribe Battina Munroe & Ehrlich, 1960

J. Lepid. Soc. 14(3): 171, defined on 170 (as “Battiti”). Type-genus: Battus Scopoli, 1777, Intro. Hist. Nat.: 433.

Genus Battus Scopoli, 1777

Intro. Hist. Nat.: 433, no. 173. Type-species: Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 11, by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 80.

=    Laertias Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 84. Type-species: Papilio philenor Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 535, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 64.

      =    ‡Ithobalus Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 88. Type-species: Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 11, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 198, no. 579. A junior objective synonym of Battus Scopoli, 1777.

=    Battuosa Möhn, 1999

In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Schmetterlinge Erde. 5: 6. Type-species: Papilio belus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 23, pl. 112, figs. A, B; (16): 148 (index), by original designation.

325.      Battus philenor (Linnaeus, 1771)

a.   Battus philenor philenor (Linnaeus, 1771)

Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 535.

Original Combination: Papilio E[ques]. T[rojanus]. Philenor

Type Locality: “America”

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 363, fig. 14 ♀ D.

=    astinous (Drury, 1773)

Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 21, pl. 11, figs. 1 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Troj[anus] Astinous

Type Locality: “New York, Maryland and Virginia”

Types: Types probably lost.

=    nezahualcoyotl (Strecker, 1885)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 37(7/8): 174.

Original Combination: Papilio Nezahualcoyotl

Type Locality: “New Mexico, close to the Mexican border”

Types: Holotype in FMNH.

The holotype phenotypically represents what is recognized as Battus philenor acauda (Oberthür, 1879). This may be a case of individual variation or mislabeling.

=    ‡serpentariae (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 23-24, no. 20; cited Papilio philenor Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 535, and J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 3.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Serpentariae

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio philenor based on the name of a foodplant in Smith and Abbot; a junior objective synonym of philenor.

=    ‡”obsoleta” (Ehrmann, 1900)

Can. Entomol. 32(11): 348.

Original Combination: Papilio philenor, Var. obsoleta ♂, nov. var.

Type Locality: “S. W. Penn’a.” [Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 9 ♂ D.

=    ‡”wasmuthii” (A. C. Weeks, 1901)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 9(2): 82-83, pl. 6 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Papilio philenor aberr. Wasmuthii

Type Locality: “in front of his residence” [Brooklyn, Kings County, New York]

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.

b.   Battus philenor hirsuta (Skinner, 1908)

Entomol. News 19(4): 149.

Original Combination: Papilio phflenor [sic] hirsuta

Type Locality: “Plumas County, California, 9,500 feet elevation”

Types: Syntype (#7028) in ANSP; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 5 ♀ D.

=    ‡”inghami” (Gunder, 1927)

Entomol. News 38(9): 268, pl. A, figs. E ♀ D, E2 ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio philenor race hirsuta tr. fm. inghami

Type Locality: “Fairfax, California” [Marin County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

326.      Battus polydamas (Linnaeus, 1758)

a.   Battus polydamas polydamas (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 11; cited Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 31, but that figure represents Papilio androgeus.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus]. Polydamas

Type Locality: “Americes”; suggested to be “Surinam” by F. Brown (1968), J. Lepid. Soc. 22(2): 82.

Types: Lectotype in UUZM, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 369.

=    ‡anguicidas (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 34, no. 55; cited Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 11.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Anguicidas

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio polydamas, based on the name of a foodplant; a junior objective synonym of polydamas.

b.   Battus polydamas lucayus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)

Novit. Zool. 13(3): 521-522, no. 51g.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. polydamas lucayus

Type Locality: “Bahamas: Nassau and New Providence”; lectotype from “Bahamas Nassau.”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Racheli and Pariset (1992), Fragm. Entomol. 23(suppl.): 67.

Racheli and Pariset (1992), Fragm. Entomol. 23(suppl.): 64-67, treated this taxon as a synonym of B. p. polydamas; this arrangement follows L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 60, and Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: 28.

Tribe Papilionini Latreille, [1802]

Genus Papilio Linnaeus, 1758

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 458. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by designation of Latreille (1810), Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins.: 350, 440. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 703. The generic arrangement has been adjusted to reflect the discovery that the genus Pterourus also occurs in the Old World. Support for this arrangement is found in Hancock (2009), Aust. Entomol. 36(1): 7-12, Ae (2010), Yadoriga 225: 70-86, Cong et al. (2015), Cell Reports 10(6): 910-919, Shen et al. (2015), Gene 5: 68-83 and Wu et al. (2015), PLoS One 10(10): e0140933.

Subgenus Papilio Linnaeus, 1758

      =    ‡Amaryssus Dalman, 1816

K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 60. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Papilio.

      =    ‡Aernauta Berge, 1842

Schmetterlingsbuch: 19, 106-109. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by designation of Hemming (1934), Entomol. 67(849): 38. A junior objective synonym of Papilio.

      =    ‡Achivus W. F. Kirby, 1896

In: Allen, Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2: 286. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Papilio.

      =    ‡Princeps Hübner, [1806]

Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by monotypy. The Tentamen was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97; Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 83.

=    Sinoprinceps Hancock, 1983

Smithersia 2: 35. Type-species: Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 751, no. 34; corrigenda, by original designation.

327.      Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767 (emended)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 751, no. 34; corrigenda.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques]. A[chivus]. Xanthus

Type Locality: “India orientalis”; suggested to be “Canton” by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 392. [China]

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 392, fig. 20 ♂ D.

This name was emended to xuthus in the index; xanthus is an incorrect original spelling. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 286 placed xuthus on the Official List of Names Available in Zoology as name no. 117 and xanthus on the Official List of Rejected and Unavailable Names in Zoology as name no. 69. Most of the synonymy is not listed.

=    xuthulus Bremer, 1861

Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg (3)3: cols. 463-464, no. 1; figured by Bremer (1864), Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg (ser. 7)8(1): pl. 1, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Papilio xuthulus

Type Locality: “Bureja-Gebirge” [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]

Types: Type(s) in ZIN.

=    xuthulinus Murray, 1874

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(126): 166.

Original Combination: Papilio Xuthulinus

Type Locality: “immediate neighborhood of Yokohama” [Japan]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in NHMUK.

328.      Papilio indra Reakirt, 1866

a.   Papilio indra shastensis J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (55): 701-702, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio indra shastensis

Type Locality: “California: Shasta County; McCloud Bridge Campground, Shasta Lake”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Papilio indra indra Reakirt, 1866

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 123-124.

Original Combination: Papilio Indra

Type Locality: “Pike's Peak, Colorado Terr.” [El Paso-Teller counties] This species is not currently known from the Pikes Peak area; the holotype probably came from the area west of Golden, Jefferson County, most likely Lookout Mountain or Mount Zion (A. Warren pers. comm. 2006).

Types: Holotype (#7010) in ANSP.

c.   Papilio indra phyllisae J. Emmel, 1982

J. Lepid. Soc. 35(4): 297-298, figs. 3 ♂ D&V (holotype), 4 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Papilio indra phyllisae

Type Locality: “Butterbredt Peak and ridge running to the southwest, 4900'-5900', Kern Co., California, S. 30 & S. 31, T. 29 S., R. 36 E”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Papilio indra pergamus Hy. Edwards, 1874

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]5(27): 423-424.

Original Combination: Papilio Pergamus

Type Locality: “near Santa Barbara”; corrected to “Devil Canyon, about 11 km NNW of San Bernardino, San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California” by S. Miller (1984), J. Res. Lepid. 23(2): 175.

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

e.   Papilio indra fordi J. A. Comstock & Martin, 1956

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 54(3): 144-145, pl. 40, figs. 3 ♂ D (holotype), 4 ♀ D; pl. 41, figs. 3 ♂ V (holotype), 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio indra fordi

Type Locality: “Granite Mountains, a few miles north and east of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, California”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 67, fig. 5 ♂ D.

f.    Papilio indra pygmaeus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Griffin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (57): 712, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio indra pygmaeus

Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; eastern Mojave Desert; Dead Mts. NNW of Needles; peak of Mt. Manchester, 3560-3600' el., SW 1/4 of S.18, T.11N., R.22E”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    ‡parvindra J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Griffin, 2008

J. Res. Lepid. 40: 118-119.

Original Combination: Papilio indra parvindra

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio indra pygmaeus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Griffin, 1998, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of pygmaeus. The author of the catalogue misinterpreted the availability of Papilio menestheus pygmaeus Aurivillius, 1898 and erroneously directed the authors to propose a replacement name. The name pygmaeus Aurivillius is unavailable.

g.   Papilio indra martini J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1966

Entomol. News 77(3): 57-60, fig. 1 upper left ♂ D (holotype), upper right ♀ D, lower left ♂ V (holotype), lower right ♀ V, fig. 2 left column, bottom ♀ D, right column ♀ D.

Original Combination: Papilio indra martini

Type Locality: “Gilroy Canyon, elevation 5,600 feet, Providence Mountains, San Bernardino County, California”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

h.   Papilio indra panamintensis J. Emmel, 1982

J. Lepid. Soc. 35(4): 300-301, figs. 5 ♂ D&V (holotype), 6 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Papilio indra panamintenis

Type Locality: “Thorndike Campground, Wildrose Canyon, 7400', Panamint Range, Inyo Co., California, S. 35, T. 19 S., R. 45 E”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

i.    Papilio indra nevadensis T. Emmel & J. Emmel, 1971

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 47(3): 220-222, fig. 1 ♂ D&V, ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Papilio indra nevadensis

Type Locality: “Jett Canyon, 6,600 feet elevation, east side; Toiyabe Range, Nye County, Nevada”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

j.    Papilio indra calcicola J. Emmel & Griffin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (56): 707-708, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio indra calcicola

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Muddy Mountains; canyon east of Buffington Pockets; 5.9 air miles north and 0.3-0.4 air miles east of 5363' Muddy Peak, 3,400-3,800' elevation; T18S R65E”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

k.   Papilio indra minori Cross, 1936

Hobbies 41(5): 112; figured in Proc. Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. 16(1): 5, fig. ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: P[apilio] indra minori

Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “'Black Ridge Breaks'...Mesa County” by Cross (1937), Proc. Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. 16(1): 5. [Colorado]

Types: Syntypes in DMNS. The purported holotype in USNM was collected after the description.

l.    Papilio indra kaibabensis Bauer, 1955

Lepid. News 9(2/3): 49-50, figs. 3rd row ♀ D, ♂ D (holotype), 4th row ♀ V, ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Papilio indra kaibabensis

Type Locality: “Bright Angel Point, Grand Canyon, Coconino Co., Ariz.” [Arizona]

Types: Holotype may be in the Grand Canyon National Park Naturalist Workshop collection, or in USNM.

*329.    Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27; referred to many earlier authors.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Achivus] Machaon

Type Locality: “Europae”

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 344.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 107. Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not listed. The evidence that machaon and bairdii are conspecific is compelling to many authors; see J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 164-170, no. 5; Sperling (1987), Quaest. Entomol. 23(2): 198-315, (1993), Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 165: 233-242, and Sperling and Harrison (1994), Evolution 48(2): 408-422.

=    reginae Retzius, 1783

Gen. Spec. Ins.: 30, no. 5; cited Geer (1771), Mém. Hist. Ins. 2: 185, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3, and Papilio machaon Linnaeus (1758), Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Reginae

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s), if they existed, are probably lost.

=    ‡umbellatarum Fabricius, 1938

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 46-47, no. 98; cited Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. A[chivus]. Umbellatarum

Proposed as a replacement name for machaon based upon a foodplant; a junior objective synonym of machaon.

a.   Papilio machaon aliaska Scudder, 1869

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 12: 407.

Original Combination: Papilio Aliaska

Type Locality: “most of them at Nulato...others...at a short distance below the Ramparts, and also just above them” “cañons, commencing two hundred miles below Fort Yukon” [Alaska]

Types: Syntype (#2144) in MCZC.

Eitschberger (1993), Atalanta (München) 24(1/2): 30, figs. 27, 34-38, 46, treated this as a species-level taxon, with hudsonianus and pikei as subspecies.

=    joannisi Verity, [1907]

Rhop. palae. (1): 12 [31 Dec 1908]; (7/8): pl. 10, fig. 16 ♂ D (not fig. 17) [28 Feb 1907]; (30-36): ind. syst.: xiv [31 Oct 1911]

Original Combination: P[apilio] machaon var. joannisi

Type Locality: “l’Alaska” implied from the text, “Nulato, Alaska” from the legend to plate 10.

Types: Syntype in MZS.

Considered available from the date and original combination on the legend to plate 10.

=    petersii A. Clark, 1932

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 81(2934): 8-9, pl. 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), pl. 5, fig. 3 ♂ D, pl. 6, fig. 3 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Papilio machaon petersii

Type Locality: “Koyukuk River, central Alaska (lat. 67^o-69^o N., long. 151^o W)”

Types: Holotype (#34479) in USNM.

b.   Papilio machaon hudsonianus A. Clark, 1932

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 81(2934): 6-8, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Papilio machaon hudsonianus

Type Locality: “Kettle Rapids, Nelson River, Manitoba, on the Hudson Bay Railway”

Types: Holotype (#34478) in USNM.

=    avinoffi F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1937

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 36(1): 11-12.

Original Combination: Papilio machaon race Avinoffi

Type Locality: “Whirlpool River, Riding Mts., Manitoba”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

=    kahli F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1937

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 36(1): 12-13.

Original Combination: Papilio nitra form Kahli

Type Locality: “Riding Mts., Manitoba”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

The taxa avinoffi and kahli apparently derived from hybridization and long term introgression between P. polyxenes asterius and P. machaon hudsonianus. They are placed under the senior name in this synonymy. For discussion and explanation of the complex relationships between members of the Papilio machaon complex, see Sperling (1987), Quaest. Entomol. 23(2): 198-315, (1993), Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 165: 233-242, and Sperling and Harrison (1994), Evolution 48(2): 408-422.

‡”kwakwapooshesi” Seyer, 1977

Mitt. Entomol. Ges. Basel (nf)27(4): 113.

Original Combination: Papilio machaon kwakwapooshesi (Chermock in litt.)

This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

‡”prestoni” Seyer, 1977

Mitt. Entomol. Ges. Basel (nf)27(4): 113.

Original Combination: Papilio machaon prestoni (Chermock in litt.)

This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

‡”frechini” Seyer, 1977

Mitt. Entomol. Ges. Basel (nf)27(4): 113.

Original Combination: Papilio machaon frechini (Chermock in litt.)

This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

‡”comstocki” J. Scott & Troubridge, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 1.

Original Combination: Papilio polyxenes kahli form comstocki

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”comstocki” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 167, no. 5.

Original Combination: [Papilio machaon] hudsonianus form comstocki

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

c.   Papilio machaon pikei Sperling, 1987

Quaest. Entomol. 23(2): 219-221, pl. 1, figs. e ♂ D&V, f ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Papilio machaon pikei

Type Locality: “Canada, Alberta, Dunvegan (s. Fairview)”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

d.   Papilio machaon oregonia W. H. Edwards, 1876

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 208; figured by W. H. Edwards (1880), Butterflies N. Am. 2(9): pl. Papilio 7, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio Hippocrates Var. Oregonia

Type Locality: “Columbia River”; defined as “the Dalles, Columbia River” by W. H. Edwards (1880), Butterflies N. Am. 2(9): [29-31]; neotype from “Hepner [sic], Oregon, some miles upstream.” [Heppner, Morrow County]

Types: Neotype (#36915) in AMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 24, fig. ♀ D&V.

e.   Papilio machaon dodi McDunnough, 1939

Can. Entomol. 71(10): 216-217, fig. ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Papilio machaon var. dodi

Type Locality: “Red Deer River, Alta. (50 miles N. E. of Gleichen)”; defined as “Dorothy, Alberta” by Kondla (1981), Blue Jay 39(3): 144.

Types: Holotype (#4913) in CNC.

f.    Papilio machaon bairdii W. H. Edwards, 1866

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1880), Butterflies N. Am. 2(9): pl. Papilio 10, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio Bairdii

Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Fort Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 14. [Yavapai County]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 15, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

=    utahensis Strecker, [1878]

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 128.

Original Combination: Papilio (Asterius) var. Utahensis

Type Locality: “Utah”

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

=    hollandii W. H. Edwards, 1892

Can. Entomol. 24(3): 50, no. 4.

Original Combination: Papilio Hollandii

Type Locality: “West Colorado”; defined as “Glenwood Springs, Garfield County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 17; lectotype from “Roaring Forks, Colo.”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 18, fig. 5 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 40, fig. 3 ♂ D.

=    brucei W. H. Edwards, 1895

Can. Entomol. 27(9): 239.

Original Combination: Papilio Brucei

Type Locality: “Glenwood Springs, Colorado” [Garfield County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. M. Brown, 1975, Trans. amer ent. Soc. 101(1): 21, fig. 6 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 40, fig. 4 ♀ [not ♂] D.

This name was mentioned without a description or indication by W. H. Edwards (1893), Can. Entomol. 25(10): 253; a nomen nudum.

‡”ampliata” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 2.

Original Combination: Papilio bairdii form ampliata

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”comstocki” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 2.

Original Combination: Papilio bairdii form comstocki

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

330.      Papilio brevicauda Saunders, 1868

a.   Papilio brevicauda brevicauda Saunders, 1868

In: Packard, Guide Study Ins.: 245-246 (nota).

Original Combination: Papilio Brevicauda

Type Locality: “St. John’s, Newfoundland” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

=    anticostiensis Strecker, 1873

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (2): 10-11, pl. 2, fig. 2 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Papilio Anticostiensis

Type Locality: “Fox Bay, Anticosti Island; Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

b.   Papilio brevicauda gaspeensis McDunnough, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(4): 84.

Original Combination: [Papilio brevicauda] gaspeensis

Type Locality: “Mt. Lyall, Gaspe Co., Que.” [Quebec]

Types: Holotype (#3735) in CNC.

c.   Papilio brevicauda bretonensis McDunnough, 1939

Can. Entomol. 71(7): 157, pl. 22 ♂ D (holotype), ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Papilio brevicauda] [race] bretonensis

Type Locality: “Baddeck, N. S.” [Nova Scotia]

Types: Holotype (#4549) in CNC.

331.      Papilio joanae J. Heitzman, 1973

J. Res. Lepid. 12(1): 3, 4, 7, figs. 1(A) ♂ D, (B) ♂ V (holotype); (C) ♀ D, (D) ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio joanae

Type Locality: “Warsaw, Benton County, Missouri, elevation 800-880 feet, in forest area”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

As noted by Sperling and Harrison (1994), Evolution 48(2): 408-422, this taxon is closely related to Papilio machaon.

*332.    Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, 1775

Syst. Entomol.: 444-445, no. 10.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques]. T[rojanus]. Polyxenes

Type Locality: “America”; further defined as “Americae meridionali insulis” by Fabricius (1781), Spec. Ins. 2: 4, no. 13; defined as “Cuba” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 547.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

a.   Papilio polyxenes asterius Stoll, 1782

Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 194-196, pl. 385, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; 4(34): 248 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Achiv[us]. Asterius

Type Locality: “Noord-Amerika en wordt in Niewjork, Virginien en Carolina” “l’Amerique Septentrionale, dans la Nouvelle York, en Virginie & dans la Caroline”

Types: Possible syntype in RMNH.

This is one of the species implied in Linnaeus' original description of Papilio ajax (see Eurytides marcellus), based on Petiver (1709), Gazophylacium: pl. 6, fig. 12.

=    ampliata Ménétriés, 1857

Enum. corp. anim. (2): 99-100, under no. 60.

Original Combination: [Papilio Asterias] var. Ampliata

Type Locality: “l’Amerique septentrionale”; suggested to be “Mexico” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 545.

Types: Type(s) probably in ZIN.

=    calverleyi Grote, 1864

Proc. Ent. Soc . Philad. 2(4): 441-442, pl. 10.

Original Combination: Papilio Calverleyi

Type Locality: “New York State...immediate neighborhood of the village of New Lots, Queen's County, Long Island”

Types: Holotype probably in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 41, fig. 6 ♀ D.

=    asterioides Reakirt, [1867]

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 331-332, no. 27.

Original Combination: Papilio asterioides

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Holotype (#7011) in ANSP.

=    curvifascia Skinner, 1902

Entomol. News 13(6): 183.

Original Combination: Papilio polyxenes var. curvifascia

Type Locality: “Rincon, New Mexico” [Dona Ana County]

Types: Syntype (#7026) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 70, fig. 12 ♂ D.

=    gracehus Fabricius, 1938

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 23, no. 18.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Gracehus

Type Locality: “Philadelphia” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]

Types: Location of type not known.

This name is probably a printer’s error for gracchus.

=    ‡”viridis” Cockerell, 1889

Entomol. 22(314): 199.

Original Combination: Papilio asterias var. pupae viridis

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: No “type” designated (a variety of the pupa).

=    ‡”alunata” Skinner & E. Aaron, 1889

Can. Entomol. 21(7): 127-128.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. asterias [sic!], var. ♀ alunata

Type Locality: “Philadelphia, Pa.” implied from the title of the paper; “syntype” labeled from “Fairmont Park, Phila.” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Syntype” (#7012) in ANSP.

=    ‡”mediocauda” Eimer, 1895

Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 2: 118, 138.

Original Combination: Papilio mediocauda ♂

Type Locality: “Canada”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

This taxon was given a binomial combination, but the appended “♂” indicates an infrasubspecific name. It was listed as Papilio Asterias (P[apilio]. mediocanda) on page 118; an incorrect original spelling. This misspelling occurred in the list of figures given on the plates, and is a printers error judging from the derivation of the name. This taxon might represent P. brevicauda or P. polyxenes asterius.

=    ‡”semialba” Ehrmann, 1900

Can. Entomol. 32(11): 348.

Original Combination: Papilio asterias, Var. semi-alba ♂, nov. var.

Type Locality: “S. W. Penn’a.” [Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 1 ♂ D.

=    ‡”masculina” Reiff, 1911

Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 7(7/8): 235.

Original Combination: [Papilio polyxenes] ab. masculina

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Holotype” in MCZC (ex Bussey Institute).

=    ‡”ehrmanni” Ehrmann, 1925

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(2): 84.

Original Combination: Papilio ehrmanni n. ab. (of asterius)

Type Locality: “Hammet Place, Allegheny Co., Pa.” [Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 2 ♂ D.

I treat this name as if proposed in the form “Papilio asterius ab. ehrmanni.”

=    ‡”gertrudis” Kruck, 1931

Entomol. Rdsch. 48(22): 236, fig. 2 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. asterius ab. gertrudis ab. nov.

Type Locality: “Mexiko-Süd, Dep. Oaxaca”

Types: “Holotype” in Kruck collection.

=    ‡”forsythae” Wood, 1937

Entomol. News 48(10): 273, pl. 4, ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio ajax forsythae new aberration

Type Locality: “Florida City, Florida” [Miami-Dade County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”pseudoamericus” F. Brown, [1943]

Entomol. News 53(10): 291.

Original Combination: [Papilio ajax race] pseudoamericus

Type Locality: “Troy, Illinois” [Madison County]

Types: “Holotype” in Meiners collection, St. Louis, Missouri.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”subamplicata” Dufrane, 1946

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 106.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. polyxenes asterius f. subamplicata

Type Locality: “Temple, Pa. (E. U. A.)” [Berks County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” probably in RBINS.

b.   Papilio polyxenes rudkini J. A. Comstock, 1935

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 34(2): 143-144.

Original Combination: Papilio bairdii form rudkini

Type Locality: “Ibanpah [sic] Mts., Calif.” [Ivanpah Mountains, San Bernardino County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

Shiraiwa & Grishin (2020), Zootaxa 4877(3): 422-428, demonstrate that the holotype of Papilio coloro Wright, 1905, belongs to Papilio zelicaon requiring this taxonomic shift.

=    ‡”clarki” F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1937

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 36(1): 8-9.

Original Combination: Papilio rudkini form Clarki

Type Locality: “Ibanpah [sic] Mts., Calif.” [Ivanpah Mountains, San Bernardino County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”comstocki” F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1937

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 36(1): 10.

Original Combination: Papilio rudkini comstocki

Type Locality: “Clark Mt., Mojave Desert, Calif.” [San Bernardino County]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

333.      Papilio zelicaon Lucas, 1852

Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 136-138.

Original Combination: Papilio Zelicaon

Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “San Francisco, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78. [San Francisco County]

Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

=    zolicaon Boisduval, 1852

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 281-2, no. 3.

Original Combination: Papilio zolicaon

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of paper.

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

=    californica Ménétriés, 1855

Enum. corp. anim. (1): 69-70, under no. 58; cited Papilio zolicaon Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 281-2, no. 3.

Original Combination: P[apilio] Machaon var. Californica

Type Locality: “Californie”

Types: Type(s) probably in ZIN.

=    nitra W. H. Edwards, [1884]

Papilio 3(7-10): 158, 162, no. 3; figured by W. H. Edwards (1888), Butterflies N. Am. 3(6): pl. Papilio 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio Nitra

Type Locality: “some parts of Montana, and probably in Brit. Am.”; “Judith Mtns., Montana” implied from the title of the paper. The lectotype is from “Mt. Judith, Montana.” [Fergus County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 26, fig. 8 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 41, fig. 2 ♂ D.

=    coloro W. G. Wright, 1905

Butterflies W. Coast: 86, no. 25, pl. 3, fig. 25 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: [Papilio Zolicaon var.] Coloro; Papilio Coloro n. v.

Type Locality: “Colorado Desert of California” “Colorado Desert of southeastern California”; defined as “Whitewater Hill, Coachella Valley, Colorado Desert, Riverside Co.” by Ferris and J. Emmel (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (76): 2.

Types: Holotype (#4281) in CAS; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 92, fig. W ♂ D&V.

=    gothica C. Remington, 1968

Postilla 119: 2-6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 6 ♂ D, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ V, 16 ♂ V, 17 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio gothica

Type Locality: “Gothic, 9500', Gunnison Co., Colorado”

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

=    ‡”impunctata” Fischer, 1908

Soc. Entomol. 23(17): 129.

Original Combination: Papilio zolicaon ab. impunctata

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of “type” not known.

=    ‡”melanotaenia” Fischer, 1908

Soc. Entomol. 23(17): 129.

Original Combination: Papilio zolicaon ab. melanotaenia

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of “type” not known.

=    ‡”formosa” Fischer, 1908

Soc. Entomol. 23(17): 129-130.

Original Combination: Papilio zolicaon ab. formosa

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of “type” not known.

=    ‡”mcdunnoughi” Gunder, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 162, pl. A, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio zelicaon tr. f. mcdunnoughi

Type Locality: “Waterton lakes, Alta., Can.” [Alberta]

Types: “Holotype” in CNC.

This was spelled “macdunnoughi” by dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 1: 35, representing an unjustified emendation.

‡”comstocki” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 1-2.

Original Combination: Papilio zelicaon form comstocki

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”ampliatanitra” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 1-2.

Original Combination: Papilio zelicaon form ampliatanitra

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

Subgenus Princeps Hübner, [1807]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [116]. Type-species: Papilio demodocus Esper, [1798], Ausl. Schmett. (14) : 205, pl. 51, fig. 1, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 179

      =    ‡Orpheides Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 86. Type species: Papilio demodocus Esper, [1798], Ausl. Schmett. (14) : 205, pl. 51, fig. 1, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 179. A junior objective synonym of Princeps Hübner, [1807].

=    Araminta Moore, 1886

J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 21(126): 50. Type-species: Papilio demolion Cramer, 1776, Uitl. Kapellen 1(8) : 140, pl. 89, figs A, B, by monotypy.

*334.    Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 464, no. 35.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Achivus] Demoleus

Type Locality: “in Asia”; lectotype from “China, Canton.”

Types: Lectotype in UUZM, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 318, figured by C. Smith and R. Vane-Wright, (2008), Syst. & Biodivers. 6(2): fig. 63.

=    epius Fabricius, 1793

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 35, no. 102; cited Jones’ Icones 1: pl. 61.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus] Epius

Type Locality: “China”

Types: Type(s) probably lost; possibly in OUMNH.

=    erithonius Cramer, 1779

Uitl. Kapellen 3(20): 67, pl. 232, figs A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (24): 174 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]

Type Locality: “China, op Java en op de Kust van Coromandel” “Chine, à Java & fur la Côte de Coromandel”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    demoleinus Oberthür, 1879

Étud. Entomol. 4: 57-58, no. 129.

Original Combination: Papilio Erithonius Var. Demoleinus

Type Locality: “Chine”

Types: Syntypes (#220293–4) in NHMUK.

=    libanius Fruhstorfer, 1908

Entomol. Z. 22(35):141.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. demoleus libanius

Type Locality: “Nord -und Sud- Formosa, haufig auf der ganzen Insel. Type von Takau” [Kaohsiung, Taiwan]

Types: Holotype (#220268) in NHMUK, figured by C. Smith and R. Vane-Wright, (2008), Syst. & Biodivers. 6(2): fig. 67.

=    flavosignatus Heidemann, 1954

Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 39[65](11): 388.

Original Combination: Papilio demoleus flavosignatus var. nov.

Type Locality: “Dschellalabad” [Jalalabad Afghanistan]

Types: Location of types unknown, possibly Kiel University.

a.   Papilio demoleus malayanus Wallace, 1865

Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 25(1): 59.

Original Combination: Papilio Erithonius local form Malayanus

Type Locality: “Singapore, Flores...Manilla”; lectotype from “Singapore.”

Types: Lectotype (149311) in NHMUK, designated by C. Smith and R. Vane-Wright, (2008), Syst. & Biodivers. 6(2): app., fig. 68.

A specimen of this South Asian species reported by Tilden (1968), J. Lepid. Soc. 22(3): 187, from Palo Alto, CA, was considered an unestablished accidental, but recently several records have been posted to iNaturalist and immature stages have been collected on Key West, Florida. It is hereby recognized as an established introduced species.

b.   Papilio demoleus annamiticus Fruhstorfer, 1902

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 14(2): 271.

Original Combination: Papilio demoleus annamiticus

Type Locality: “Xom-Gom, Süd-Annam...Insula Bai-Miu, nahe Nha-Trang. Süd-Annam” [Vietnam]

Types: Syntypes (149312, 220297, 220298) in NHMUK.

Genus Heraclides Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 83-84. Type-species: Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 187, no. 517. Zakharov et al. (2004), Syst. Biol. 53(2): 193-215, suggested that this subgenus (with the present synonymy) might be considered a genus-level taxon. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 6, fig. 4, confirmed this and elevated several previous synonyms to subgenera. That treatment is accepted herein.

Subgenus Priamides Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 87. Type-species: Priamides hipponous Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 87, no. 896 (= Papilio anchisiades Esper, 1788, Ausl. Schmett. (4): 53, no. 22, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2; junior objective synonym), by designation of Hemming (1935), Entomol. 68(861): 39.

=    Troilides Hübner, [1825]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [111]. Type-species: Troilides tros Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [111], figs. 1, 2 (= Papilio polybius Swainson, 1823, Zool. Illustr. [1]3(28): pl. 137, unnumbered text; synonym: a subspecies of Papilio torquatus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): pl. 177, figs. A, B; (16) 151 (index)), by monotypy.

*335.    Heraclides anchisiades (Esper, 1788)

Ausl. Schmett. (4): 53-55, pl. 13, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D&V; cited Papilio anchises (sensu Cramer, 1782, Uitl. Kapellen 4(27): pl. 318, figs. A , B), and Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 17.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Equ[es]. Troj[anus]. Anchisiades

Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the citations.

Types: Location of type(s) not known. Esper might have based his description on Cramer’s illustration of anchises.

Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (3): 106, discussed the name Papilio anchises Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 10 (a taxon currently in the genus Parides), and designated Cramer’s fig. A as the lectotype of P. anchisiades.

=    ‡hipponous (Hübner, [1819])

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 87, no. 896; cited Papilio anchises Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(27): pl. 318, figs. A-D.

Original Combination: P[riamides]. Hipponous

Proposed to replace Papilio anchises (sensu Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(27): 58-59, pl. 318, fig. A; not anchises). The lectotype is Cramer’s figure, designated by Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (3): 107. A junior objective synonym of anchisiades.

=    archelaus (Godart, 1819)

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (14), 32, no. 19; cited Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 17, Papilio anchises Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 4(27): pl. 318, figs. A-D, Stoll [1787], Aanhangs. Werkes Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (1): pl. 1, fig. 2 larva, and Princeps anchises (sensu Hübner [1812], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [119]).

Original Combination: Papilio Archelaus

Type Locality: “Guyane au Brésil”

Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP.

=    theramenes (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861)

Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(3): 74, no. 9.

Original Combination: Papilio Theramenes

Type Locality: “Venezuela, in provincia Caracas”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 81, fig. C ♀ D.

=    matusiki K. Johnson & Rozycki, 1986

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 94(3): 388-389, figs. 1A ♂ D, 1B ♂ V (holotype), 3H ♂ genitalia, 5A ♂ valve.

Original Combination: Heraclides matusiki

Type Locality: “Venezuela, Caripito” [Monagas]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 81, figs. K ♂ V, 7 ♂ D.

a.   Heraclides anchisiades idaeus (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 16, no. 48; cited Jones’ Icones 1: pl. 25; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [19], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus] Idaeus

Type Locality: “Madras” in error. [India]

Types: Type(s) probably lost; based on specimens figured by Jones.

=    pandion (H. Bates, 1863)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863(2): 242, no. 5.

Original Combination: Papilio Anchisiades var. pandion

Type Locality: “Southern Mexico”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

This butterfly was listed without a description or indication by Bates (1861), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (2)5(8): 338; a nomen nudum.

=    ‡pandion (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

Reise Novara Zool. (1): 79-80, no. 61.

Original Combination: Papilio pandion

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

Preoccupied by Papilio anchisiades var. pandion H. Bates, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863(2): 242, no. 5.

=    pandonius (Staudinger, 1894)

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 7(1): 104 (nota).

Original Combination: [Papilio] Pandonius

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio pandion C. Felder & R. Felder, [1865].

*336.    Heraclides rogeri (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 278-279, no. 102.

Original Combination: Papilio Rogeri

Type Locality: “Yukatan” [Mexico]

Types: Holotype in MNHP.

a.   Heraclides rogeri pharnaces (E. Doubleday, 1846)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]18(121): 374-375; figured by G. Gray [1853], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 64, no. 282, pl. 5 fig. 1 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pharnaces

Type Locality: “America Merid.”; Godman & Salvin (1890), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 231-232, no. 64, noted that all specimens in the NHMUK were from “Oaxaca.” [Mexico]

Types: Syntype in the Loddiges collection, possibly in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon (1998), News Lepid. Soc. 40(2): 38.

=    phanostratus (Godman & Salvin, 1890)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 232, no. 65.

Original Combination: Papilio phanostratus

Type Locality: “Mexico, Jalapa” [Veracruz]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    polycharmus (Godman & Salvin, 1890)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 232, no. 66; 3(90): pl. 70, fig. 10 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Papilio polycharmus

Type Locality: “Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan” [Sinaloa]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”paucimaculata” (Vázquez, 1947)

An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 18(1): 249-252, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio pharnaces forma masculina paucimaculata

Type Locality: “Empalme Escobedo, Guanajuato” [Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

=    ‡”dissimilis” (Vázquez, 1957)

An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 27(2): 478, fig. 6 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio pharnaces f[orma]. dissimilis

Type Locality: “El Ocotal, Chis.” [Chiapas, Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

Subgenus Heraclides Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 83-84. Type-species: Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 187, no. 517. Zakharov et al. (2004), Syst. Biol. 53(2): 193-215, suggested that this subgenus (with the present synonymy) might be considered a genus-level taxon. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 6, fig. 4, confirmed this and elevated several previous synonyms to subgenera. That treatment is accepted herein.

      =    ‡Thoas Swainson, 1833

Zool. Illustr. (2)3(26): pl. 121, unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536, by tautonymy; a junior objective synonym of Heraclides Hübner, [1819].

337.      Heraclides andraemon Hübner, [1823]

a.   Heraclides andraemon andraemon Hübner, [1823]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pls. [98], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, [99], figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Heraclides Andraemon

Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Cuba” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 571.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Documented from Florida by Cannon (2006), Am. Butterflies 14(3/4): 4-15.

=    hernandezi (R. Torre, 1936)

Mems. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 10(5): 333-334, pl. 24, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Papilio (Heraclides) andraemon hernandezi

Type Locality: “Ampliación de Almendares, Marianao, Habana, Cuba”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in IZAC.

b.   Heraclides andraemon bonhotei (Sharpe, 1900)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1900(2): 201, no. 19, pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V, 1b ♀ D, 1c ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio bonhotei

Type Locality: “Nassau” [Bahamas]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

338.      Heraclides caiguanabus (Poey, 1852)

Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1(3): pl. 15, figs. 1 ♂ V, 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (Oct 1852); (5): 442, no. 11 (Jun 1854).

Original Combination: Papilio Caiguanabus

Type Locality: “Habana, principalmente al pié del Morro” [Havana, Cuba]

Types: Syntype in ANSP.

Recorded from Florida by Calhoun & Kolterman (2018), News Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 84-87.

=    numicus (Hopffer, 1856)

Neue Schmett. 2: [1]-2, no. 2, pl. 1, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Papilio Numicus

Type Locality: “Cuba”

Types: Holotype in ZMHB.

*339.    Heraclides thoas (Linnaeus, 1771)

Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536; cited Drury (1770), Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: pl. 22, figs. 1, 2, Daubenton [1765], Miscellanea: pl. 69, and Seba (1764), Locuplet. Rerum Nat. Thes. 4: pl. 38, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Papilio E[ques]. A[chivus]. Thoas

Type Locality: “Guadelupa, Surinamo”

Types: Lectotype is the specimen figured by Drury, apparently lost, designated by Shiraiwa & Grishin (2014), ZooKeys 468: 95.

=    archimedes (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 46, no. 97.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Archimedes

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Holotype in ‘Museum Gallicum.’

a.   Heraclides thoas autocles (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)

Novit. Zool. 13(3): 557-558, no. 66c; cited Papilio thoas (sensu Godman & Salvin (1890), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(89): pl. 69, fig. 4, and Maynard (1891), Man. N. Am. Butterflies: fig. 10b).

Original Combination: P[apilio]. thoas autocles

Type Locality: “Guerrero” [Mexico]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”nigrocaudata” (Vázquez, 1948)

An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 19(1): 234-235.

Original Combination: Papilio thoas autocles f[orma]. nigro-caudata

Type Locality: “Mapastepec, Chis...Tierra Blanca, Ver.” [Mexico]

Types: “Syntypes” in UNAM and MGCL.

=    ‡”ochracea” (Beutelspacher-Baigts, 1976)

Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 63.

Original Combination: Papilio thoas autocles forma ochracea

Type Locality: “Yaxchilan, Chis.” [Chiapas, Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in UNAM.

=    ‡”nigrimarginata” (Beutelspacher-Baigts, 1976)

Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 63.

Original Combination: Papilio thoas autocles ab. nigrimarginata

Type Locality: “Tajín, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in de la Maza collection.

340.      Heraclides cresphontes (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): 106-107, pl. 165, figs. A ♀ D&V, pl. 166, fig. B ♂ D; (16): 148 (index); cited Daubenton [1765], Miscellanea: pl. 69.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Achiv[us]. Cresphontes

Type Locality: “Noord-Amerika, te Nieuwjork en op het Eiland Jamaika...Zuid-Carolina” “l’Amerique Septentrionale, à la nouvelle-York & dans l’Isle de la Jamaïque...Caroline Méridionale”; neotype from “USA: New York, Brooklyn.” [Kings County]

Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by Shiraiwa & Grishin (2014), ZooKeys 468: 96, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V.

=    ‡oxilus (Hübner, [1819])

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 83, no. 850; cited Papilio cresphontes Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): pls. 166 A & 165 B: (16): 148 (index).

Original Combination: Heraclides Oxilus

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio cresphontes Cramer, 1777, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of cresphontes.

=    pennsylvanicus (F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1945)

Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci. 19: 38-39.

Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes pennsylvanicus

Type Locality: “State College, Pa.” [Centre County, Pennsylvania]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

=    ‡”lurida” (Schultz, 1908)

Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.

Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes ab. (nov.) lurida

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of “type” not known.

=    ‡”luxuriosa” (Reiff, 1911)

Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 7(5/6): 159.

Original Combination: [Papilio thoas cresphontes] ab. luxuriosa

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Holotype” in MCZC.

=    ‡”intacta” (Strand, 1918)

Soc. Entomol. 33(12): 47.

Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes ab. intacta

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of “type” not known, possibly in SDEI.

=    ‡”maxwelli” (Franck, 1919)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 14(1): 3, fig. 2 (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes var. maxwelli

Type Locality: Not originally stated; said to be “St. Petersburg, Fla.” by Franck (1919), Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 14(3): 101. [Pinellas County, Florida]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”forsythae” (Gunder, 1933)

Can. Entomol. 65(8): 171.

Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes tr. f. forsythae

Type Locality: “Florida City, Florida” [Miami-Dade County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

341.      Heraclides rumiko Shiraiwa & Grishin, 2014

ZooKeys 468: 98-103, figs 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype); 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V, 11a neck pattern, 11b-d ♂ genitalia, 12a-I ♀ genitalia, 18 map, 19a-x life history, 20a-r life history, 21a-n life history, 22a-j life history, 23a-l life history.

Original Combination: Heraclides rumiko

Type Locality: “USA: Texas: Duval Co., Benavides, CR306, 1.8 mi west of SH339, latitude 27̊ 36'27", longitude -98̊ 26'29.4", elevation 124 m”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

=    ‡”melanurus” (Hoffmann, 1940)

An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Méx. 11(2): 633-634.

Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes forma. melanurus

Type Locality: “Chilpancingo e Iguala” [Guerrero, Mexico]

Types: “Syntypes” in AMNH.

Subgenus Calaides Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 86. Type-species: Papilio androgeus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 24-25, pl. 16, figs. C, D; (8): 151 (index), by designation of Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 538.

*342.    Heraclides androgeus (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 24-25, pl. 16, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; (8): 151 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Trojan[us]. Androgeus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Surinam”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

=    orestes (Meerburgh, [1777])

Afbeeld. Gewass.: [15] D₂, [16] D₂ verso, pls. 26 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Papilio (Orestes)

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

=    polycaon (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 17-18, pl. 203, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V ; (24): 176 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Achiv[us]. Polycaon

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

=    piranthus (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 18-19, pl. 204, figs. A ♀ D, B ♀ V: (24): 176 (index); cited Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 31, Seba (1765), Locuplet. Rerum. Nat. Thes. 4: pl. 38, figs. 13, 14, and Kleemann (1765), Beytr. Nat. Ins. 1: pl. 8, figs. 1, 2.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Achiv[us]. Piranthus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

=    acanthus (Gmelin, [1790])

Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2231, no. 290B, under Papilio androgeus; cited Papilio piranthus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 18-19, pl. 204, figs. A, B; (24): 176 (index).

Original Combination: Papilio Acanthus

Type Locality: “Surinamo”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    bagous (Fruhstorfer, 1910)

In: Koch-Grünberg, Zwei Jahre Indianern 2: 357-358, no. 54.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Androgeus bagous

Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “oberen Rio Negro” implied from the introduction (pp. 350-351), “nordwest-Brasilien” from the title of the work.

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in ZMHB or NHMUK.

=    ‡”mira” (Fassl, 1922)

Entomol. Rdsch. 39(1): 1.

Original Combination: Papilio androgeus ♀ form. mira

Type Locality: “Manicoré” [Amazonas, Brazil]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMB.

=    ‡”feyeri” (Niepelt, 1924)

Int. Entomol. Z. 18(11): 49.

Original Combination: Papilio androgeos ♀ forma feyeri

Type Locality: “Ecuador”

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 87, fig. I ♀ D.

=    ‡”fassli” (Knop, 1925)

Entomol. Z. 39(11): 43.

Original Combination: Papilio Androgeus var. Fassli

Type Locality: “Manicoré Brasilien” [Amazonas, Brazil]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMB.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”decellei” (Krüger, 1934)

Entomol. Rdsch. 51(14): 151.

Original Combination: Papilio androgeus ♀ androgeus ab. Decellei

Type Locality: “São Paulo de Olivenca” [Amazonas, Brazil]

Types: “Holotype” possibly in ZMUH.

=    ‡hibisci (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 34, no. 57; cited Papilio androgeus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 24-25, pl. 16, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V’ (8): 151 (index).

Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Hibisci

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio androgeus, based on a supposed foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of androgeus.

=    ‡altheae (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 48, no. 107; cited Papilio polycaon Cramer (1779), Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 17-18, pl. 203, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (24): 176 (index).

Original Combination: P[apilio]. A[chivus]. Altheae

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio polycaon Cramer (1779), based on a supposed foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of polycaon.

a.   Heraclides androgeus epidaurus (Godman & Salvin, 1890)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 224-225, no. 55; 3(89): pl. 69, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V, 3 ♂ valve.

Original Combination: Papilio epidaurus

Type Locality: “Mexico, Ciudad, Ventanas in Durango...Cordova...San Lorenzo near Cordova...Atoyac...Guatemala, forests of Northern Vera Paz, Yzabal, Polochic valley...Panzos...Pacific coast...El Reposo...Nicaragua, Chontales...Costa Rica...Panama, Bugaba...Calobre...Veraguas...Lion Hill...San Domingo”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

This distinctive butterfly was first recorded from Florida by Patterson (1977), J. Lepid. Soc. 31(2): 143, and further documented by Leston & Waddill (1981), Florida Entomol. 63(4): 509. Records exist between 1976 and 1983 but has not been seen since and is presumed to be extirpated from the United States. It is maintained for the present.

=    ‡”ochracea” (Beutelspacher-Baigts, 1976)

Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65, fig. 4 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio androgeus epidaurus forma ochracea

Type Locality: “Yaxchilán, Chis.” [Chiapas, Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in UNAM.

343.      Heraclides ponceana Schaus, 1911

Entomol. News 22(10): 438-439.

Original Combination: Papilio ponceana

Type Locality: “Miami, Florida” [Miami-Dade County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 6, fig. 1, determined that ponceana is a species distinct from aristodemus Esper, 1794, Magaz. Neuest. Ausl. Ins. 1: 8, pl. papill. exot. 2, fig. 2 ♂ D&V. That taxon, with its synonyms cresphontinus Martyn, 1797, Psyche: 8, pl. 3, fig. 8; pl. 4, fig. 10 and ‡daphnis G. Gray, [1853] Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 39, no. 198, are removed from the catalogue.

=    driophilus (Clench, 1979)

J. Lepid. Soc. 32(4): 273-274.

Original Combination: Papilio aristodemus driophilus

Type Locality: “Cutlass Bay, near Dolphin Head, southern Cat Island, Bahamas”

Types: Holotype (#680) in CMNH.

Simon and L. Miller (1986), Bull. Allyn Mus. (105): 13, determined this synonymy.

344.      Heraclides pallas (G. Gray, [1853])

a.   Heraclides pallas pallas (G. Gray, [1853])

Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 39, no. 193, pl. 6, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; under Papilio oebalus.

Original Combination: Papilio Pallas

Type Locality: “Mexico”; stated to be “Oajaca” by E. Doubleday [1845], List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 17. [Oaxaca]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

This name was listed without a description or indication by E. Doubleday [1845], List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 17, and (1846), in: Gen. diurn. Lepid.1(2): 17, no. 168; both are nomina nuda.

=    hozaus (Ehrmann, 1921)

Lepidoptera 5(1): 3.

Original Combination: Papilio hozaus

Type Locality: “Costa Rica”

Types: Type(s) probably in CMNH.

b.   Heraclides pallas bajaensis (J. Brown & Faulkner, 1992)

Butterflies Baja Calif.: 54.

Original Combination: Papilio astyalus bajaensis

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio (Heraclides) astyalus occidentalis J. Brown and Faulkner, 1984, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡occidentalis (J. Brown & Faulkner, 1984)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (83): 5-6, figs. 3a ♂ D, 3b ♂ V, 3c ♀ D.

Original Combination: Papilio (Heraclides) astyalus occcidentalis

Type Locality: “San Antonio microwave tower, Baja California Sur, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in SDMC.

Preoccupied by Papilio blumei occidentalis Martin, 1915, Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 291): 75.

345.      Heraclides ornythion (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 354, no. 196.

Original Combination: Papilio Ornythion

Type Locality: “Yukatan” [Mexico]

Types: Holotype probably in NHMUK.

Genus Pterourus Scopoli, 1777

Intro. Hist. Nat.: 433, no. 173. Type-species: Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 459, no. 5, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 64. Zakharov et al. (2004), Syst. Biol. 53(2): 193-215, suggested that Pt3erourus could be considered a genus-level taxon. Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 5, fig. 3, elevate Jasoniades and Pyrrhosticta to subgenus level.

Subgenus Pterourus Scopoli, 1777

346.      Pterourus pilumnus (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 340-341, no. 181.

Original Combination: Papilio pilumnus

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Syntype in MNHP.

347.      Pterourus troilus (Linnaeus, 1758)

a.   Pterourus troilus troilus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 459, no. 5.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus]. Troilus

Type Locality: “in Indiis” in error; suggested to be “lower Delaware River” by F. Brown (1968), J. Lepid. Soc. 22(2): 81; neotype from “Charleston Co., SC, visc. [sic.] Middleton Place Plantation.” [South Carolina]

Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 388-389; neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(4):. 5, fig. 5 ♂ D.

=    ‡ilioneus (J. E. Smith, 1797)

In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 3-4, pl. 2, figs. ♂ D, ♂ V, ♀ D, larvae, pupa.

Original Combination: Papilio Ilioneus

Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the title of the work; neotype from “River Road, Burke County, GA.”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(4): 3-4, fig. 4 ♂ D.

Preoccupied by Papilio illioneus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(5): 81-82, pl. 52, fig. A; (8): 153 (index).

=    radiatus (Strecker, 1900)

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 17.

Original Combination: Papilio troilus var. radiatus

Type Locality: “Washington, D.C.; Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania”

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

=    ‡”texanus” (Ehrmann, 1900)

Can. Entomol. 32(11): 348.

Original Combination: Papilio troilus, Var. Texanus ♂, nov. var.

Type Locality: “Houston, Texas”; suggested to be “Florida” by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: 306, pl. 93 legend.

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡anethi (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 21, no. 11; cited Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 459, no. 5.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Anethi

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of Papilio troilus.

=    ‡”flava” (Dufrane, 1946)

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 115.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. t[roilus]. troilus ab. flava

Type Locality: “Pocono Monta, Pa., E. U. A.” [Pocono Mountains, NE Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” may be in RMCA.

=    ‡”addenda” (Dufrane, 1946)

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 115.

Original Combination: [Papilio troilus troilus] ab. addenda

Type Locality: “Pocono Monta, Pa., E. U. A.” [Pocono Mountains, NE Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” may be in RMCA.

=    ‡”obliterata” (Dufrane, 1946)

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 116.

Original Combination: [Papilio troilus troilus] ab. obliterata

Type Locality: “E. U. A., sans localité précise”

Types: “Holotype” may be in RMCA.

=    ‡”berioi” (Dufrane, 1946)

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 115.

Original Combination: [Papilio troilus troilus] ab. berioi

Type Locality: “Pocono Monta, Pa., E. U. A.” [Pocono Mountains, NE Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” may be in RMCA.

b.   Pterourus troilus fakahatcheensis Gatrelle, 2000

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(4): 10-11, figs. 8 ♂ D (holotype), 10 ♂ V, 11 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Pterourus troilus fakahatcheensis

Type Locality: “Florida: Collier County, visc. [sic] Copeland”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

348.      Pterourus palamedes (Drury, 1773)

a.   Pterourus palamedes palamedes (Drury, 1773)

Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 37-38, pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Ach[ivus]. Palamedes

Type Locality: “Carolina”

Types: Type(s) probably lost or unidentifiable.

=    chalcas (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 453, no. 44.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques]. A[chivus]. Chalcas

Type Locality: “America”

Types: Syntypes in HMUG.

Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 31, no. 90, implied this synonymy.

b.   Pterourus palamedes leontis (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)

Novit. Zool. 13(3): 599, no. 86b.

Original Combination: Papilio palamedes leontis

Type Locality: “Monterrey, Mexico” [Nuevo León]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Recorded from southern Texas by H. Freeman (1951) Field & Lab. 19(1): 32.

Subgenus Jasoniades Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 83. Type-species: Papilio turnus Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536 (= Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 199-200, no. 590. As first reviser, Hemming (1934), Gen. Names Holarct. Butterflies 1: 147, gave precedence to Jasoniades over Euphoeades.

=    Euphoeades Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 83. Type-species: Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 172, no. 431.

      =    ‡Caudati Koch, 1860

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 21(4-6): 230. Type-species: Papilio turnus Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.) 2: 536 (= Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9; synonym), by designation of Hemming (1935), Entomol. 68(861): 40. This name as proposed is not a noun in the nominative singular, and is thus invalid (Code Article 11.8).

349.      Pterourus multicaudata (W. F. Kirby, 1884)

a.   Pterourus multicaudata multicaudata (W. F. Kirby, 1884)

Papilio 4(5-6): 104.

Original Combination: Papilio Multicaudata

Proposed to replace Papilio daunus Boisduval, 1836, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡daunus (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 342, no. 182.

Original Combination: Papilio Daunus

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by Austin and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (53): 692-693.

Preoccupied by Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 44, pl. 126, fig. F; (16): 148 (index).

=    ‡”ragani” (W. Barnes, 1928)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 5(1): 5.

Original Combination: Papilio daunus ragani ab. nov.

Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona” [Pima County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

b.   Pterourus multicaudata pusillus (Austin & J. Emmel, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (54): 694-695, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio multicaudatus pusillus

Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; north end of Independence Mountains (Bull Run Mountains), Nevada State Route 11A, 6.7 road miles east (= northeast) of Nevada State Route 226, 1800-2000 m, T43N R52E S2, 3, 10, 15, 16, 21 and T44N R52E S35, 36 on USGS Bull Run, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

‡”minimulticaudatus” (Fisher & J. Scott, 2012)

In: Fisher, Butterflies Colo. 5: 148-149, ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Papilio multicaudata spring form minimulticaudata

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

350.      Pterourus rutulus (Lucas, 1852)

Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 138-140.

Original Combination: Papilio Rutulus

Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “vicinity of Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River, 2400', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998) Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78.

Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.

=    ‡rutulus (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 279-280, no. 1

Original Combination: Papilio rutulus

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

Preoccupied by Papilio rutulus Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 138-140.

=    arizonensis (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Papilio 3(1): 3-4; figured by W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(13): pl. Papilio 13, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Papilio] Rutulus var. Arizonensis

Type Locality: “Arizona and South Colorado”; stated to be “vicinity of Fort Grant, Cochise [sic] Co., and on Graham Mountain” in the introduction to the paper. [Graham County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 28, fig. 9 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book. (rev. ed.): pl. 70, fig. 2 ♂ D.

=    ammoni (Behrens, 1887)

Can. Entomol. 19(10): 199.

Original Combination: Papilio Rutulus, var. Ammoni

Type Locality: “Nevada”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in AMNH.

=    ‡”hospitonina” (Boullet & Le Cerf, 1912)

Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris Suppl. [1]18(2): 25.

Original Combination: [Papilio rutulus] ab. hospitonina

Type Locality: “États-Unis, île Vancouver” [British Columbia]

Types: “Holotype” in MNHP.

=    ‡”fannyae” (Gunder, 1927)

Entomol. News 38(9): 267, pl. 5, fig. C ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio rutulus tr. f. fannyae

Type Locality: “Yoncalla, Oregon” [Douglas County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”minirutulus” (Fisher, 2012)

Butterflies Colo. 5: 142-143, ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus rutulus] dwarf form minirutulus

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

351.      Pterourus eurymedon (Lucas, 1852) (1805)

Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 140-141.

Original Combination: Papilio Eurymedon

Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “vicinity of Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River, 2400', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78.

Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V.

Wakeham-Dawson (2003), Bull. Zool. Nomen. 60(4): 311-312, established Papilio eurymedon Lucas 1852, as a nomen protectum (Code Article 23.9.2).

=    ‡eurymedon (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 280-281, no. 2

Original Combination: Papilio eurymedon

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

Preoccupied by Papilio eurymedon Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 140-141.

=    albanus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

Reise Novara Zool. (1): 93-94, no. 71.

Original Combination: Papilio albanus

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “Queen Lily Campgrouned, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 2400' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 88.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 88, figs., 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

This taxon was listed without a description or indication by C. Felder and R. Felder (1864), Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 14: 314, no. 349; a nomen nudum.

=    ‡”subnigrata” (Schultz, 1908)

Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.

Original Combination: Papilio eurymedon ab. (nov.) subnigrata

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of “type” not known.

=    ‡”cocklei” (Gunder, 1925)

Entomol. News 36(7): 200, no. 12, pl. 5, fig. 12 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio eurymedon form albanus ab. ♂ cocklei

Type Locality: “Kaslo, British Columbia, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 1, fig. 1 ♂ D.

=    ‡”columbiana” (Gunder, 1927)

Entomol. News 38(9): 267-268, pl. 5, fig. D ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio eurymedon form albanus tr. f. columbiana

Type Locality: “Kaslo, British Columbia, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”lewisii” (W. F. Kirby, 1884)

Papilio 4(5-6): 104.

Original Combination: Papilio Lewisii (Peale manuscript)

This taxon is an unjustified replacement name.

352.      Pterourus glaucus (Linnaeus, 1758)

a.   Pterourus glaucus glaucus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9; Linnaeus (1764), Mus. Lud. Ulr. [1]: 190, no. 9, cited Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 24, fig. 1.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus]. Glaucus

Type Locality: “America”; neotype from “Sandbridge, Virginia Beach, Virginia.” [Virginia Beach City]

Types: Type(s) apparently lost. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 6, fig. 19 ♀ D.

This species formed part of the type series of Papilio ajax (see Eurytides marcellus), based on Ray (1710), Hist. Ins.: 111, no. 2.

=    antilochus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 463, no. 28; cited Petiver (1699), Mus. Petiver. Cent. Rar. Nat. Cont. (6/7): 50. no. 505, and Catesby (1743), Nat. Hist. Carolina 2: pl. 83.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Achivus] Antilochus

Type Locality: “America septentrionali”; neotype from “Corapeake, Gates Co., NC.” [North Carolina]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost or unrecognizable. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 6-7, fig. 17 ♂ D.

=    turnus (Linnaeus, 1771)

Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536.

Original Combination: Papilio E[quites]. A[chivus]. Turnus

Type Locality: “America”

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 389; the “neotype” in MGCL, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 7, fig. 20 ♀ D, is not valid (Code Article 75.3.4).

=    alcidamus (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 62, pl. 38, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (8): 151 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Achivus Alcidamus

Type Locality: “Jamaika...Nieuw-Jork en Carolina” “Jamaïque...Nouvelle York & dans la Caroline”; defined as “New York, Carolina” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 583; supposed neotype from “Sandbridge, Virginia Beach, VA.” [Southampton County]

Types: Probable syntype (#665024) in NHMUK; the “neotype” in MGCL, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 7, fig. 18 ♂ D, is not valid (Code Article 75.3.4).

=    ‡lauri (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 22, no. 13; cited Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Lauri

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of Papilio glaucus.

=    ‡”delunaris” (Schultz, 1908)

Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.

Original Combination: Papilio glaucus ab. (nov.) delunaris

Type Locality: “Seranton, N.-Amerika”; corrected to “Scranton” by Schultz (1908), Entomol. Z. 22(29): 119. [Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania]

Types: Location of “type” not known.

=    ‡”perfulva” (Schultz, 1908)

Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.

Original Combination: Papilio glaucus ab. (nov.) pervulva; an incorrect original spelling. Corrected to “perfulva” by Schultz (1908), Entomol. Z. 22(29): 119.

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of “type” not known.

=    ‡”imperfecta” (Reiff, 1911)

Z. wiss InsektBiol. 7(5/6): 157.

Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus turnus] ab. imperfecta

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Holotype” in MCZC.

=    ‡”wheeleri” (Reiff, 1911)

Z. wiss InsektBiol. 7(5/6): 158.

Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus turnus] ab. wheeleri

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Holotype” in MCZC.

=    ‡”paupercula” (Reiff, 1911)

Z. wiss InsektBiol. 7(5/6): 158.

Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus turnus] ab. paupercula

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Holotype” in MCZC.

=    ‡”niger” (Hering, 1912)

Z. wiss InsektBiol. 8(7/8): 234, fig. ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Papilio turnus] ab. niger

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

=    ‡”dietzi” (Gunder, 1927)

Entomol. News 38(9): 266, pl. 5, fig. A ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio glaucus form turnus tr. f. dietzi

Type Locality: “Van Courtland [sic] Park, New York” [Bronx County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”gerhardi” (Gunder, 1927)

Entomol. News 38(9): 266-267, pl. 5, fig. B ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio glaucus form turnus tr. f. gerhardi

Type Locality: “Evansville, Indiana” [Vanderburgh County]

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.

‡”ehrmanni” (McDunnough, 1938)

Mem. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 5.

Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus] ab. ehrmanni

This name was listed in the synonymy of Papilio glaucus without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

‡”nigra” (J. Scott, 1981)

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 1.

Original Combination: Papilio glaucus form nigra

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

b.   Pterourus glaucus maynardi (Gauthier, 1984)

Shilap Revta. Lepid. 12(3): 210.

Original Combination: Papilio glaucus maynardi

Proposed to replace Papilio turnus australis Maynard, 1891, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). This taxon may best be considered a “clinal phenotype,” as suggested by Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 44.

=    ‡australis (Maynard, 1891)

Manual N. Am. Butterflies: 12; appendix, 215, no. 15a.

Original Combination: Papilio turnus australis

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: Holotype in MCZC.

Preoccupied by Papilio rumina australis Esper, 1781, Schmett. 1(2)(4): 115, pl. 72, fig. 4.

*353.    Pterourus alexiares (Hopffer, 1866)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 27(1-3): 31, no. 12.

Original Combination: [Papilio] Alexiares

Type Locality: “Mexico”; Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 592, stated that “Vera Cruz: Cuesta de Misantla, Mexico” was the known range.

Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB.

a.   Pterourus alexiares garcia (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)

Novit. Zool. 13(3): 592, no. 83a.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. alexiares garcia

Type Locality: “Monterrey, San Luis Potosi” [Mexico]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Grishin and A. Warren (2004), News Lepid. Soc. 46(3): 75, 83, 15 figs. Various recent authors (e.g. Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: 33, Llorente-Bousquets et al. (1996), Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrop. Méx.: 545, (1997), Pap. Pier. Méx.: 8, 15, 51, 137, 162, 198, and Lamas (2004c), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 97) have considered alexiares and garcia to be subspecies of P. glaucus; however, relationships between these taxa require further elaboration.

354.      Pterourus canadensis (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)

Novit. Zool. 13(3): 586-587, no. 79; cited Papilio glaucus (sensu Gosse (1840), Can. Nat.: fig., Saunders (1874), Can. Entomol. 6: fig. 1, (1875), Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 1874, figs. 13, 14, (1881), Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 1880: figs. 40, 41, W. H. Edwards (1877), Butterflies N. Am. 2(6): pl. Papilio 5, fig. 1 ♂ D, and Maynard (1891), Manual N. Am. Butterflies: pl. 1, fig. 1).

Original Combination: Papilio glaucus canadensis

Type Locality: “Newfoundland”; holotype from “St. John’s.” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

R. Hagen et al. (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(4): 245-246, elevated this taxon to species-level.

=    arcticus (Skinner, 1906)

Entomol. News 17(10): 379.

Original Combination: Papilio rutulus arcticus

Type Locality: “Eagle City, Alaska...Athabaska River, Canada”

Types: Syntypes (#7027) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 6 ♂ V.

=    ‡”fletcheri” (Kemp, 1900)

Entomol. News 11(5): 482.

Original Combination: Papilio turnus ab. fletcheri

Type Locality: “Elizabeth, New Jersey” implied from the text. [Union County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”borealis” (Boullet & Le Cerf, 1912)

Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris Suppl. [1]18(2): 24.

Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus-canadensis] f[orm]. borealis?

Type Locality: “Terre-Neuve, Dear River” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: “Holotype” in MNHP.

=    ‡”deficiens” (Dufrane, 1946)

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 115.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. glaucus canadensis ab. deficiens

Type Locality: “Etats-Unis d’Amérique, sans localité précise”

Types: “Holotype” may be in ISRN.

355.      Pterourus appalachiensis Pavulaan & D. Wright, 2002

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 8, 11-13, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ D (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Pterourus appalachiensis

Type Locality: “Buck Creek Serpentine Barrens, 3200', Clay County, North Carolina”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Scriber and Ording (2005), Entomol. Exp. Appl. 115(1): 247-264, corroborated species-level status for this taxon.

Subgenus Pyrrhosticta Butler, 1872

Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 86. Type-species: Papilio laetitia Butler, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 84-85 (= Calaides menatius Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 86; subspecies), by monotypy.

=    Motasiona Niculescu, 1979

Revue roum. Biol. (Ser. Biol. Anim.) 24(1): 9-10. Type-species: Papilio zagreus E. Doubleday, 1847, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]19(125): 174-175, by original designation.

*356.    Pterourus garamas (Geyer, [1829])

In: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [20], 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphoeades Garamas

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    asclepius (Geyer, [1829])

In: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [22], 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Heraclides Asclepius

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

The relative precedence of garamas over asclepius follows Lamas (2004c), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 97.

=    cincinnatus (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 346, no. 186.

Original Combination: Papilio Cincinnatus

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Holotype may be in MNHP or NHMUK.

=    ‡”amisa” (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)

Novit. Zool. 13(3): 646, no. 117ba’.

Original Combination: [Papilio garamas garamas] ♀ f. amisa

Type Locality: “West Mexico: Guadalajara, Cuernavaca, Oaxaca”; lectotype from “Cuernavaca.” [Morelos]

Types: “Lectotype” in NHMUK, designated by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 95, fig. E ♀ D.

=    ‡”homeroides” (Draudt, 1931)

Entomol. Rdsch. 48(9): 103.

Original Combination: Papilio garamas ab. homeroides ♀ ab. nov

Type Locality: “Hauptstadt Mexiko” [D. F., Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” possibly in MTD (Draudt collection).

=    ‡”splendida” (Beutelspacher-Baigts, 1976)

Revta Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65, fig. 5 ♂ D, front cover ♂ D.

Original Combination: Papilio garamas forma splendida

Type Locality: “Atlixco, Pue....Izúcar de Matamoros, Pue.” [Puebla, Mexico]

Types: “Syntypes” in Velázquez and de la Maza collections.

=    ‡”ampliata” (Beutelspacher-Baigts, 1976)

Revta Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65, fig. 6 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio garamas forma ampliata

Type Locality: “Zimapán, Hgo.” [Hidalgo, Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in Velázquez collection.

=    ‡”diazi” (Beutelspacher-Baigts, 1976)

Revta Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65, fig. 7 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Papilio garamas ab. diazi

Type Locality: “Tepoztlán, Mor.” [Morelos, Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in Velázquez collection.

a.   Pterourus garamas abderus (Hopffer, 1856)

Neue Schmett. 2: [1], no. 1, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Papilio Abderus

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2000), News Lepid. Soc. 42(1): 7, pl. 1, fig. 1.

=    ‡”amerias” (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)

Novit. Zool. 13(3): 646, no. 117ab’.

Original Combination: [Papilio garamas abderus] ♀ f. amerias

Type Locality: “Eastern Mexico: Vera Cruz”; lectotype from “Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico.”

Types: “Lectotype” in NHMUK, designated by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 95, fig. I ♀ D.

357.      Pterourus victorinus (E. Doubleday, 1844)

a.   Pterourus victorinus victorinus (E. Doubleday, 1844)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1)14(93): 418; figured by G. Gray [1853], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 35, no. 69, pl. 6, fig. 3 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Victorinus

Type Locality: “west coast of America” in error.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Adams (1984), J. Lepid. Soc. 37(4): 318.

=    helleri (C. Felder & R. Felder, [1865])

Reise Novara Zool. (1): 91-92, no. 70, pl. 13, figs. c ♂ D, d ♂ V.

Original Combination: Papilio helleri

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 98, fig. F ♀ D.

This taxon was listed without a description or indication by C. Felder and R. Felder (1864), Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 14: 313, no. 336; a nomen nudum.

=    amphissus (Hopffer, 1866)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 27(1-3): 27-28, no. 8.

Original Combination: [Papilio] Amphissus

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB.

=    ‡”eritromaculata” (Beutelspacher-Baigts, 1976)

Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65.

Original Combination: Papilio victorinus form fem. eritromaculata

Type Locality: “Cerro El Vigía, Santiago Tuxtla, Ver....Chiltepec, Oax.” [Mexico]

Types: “Syntypes” in UNAM and de la Maza collection.

Family PIERIDAE Swainson, 1820

Zool. Illustr. [1]1(3): pl. 15, unnumbered text. Type-genus: Pieris Schrank 1801, Fauna boica 2(1): 152, no. 198. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Pieris on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 704. I.C.Z.N. Direction 112 gave Pieridae precedence over Coliadinae whenever their type genera are considered to be in the same family-group taxon. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 500 placed Pieridae on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 206, placed Pierides on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 238, placed Pieridina Herrich-Schäffer, 1853, Lep. exot. Spec. nov.: 54, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 239, and placed Pierididae Reuter, 1896, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 240. The “Official List” must be corrected as the authorship for Pieridae is listed as Duponchel, [1835], in: Godart, Hist. Nat. Lépid. Fr. Suppl. 1(22): 381. Swainson’s application of the name was much earlier. The higher-level arrangement of the family adopted largely follows Braby et al. (2006), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 147(2): 239–275.

Subfamily Dismorphiinae Schatz, 1886

In: Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 2(2): 56, 57 (as “Dismorphiden”). Type-genus: Dismorphia Hübner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 10.

Genus Enantia Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 96. Type-species: Papilio licinia Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(13): 90, pl. 153, figs. E, F; (16): 149 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 10(2): 162, no. 376. See Llorente-Bousquets (1984), Folia Entomol. Méx. 58: 3-206, for a revision of the genus.

=    Licinia Swainson, 1820

Zool. Illustr. [1]1(3): pl. 15, unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio melite Linnaeus, 1763, in: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 20, no. 56, by original designation.

358.      Enantia albania (H. Bates, 1864)

a.   Enantia albania albania (H. Bates, 1864)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(1): 6, no. 10.

Original Combination: Leptalis albania

Type Locality: “Guatemala. Motagua Valley”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    mita (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 340, no. 49.

Original Combination: Leptalis mita

Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Syntype in CMNH.

=    ‡”immaculata” (Hoffmann, 1940)

An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Méx. 11(1): 277, fig. 2 ♂ D, ♀ D.

Original Combination: Dismorphia (Enantia) amalia forma immaculata

Type Locality: “Córdoba, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

Subfamily Coliadinae Swainson, 1821

Zool. Illustr. [1]1(4): pl. 22, unnumbered text (as “Coliadae”). Type-genus: Colias [Fabricius], 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284, no. 24. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Coliadinae on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 227. The same Direction placed Coliana on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 265. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 146 placed Colias on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 572.

Genus Kricogonia Reakirt, [1864]

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 355. Type-species: Colias lyside Godart, 1819, in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 98, no. 30, by original designation.

359.      Kricogonia lyside (Godart, 1819)

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (87), 98, no. 30.

Original Combination: Colias Lyside

Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Haiti” by N. Riley (1975), Field Guide Butterflies W. Indies: 131.

Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 154, no. 125.

N. Riley (1972), J. Lepid. Soc. 26(4): 228, determined that the historical use of the name castalia for this species was based on misdeterminations. The original description of castalia referred to the figure of Glutophrissa drusilla in Jones’ Icones.”

=    terissa (Lucas, 1852)

Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(9): 429.

Original Combination: Rhodocera Terissa

Type Locality: “Saint-Domingue et la Jamaïque”

Types: Syntypes in MNHP.

=    ‡terissa (Boisduval, 1870)

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 10.

Original Combination: [Rhodocera Lyside] Terrissa

Type Locality: “Mexique...Guatemala”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Preoccupied by Rhodocera terissa Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(9): 429.

=    fantasia Butler, 1871

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1871(2): 170, pl. 7, fig. 6 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Kricogonia Fantasia

Type Locality: “Nicaragua”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    lanice Lintner, [1885]

Papilio 4(7/8): 138-130, no. 11.

Original Combination: Kricogonia Lanice

Type Locality: “Brownsville, Texas...Hidalgo...Lomita Ranch” implied from the introduction to the paper. [Cameron and Hidalgo counties]

Types: Syntypes in NYSM (#5861) and ANSP.

This name was listed without a description or indication by W. H. Edwards (1884),Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(3/4): 262, no. 60; a nomen nudum.

=    unicolor Godman & Salvin, 1889

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(79): 151, no. 2.

Original Combination: Kricogonia unicolor

Type Locality: “Guatemala, San Gerónimo...Haiti; Jamaica”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    xanthophila Röber, 1909

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 89; (41) pl. 26d, fig. [4] ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Kricogonia lyside] xanthophila form nov.

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Lectotype in MTD, designated by Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 23(91): 344.

=    occidentalis S. Torre, 1988

Revta. Biol. (La Habana) 2(2): 57.

Original Combination: Kricogonia lyside occidentalis

Type Locality: “Varadero y en otras regiones de la parte occidental de Cuba”

Types: Syntypes in IZAC, AMNH and ANSP.

‡”anorbus” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.

Original Combination: Kricogonia lyside female form anorbus

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

Genus Nathalis Boisduval, 1836

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 589. Type-species: Nathalis iole Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 589, no. 9, by monotypy.

360.      Nathalis iole Boisduval, 1836

a.   Nathalis iole iole Boisduval, 1836

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 589-590, no. 1.

Original Combination: Nathalis iole

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Syntypes in MNHP.

=    felicia Poey, 1852

Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: pl. 18, figs. 18 ♂ V, 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D, 21 ♀ V (Oct 1852); 443-444, no. 14 (Jun 1854).

Original Combination: Nathalis Felicia

Type Locality: “Habana...Cárdenas” [Cuba]

Types: Type(s) probably in MNHC; a possible syntype in ZMHB.

=    irene Fitch, 1857

Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. 16(1856): 485-486, no. 212.

Original Combination: Nathalis Irene

Type Locality: “valley of the Mississippi”; J. Barnes (1988), Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. (461): 112, no. 333, noted that Fitch’s original specimen was labeled “Tullehassie, AR. [sic]” [Tullahassee, Wagoner County, Oklahoma]

Types: Holotype (#2717) either lost or destroyed; J. Barnes (1988), ibid., determined that there are no extant specimens in the NYSM.

=    luteolus Reakirt, [1864]

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 350-351, no. 2.

Original Combination: N[athalis]. luteolus

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Syntype in FMNH.

=    ‡”pallida” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.

Original Combination: Nathalis iole tr. f. pallida

Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”immaculata” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.

Original Combination: Nathalis iole form immaculata

Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”albida” Avinoff & Shoumatoff, 1941

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 28(15): 309-310, pl. 36, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Nathalis iole ab. albida

Type Locality: “an isolated elevation of over 3,000 feet called Low River, or All Sides, in Trelawny” [Jamaica]

Types: Types in CMNH.

=    ‡”viridis” Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944

Entomol. News 55(4): 92.

Original Combination: Nathalis iole f. hiem. viridis

Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”alayoi” S. Torre, 1951

Mems. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 20(2): 89, pl. 44, fig. 2 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: [Nathalis iole] [form] alayoi

Type Locality: “500m del Castillo Peñas Altas, Playa de Bellamar, Matanzas” indicated in the legend to the plate. [Cuba]

Types: “Holotype” (#2767) in IZAC.

Genus Eurema Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 96. Type-species: Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 144, pl. 273, fig. A; 3(24): 174 (index) (= Pieris daira Godart, 1819, in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (109), 137, no. 59; homonym), by designation of Butler (1870), Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 3, fig. 2, determined the synonymy in Eurema, Pyrisitia, and Abaeis.

      =    ‡Heurema Agassiz, 1846

Nomencl. zool. (4to ed.)(12)(index univ.): 181. An unjustified emendation of Eurema Hübner, [1819].

361.      Eurema daira (Godart, 1819)

a.   Eurema daira sidonia (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 465-466, no. 2.

Original Combination: Terias Sidonia

Type Locality: "Campeche" [Mexico]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK and NHMW.

=    cepio (Godman & Salvin, 1889)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(80): 169, no. 18; 3(80): pl. 64, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Terias cepio

Type Locality: "Mexico, Mazatlan...Presidio...Acapulco...Tepetlapa, Cuernavaca...Patzcuaro...Puebla, Orizaba...Cordova...Atoyac”; figured specimens from “Tepetlapa, in the State of Guerrero, at an altitude of 3000 feet.”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

b.   Eurema daira daira (Godart, 1819)

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (109), 137, no. 59; cited Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(24): pl. 273, fig. A, and Herbst (1792), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 5: pl. 117, fig. 7.

Original Combination: Pieris Daira

Proposed to replace Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). Klots (1929), Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9(3): 125, made a first reviser choice of daira over demoditas; Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 182, concurred.

=    ‡delia (Cramer, 1780)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 144, pl. 273, fig. A ♂ D; 3(24): 174 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Delia

Type Locality: “Virginiën” “Virginie”

Types: Syntype (#665101) in NHMUK; figured by Chainey (2005), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 145(3): fig. 29 ♂ D.

Preoccupied by Papilio delia [Denis & Schiffermüller], [1775], Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 179, no. 6.

=    ‡demoditas Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 96, no. 1016; cited Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(24): pl. 273, fig. A; (24): 176 (index).

Original Combination: Eurema Demoditas

Proposed to replace Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Pieris daira Godart, 1819, by first reviser choice.

=    jucunda (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (6): 52-53 [May 1830]; (7): pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D [Jun 1830].

Original Combination: X[anthidia].Jucunda

Type Locality: “dans l’Etat de New-York, dans Virginie, la Louisiane, etc.”; “Georgia” implied from John Abbot’s drawing.

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost.

=    lemnia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 205, no. 213.

Original Combination: Terias Lemnia

Type Locality: “Brasilia Meridional: Bahia” in error. [Brazil]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”fusca” L. Harris, 1931

Trans. Georgia Nat. Club 1(1): 11, no. 36, pl. (“holotype”); figured by L. Harris (1972), Butterflies Georgia: cpl. 3, fig. 5 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Eurema jucunda ab. fusca

Type Locality: “Atlanta” [Fulton County]

Types: “Holotype” in EUM.

=    ‡”delioides” Haskin, 1933

Entomol. News 44(5): 121.

Original Combination: Eurema demoditas, form delioides

Type Locality: “Auburndale, Florida” [Polk County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 207, no. 59.

Original Combination: [Eurema daira ♀] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”rosa” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 207, no. 59.

Original Combination: [Eurema daira] winter form rosa

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

c.   Eurema daira palmira (Poey, 1852)

Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 198, no. 14 (Oct 1852); pl. 24, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D (May 1853).

Original Combination: T[erias]. Palmira

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Syntype (#7801) in ANSP.

Smith et al. (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (70): 1-8, discussed the presence of this subspecies in Florida and concluded that all populations in Florida are best considered E. d. daira; see Calhoun and Anderson (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(1): 58, for notes on the occurrence of this taxon in southern Florida.

=    ebriola (Poey, 1853)

Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 250, no. 9, pl. 24, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ D, 11 ♀ V, 12 ♀ D, 13 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Terias Ebriola

Type Locality: “Cárdenas...Habana” [Cuba]

Types: Syntypes (#7769, 7802) in ANSP.

=    albina (Poey, 1853)

Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 251-252, no. 10, pl. 24, figs. 14 ♂ D, 15 ♂ V, 16 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Terias Albina

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Syntype (#7803) in ANSP.

=    ‡cubana Herrich-Schäffer, 1865

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensb. 18(11/12): 166, no. 6.

Original Combination: [Terias] cubana

Proposed as a replacement name for Terias albina Poey [1853], erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of albina.

d.   Eurema daira eugenia (Wallengren, 1860)

Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 4(2): 33-34, no. 2.

Original Combination: Terias eugenia

Type Locality: “Insula St. Joseph” [Isla San José, Archipiélago de las Perlas, Panama]

Types: Syntype in NHRS.

=    solana (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 240, no. 6.

Original Combination: Terias solana

Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]

Types: Syntype in FMNH.

=    persistens (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)

Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 110.

Original Combination: T[erias]. Persistens

Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    ‡”pallidula” Klots, 1929

Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9(3): 125, pl. 1, fig. 8 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Eurema jucunda] f. ♀ pallidula

Type Locality: “Barrios, Guatemala”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

Genus Pyrisitia Butler, 1870

Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35, no. 17; 44, no. 17. Type-species: Papilio proterpia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 478, no. 152, by original designation.

362.      Pyrisitia messalina (Fabricius, 1787)

Mantissa Ins. 2: 22, no. 236.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Messalina

Type Locality: “India”; defined as “Cuba” by Klots (1929), Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9(3): 131.

Types: Type(s) apparently lost.

Kimball (1965), Arthrop. Florida, vol. 1, Lepid. Florida: 35-36, and Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 44, noted that the occurrence of this species in Florida is questionable.

=    gnathene (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 680, no. 46.

Original Combination: Terias Gnathene

Type Locality: “Yucatan, Mexique” apparently in error.

Types: Syntype(s) in Roger collection, probably lost.

=    bulaea (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 680-681, no. 47.

Original Combination: Terias Bulaea

Type Locality: “Sénégal” in error; suggested to be “American” by Poey (1853), Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 153-154, and Klots (1929), Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9: 131, who placed this name in synonymy.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    iradia (Poey, 1852)

Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: pl. 18, figs. 14 ♂ V, 15 ♂ D, 16 ♀ D, 17 ♀ V (Oct 1852); 253 (May 1853).

Original Combination: Terias Iradia

Type Locality: “Cienfuegos...Zapata, y Sabana de Guamacaro” [Cuba]

Types: Syntype (#7766) in ANSP.

=    blakei (Maynard, 1891)

Man. N. Am. Butterflies: 216, appendix, no. 93*.

Original Combination: Terias Blakei

Type Locality: “on all of the Bahamas which I visited...Sandford, Florida” [Seminole County]

Types: Syntype (#16606) in MCZC.

363.      Pyrisitia lisa (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])

a.   Pyrisitia lisa lisa (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (6): 53-55 [May 1830]; (7): pl. 19, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 larva, 7 pupa [Jun 1830].

Original Combination: X[anthidia]. Lisa

Type Locality: “dans les différentes parties des États-Unis”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. A “type” is in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such “types” from the Boisduval collection.

=    clappii (Maynard, 1891)

Man. N. Am. Butterflies: 216, appendix, no. 90a.

Original Combination: Terias lisa clappii

Type Locality: “Enterprise, Florida” [Volusia County]

Types: Syntype (#16607) in MCZC.

=    ‡”alba” (Strecker, 1878)

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 85, no. 76a.

Original Combination: [Terias Lisa] ab. a. ♀ Alba

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Type(s)”, if they can be identified, may be in FMNH.

=    ‡”immaculata” (Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944)

Entomol. News 55(4): 88.

Original Combination: Eurema lisa f. aest. immaculata

Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

b.   Pyrisitia lisa centralis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 168, no. 12.

Original Combination: [Terias] centralis

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

364.      Pyrisitia nise (Cramer, 1775)

a.   Pyrisitia nise nise (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 31, pl. 20, figs. K ♀ D, L ♀ V; 1(8): 154 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. dan[aii]. Candidi Nise

Type Locality: “Jamaica” “Jamaïque”; “neotype” from “along the road near Millbank, Portland Parish, Jamaica, B. W. I.”

Types: Neotype in RMNH, designated by Klots and Heineman (1957), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)26(11/12): 212-213, pl. 1, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

d’Almeida (1945), Arq. Zool. São Paulo 4(3): 90, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 22 ♂ D&V, designated one of these, from “River Maroni, Guiana Francesca,” as the neotype (#1652) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3. The subspecific arrangement follows Smith et al. (1994), Butterflies W. Ind. & Fla.: 150.

=    ‡neda (Godart, 1819)

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (109), 135-136, no. 54; cited Papilio nise Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): pl. 20, figs. K, L; (8): 154 (index), and Herbst (1792), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins. 5: pl. 106, figs. 8, 9.

Original Combination: Pieris Neda

Proposed to replace Papilio nise Cramer, 1775, erroneously thought to be preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of nise.

=    larae (Herrich-Schäffer, 1862)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 16(6-8): 120.

Original Combination: Terias larae

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Syntype (#7304) in ANSP.

b.   Pyrisitia nise nelphe (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 466, no. 3.

Original Combination: Terias Nelphe

Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Syntypes in NHMW and NHMUK.

=    venustula (Staudinger, 1875)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25: 93, no. 3.

Original Combination: Terias (Terias) Venustula

Type Locality: “den unteren Regionen von Chiriqui” [Panama]

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.

=    linda (W. H. Edwards, 1884)

Papilio 4(3): 53.

Original Combination: Terias Linda

Type Locality: “Mexico, short distance from the boundary line of Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Nogales, Sonora” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 49. [Mexico]

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 50, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.

*365.    Pyrisitia dina (Poey, 1832)

Cent. Lépid. Cuba (2): [35-36], [no. 12], pl. [12], figs. [1] ♀ D, [2] ♀ V.

Original Combination: Terias Dina

Type Locality: “côte du Nord” [Cuba]

Types: Syntype (#7800) in ANSP.

Zhang et al. (2021) determined that dina and westwoodii are distinct species. The synonym calceolaria was not mentioned therein, but based on the type locality (Honduras), it is hereby transferred to synonymy with westwoodii.

=    citrina (Poey, 1852)

Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: pl. 18, figs. 4 ♂ V, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V (Oct 1852); 247-248, no. 6 (May 1853).

Original Combination: T[erias]. Citrina

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Type(s) may be lost.

a.   Pyrisitia dina helios (M. Bates, 1934)

Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 133-134.

Original Combination: Eurema dina helios

Type Locality: “New Providence (Nassau)” [Bahamas]

Types: Holotype (#19564) in MCZC.

366.      Pyrisitia westwoodii (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 666-667, no. 22.

Original Combination: Terias Westwoodii

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Syntypes in MNHP and NHMUK.

=    calceolaria (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)

Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 110.

Original Combination: T[erias]. Calceolaria

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

367.      Pyrisitia proterpia (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 478, no. 152.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Proterpia

Type Locality: “Iamaica”

Types: Syntypes in HMUG.

=    gundlachia (Poey, 1853)

Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 246, no. 4, pl. 24, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Terias Gundlachia

Type Locality: “isla de Cuba...Cárdenas”

Types: Syntype (#7770) in ANSP.

=    longicauda (H. Bates, 1864)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(2): 32, no. 13.

Original Combination: Terias Longicauda

Type Locality: “Guatemala, interior”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    watsonia (Klots, 1923)

Entomol. News 34(10): 301.

Original Combination: Eurema proterpia watsonia

Type Locality: “Rio Bamba, Ecuador, South America”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    morleyi (Coxey, 1932)

Entomol. News 43(2): 33.

Original Combination: Eurema gundlachia race morleyi

Type Locality: “Higra, 4000 feet elevation, Ecuador”

Types: Holotype (#7752) in CMNH.

=    ‡”imitatrix” (d'Almeida, 1932)

Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 37(3): 44.

Original Combination: Terias proterpia ab. ♀ imitatrix

Type Locality: “Guaiocoromo...Colombie”

Types: “Lectotype” in UFPC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 325, fig. 3 ♀ D&V.

‡”atzin” (Arias, 1968)

Exp. cient. españ. siglo XVIII, Exp. Bot. Nueva España: 394, pl. [105] figs. 3, 4.

Original Combination: Tlotzin Atzin

Types: Types probably never designated.

Genus Abaeis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 97. Type-species: Papilio nicippe Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 31, pl. 210, figs. C, D; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Butler (1870), Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35.

      =    ‡Xanthidia Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (5): 48. Type-species: Papilio nicippe Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 31, pl. 210, figs. C, D; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 288, no. 1081. A junior objective synonym of Abaeis Hübner, [1819].

=    Lucidia Lacordaire, 1833

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]2: 387. Type-species: Papilio albula Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 43, pl. 27, fig. E; (8): 151 (index), by monotypy.

=    Sphaenogona Butler, 1870

Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35, no. 15; 44, no. 15. Type-species: Terias bogotana C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(3): 84, no. 41 (= Terias mexicana Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 655, pl. 19 [=3C], fig. 1; subspecies), by designation of W. F. Kirby (1896), in: Allen, Nat. Libr. Lepid. 2: 230.

368.      Abaeis nicippe (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 31, pl. 210, figs. C, D; (24): 176 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Nicippe

Type Locality: “Virginiën” “Virginie”; “neotype” from “Arizona, EUA.”

Types: Syntypes (#665378, 665379, possibly 665080) in NHMUK. d’Almeida (1945), Arq. Zool. São Paulo 4(3): 90, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 11 ♂ D&V, designated one of these, from “River Maroni, Guiana Francesca,” as the neotype (#1652) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.

=    ‡”flava” (Strecker, 1878)

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat. Lepid: 85, no. 68a.

Original Combination: [Terias Nicippe] ab. a. ♂ ♀ Flava

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Syntypes” in FMNH.

=    ‡”dammersi” (Gunder, 1930)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 29(2): 52, no. 40, pl. 19 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Eurema nicippe tr. f. dammersi

Type Locality: “San Bernardino, California” [San Bernardino County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”callae” (W. D. Field, 1936)

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.

Original Combination: Eurema nicippe tr. f. callae

Type Locality: “Donna, Texas” [Hidalgo County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”pallens” (Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944)

Entomol. News 55(4): 88-89.

Original Combination: Eurema nicippe f. aest. pallens

Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

‡”rosa” (J. Scott, 1986)

Butterflies N. Am.: 206, no. 55.

Original Combination: [Eurema nicippe winter form] rosa

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

369.      Abaeis boisduvaliana (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 200, under no. 203.

Original Combination: T[erias]. Boisduvaliana

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Holotype should be in MNHP or NHMUK.

Proposed for the ♂ of Terias mexicana Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 655.
Lamas (2004), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 106, treated boisduvaliana as a subspecies of Eurema arbela Geyer, 1832, in: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl [111], figs. 615 ♀ D, 616 ♀ V [1826]; 14, no. 321 (1832, name given). This possibility remains to be thoroughly investigated.

=    ingrata (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 465-466, no. 1.

Original Combination: Terias ingrata

Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Syntypes in NHMW and NHMUK.

‡”rosa” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 207, no. 57.

Original Combination: [Eurema boisduvaliana] winter form rosa

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

370.      Abaeis mexicana (Boisduval, 1836)

a.   Abaeis mexicana mexicana (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 655, no. 3, pl. 19 [= 3C], fig. 1 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Terias Mexicana

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Syntype in MNHP.

Boisduval described mexicana from a mixed series; the name was restricted to Boisduval’s ♀ by C. Felder and R. Felder (1865), Reise Novara Zool. (2): 200.

=    damaris (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 198, no. 200.

Original Combination: Terias Damaris

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    depuiseti (Boisduval, 1870)

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 11-12.

Original Combination: Terias Depuiseti

Type Locality: “Honduras...Mexique”

Types: Syntype in USNM.

=    biedermanni (Ehrmann, 1925)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(2): 84.

Original Combination: Eurema biedermanni

Type Locality: “Palmerlee, Arizona” [Cochise County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 6 ♀ D.

=    ‡”recta” Klots, 1929

Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9(3): 135, pl. 3, fig. 61 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Eurema mexicana ab. recta

Type Locality: “Texas”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”rosa” Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944

Entomol. News 55(4): 87.

Original Combination: Eurema mexicana f. heim. rosa

Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

*371.    Abaeis salome (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861)

Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 5(3): 84, no. 42.

Original Combination: Terias Salome

Type Locality: “Ecuador”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”lurida” (d’Almeida, 1928)

Annls. Soc. ent. Fr. 97(3/4): 373-374.

Original Combination: Terias arbela aberr. arbela lurida

Type Locality: “Tojûju, Pérou” [Peru]

Types: Holotype in UFPC.

a.   Abaeis salome jamapa (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 239, no. 5.

Original Combination: Terias jamapa

Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]

Types: Type(s) might be in CMNH; noted not to be in FMNH by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 89.

*372.    Abaeis albula (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 43, pl. 27, fig. E ♀ D; (8): 151 (index).

Original Combination: [Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus] Cand[idus] Albula

Type Locality: “Surinamsch” “Suriname”; “neotype” from “Crique Spariwine, mount St. Hermínio, Guiana Francesca.” [French Guiana]

Types: Type(s) probably lost; d’Almeida (1945), Arq. Zool. São Paulo 4(3): 90, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 30 ♂ D&V, designated one of these as the neotype (#2020) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.

Recorded from Texas by Chuah and Cushing (1995), Tropical Lepid. 6(1): 43, figs. 1, 1a.

=    ‡cassiae (Sepp, [1843])

Surinaam. Vlinders 2(14): pl. 56.

Original Combination: Papilio Cassiae

Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the work.

Types: Type(s) are lost.

Preoccupied by Papilio cassiae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10): 471, no. 82.

=    clara (H. Bates, 1861)

J. Entomol. 1(4): 243, no. 12.

Original Combination: T[erias]. clara

Type Locality: “Amazon Valley” implied from the title of the paper. [Brazil]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    tapeina (H. Bates, 1861)

J. Entomol. 1(4): 244, no. 14.

Original Combination: T[erias]. Tapeina

Type Locality: “Pará” [Brazil]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    melacheila (Möschler, 1877)

Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 26: 297.

Original Combination: [Terias] Melacheila

Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Type(s) probably in ZMHB.

a.   Abaeis albula celata (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 466, no. 4.

Original Combination: Terias celata

Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Syntypes in NHMW.

=    leucilla (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 466, no. 5.

Original Combination: Terias Leucilla

Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Syntypes in NHMW.

Genus Colias [Fabricius], 1807

In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284, no. 24. Type-species: Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 71, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 146. A recent revision of this genus by Hammond & McCorkle, (2017), Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 265 pp. presents a major rearrangement of taxa and describes 30 subspecific taxa. The arrangement adopted herein incorporates few of these changes but is subject to review.

      =    ‡Eurymus Horsfield, [1829]

Descr. Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. E. India Co. (2): 129, 134. Type-species: Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 71, by original designation. Preoccupied by Eurymus Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 117, and a junior objective synonym of Colias.

=    Scalidoneura Butler, 1871

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871(1): 250-251. Type-species: Scalidoneura hermina Butler, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871(1): 251, pl. 19, fig. 5, by original designatio (= Colias euxanthe C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara Zool. (2): 196, no. 196; synonym).

=    Eriocolias J. Watson, 1895

Entomol. 28(385): 167. Type-species: Papilio edusa Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2: 23, no. 240, by original designation (= Papilio croceus Geoffroy 1785, in: Fourcroy, Entomol. Paris 2: 250, no. 48; synonym).

      =    ‡Coliastes Hemming, 1931

Entomol. 64(12)[823]: 273. Type-species: Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 71, by original designation; a junior objective synonym of Colias.

=    Mesocolias Petersen, 1963

J. Res. Lepid. 1(2): 144-145. Type-species: Colias vauthierii Guérin-Méneville, [1830], in: Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, 1(Zool.)Atlas(18): pl. Ins. 15, fig. 2, by original designation.

=    Protocolias Petersen, 1963

J. Res. Lepid. 1(2): 144-145. Type-species: Colias imperialis Butler, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871(1): 250, pl. 19, fig. 2, by original designation (= Colias ponteni Wallengren, 1860, Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 4(2): 33, no.1; synonym).

=    Palaeocolias Berger, 1986

Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 21-22, 32. Type-species: Colias ponteni Wallengren, 1860, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 4(2): 33, by original designation.

=    Neocolias Berger, 1986

Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 21, 32. Type-species: Papilio erate Esper, 1805, Die Schmett. 1(suppl.)(2)(11): 13-14, pl. 119 (Cont. 74), fig. 3, by original designation.

=    Eucolias Berger, 1986

Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 22, 33. Type-species: Papilio palaeno Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 272, no. 1041, by original designation.

=    Similicolias Berger, 1986

Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 23, 33. Type-species: Papilio lesbia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 477, no. 149, by original designation.

=    Paracolias Berger, 1986

Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 24, 34. Type-species: Colias dimera E. Doubleday, [1847], in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1: pl. 9, fig. 3; (7): 74, no. 15, by original designation.

=    Asiocolias Korb, 2005

Cat. Butterflies ex USSR: 20. Type-species: Colias christophi Grum-Grzhimailo, 1885, in: Romanov, Mém. Lépid. 2: 220, by original designation.

‡”Ganura” Zetterstedt, [1839]

Ins. Lappon. (5): col. 908. This name was published in synonymy and is unavailable (Code Article 11.6); a nomen nudum.

373.      Colias boothii J. Curtis, 1835

Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 110, determined that the correct name for this species was Colias tyche (Böber, 1812) citing Mikkola, in Iitt. Hammond & McCorkle (2017), Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 49, determine that the application of the name tyche for any New World Colias is unjustified. This results in the arrangement given here.

a.   Colias boothii boothii J. Curtis, 1835

In: Ross, Voy. Search Northwest Pass., Appendix: lxv-lxvi, no. 10, pl. A, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D, 5 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Colias] Boothii

Type Locality: “Arctic Regions”; determined from itineraries in vol. 1 and a letter from John Ross in vol. 2, Addenda: 732-735, to be the area bounded by 69.30 ^o-70.9^o N lat. and 91.52^o-93.0^o W long., in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition; further defined as “Canada, Nunavut, Boothia Peninsula SE, environs of Thom Bay (70^o07'N, 92^o15'W), by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 63. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]

Types: Syntypes in USNM, ZMHB, NHMUK and possibly OUMNH; figured by Verity [1907], Rhop. palae. (11/12): pl. 43, fig. 37 ♂ D, pl. 44, fig. 4 ♂ V and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, fig. 30 ♂ D, and W. Holland and Avinoff (1935), Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(part 2, section 5): pl. 26, figs. 12, 12a ♂ D&V, 12, 13a ♀ D&V.

=    chione J. Curtis, 1835

In: Ross, Voy. Search Northwest Pass., Appendix: lxvi-lxvii, no. 11, pl. A, fig. 6 ♂ D.

Original Combination: [Colias] Chione

Type Locality: “Arctic Regions”; determined from itineraries in vol. 1 and a letter from John Ross in vol. 2, Addenda: 732-735, to be the area bounded by 69.30 ^o-70.9^o N lat. and 91.52^o-93.0^o W long., in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition; further defined as “Canada, Nunavut, Boothia Peninsula SE, environs of Thom Bay (70^o07'N, 92^o15'W), by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 68. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]

Types: Syntypes in OUMNH and USNM; figured by Verity [1907], Rhop. palae. (30-36): pl. 71, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ D, W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, fig. 33 ♂ D and W. Holland and Avinoff (1935), Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(2)(5): pl. 26, figs. 11, 11a ♂ D&V, and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 6, fig. ♂ D.

b.   Colias boothii canadensis Ferris, 1982

Bull. Allyn Mus. (71): 11-14, figs. 49 ♂ D, 50 ♂ V (holotype); 51 ♀ D, 52 ♀ D, 53 ♂ D, 54 ♂ V, 55 ♀ D, 56 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias hecla canadensis

Type Locality: “mile 209, Alaska Highway, British Columbia, Canada”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    lydia Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 49-50; pl. 1, figs. 1, 2 ♂ D&V (holotype), 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ D, 5 ♀ D (allotype), 6 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias boothii lydia

Type Locality: “Canada, British Columbia, Pink Mountain 4600-6000 ft. el.”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    kaija Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 52-53; pl. 1, figs. 11, 12 ♂ D&V (holotype), 13 ♂ D, 14 ♀ D (allotype).

Original Combination: Colias boothii kaija

Type Locality: “Canada, Yukon, mile 55 Dempster Highway, 3000 ft. el., Ogilvie Mountains”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    flavaurantia Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 96-97; pl. 5, figs. 13, 14 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra flavaurantia

Type Locality: “Yukon, Dempster Highway 55 miles north of North Fork Pass, Ogilvie Mountains”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

c.   Colias boothii thula Hovanitz, 1955

Wasmann J. Biol. 13(1): 2-4, fig. 1 ♂ D (holotype), ♀ D, fig. 2 ♂ V (holotype), ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias nastes thula

Type Locality: “near the Meade River, Alaska Territory, Alaska, N 70^o 45' x 156^o 30' W” [Meade River, S of Point Barrow, Alaska]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

d.   Colias boothii kolosovae Churkin, Grieshuber, Bogdanov & Zamolodchikov, 2001

Atalanta (München) 32(1/2):262.

Original Combination: Colias tyche kolosovae

Proposed as a replacement name for Colias tyche olga Churkin, Grieshuber, Bogdanov & Zamolodchikov, 2001, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡olga Churkin, Grieshuber, Bogdanov & Zamolodchikov, 2001

Helios 2: 109-110, pl. 9, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ D (holotype); 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ D, 5 ♀ D, 15 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Colias tyche olga

Type Locality: “Russia, East Chukotka, 20 km SE Ioni Lake, Gilmimlviem, [65^o 48' N, 173^o 22' W]” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Holotype in DSM; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 6, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀D..

Preoccupied by Colias olga Romanoff, 1882, Romanoff, 1882, Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 17(3/4): 127, pl. 4, figs. 1-3.

374.      Colias nastes Boisduval, 1832

a.   Colias nastes nastes Boisduval, 1832

Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(4): pl. 8, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V (1832); (24): 245-246 [1834].

Original Combination: Colias Nastes

Type Locality: “Cap-Nord et en Islande...Labrador”; determined as “Canada, Labrador, Nain (56^o38'N, 61^o51'W).” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 160.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by W. Holland and Avinoff (1935), Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(2)(5)(II): 11, pl. 26, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 12, figs. 1 ♂ D (lectotype)., 2 ♂ D (paralectotype).

Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 159-160, discussed the problems surrounding Boisduval’s original type localities and determined the derivation of the specimens upon which the name nastes was established. Several subspecies described recently by Jakubek & Kir'yanov (2021) Atalanta (München) 52(1/2): 138-157, are not consistent with the postglacial biogeographical history of the Arctic region, and are treated here as synonyms.

=    rossii Guenée, 1864

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (4)4(2): 199-200.

Original Combination: Colias Rossii

Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Canada, Nunavut, Boothia Peninsula SE, environs of Thom Bay (70^o07'N, 92^o15'W).” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 192 [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by W. Holland and Avinoff (1935), Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(2)(5): pl. 26, figs. 8, 8a ♂ D&V (lectotype), 10, 10a ♀ D&V (paralectotype); figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 49, figs. 27 ♂ D (lectotype), 28 ♀ D (paralectotype).

=    gueneei Avinoff, 1935

In: W. Holland and Avinoff, Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(2)(5): 13-14, no. 10, 32, pl. 27, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 11 ♀ D, 21-22 ♂ D, 25-27 ♀ D, 31-32 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Colias nastes gueneei

Type Locality: “Southhampton [sic] Island”; provisionally determined as “Canada, Nunavut, Southampton Island, the vicinity of Coral Harbour (64^o09'N, 83^o11'W).” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 110.

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

=    variabilis Verhulst, 2009

Lambillionea 109(4)(1): 422, pl. [3], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5-14 ♂ D, 19-20 ♂ V, 16-18 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias nastes variabilis

Type Locality: “Canada, Nunavut, Southampton Island, Coral Harbour, N 64° 09’9178’’, O 083° 09’9280’”

Types: Holotype in J. Verhulst coll.

=    ‡”standfussi” Röber, 1909

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 91.

Original Combination: [Colias pelidne] form standfussi

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntypes probably in ZMHB.

Described in the text as a possible hybrid or aberration, and treated as unavailable on that account (Code Article 1.3.3).

=    ‡”heclides” Verity, [1911]

Rhop. palae. (30-36): ind. syst.: xxxvii; cited 354, pl. 71, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Colias nastes werdandi werdandi] form heclides

Type Locality: “Labrador”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

b.   Colias nastes moina Strecker, 1880

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(5): 34.

Original Combination: Colias Moina

Type Locality: “a considerable distance above Fort Churchill on west coast of Hudson's Bay” implied from the description of Colias hela; suggested to be “the vicinity of Eskimo Point, Northwest Territories” by Ferris (1985), Bull. Allyn Mus. (96): 31-32. This is disputed by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias:: 153. [Arviat, Nunavut, Canada]

Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Ferris (1985), Bull. Allyn Mus. (96): 32, figs. 109 ♂ D, 110 ♂ V; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 5 fig. 12 ♂ D (lectotype), 16 ♀ D (paralectotype).

Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias:: 153, consider that what has been considered this taxon is currently without a name; the lectotype and paralectotypes represent a taxon that is probably a synonym of nastes.

=    ‡”harperi” (Gunder, 1932)

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 278.

Original Combination: Eurymus nastes moina tr. f. harperi

Type Locality: “Ft. Churchill, Manitoba, Can.”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Colias nastes aliaska O. Bang-Haas, 1927

Horae Macrolepid. 1(3): 41, pl. 5, figs. 24 ♂ D, 25 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias nastes aliaska

Type Locality: “Alaska: Ramport [sic]” [Rampart]

Types: Holotype in ZMHB; figured by Verhulst (2004), Lambillionea 104(1)(Tome 1): ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V (allotype), and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 12, figs 9 ♂ D (holotype), 19 ♀ D (allotype).

=    subarctica (McDunnough, 1928)

Can. Entomol. 60(11): 271.

Original Combination: [Eurymus nastes] subarctica

Type Locality: “Bernard Harbour, N. W. T.” [Nunavut]

Types: Holotype (#2863) in CNC; figured by Ferris (1985), Bull. Allyn Mus. (96): fig. 120 ♂ D, 121 ♂ V, and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 12, fig. 11 ♂ D.

=    ferrisi Verhulst, 2004

Lambillionea 104(1)(Tome 1): 129-130, pl. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V, 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V, 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias nastes ferrisi

Type Locality: “Canada, Yukon Terr. Dempster Hwy., Richardson Mts., 980 m, env. Glacier Creek”; corrected to “Canada, Yukon, Richardson Mountains, Dempster Higway near km 417, Glacier Creek, ca. 66^o39'55"N, 136^o19'15"W, 750-800m.” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 103.

Types: Holotype in RBINS.

Hammond & McCorkle (2017), Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 32, treated this is a distinct species.

=    ‡”cocandicides” Verity, [1911]

Rhop. palae. (30-36): 335 (as rossii), pl. 71, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♂ V (as rossi [sic]); ind. syst.: xxxvii (as cocandicides).

Original Combination: [Colias nastes rossii] cocandicides

Type Locality: “Territoire de Barren, 114^o30' long. O., 67^o40' lat. N., Am. boréale” implied from the legend to plate 71. [vic. Coppermine River, Nunavut]

Types: “Types” in NHMUK.

=    tagish Jakubek & Kir’yanov, 2021

Atalanta (München) 52(1/2): 140-141, figs. 4c ♂ D&V (holotype), 4d ♀ D&V (allotype), 6a 3♂ (paratypes), 6b 3♀ (paratypes), 6c ♂ genitalia, 6d ♀genitalia.

Original Combination: Colias nastes tagish

Type Locality: “Canada, SW Yukon Terr., Boundary Ranges, Montana Mountain Massif, 1.77air km SSE of Brute Mountain Peak-SSE slope alpine rocky SE saddle environs/2.75air km’s NW of Montana Mt. Peak, 6.4air mi S of Carcross Bridge, 1787-2000 m asl, 60°05’253’’N/134°43’707’’W”

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

=    kwanlindun Jakubek & Kir’yanov, 2021

Atalanta (München) 52(1/2): 141-142, figs. 4e ♂ D&V (holotype), 4f ♀ D&V (allotype), 7a 3♂ (paratypes), 7b 3♀ (paratypes), 7c ♂ genitalia, 7d ♀genitalia.

Original Combination: Colias nastes kwanlindun

Type Locality: “Canada, SW Yukon Terr., E Boundary Mountain Ranges, Kwanlin Dun First Nation, 12 miles E of Mt. Arkell, ridge 2 mi SW of Fish Lake’s North shore, 11mi SW of Whitehorse, 1507 m asl, 60°37’619’’N/135°16’6726’’W, date: 8.VII.2010, Leg. PJ; AT ‡ (fig. 4f): Canada, SW Yukon Terr., E Boundary Mountain Ranges, Kwanlin Dun First Nation, 12 miles E of Mt. Arkell, ridge 2 mi SW of Fish Lake’s North shore, 11 mi SW of Whitehorse, 1507 m asl, 60°37’619’’N/135°16’6726’’W”

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

=    ogilviensis Jakubek & Kir’yanov, 2021

Atalanta (München) 52(1/2): 143-144, figs. 4i ♂ D&V (holotype), 4k ♀ D&V (allotype), 9a 3♂ (paratypes), 9b 3♀ (paratypes), 9c ♂ genitalia, 9d ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Colias nastes ogilviensis

Type Locality: “Canada, N. Yukon Terr., Ogilvie Mts., Windy Pass env., 2.9-3.4 air mi S of Dempster Hwy. Km 151.2, Mt. Distincta Massif W/SW slope, 1355-1399 m asl, 65°00’838’’N/138°16’287’’W”

=    donjek Jakubek & Kir’yanov, 2021

Atalanta (München) 52(1/2): 144-145, figs. 4k ♂ D&V (holotype), 4l ♀ D&V (allotype), 9a 3♂ (paratypes), 10b 3♀ (paratypes), 10c ♂ genitalia, 10d ♀genitalia.

Original Combination: Colias nastes donjek

Type Locality: “Canada, W Yukon Terr., N St. Elias Mts., Kluane Ranges, Wolverine Plateau E of Donjek River, Arch Peak S slope, S/SW scree slopes N of Nickel Creek, 1892-1923 m asl, 61°28.652’N/139°33.221’W”

Types: Holotype currently preserved in [PJPRC and AKPRC] will be deposited at RBCM.

d.   Colias nastes dezhnevi Korshunov, 1995

In: Korshunov and Gorbunov, Butterflies Asiatic Russia: 67.

Original Combination: Colias nastes dezhnevi

Proposed to replace Colias nastes sibirica Kurentsov, 1970, with the same data. (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡sibirica Kurentsov, 1970

Butterflies Far East USSR: 35, fig. 29(3) ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: C[olias]. n[astes]. sibirica

Type Locality: [Chukotka peninsula west to the lower reaches of the Kolyma River]; lectotype from [Chap[linskie] kl[yuchi], gor[naya] t[undra]. [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Lectotype in IPBV, designated by Churkin et al. (2001), Helios 2: pl. 8 figs. 14 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V.

Preoccupied by Colias aurora sibirica Lederer, 1852, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 2: 18.

e.   Colias nastes streckeri Grum-Grzhimailo, 1895

Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 29(1/2): 290-291, no. 2.

Original Combination: Colias Nastes var. Streckeri

Type Locality: “provincia Alberta ad Laggan”; restricted to “vicinity of...Lake Louise, Banff National Park, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 40.

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK, ZIN and ZMKU; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 42, figs. 33, 35; [1911] (30-36): pl. 71, fig. 5, and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 12 figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♀ D. A “lectotype” in FMNH, designated by Ferris (1985), Bull. Allyn Mus. (96): 35, figs. 123 ♂ D, 124 ♂ V, is not a syntype and thus invalid.

Hammond & McCorkle (2017), Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 32, treated this is a distinct species.

=    dioni Verhulst, 1999

Lambillionea 99(4)(Tome 2): 624, no. 4, pl. 2, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D, 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias nastes dioni

Type Locality: “Canada, Alberta, Kananaskis Co., Plateau Mountain, 2650 m”; corrected to “Canada, Alberta, Kananskis Country, Ecological Reserve Plateau mountain, ca. 50^o12'26"N, 114^o31'14"W, ca. 2,280-2,530m” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 83.

Types: Holotype in RBINS.

=    nlakapamux Jakubek & Kir’yanov, 2021

Atalanta (München) 52(1/2): 139-140, figs. 4a ♂ D&V (holotype), 4b ♀ D&V (allotype), 5a 3♂ (paratypes), 5b 3♀ (paratypes), 5c ♂ genitalia, 5d ♀genitalia.

Original Combination: Colias nastes nlakapamux

Type Locality: “Canada, SW British Columbia, Coast Mts.-Stein Valley Nlaka’pamux Her. Park, Gott Ridge S/SE slope N of Blowdown Pass, 6.8air miles SSE of Duffey Lake, 2342-2442 m asl, 50°22’136’’N/ 122°08’889’’W”

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

=    muskwa Jakubek & Kir’yanov, 2021

Atalanta (München) 52(1/2): 142-143, figs. 4g ♂ D&V (holotype), 4h ♀ D&V (allotype), 8a 3♂ (paratypes), 8b 3♀ (paratypes), 8c ♂ genitalia, 8d ♀genitalia.

Original Combination: Colias nastes muskwa

Type Locality: “Canada, N British Columbia, Northern Boreal Mts., Rocky Mt. Foothills – Eastern Muskwa Ranges, 11 air miles W of Alaska Hwy. 147 Mi, Pink Mountain Top Ridge E side, 1713-1749 m asl, 57°04’530’’N/122°52’731’’W”

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

=    ‡”obscurata” Verity, [1911]

Rhop. palae. (30-36): 354-355, pl. 71, fig. 6 ♂ D; ind. syst.: xxxvi.

Original Combination: [Colias nastes] race streckeri ab. obscurata

Type Locality: “Lake Louise, Alberta” implied from the legend to plate 71.

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

=    ‡”palliflava” (McDunnough, 1927)

Can. Entomol. 59(7): 154.

Original Combination: [Eurymus nastes streckeri] ab. palliflava

Type Locality: “higher slopes of Mt. McLean (above 6500 ft.)” [British Columbia]

Types: “Holotype” (#2425) in CNC.

375.      Colias johanseni Troubridge & Philip, 1990

Can. Entomol. 122(1/2): 16-17, figs. 1A ♂ D, 1B ♂ V (holotype); 2A ♀ D, 2B ♀ V, 3A ♂ V, 3B ♂ V.

Original Combination: Colias johanseni

Type Locality: “Canada, District of Mackenzie, Bernard Harbour, altitude 10 m” [Nunavut]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

Scott (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 20: 15, treated this as a subspecies of C. meadii. This is repeated by Hammond & McCorkle (2017), Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 37.

376.      Colias rankinensis Verhulst, 2009

Lambillionea 109(4)(1): 421-422, pl. [1], figs. 1 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype), 2 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V, 3 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V 4 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V, 5 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, 12 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V, 13 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V, pl [2], figs. 1 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V, 3 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V 4 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V, 5 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V, 11 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V, 12 ♀ D, 17 ♀ V, 13 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V, 14 ♀ D, 19 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias rankinensis

Type Locality: “Canada, Nunavut, Rankin Inlet, N 62° 48’32.19, W 92° 6’26.25’”

Types: Holotype in Verhulst collection.

377.      Colias hecla Lefèbvre, 1836

a.   Colias hecla hecla Lefèbvre, 1836

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]5: 383-387, pl. 9B, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias Hecla

Type Locality: “l'Islande”; determined to be “Groenlandia” by Zetterstedt, [1839], Ins. Lappon. (5): col. 908-909, no. 3.

Types: Lectotype in ZMUC, designated by Karsholt, Grieshuber & Worthy (2012), Genus Colias: 111, pl. 16, figs. 13 ♂ D (lectotype), 14 ♀ D (paralectotype).

=    glacialis M'Lachlan, 1878

J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 14(74): 108.

Original Combination: Colias Hecla, var. Glacialis

Type Locality: “lat. 81^o45'...Hayes Sound, lat. 79^o...Discovery Bay” [latitude 81^o45' refers to Lady Franklin Bay, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK; two figured by Ferris (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (63): figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, and (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (71): figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, 16 ♀ D, 17 ♀ V, and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 16, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D, 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ D.

=    zetterstedti Grum-Grzhimailo, 1890

In: Romanov, Mém. Lépid. 4: 297, (note 157).

Original Combination: [Colias Hecla] var. Zetterstedti

Type Locality: “Groënland”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 16, fig. 16 ♂ D.

=    pallida [Skinner], 1892

Entomol. News 3(3): 49, pl. 2, fig. 4 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias hecla var. pallida

Type Locality: “Greenland”; defined as “West Coast...McCormick Bay, Herbert Island and Disco” by Skinner and Mengel (1892), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 44(5): 156.

Types: Syntype (#7030) in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 4 & D.

The plate and accompanying legend were Skinner’s work as editor, although this is not stated in the publication. This taxon was redescribed by Skinner and Mengel (1892), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 44(5): 156-157.

=    groenlandica Rühl, 1893

In: Rühl & Heyne, Palae. Grossschmett. 1(3): 158.

Original Combination: [Colias Hecla] var. groenlandica

Type Locality: “Labrador, Grönland”; “Greenland” implied from the derivation of the name.

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    ‡chrysothemoides Verity, [1911]

Rhop. palae. (26-29): 356; (30-36): pl. 71, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♀ D; ind. syst.: xxxvii.

Original Combination: [Colias hecla hecla] forme chrysothemoides

Type Locality: “Territoire de Barren, 114^o30' long. O., 67^o40' lat. N., Am. boréale” implied from the legend to plate 71. [vic. Coppermine, Northwest Territories]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    ‡”palamedes” Hemming, 1934

Stylops 3(5): 98, no. 17.

Original Combination: Colias hecla palamedes

Proposed to replace Colias hecla var. pallida Skinner and Mengel 1892, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 44(5): 156-157, an unavailable name.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 194, no. 33.

Original Combination: [Colias hecla hecla] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

b.   Colias hecla hela Strecker, 1880

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(5): 33-34.

Original Combination: Colias Hela

Type Locality: “a considerable distance above Fort Churchill on west coast of Hudsons's Bay”; suggested to be “the vicinity of Eskimo Point” by Ferris (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (71): 10. [Arviat, Nunavut, Canada]

Types: Syntypes in FMNH; figured by Ferris (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (71): figs. 35 ♂ D, 36 ♂ V, 37 ♀ D, 38 ♀ V, 39 ♀ D, 40 ♀ V, and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 16, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♀ D.

Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 112, 113; reflect that this taxon has been confused with rankinensis; the syntypes represent a taxon that is probably a synonym of hecla.

c.   Colias hecla zamolodchikovi Churkin & Grieshuber, 2001

Helios 2: 178-180, pl. 15, figs. 5 ♂ D (holotype), 6 ♂ V, pl. 16, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias hecla zamolodchikovi

Type Locality: “Russia, East Chukotka, 20 km SE Ioni Lake, Gilmimlviem, [65^o 48' N, 173^o 22' W]” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Holotype in DSM; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: figured pl. 17, fig. ♂ D.

378.      Colias scudderii Reakirt, 1865

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(2): 217-218, no. 2.

Original Combination: Colias Scudderii

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory”; redefined as “vic. Empire, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 83; neotype from “east slope of Berthoud Pass along Hwy. 40 at Hoop Creek in the Arapahoe National Forest, 10,800', Clear Creek Co., Colorado”

Types: Neotype in MGCL, designated by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn. Mus. (112): 7, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.

=    flavotincta Cockerell, 1901

Psyche 9(10)[300]: 187; cited W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Colias 8, fig. 5 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias scudderi var. flavotincta

Type Locality: “New Mexico”; redefined as “upper Arkansas River Valley” or “the vicinity of Twin Lakes, Lake Co. Colorado” by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 8-9.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 10, figs. 14 ♀ D, 15 ♀ V.

=    ruckesi Klots, 1937

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 45(3/4): 324-326.

Original Combination: Colias scudderi ruckesi

Type Locality: “Windsor [sic] Creek Canyon, west of Cowles, N. Mex.” [Winsor Creek Canyon, San Miguel County, New Mexico]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 8, determined this synonymy.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 200, no. 42.

Original Combination: [Colias scudderi] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

379.      Colias gigantea Strecker, 1900

a.   Colias gigantea inupiat Harry, 2007

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv.6(7): 1-2, pl 1, % D&V (holotype), & D&V.

Original Combination: Colias gigantea inupiat

Type Locality: “Alaska, Mile 323 Dalton Hwy, 68°59.01'N 148°49.94'W, 365 meters elevation”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Colias gigantea gigantea Strecker, 1900

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 19.

Original Combination: Colias pelidne var. gigantea

Type Locality: “west coast Hudson Bay, above Fort York” [York Factory, Manitoba]

Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 14, figs. 30 ♂ D, 31 ♂ V.

=    pelidneides Staudinger, 1901

In: Staudinger and Rebel, Cat. Lepid. Palae. (3rd ed.): 15, no. 86i.

Original Combination: [Colias Palaeno] v. Pelidneides

Type Locality: “Amer. bor. (Hudson Bay, Alaska)”; defined as “Hudson Bay” by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 14. [Manitoba]

Types: Syntypes in ZMHB; “types” figured by Verity [1911], Rhop. palae. (30-36): pl. 68, figs. 47 ♂ D, 48 ♀ D, labeled “Hudson Bay, Alaska.”

c.   Colias gigantea mayi F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940

Can. Entomol. 72(4): 81.

Original Combination: Colias christina mayi

Type Locality: “Riding Mountains, Manitoba”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

=    nortepacifica Hammond & McCorkle, 2008

J. Lepid. Soc. 62(4): 214, figs. 1(24) ♂ D (holotype), (25) ♂ D.

Original Combination: Colias scudderii nortepacifica

Type Locality: “British Columbia, Nimpo Lake” [Canada]

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

Hammond & McCorkle described this taxon based on three specimens. It is uncertain whether this is a valid taxon as described, a synonym of some other Colias gigantea subspecies, or some other Colias species. Until such time as this can be determined, this name is listed here.

=    ‡”marjorie” F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940

Can. Entomol. 72(4): 82.

Original Combination: Colias christina mayi ♀ form marjorie

Type Locality: “Riding Mountains, Manitoba”

Types: “Holotype” in CNC.

d.   Colias gigantea harroweri Klots, 1940

Am. Mus. Novit. (1054): 4-6.

Original Combination: Colias gigantea harroweri

Type Locality: “Clear Creek, vicinity Lower Green River Lake, Sublette Co., Wyo., alt. 8400 ft.” [Wyoming]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 97, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.

=    gracemma Hammond & McCorkle, 2008

J. Lepid. Soc. 62(4): 208, figs. 1(6) ♂ D (holotype), (7) ♂ V, (8) ♂ V, (9) ♀ D, (10) ♀ V, (11) ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias scudderii gracemma

Type Locality: “Wyoming, Johnson County, summit of Big Horn Mountains near Cloud Peak Wilderness Area”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    kohleri Hammond & McCorkle, 2008

J. Lepid. Soc. 62(4): 209-210, figs. 1(17) ♂ D (holotype), (18) ♂ V, (19) ♀ D, (20) ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias scudderii kohleri

Type Locality: “Montana, Beaverhead County, summit of the Pioneer Mountains”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

380.      Colias meadii W. H. Edwards, 1871

a.   Colias meadii meadii W. H. Edwards, 1871

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 267-268, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Colias 8, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias Meadii

Type Locality: Not stated; W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): [59], noted “Colorado...on the ‘divide’...Mt. Lincoln...Kenosha House”; defined as “Mosquito Pass” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 158-159; further defined as “Mosquito Pass, Park-Lake Counties, Colorado” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 91.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 93, fig. 22 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 36, fig. 5 ♂ D (lectotype), 6 ♀ D (paralectotype).

=    ‡”andelis” Grum-Grzhimailo, 1907

Opisan. puteshest. Zapad. Kitai 3: 424; cited W. H. Edwards (1892), Can. Entomol. 24(3): 54-55.

Original Combination: [Colias meadii] v? ab? andelis

Type Locality: “Hall Valley...Gibson Mountain” [Park and Saguache Counties, Colorado]

Types: “Syntypes” possibly in CMNH.

=    ‡”medi” (Gunder, 1934)

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 125.

Original Combination: Eurymus meadii f. ♀ medi

Type Locality: “Breckenridge Peak (11,000 f.), Empire Co., Colorado” [probably Summit County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 194, no. 34.

Original Combination: [Colias meadii meadii] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”apishapa” Fisher, 2012

Butterflies Colo. 5: 55, ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: [Colias meadii] form apishapa

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

b.   Colias meadii lemhiensis N. Curtis & Ferris, 1985

Bull. Allyn Mus. (91): 2-7, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Colias meadii lemhiensis

Type Locality: “near Meadow Creek Lake, 4 mi. W. of Gilmore, 9100' (2775m), Lemhi Range, Salmon National Forest, Lemhi Co., Idaho”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

381.      Colias elis Strecker, 1885

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 37(2): 24; (3): 25.

Original Combination: Colias Elis

Type Locality: “at an elevation of 10,000 feet...summit of ‘Kicking Horse Pass’, in the Rocky Mountains, between Alberta Territory and British Columbia, at the boundary between the United States and the British possessions, about 300 miles north of Montana”; defined as “Kicking Horse Pass, Banff National Park, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 39.

Types: Syntypes in FMNH; two figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 36, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♀ D.

Kondla & Schmidt, in: Pohl et al. (2010), ZooKeys 38 (Special Issue) Appendix: 495, treated this taxon as species distinct from meadii. This was confirmed by Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 9, fig. 3.

=    ‡”lambillioni” Dufrane, 1947

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1-2): 70.

Original Combination: [Colias elis] ab. lambillioni

Type Locality: “Canada”

Types: “Holotype” probably in RMCA.

382.      Colias occidentalis Scudder, 1862

a.   Colias occidentalis chrysomelas Hy. Edwards, 1877

Pac. Coast Lepid. (24): 8-9, 11.

Original Combination: C[olias]. Chrysomelas

Type Locality: “Napa County, Cal.” [California]

Types: Lectotype (#3448 2308) in AMNH, designated by Ferris (1993), Bull. Allyn Mus. (138): 38, figs. 56 ♂ D, 57 ♂ V, 58 ♂ D UV.

On page 9 this taxon was spelled “chryomelas,” an incorrect original spelling. L. Miller and F. Brown (1983), in: Hodges, et al., MONA Check List: 52, spelled this name “chrysomelaena,” an unjustified emendation of chrysomelas.

=    ‡”shastae” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 88, under no. 63a.

Original Combination: Eurymus occidentalis chrysomelas form shastae

Type Locality: “Shasta Retreat, Siskiyou Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

b.   Colias occidentalis primordialis Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 63-64; pl. 2, figs. 1, 2 ♂ D&V (holotype), 3 ♀ D (allotype), 4 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias occidentalis primordialis

Type Locality: “Oregon, Jackson County, Soda Butte”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

c.   Colias occidentalis occidentalis Scudder, 1862

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9: 109-111, unnumbered fig.

Original Combination: Colias occidentalis

Type Locality: “Gulf of Georgia...Fort Simpson, British America”; lectotype from “Gulf of Georgia.” This locality was interpreted to be “near Port Townsend, Wash. Terr., Gulf of Georgia” by H. Hagen (1883), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 22: 164. [Jefferson County, Washington]

Types: Lectotype (#16603) in MCZC, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1918), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 65; the same specimen was later designated lectotype by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (116): 19, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V, 31 ♂ D UV.

=    cascadia Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 68-69; pl. 2, figs. 12 ♀ D, 13, 14 ♂ D&V (holotype), 15 ♂ D, ♀ D (allotype).

Original Combination: Colias occidentalis cascadia

Type Locality: “Oregon, Wasco County, Hwy. 44 nr. Camp Baldwin, east slope of Cascade Mountains”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 196, no. 36.

Original Combination: [Colias occidentalis] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

d.   Colias occidentalis sullivani Hammond & McCorkle, 2003

J. Lepid. Soc. 57(4): 275-276, figs. 1st row left ♂ D (holotype), 1st row left center ♀ D, 2nd row left ♂ V, 2nd row left center ♀ V, 3rd left ♂ V, left center ♂ V, right center ♂ V, right ♂ V, 4th row left ♂ D, 4th row left center ♂ V, 4th row right center ♂ V, 4th row right ♂ V.

Original Combination: Colias occidentalis sullivani

Type Locality: “Oregon, Harney County, Alvord Desert road at north end of Steens Mountains, T29N, R36E, sec. 25, 26”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

e.   Colias occidentalis resplendens Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Hammond & McCorkle, 2017 Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 74-75; pl. 3, figs. 13, 14 ♂ D&V (holotype), 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, 17 ♂ D, 18 ♀ D (allotype), 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias occidentalis resplendens

Type Locality: “Idaho, Elmore County, Hwy. 20, 11 miles east of Mountain Home”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    progenitor Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 69-70; pl 2, figs. 17, 18 ♂ D&V (holotype), 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V, 21 ♂ V, 22 ♀ D (allotype), 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias occidentalis progenitor

Type Locality: “Oregon, Grant County, Aldrich Mountains, Fields Creek Canyon”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

This synonymy qualifes as a first reviser action.

f.    Colias occidentalis pseudochristina Ferris, 1989

Bull. Allyn Mus. (128): 2-9, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♂ D UV, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ V, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♂ V, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 13 ♀ D, 14 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias pseudochristina

Type Locality: “Summit Co., Utah along the North Fork of the Provo River”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    wasatchia Gillette, 1989

Utahensis 8(4): 41-44, pl. 1, upper left ♂ D, lower left ♂ V (holotype), upper right ♀ D, lower right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias occidentalis wasatchia

Type Locality: “A ridge 2.3 mi. west of the SW end of Strawberry Reservoir, elev. (2408m)/7900 ft, on the west side of the W Strawberry Rsv road, and 1.9 mi. south of East Portal, Wasatch Co., Utah”

Types: Holotype in BYU.

383.      Colias christina W. H. Edwards, 1863

Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 165, and Hammond and McCorkle (2003), J. Lepid. Soc. 57(4): 274-278, suggested that this taxon is conspecific with C. occidentalis. Later, Hammond & McCorkle, (2017), Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 265 pp. determined that this taxon is conspecific with C. alexandra. The arrangement of these taxa remains provisional.

a.   Colias christina kluanensis Ferris, 1981

Bull. Allyn Mus. (63): 1-3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 4 ♀ D, 5 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra kluanensis

Type Locality: “Haines Junction, Y. T., Canada” [Yukon Territory]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    yukonensis Berger, 1986

Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 45.

Original Combination: [Colias] Yukonensis

Type Locality: “Yukon (Canada)”

Types: Location of types not known, possibly none designated.

It is considered that the key containing this name barely qualifies as a description.

=    rubromelanica Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 97-98; pl. 5, figs. 15, 16 ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Colias alexandra rubromelanica

Type Locality: “Northwest Territory (Nunavut), Baker Lake”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

b.   Colias christina krauthii Klots, 1935

Am. Mus. Novit. (767): 1-2.

Original Combination: Colias christina krauthii

Type Locality: “twelve miles west of Custer, Black Hills, South Dakota” [Custer County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

c.   Colias christina christina W. H. Edwards, 1863

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, 79-80, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Colias 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias Christina

Type Locality: “portage of the Slave River”; W. H. Edwards (1884), Papilio 4(2): 30, added “about latitude 60^o”; defined as “near the Slave River between Fort Smith, Northwest Territories and Fitzgerald, Alberta” by Kondla (1995), Alberta Naturalist 25(4): 76. [Northwest Territories]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 63.

=    alberta Bowman, 1942

Can. Entomol. 74(2): 25.

Original Combination: Colias eurytheme alberta

Type Locality: “Wembley, Alta.” [Alberta]

Types: Holotype in CNC; figured by Ferris (1972), Bull. Allyn Mus. (5): 13, fig. ♂ D&V.

Ferris (1972), Bull. Allyn Mus. (5): 7-9, suggested that this taxon may be a form of C. eurytheme, but Masters (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 9(2): 97-99, and Kondla (1991), Utahensis 6(4): 45, presented evidence supporting this synonymy.

=    cassandra Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 98-99; pl. 4, figs. 25, 26 ♂ D&V (holotype), 27 ♂ D, 28 ♀ D (allotype).

Original Combination: Colias alexandra cassandra

Type Locality: “Saskatchewan, Porcupine Hills, Parr Hill Lake”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1889

Entomol. 22(312): 128, no. 2f; cited Colias christina (sensu Lyman (1884), Can. Entomol. 16(1): 6).

Original Combination: C[olias]. christina ♀ pallida

Type Locality: Not stated; Lyman (1884), ibid., recorded the type from “North-west Territories.”

Types: “Type” is the specimen mentioned by Lyman, may be in LEMQ.

d.   Colias christina sacajawea Kohler, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 8-9, pl. 1, 4th row left ♂ D, 5th row left ♂ V (holotype), 4th row center ♀ D, 5th row center ♀ V, 4th row right ♀ D&V, 5th row right ♀ V, pl. 2, 1st row left ♂ D, 2nd row left ♂ V, 1st row center ♂ D&V, 2nd row center ♂ V, 1st row right ♀ D&V, 2nd row right ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Colias christina sacajawea

Type Locality: “Elkhorn Creek, Beartooth Game Range, Lewis & Clark Co., Montana”

Types: Holotype in Kohler collection, will be deposited in BYU.

=    sabrina Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 92; pl. 4, figs. 9, 10 ♂ D&V, 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ D, 13 ♀ D (allotype).

Original Combination: Colias alexandra sabrina

Type Locality: “Wyoming, Sheridan County, Big Horn Mountains, Fool Creek”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

e.   Colias christina pseudocolumbiensis C. Guppy & J. Shepard, 2001

Butterflies B. C.: 172-173, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra pseudocolumbiensis

Type Locality: “BC, Hall Creek at Hwy. 33” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

=    serena Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 101-102, pl. 5, figs. 19, 20 ♂ D&V, 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V, 23 ♂ D, 24 ♂ V, 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V, 27 ♀ D (allotype), 28 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra serena

Type Locality: “Montana, Beaverhead County, Trapper Creek Road west of Melrose, Pioneer Mountains”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    selena Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 103-104, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2 ♂ D&V, 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D (allotype).

Original Combination: Colias alexandra selena

Type Locality: “British Columbia, Wasa Lake Park near Wasa”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    ashlyea Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 107-108, pl. 6, figs. 19, 20 ♂ D&V (holotype), 21 ♀ D (allotype), 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ D, 24 ♂ D, 25 ♂ V, 26 ♂ V, 27 ♂ V, 28 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra ashlyea

Type Locality: “Montana, Missoula County, Bitterroot Range, Hwy. 12 near Lolo Pass, R16E, T40N, Sec. 23”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    jessica Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 108-109, pl. 6, figs. 14, 15 ♂ D&V, 16 ♂ V, 17 ♀ D (allotype), 18 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra jessica

Type Locality: “Washington, Okanogan County, north of Loup Loup Summit, Okanogan Mountains”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

f.    Colias christina columbiensis Ferris, 1973

J. Lepid. Soc. 27(1): 68-71, figs. 6a, 6b ♂ D&V (holotype); 6c, 6d ♀ D&V, 6e ♂ D UV (holotype), 6f same.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra columbiensis

Type Locality: “Anderson Lake, D'Arcy, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

384.      Colias alexandra W. H. Edwards, 1863

a.   Colias alexandra altamont Kondla & Kohler, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 11-12, pl. 1, 1st row left ♂ D, 2nd row left ♂ V (holotype), 1st row center ♀ D, 2nd row center ♀ V, 1st row right ♀ D, 2nd row right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra altamont

Type Locality: “Arrow Creek breaks, Hwy. 80, 19 mi. N. of Stanford, Fergus Co., Montana”

Types: Holotype in BYU.

b.   Colias alexandra astraea W. H. Edwards, 1872

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, no. 1.

Original Combination: Colias Astraea

Type Locality: “near the Yellowstone Lake” [Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming]

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown (1973),Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): fig. 17 ♂ D&V.

c.   Colias alexandra alexandra W. H. Edwards, 1863

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14-15, no. 1; [4]: pl. 11, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Colias 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias Alexandra

Type Locality: “Pikes Peak...Rocky Mountains”; defined as “foothills west of Denver, Colorado” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 60. [Arapahoe County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 62, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.

=    parvoverna Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 122-123, pl. 8, figs. 10, 11 ♂ D&V (holotype), 12 ♂ V, 13 ♂ V, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♂ V, 16 ♀ D (allotype).

Original Combination: Colias alexandra parvoverna

Type Locality: “Wyoming, Carbon County, Shirley Mountains along Highway 77”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    brigitta Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 124-125, pl. 8, figs. 25, 26 ♂ D&V (holotype), 27 ♂ V, 28 ♀ (allotype), pl. 9, fig.1 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra brigitta

Type Locality: “Wyoming, Albany County, Highway 230 at Froxpark, Medicine Bow Mountains

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    natalia Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 125-126, pl. 9, figs. 2, 3 ♂ D&V (holotype), 4 ♂ V, 5 ♂ D, 6♀ D (allotype), 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra natalia

Type Locality: “Colorado, Gunnison County, Gothic near Crested Butte”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    julia Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 126-127, pl. 9 figs. 9, 10 ♂ D&V (holotype), 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V, 13 ♂ V, 14 ♀ D (allotype), 16 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra julia

Type Locality: “Colorado, Ouray County, Road 90, East Uncompahgre Plateau”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    karina Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 128-129, pl. 8, figs. 17, 18 ♂ D&V (holotype), 19 ♂ V, 20 ♂ V, 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V, 23 ♀ D (allotype), 24 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra karina

Type Locality: “Wyoming, Albany County, I-80 summit, Laramie Mountains”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    katrina Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 132-133, pl. 9, figs. 22, 23 ♂ D&V (holotype), 24 ♂ V, 25 ♀ D (allotype).

Original Combination: Colias alexandra katrina

Type Locality: “Colorado, Huerfano County, Cucharas Pass, Sangre de Cristo Range”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    ‡”alba” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 81, no. 55a.

Original Combination: [Colias Alexandra] ab. a. ♀ Alba

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type apparently lost, if it ever existed.

Strecker may not have intended to describe this as a new taxon.

=    ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1889

Entomol. 22(312): 128, no. 2f; cited W. H. Edwards (1887), Can. Entomol. 19(12): 229 (actually 230).

Original Combination: C[olias]. alexandra ♀ pallida

Type Locality: Not specifically stated; the white female mentioned by W. H. Edwards is from “Colorado.”

Types: Type, if it can be identified, is probably in CMNH.

d.   Colias alexandra altiplano M. Fisher & J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 10-11, pl. 6, 3rd row left ♂ D, 4th row left ♂ V (holotype), 3rd row center ♀ D, 4th row center ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias edwardsii (alexandra?) altiplano

Type Locality: “Piney Creek, 6000 ft., Arapahoe Co., Colorado”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

e.   Colias alexandra apache Ferris, 1988

Bull. Allyn. Mus. (116): 8-11, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra apache

Type Locality: “13 mi. E. of McNary, 2520 m, Apache Co., Arizona”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

f.    Colias alexandra edwardsii W. H. Edwards, 1870

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 11, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1870), Butterflies N. Am. [1](6): pl. Colias 6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias Edwardsii

Type Locality: “near Virginia City, at high elevations” [Storey County, Nevada]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 67, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 68, fig. 24 ♂ D (lectotype), 25 ♀ D (paralectotype).

=    emilia W. H. Edwards, 1870

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 12, no. 3.

Original Combination: Colias Emilia

Type Locality: “Oregon”; neotype from “Crump Lake, 4500', Lake County, Oregon.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 72, fig. 15 ♂ D&V.

=    melanoverna Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 114, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6 ♂ D&V (holotype), 7 ♂ V, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♀ D (allotype).

Original Combination: Colias alexandra melanoverna

Type Locality: “Oregon, Harney County, base of Steens Mountains 4 miles north of Mann Lake”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    magnifica Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 134-135, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2 ♂ D&V (holotype), 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D (allotype), 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias alexandra magnifica

Type Locality: “Utah, Sanpete County, Wasatch Plateau near Ferron”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

=    ‡”hatui” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no. 67a.

Original Combination: Eurymus alexandra edwardsi form ♀ hatui

Type Locality: “Stockton, Utah” [Tooele County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

385.      Colias harfordii Hy. Edwards, 1877

Pac. Coast. Lepid. (24): 9.

Original Combination: Colias Harfordii

Type Locality: “Contra Costa Co...Havilab [sic], Kern Co.” [Havilah, Kern County, California]

Types: Lectotype (#3436 7003) in AMNH, designated by Ferris (1993), Bull. Allyn Mus. (138): 14, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♂ D UV.

The first reviser choice of harfordii over barbara was made by Skinner (1898), Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop.: 69. Hammond & McCorkle (2017), Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 113, 119, treated C. harfordii & barbara as subspecies of C. alexandra.

=    barbara Hy. Edwards, 1877

Pac. Coast. Lepid. (24): 7-8, 11.

Original Combination: Colias Barbara

Type Locality: “Santa Barbara...Gilroy”; lectotype from “San Bernardino California.” [San Bernardino County]

Types: Lectotype (#3440 7005) in AMNH, designated by Ferris (1993), Bull. Allyn Mus. (138): 13.

=    ‡”weaverae” (Gunder, 1924)

Entomol. News 35(3): 156-157, pl. 2, fig. G ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Eurymus hartfordii ab. ♀ weaverae

Type Locality: “Warner Springs, San Diego County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 80, suggested that this may be a hybrid with C. eurytheme, but Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (116): 5, considered this within the normal range of variation in C. harfordii.

=    ‡”martini” (Gunder, 1931)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 45.

Original Combination: Eurymus harfordii form ♀ martini

Type Locality: “South side of Arrowhead Lake, San Bernardino Co., Calif.” [Calfornia]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

386.      Colias vitabunda Hovanitz, 1943

Am. Mus. Novit. (1240): 2, 3-4.

Original Combination: Colias chrysotheme vitabunda

Type Locality: “McKinley National Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”pallidissima” Bowman, 1942

Can. Entomol. 74(2): 25.

Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme alberta] ab. ♀ pallidissima

Type Locality: “Fort Vermillion, Alta.” [Alberta]

Types: “Syntypes” in CNC; figured by Ferris (1972), Bull. Allyn Mus. (5): 17, 21 ♀ D, 22 ♀ V, 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.

387.      Colias eriphyle W. H. Edwards, 1876

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 202.

Original Combination: Colias Eriphyle

Type Locality: “Lake Labache [sic], in British Columbia” [Lake La Hache]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 87, fig. 20 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 35, fig. 15 ♂ D.

Pollock et al. (1998) and Wheat & Watt (2008), determined that eriphyle and vitabunda are species-level taxa and that arrangement is adopted herein. This is subject to review.

=    hagenii W. H. Edwards, [1884]

Papilio 3(7-10): 160-161, 163, no. 11.

Original Combination: Colias Hagenii

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains from Colorado to B. Am....Pueblo, Col....various localities...So. Colorado to Montana and Dacotah (Bismarck)”; defined as “northeastern corner of South Park, Park Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 87; further defined as “within 1.6 km (1 mi) south of the summit of Kenosha Pass, Park County, Colorado” by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 24.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 90, fig. 21 ♂ D&V; figured by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V.

=    kootenai Cockle, 1910

Can. Entomol. 42(6): 203-204.

Original Combination: Colias Kootenai

Type Locality: “Kaslo and in Northern British Columbia” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Syntypes in CNC.

=    ‡”autumnalis” Cockerell, 1888

W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 42.

Original Combination: [Colias Eurytheme Eriphyle] autumn brood autumnalis

Type Locality: “Swift Creek, Custer Co., Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Type(s) possibly in NHMUK.

=    ‡”nigricosta” (F. Chermock, 1929)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 21.

Original Combination: Eurymus eurytheme f. eriphyle var. nigricosta

Type Locality: “Edmonton, Alberta, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

=    ‡”laurae” (F. Chermock, 1929)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 21.

Original Combination: Eurymus eurytheme f. eriphyle ab. laurae

Type Locality: “Edmonton, Alberta, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

=    ‡”minor” Dufrane, 1947

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 69.

Original Combination: [Colias philodice f. anthyale] minor

Type Locality: “Temple, Pa. E. U. A.” [Berks County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Syntype” in RBINS.

Dufrane probably used the name minor as a qualifier for a small specimen. The “syntype” is a specimen of Colias eriphyle, presumably mislabeled.

388.      Colias philodice Godart, 1819

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (87), 100-101, no. 35.

Original Combination: Colias Philodice

Type Locality: “l'Amérique septentrionale, particulièrement dans la Virginie”; defined as “Virginia” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 185.

Types: A probable syntype in MNHP.

=    dorippe Godart, 1819

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (87), 101, no. 36; cited Papilio palaeno (sensu Cramer (1775), Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): pl. 14, figs. F, G).

Original Combination: Colias Dorippe

Type Locality: “Cap de Bonne-Espérance” in error. [Cape Good Hope, South Africa]

Types: Type(s) may be lost.

=    anthyale (Hübner, 1823)

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [54], figs. 307 ♂ D, 308 ♂ V [1821]; 21, no. 154 (1823, name given).

Original Combination: Zerene Anthyale

Type Locality: “Pennsylvanien” [Pennsylvania]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    santes Fitch, 1854

Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. 13(1853): 378.

Original Combination: Colias santes

Type Locality: “New York”; J. Barnes (1988), Bull. New York St. Mus. (461): 112, no. 334, noted that the original specimen (#6680) was labeled “Salem, NY.” [Washington County, New York]

Types: Probably lost; J. Barnes (1988), ibid., noted that there were no extant specimens in the NYSM.

=    tegea Sievers, 1859

Etud. Entomol. (Motschulsky) 8: 146.

Original Combination: Colias Tegea

Type Locality: “environs de New York”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    ‡”alba” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58a; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 2, fig. 6 ♀ D, pl. Colias III, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] ab. a. ♀ Alba

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Type(s)” may be in CMNH.

=    ‡”nig” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58b; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] ab. b. ♂ Nig

Type Locality: “near Palmyra, New York...Montreal, Canada”; “lectotype” from “Montreal.” [Quebec]

Types: The specimen from Montreal in FMNH is the sole remaining “syntype”; L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 220, note 281, designated this as “lectotype.”

=    ‡”virida” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58c.

Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] ab. c. ♀ Virida

Type Locality: “taken at the same time and place as the preceding [nig]” “near Montreal, Canada” [Quebec]

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.

=    ‡”hybrida” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58d; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, fig. 1 ♂ D.

Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] ab. d. ♀ Hybrida

Type Locality: “Illinois, Georgia”; determined to be “Rock Island, Illinois” from Edwards’ figure. [Rock Island County]

Types: “Holotype” is the specimen figured by W. H. Edwards (1876), ibid., possibly in CMNH.

=    ‡”albinic” W. H. Edwards, [1885]

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(3/4): 264, under no. 68; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 2, fig. 6 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] var. Albinic

It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon but is included for the sake of completeness.

=    ‡”melanic” W. H. Edwards, [1885]

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(3/4): 264, under no. 68; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, figs. 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] var. Melanic

It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon but is included for the sake of completeness.

=    ‡”maria” W. H. Edwards, 1885

Papilio 4(9-10): 171.

Original Combination: C[olias]. [philodice] maria

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Holotype” lost.

This name represents a cyanide-stained specimen, inadvertently described.

=    ‡”nigridice” Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(8): 1114; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Eurymus phil[odice]. [♂ form] nigridice

Type Locality: “Palmyra, N. Y.” [Wayne County, New York]

Types: “Holotype” is the specimen figured by W. H. Edwards (1876), ibid., possibly in CMNH.

=    ‡”miscidice” Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(8): 1115.

Original Combination: E[urymus]. p[hilodice]. [♀ form] miscidice

Type Locality: “Lynn, Mass.” [Essex County, Massachusetts]

Types: “Holotype” in Sanborn collection, location not known.

=    ‡”pallidice” Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(8): 1115; 3(8): pl. 7, fig. 6 ♀ D (“holotype”); cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 2, fig. 6 ♀ D; pl. Colias III, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: E[urymus]. p[hilodice]. [♀ form] pallidice

Type Locality: “New England” implied from the title of the work.

Types: Location of “syntypes” not known, may be at MCZC.

=    ‡”suffusa” Cockerell, 1889

Entomol. 22(310): 55.

Original Combination: C[olias]. philodice suffusa

Type Locality: “Massachusetts”

Types: “Type” figured by Maynard (1886), Butterflies N. England: pl. vii, fig. 57c, may be based on a specimen in the MCZC.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”alba” Ehrmann, 1890

Entomol. News 1(6): 93.

Original Combination: Colias philodice, Ab. alba

Type Locality: “Sarver Station, Butler County, Pa.” [Pennsylvania]

Types: Type either unrecognizable or lost.

Redescribed by Ehrmann (1890) in Entomol. News 1(8): 130.

=    ‡”luteitincta” Wolcott, 1893

Can. Entomol. 25(4): 104, under no. 50.

Original Combination: Colias philodice, var. luteitincta

Type Locality: “Batavia, Ills....Grand Rapids” [Kane County, Illinois; Kent County, Michigan]

Types: Type may be in USNM.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”albinic” Skinner, 1898

Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop.: 68, no. 415; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 2, fig. 6 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] var. albinic

It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 78), but is included for the sake of completeness.

=    ‡”melanic” Skinner, 1898

Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop.: 69, no. 415; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] var. melanic

It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 78), but is included for the sake of completeness.

=    ‡”nigrina” Strecker, 1900

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 19; cited Strecker (1878), Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58b.

Original Combination: Colias philodice ♂ form nigrina

Type Locality: “Bethlehem, Pa...Montreal, Can...Orillia, Can.” [Lehigh and Northhampton counties, Pennsylvania; Quebec and Ontario]

Types: “Syntypes” in FMNH.

This amounts to a re-description of Colias philodice ab. ♂ nig which was not cited by name.

=    ‡”alba” Röber, 1909

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 91.

Original Combination: [Colias philodice] ab. alba

Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Philadelphia.” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Lectotype” in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 23(91): 344.

=    ‡”albina” Röber, 1909

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 93.

Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme] ab. albina

Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Nevada, Verdi.” [Washoe County]

Types: “Lectotype” in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 142, no. 10.

The “lectotype” is a specimen of Colias philodice, presumably mislabeled.

=    ‡”rothkei” Reiff, 1917

Lepidopterist 1(11): 84, pl. 7 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Colias philodice ab. rothkei

Type Locality: “Susquehanna Valley, Pa.” [Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”nigrofasciata” Reiff, 1917

Lepidopterist 1(3): 22-23, pl. 3 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias philodice f[orm] nigrofasciata

Type Locality: “Belchertown, Massachusetts” [Hampshire County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”plicaduta” Nakahara, 1926

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(5): 222-223.

Original Combination: Colias philodice f. plicaduta

Type Locality: “Ithaca, N. Y.” [Tompkins County, New York]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”inversata” Nakahara, 1926

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(5): 223.

Original Combination: Colias philodice ab. inversata

Type Locality: “Midvale, Allegheny Co., Pa.” [Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”minor” F. Chermock, 1927

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(2): 118.

Original Combination: Colias philodice form plicaduta ab. minor

Type Locality: “N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa.” [Allegheny County, Pennyslvania]

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

=    ‡”ehrmanni” F. Chermock, 1927

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(2): 118.

Original Combination: Colias philodice from [sic] plicaduta ab. Ehrmanni

Type Locality: “N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa.” [Allegheny County, Pennyslvania]

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

=    ‡”alba” F. Chermock, 1927

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(2): 119.

Original Combination: Colias philodice from [sic] plicaduta var. alba

Type Locality: “N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa.” [Allegheny County, Pennyslvania]

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

=    ‡”albida” F. Chermock, 1928

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 23(4): 173.

Original Combination: Colias philodice f. plicaduta var. albida

Proposed as a replacement name for alba F. Chermock, 1927, but that name is infrasubspecific and therefore not subject to homonymy.

=    ‡”serrata” (F. Chermock, 1929)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 21.

Original Combination: Eurymus philodice var. serrata

Type Locality: “Rossgrove, near Aspinwall, Pa.” [Allegheny County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

=    ‡”reducta” Dufrane, 1947

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 69.

Original Combination: [Colias philodice f. anthyale] ab. reducta

Type Locality: “Temple, Pa. E. U. A.” [Berks County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Syntype” in RBINS.

‡”alba” Pilate, 1882

Papilio 2(5): 65.

Original Combination: [Colias] Philodice ♀ var. Alba

Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum

‡”vernalis” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 198, no. 38.

Original Combination: [Colias philodice] form vernalis

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

389.      Colias eurytheme Boisduval, 1852

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 286, no. 13.

Original Combination: Colias eurytheme

Type Locality: “toute la Californie...aussi le Mexique et quelques parties des Etats-Unis”; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 8.

Types: Lectotype USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 49, fig. 42 ♂ D, labeled “Californie.”

=    amphidusa Boisduval, 1852

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 286-287, no. 14.

Original Combination: Colias amphidusa

Type Locality: “Du nord de la Californie”; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9.

Types: Lectotype USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 49, fig. 44 ♂ D, labeled “Californie.”

=    californiana Ménétriés, 1855

Enum. corp. anim. (1): 80, under no. 253.

Original Combination: [Colias Edusa] var. Californiana

Type Locality: “Nouvelle Californie”

Types: Type(s) should be in ZIN.

=    xenodice C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859

Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 3(12): 394-395, no. 35.

Original Combination: Colias Xenodice

Type Locality: “Assam”; holotype labeled “Illinois.”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    keewaydin W. H. Edwards, 1869

Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): [47]-[49], pl. Colias 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♂ D, 8 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias Keewaydin

Type Locality: “valley of the Mississippi from Nebraska and Illinois to Texas and westward to the Pacific...Middle States and Canada”; defined as “Sedalia, Missouri” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 78-81. [Pettis County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 81, fig. 18 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 36, fig. 9 ♂ D.

=    ariadne W. H. Edwards, 1870

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 12-13, no. 4; figured by W. H. Edwards (1878), Butterflies N. Am. 2(7): pl. Colias 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias Ariadne

Type Locality: “Mokeluma Hills [sic], California” [Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 83, fig. 19 ♂ D&V.

=    graeca O. Bang-Haas, 1927

Horae Macrolepid. 1(8): 44, 113.

Original Combination: Colias chrysotheme graeca

Bang-Haas adopted Colias chrysotheme var. chrysotheme race graeca Verity [1911] to represent a subspecies-level taxon (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1) He called figure 5 the male type and figure 6 the female type and, in accordance with his statement on page xix of the same work, this may be accepted as a holotype and allotype designation. The male is a specimen of Colias eurytheme Boisduval, 1852.

=    ‡”graeca” Verity, 1911

Rhop. Palaearctica: 359; pl. 72, figs. 5 % D (holotype), 6 & D; ind. syst.: xl.

Original Combination: [Colias chrysotheme var. chrysotheme] race graeca

Type Locality: “Grèce” in error.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5).

=    ‡”alba” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat. Lepid: 82, no. 60b; cited W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): pl. Colias 3, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Colias Chrysotheme var. a. gen. 2 Eurytheme] ab. b. Alba

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Type(s)” possibly in CMNH.

It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 80), but is included for the sake of completeness.

=    ‡”flava” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 83, no. 60c.

Original Combination: [Colias Chrysotheme var. a. gen 2 Eurytheme] ab. c. Flava

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Holotype” possibly in FMNH.

It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 80), but is included for the sake of completeness.

=    ‡”alba” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 83, no. 60e; cited W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): pl. Colias 4, fig. 9 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Colias Chrysotheme var. d Keewaydin] ab. e. ♀ Alba

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Holotype” possibly in CMNH.

It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 80), but is included for the sake of completeness.

=    ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1887

W. Am. Sci. 3(31): 217.

Original Combination: C[olias]. eurytheme var. pallida

Type Locality: “near West Cliff [sic], Custer Co., Colorado” [Westcliffe]

Types: Type(s) possibly in NHMUK.

=    ‡”typica” Cockerell, 1888

W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 41-43.

Original Combination: Colias eurytheme typica

Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “vic. of Westcliffe, Custer Co., Colorado” implied from the text of the paper.

Types: Type(s) probably lost (or never existed).

Name was inadvertently proposed.

=    ‡”intermedia” Cockerell, 1888

W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 42 (in part).

Original Combination: [Colias Eurytheme] form intermedia

Type Locality: “Swift Creek, Custer Co., Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Type(s) possibly in NHMUK.

=    ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1888

W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 42 (in part).

Original Combination: [Colias Eurytheme] intermedia [female form] pallida

Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “vic. of Westcliffe, Custer Co., Colorado” implied from the text of the paper.

Types: Type(s) possibly in NHMUK.

=    ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1888

W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 42 (in part).

Original Combination: [Colias Eurytheme] keewaydin [female form] pallida

Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “vic. of Westcliffe, Custer Co., Colorado” implied from the text of the paper.

Types: Type(s) possibly in NHMUK.

=    ‡”fumosa” Strecker, 1900

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 19.

Original Combination: Colias eurytheme [♀] ab. fumosa

Type Locality: “Colorado”

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.

=    ‡”neuburgeri” Geest, 1905

Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 1(9): 379, no. 3.

Original Combination: Colias Eyrytheme [sic] ab. Neuburgeri

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of “type” not known.

=    ‡”alba” Röber, 1909

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 93.

Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme] ab. alba

Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Nevada, Verdi.” [Washoe County]

Types: “Lectotype” in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 142, no. 10.

=    ‡”albina” Röber, 1909

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 93.

Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme] ab. albina

Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Nevada, Verdi.” [Washoe County]

Types: “Lectotype” in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 142, no. 10.

=    ‡”unicitrina” (Gunder, 1924)

Entomol. News 35(3): 158, pl. 2, fig. J ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Eurymus eurytheme amphidusa ab. ♂ unicitrina

Type Locality: “Upland, Los Angeles Co., California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”rudkini” (Gunder, 1932)

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 277-278.

Original Combination: Eurymus eurytheme tr. f. rudkini

Type Locality: “San Marino, Los Angeles Co., Calif.”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”vernalis” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 196, no. 37.

Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme] form vernalis

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

390.      Colias interior Scudder, 1862

a.   Colias interior interior Scudder, 1862

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9: 108-109, 1 unnumbered fig.

Original Combination: Colias interior

Type Locality: “Northern shore of Lake Superior...mouth of the Sakatchewan River, British America”; defined as “the Portage at the rapids near the mouth of the Saskatchewan River” by H. Hagen (1883), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 22: 159; further defined as “Mouth of the Saskatchewan River, vic. Grand Rapids, W. shore of Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba” by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): 2.

Types: Syntype (#5081) in MCZC, figured by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

=    laurentina (Scudder, 1876)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 18(2): 190.

Original Combination: [Eurymus Philodice] var. laurentina

Type Locality: “Cape Breton Island” implied from title of paper; neotype from “Baddeck, Cape Breton I., Nova Scotia”

Types: Neotype in CNC, designated by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): 7, figs. 24 ♂ D, 25 ♂ V; a pseudotype (#29299) in MCZC.

Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 307, determined that Scudder described this taxon as a female form of philodice but Scudder clearly discussed both sexes only emphasizing the female differences. Hammond & McCorkle (2017), Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 199, treated this is as a distinct subspecies.

=    vividior Berger, 1945

Lambillionea 45(6-8): 42.

Original Combination: [Colias interior] vividior

Type Locality: “Wisconsin (Eagle River et Oneida)” [Vilas and Outagamie counties]

Types: Holotype probably in RMCA (Berger collection).

Hammond & McCorkle (2017), Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 196, treated this is a distinct subspecies.

=    ‡”nepi” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no. 65.

Original Combination: Eurymus interior form [♀] nepi

Type Locality: “Nepigon [sic], Ontario” [Nipigon, Thunder Bay County, Ontario]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”raritus” (Gunder, 1928)

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 163, pl. A, figs. 2 ♀ D, 2a ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Eurymus philodice tr. f. raritus

Type Locality: “Scranton, Pa.” [Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

The “holotype” is a specimen of Colias interior, presumably mislabeled.

‡”solivaga” W. H. Edwards, 1877

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 17, under no. 68.

Original Combination: Colias Solivaga

Published in the synonymy of interior without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 199, no. 39.

Original Combination: [Colias interior] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

b.   Colias interior carolae Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 193, pl. 12, figs. 13 ♂ D (holotype), 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ D (allotype), 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias pelidne carolae

Type Locality: “West Virginia, Randolph County, Spruce Knob Lake”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

c.   Colias interior sigridae Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 196-197, pl. 12, figs. 22, 23 ♂ D&V, 24 ♀ (allotype).

Original Combination: Colias pelidne sigridae

Type Locality: “British Columbia, Alaska Highway at Mile 150”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

d.   Colias interior dornfeldi Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 198-199; plate 12, figs. 17, 18 ♂ D&V (holotype), 19 ♀ D (allotype), 20 ♀ D, 21 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias pelidne dornfeldi

Type Locality: “Oregon, Jefferson County, Camp Sherman at Metolius River”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

391.      Colias pelidne Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]

a.   Colias pelidne pelidne Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (7): pl. 21, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V; (8): 66-67; figured by Boisduval (1832), Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(4): pl. 8, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V.

Original Combination: C[olias]. Pelidne

Type Locality: “Groenland et l'Islande...Labrador”; inferred from the figures to be “NE coast of Labrador” by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): 9. [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: A “type” may be in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”

=    labradorensis Scudder, 1862

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9: 107-108, 1 unnumbered fig.

Original Combination: Colias labradorensis

Type Locality: “Caribou Island, Strait of Belle Isle, Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Lectotype (#5082) in MCZ, designated by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): 10, figs. 28 ♂ D, 29 ♂ V.

=    ‡”moeschleri” Grum-Grzhimailo, 1894

Horae Entomol. Soc. ross. 27(3/4): 379, no. 1.

Original Combination: Colias Pelidne ab. ♀ Moeschleri

Type Locality: “Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: “Holotype” in ZMHB; figured by Verity [1911], Rhop. palae. (30-36): pl. 68, fig. 50 ♀ D.

=    ‡”mira” Verity, [1911]

Rhop. palae. (30-36): 347; pl. 68, fig. 49 ♂ D (“holotype”); ind. syst.: xxxiv.

Original Combination: [Colias pelidne] ab. mira

Type Locality: “Ravea dans le Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 200, no. 41.

Original Combination: [Colias pelidne] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

b.   Colias pelidne auroraborealis Hammond & McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 180-181, pl. 11, figs. 23, 24 ♂ D&V, 25 ♂ V, 26 ♂ V, 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ D (allotype).

Original Combination: Colias pelidne auroraborealis

Type Locality: “Yukon, Ogilvie Mountains along the Dempster Highway at Kilometer 153”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

c.   Colias pelidne philipi Hammond & McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 182-183, pl. 11, figs. 20 ♂ V, 21, 22 ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Colias pelidne philipi

Type Locality: “Alaska, Brooks Range nr. Sagwon el. 600 ft.”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

d.   Colias pelidne pelhami Hammond & McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 177-178, pl. 11, figs. 12, 16 ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Colias pelidne pelhami

Type Locality: “British Columbia, Stone Mountain, 58.64N, 124.66W, 1326-1356 m. elevation”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

*392.    Colias palaeno (Linnaeus, 1761)

Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 272, no. 1041.

Original Combination: Papilio [Heliconius] Palaeno

Type Locality: “Pteride rarissime Uppsaliae, frequentior in Finlandia”; Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 357 determined this to be “Sweden, South Uppland, Uppsala area (very rare), and (south) Finland (more common).” [Uppsala, South Uppland, Sweden and Finland]

Types: Syntypes in LSUK; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 6, fig. 21 ♂ D.

Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not included.

=    philomene Hübner, [1805]

Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 117, figs. 602 ♂ D, 603 ♂ V [1805]; pl. 147, figs. 740 ♀ D, 741 ♀ V [1816].

Original Combination: [Papilio] Philomene

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

=    lapponica Staudinger, 1861

In: Staudinger and Wocke, Cat. Lepid. Europ.: 3, no. 47a; cited Duponchel [1835], in: Godart, Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1(Diurnes), Suppl. 1(24): pl. 47 figs. 3 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V and Herrich-Schäffer (1848), Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europa 1(36): pl. 85, figs. 403 ♀ D, 404 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Colias Palaeno] v. Lapponica

Type Locality: “Lap. Ross. s.”; lectotype from “Alten m.”, interpreted to be “Norway, Finnmark, a swamp near Bossekop (Alta) (69^o58'N, 23^o16'E).” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 140.

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 140, pl. 7, figs. 3 ♂ (lectotype), 4 ♀ (paralectotype)

This name was published in synonymy. Staudinger, 1871, in: Staudinger and Wocke, Cat. Lepid. Europ. (2nd ed.): 5, no. 58a (cited Herrich-Schäffer (1848), Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europa 1(36): pl. 85, figs. 403 ♀ D, 404 ♀ V), treated this as Colias Palaeno v. Lapponica, thus validating the name (Code Article 11.6.1)

=    pruefferi Krzywicki, 1967

Annls zool. Warsz. 25(1): 106-108, 137-140, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3, pl 2, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13.

Original Combination: Colias palaeno pruefferi

Type Locality: “Puszcza Bialwieska” “Bialowiezaer Urwald”

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 140, pl. 7, figs. 3 ♂ (lectotype), 4 ♀ (paralectotype).

a.   Colias palaeno chippewa W. H. Edwards, 1870

Syn. Butterflies N. Am.: 8, no. 15.

Original Combination: Colias Chippewa

Type Locality: “Great Slave Lake” [Northwest Territories]

Proposed to replace Colias helena W. H. Edwards, 1863, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
Some authors have treated chippewa as a species distinct from palaeno (e.g., Maey (1986), Mitt. Arbeitsg. westfälischer Lepid. Entomol. Ver. Beiheft 1: 70, Tuzov (1996), Actias 2(1/2): 106). These have been anecdotal and a thorough analysis of taxa occurring on both sides of the Bering Straits is necessary; see Grieshuber and Worthy (2004), Helios 5: 32-36.

=    ‡helena W. H. Edwards, 1863

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, 80, no. 3; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Colias 1, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias Helena

Type Locality: “Mackenzie's River”; lectotype from “Slave Lake”; defined as “near the west end of Great Slave Lake, North West Territory, Canada” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 54.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 55, fig. 11 ♂ [not ♀] D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 68, fig. 30 ♂ D.

Preoccupied by Colias helena Herrich-Schäffer, 1844, Europ. Schmett. 1(7): pl. 45, figs. 206-207.

=    ‡”kohlsaati” (Gunder, 1931)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 45.

Original Combination: Eurymus chippewa form ♀ kohlsaati

Type Locality: “Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”canda” Raineri & Carnevale, 1998

Annali Mus. civ. Storia nat. "Giacomo Doria" 92: 267.

Original Combination: Colias pelidne v. canda chippewa

Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

b.   Colias palaeno baffinensis Ebner & Ferris, [1978]

J. Res. Lepid. 16(3): 156, 159-160, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Colias palaeno baffinensis

Type Locality: “Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, N. W. T., Canada” [Nunavut]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 58, suggested this may be a synonym of chippewa.

393.      Colias skinneri W. Barnes, 1897

a.   Colias skinneri skinneri W. Barnes, 1897

Can. Entomol. 29(2): 41-42.

Original Combination: Colias pelidne, var. Skinneri

Type Locality: “Yellowstone National Park...Arangie, Idaho”; lectotype from “Yellowstone National Park.” [Wyoming]

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by W. Barnes and Benjamin (1926), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25: 89; figured by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): figs. 43 ♀ D, 44 ♀ V; “types” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♀ D.

=    minisni W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 67, pl. 7, fig. 7 ♂ D, cited Bean (1895), Psyche 7(228): 228.

Original Combination: [Eurymus pelidne] minisni

Type Locality: “Laggan, Alta.” [Alberta]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

This taxon was described by indication (Code Articles 12.1, 12.2). Grieshuber & Lamas (2007), Mitt. Münchn. Entomol. Ges. 97: 153, 158 and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 313, 316 discussed the status of this name. It was discussed by Bean (1895), ibid, without a description or indication; yhis is a nomen nudum.

=    ‡”neri” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no 69b.

Original Combination: Eurymus pelidne skinneri form ♀ neri

Type Locality: “Yellowstone Park, Wyo.” [Wyoming]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM; figured by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): figs. 45 ♀ D, 46 ♀ V.

=    ‡”isni” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no. 69c.

Original Combination: Eurymus pelidne minisni form ♀ isni

Type Locality: “Laggan, Alta.” [Alberta]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM; figured by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): figs. 47 ♀ D, 48 ♀ V.

b.   Colias skinneri hinchliffi Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 175-176, pl. 11, figs. 6, 7 ♂ D&V (holotype), 8 ♀ D (allotype).

Original Combination: Colias pelidne hinchliffi

Type Locality: “Oregon, Harney County, summit of the Steens Mountains”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

c.   Colias skinneri curtisi Hammond and McCorkle, 2017

Taxon. ecol. evol. genus Colias: 200-201; pl. 11, figs. 9, 10 ♂ D&V (holotype), 11 ♀ D (allotype).

Original Combination: Colias pelidne curtisi

Type Locality: “Idaho, Valley County, Stolle Meadow Road”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

394.      Colias behrii W. H. Edwards, 1866

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 201, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Colias 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Colias Behrii

Type Locality: “Yo Semite Mountains at an elevation of about 10,000 feet above the sea”; defined as “vicinity of Tioga Pass, Tuolumne-Mono counties, California” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 51-52.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 52, fig. 10 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 36, fig. 17 ♂ D.

=    ‡”canescens” (J. A. Comstock, 1925)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(1): 3; 25(2): pl. 16, fig. 4 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Eurymus behrii form canescens

Type Locality: “Tioga Pass, Yosemite, Calif.” [Tuolumne-Mono counties, California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 16, fig. 4 ♀ D.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described for the whitish female form.

Genus Zerene Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 97. Type-species: Papilio cesonia Stoll, [1790], Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 176-177, pl. 41, figs. 2, 2b; 382 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 59. Pollock et al. (1998), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91(5): 524-531, suggested that Colias and Zerene may be sister taxa.

      =    ‡Megonostoma Reakirt, [1864]

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 356. Type-species: Papilio cesonia Stoll, [1790], Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3) : 176-177, pl. 41, figs. 2, 2b; 182 (index), by designation of Butler (1870), Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 46. A junior objective synonym of Zerene Hübner, [1819].

395.      Zerene cesonia (Stoll, 1790)

a.   Zerene cesonia cesonia (Stoll, [1790])

Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 176-177, pl. 41, figs. 2 ♂ D, 2b ♂ V; 382 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus] Cesonia

Type Locality: “Georgien in Noord-America” “Georgie, dans lAmerique Septentrionale” [Georgia]

Types: Syntype(s) probably in RMNH (Raye van Breukelerwaerth collection), as noted by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 144, no. 28.

This name was spelled “sesonia” in the French text (p. 176), representing an incorrect original spelling (it is spelled cesonia in the Dutch text and index); it has widely been misspelled as “caesonia,” attributable to Godart (1819), in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 98, no. 31.

=    philippa (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 211, no. 660.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. Philippa

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    centralamericana (Röber, 1909)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 93.

Original Combination: [Maganostoma [sic] cesonia] centralamericana

Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Honduras.”

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Revta Lepid. 21(83): 144, no. 28.

=    rosea (Röber, 1909)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 94.

Original Combination: [Maganostoma [sic] cesonia] rosea

Type Locality: “Colorado”

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Revta Lepid. 21(83): 152, no. 110.

=    ‡”notatus” (Megerle, 1803)

Cat. Ins. Viennae Austriae 28 Novembris 1803, auctionis: [29], no. 436.

Original Combination: [Papilio] notatus

Type Locality: “Georgia”

Types: Probably lost.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1710 placed this work on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature. This name has at times been credited to A. Clark and L. Clark (1941), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 43(4): 83, no. 1; their mention of the name represents a nomen nudum. Calhoun (2019), News Lepid. Soc. 61(1):11, determined that this name belongs in this synonymy.

=    ‡”immaculsecunda” Gunder, 1928

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 4(3): 102, pl. 2, top row, left (“holotype”), bottom row, left.

Original Combination: Zerene caesonia immaculsecunda form ♀

Type Locality: “Pinery Canyon, Arizona” [Cochise County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

Neck (1981), J. Lepid. Soc. 35(1): 223-224, determined that this name probably represents a migratory form.

=    ‡”stainkeae” (W. D. Field, 1936)

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.

Original Combination: Colias (Zerene) caesonia tr. f. stainkeae

Type Locality: “Donna, Texas” [Hidalgo County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”albida” Vázquez, 1949

An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 19(2): 470-471.

Original Combination: Zerene caesonia f[orma]. albida

Type Locality: “Tierra Blanca, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

396.      Zerene eurydice (Boisduval, 1855)

Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (3)3(1): xxxii.

Original Combination: Colias Eurydice

Type Locality: “des montagnes de la Californie”; defined as “vicinity of Alpine Dam, Lagunitas Creek, Marin County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23, figs. 156 ♂ D, 157 ♂ V.

=    lorquini (Boisduval, 1855)

Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (3)3(1): xxxii.

Original Combination: Rhodocera Lorquini

Type Locality: “des montagnes de la Californie”; defined as “vicinity of Alpine Dam, Lagunitas Creek, Marin County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24, figs. 156 ♂ D, 157 ♂ V.

=    wosnesenskii (Ménétriés, 1855)

Enum. corp. anim. (1): 14 (as wosnesenskii); 77-78, no. 253 (as vosnesenskii), pl. 1, fig. 4 ♂ D&V (as vosnesenskii).

Original Combination: Colias Wosnesenskii

Type Locality: “Nouvelle Californie” [California]

Types: Syntype(s) should be in ZIN.

Lamas (2004d), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 103, made a first reviser choice of wosnesenskii over vosnesenskii.

=    helena (Reakirt, [1864])

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 358, no. 2.

Original Combination: Megonostoma Helena

Type Locality: “?Chiapas” probably in error.

Types: Syntype in FMNH.

=    bernardino (W. H. Edwards, 1887)

Butterflies N. Am. 3(1): [71-72], pl. Colias 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (lectotoype), 3 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Colias Eurydice] Bernardino

Type Locality: “San Bernardino” [San Bernardino County, California]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 97, fig. 23 ♂ D&V.

It is possible that this name was intended for an infrasubspecific form, but this is not clear from the text.

=    ‡”amorphae” (Hy. Edwards, 1877)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 169.

Original Combination: C[olias]. eurydice Var. Amorphae

Type Locality: “Mendocino County” [California]

Types: “Syntype” in AMNH.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”fanniae” Gunder, 1924

Entomol. News 35(5): 158, pl. 2, fig. K ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Zerene eurydice ab. ♂ fanniae

Type Locality: “San Bernardino Mts., San Bernardino Co., California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 12, fig. 8 ♂ D.

=    ‡”newcombi” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(1): 4, no. 7, pl. 1, fig. R ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Zerene eurydice ab. ♂ newcombi

Type Locality: “San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 12, fig. 10 ♂ D.

=    ‡”masumbrosus” Gunder, 1928

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 4(3): 100-101, pl. 1, figs. 1-6 ♀ D; fig. 3 (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Zerene eurydice masumbrosus form ♀

Type Locality: “California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”lineainita” Gunder, 1928

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 4(3): 101-102, pl. 1, top row, fifth (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Zerene eurydice lineainita form ♂

Type Locality: “San Bernardino mountains, California” [San Bernardino and Riverside counties]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”doudoroffi” Gunder, 1932

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 125.

Original Combination: Zerene eurydice tr. f. doudoroffi

Type Locality: “Lake Alpine, Fairfax, Marin County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”nigrocapitata” Riddell, 1941

Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 91(9): 452 pl. 1, fig. 4 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Zerene eurydice ab. nigrocapitata

Type Locality: “California: Mill Creek Canyon, San Bernardino Mountains...5000 feet” [San Bernardino County]

Types: “Holotype” in CAS.

=    ‡”marginata” Riddell, 1941

Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 91(9): 453, pl. 1, fig. 6 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Zerene eurydice form marginata

Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino Mountains, 5000 feet above sea level” [San Bernardino and Riverside counties]

Types: “Holotype” in CAS.

=    ‡”flavolineata” Riddell, 1941

Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 91(9): 454, pl. 2, fig. 1 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Zerene eurydice ab. flavolineata

Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino Mountains, 5000 feet above sea level” [San Bernardino and Riverside counties]

Types: “Holotype” in CAS.

=    ‡”rubrosuffusa” Riddell, 1941

Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 91(9): 452, pl. 2, figs. 8 ♂ V (“holotype”), 9 ♂ D, pl. 3, fig. 7 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Zerene eurydice form rubrosuffusa

Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino Mountains, 5000 feet above sea level” [San Bernardino and Riverside counties]

Types: “Holotype” in CAS.

‡”alba” (J. Scott, 1986)

Butterflies N. Am.: 202, no. 45.

Original Combination: [Colias eurydice] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

Genus Anteos Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 99. Type-species: Papilio maerula Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 479, no. 157, by designation of Godman and Salvin (1889), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(79): 148.

      =    ‡Amynthia Swainson, 1831

Zool. Illustr. (2)2(14): pl. 65 [actually 63], unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio maerula Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 479, no. 157, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Anteos Hübner, [1819].

=    Klotsius Hemming, 1964

Annot. Lepid. (4): 148. Type-species: Mancipium menippe Hübner, [1818], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [147], figs. 1, 2, by original designation.

397.      Anteos clorinde (Godart, [1824])

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 813-814, nos. 1-2.

Original Combination: Colias Clorinde

Type Locality: “Brésil” [Brazil]

Types: Syntype(s) in MNHP.

=    swainsonia (Swainson, 1831)

Zool. Illustr. (2)2(14): pl. 65 [actually 63] ♂ D&V, unnumbered text.

Original Combination: Amynthia Swainsonia

Type Locality: “interior of Pernambuco...Brazil”

Types: Type(s) probably lost; collection auctioned in 1840.

=    godarti (Perty, 1833)

Delect. Anim. Art. Bras. (3): 152, pl. 29, figs. 4 ♂ D, 4b ♂ V.

Original Combination: Colias Godarti

Type Locality: “Piauhy” [Piaui, Brazil]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

=    nivifera (Fruhstorfer, 1907)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 294.

Original Combination: [Rhodocera] maerula nivifera

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Holotype may be in ZSM.

=    ‡”atromarginatus” Vázquez, 1952

An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 22(2): 535, fig. 1 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Anteos clorinde f[orma]. fem[inina]. atromarginatus

Type Locality: “Tierra Blanca, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: “Syntypes” in MGCL.

398.      Anteos maerula (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 479, no. 157.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Maerula

Type Locality: “America”; provisionally determined be “Jamaica” by D. Bates (1935), Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 78(2): 139; stated as “probably Jamaica” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 190.

Types: Syntypes in HMUG.

=    lacordairei (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 600, no. 3.

Original Combination: Rhodocera Lacordairei

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Syntype in MNHP.

As first revisers, L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 85, accorded precedence to lacordairei over gueneeana.

=    gueneeana (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 601, no. 5.

Original Combination: Rhodocera Gueneeana

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”flava” (Röber, 1909)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(26): 89.

Original Combination: [Gonepteryx maerula] ab. flava

Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Cuba.”

Types: “Lectotype” in MTD, designated by Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 23(91): 344.

Genus Phoebis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 98. Type-species: Phoebis cypris Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 98, no. 1044 (an unjustified emendation of Papilio cipris Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 5, pl. 99, figs. E, F; (16): 148 (index); = Papilio argante Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 470, no. 116; synonym), by designation of Butler (1873), Lepid. Exot. (13): 155.

      =    ‡Colias Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 99. Type-species: Papilio sennae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 470, no. 72, by designation of Hemming (1939), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B) 8(7): 136. Preoccupied by Colias [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284.

=    Callidryas Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (8): 73. Type-species: Papilio eubule Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 764, no. 102 (= Papilio sennae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 470, no. 72; synonym), by designation of Blanchard (1840), in: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 432.

      =    ‡Metura Butler, 1873

Lepid. Exot. (13): 155. Type-species: Callidryas bracteolata Butler, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(2): 458, pl. 26, fig. 6 (= Colias neocypris Hübner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [136], figs. 1, 2; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 218, no. 695. Preoccupied by Metura Walker, 1855, in: Allen's Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2: 229.

=    Parura W. F. Kirby, 1896

In: Allen, Nat. Libr. Lepid. 2: 229. Type-species: Callidryas bracteolata Butler, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(2): 458, pl. 26, fig. 6 (= Colias neocypris Hübner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [136], figs. 1, 2; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Metura Butler, 1873, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

399.      Phoebis sennae (Linnaeus, 1758)

a.   Phoebis sennae sennae (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 470, no. 72; cited Sloane (1725), Voy. Mad. Barb. Niev. St. Christ. Jam. 2: pl. 236, figs. 11, 12, and Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 58, among others.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus Candidus]. Sennae

Type Locality: “Americes”; possibly “Jamaica” from reference to Sloane.

Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 379.

=    ‡”sennalba” F. Brown, 1929

Am. Mus. Novit. (368): 8-9.

Original Combination: Phoebis eubule sennae female form sennalba

Type Locality: “7 kilometers north of Viñales, Cuba” [Pinar del Rio]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

b.   Phoebis sennae eubule (Linnaeus, 1767)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 764, no. 102; cited G. Edwards (1760) Glean. Nat. Hist. 2: pl. 304.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus Candidus] Eubule

Type Locality: “Carolina”; suggested to be “vic. of Charleston, South Carolina” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 86. [Charleston County]

Types: Type(s) apparently lost.

=    drya (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 478, no. 153.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Drya

Type Locality: “America”; suggested to be “vic. of Charleston, South Carolina” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 86. [Charleston County]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    ‡”pallida” (Cockerell, 1889)

Entomol. 22(308): 5; cited French (1886), Butterflies E. U. S.: 122.

Original Combination: Callidryas sennae pallida ♀

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Type” is apparently lost.

=    ‡”lichas” (d'Almeida, 1922)

Mélanges Lépid. 1: 56, no. 43; cited Boisduval and Le Conte [1830], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (8): pl. 24, fig. 3 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Catopsilia Eubule] Form. aberr. Lichas

Type Locality: Not specifically stated, but probably “Georgia” based on the figures by John Abbot in Boisduval and Le Conte.

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. A “syntype” is in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such “types” from the Boisduval collection.

=    ‡”browni” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.

Original Combination: Phoebis sennae race eubule female f. browni

Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 204, no. 50.

Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae ♀] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”rosa” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 204, no. 50.

Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae] winter form rosa

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

c.   Phoebis sennae marcellina (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): 103, pl. 163, fig. A ♂ (not ♀) D, B ♀ (possibly a different species and may be ♂) V, C ♂ V; (16): 149 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Marcellina

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Presumed syntypes (#665067, 665068) in NHMUK, but both are Phoebis argante ♀♀.

=    hyperici (Sepp, [1832])

Surinaam. Vlinders 1(5): 45, pl. 19.

Original Combination: Papilio Hyperici

Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the work.

Types: Type(s) lost.

=    rhadia (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 617, no. 11.

Original Combination: Callidryas Rhadia

Type Locality: “Senegal, île Maurice” in error. [Mauritius, West Africa]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    yamana (Reakirt, [1864])

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 352, no. 3.

Original Combination: C[allidryas]. Yamana

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Type(s) may be in CMNH or lost.

=    ‡”schausi” (Oberthür, 1912)

Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: 328, pl. 126, fig. 1116 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Callidryas Eubule-Schausi

Type Locality: “Nouvelle- Fribourg” [Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”fugax” (d'Almeida, 1922)

Mélanges Lépid. 1: 57-58, no. 44; figured by d'Almeida (1940), Arq. Zool. São Paulo 1(3): pl. 4, fig. 7.

Original Combination: [Catopsilia Eubule] form. Fugax

Type Locality: Not stated; “neotype” from “Piedade, rio de Janeiro” [Brazil]

Types: “Neotype” (#1089) in UFPC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 323, fig. 2 ♂ D&V, but this designation was not in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”giacomellii” Köhler, 1923

Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 18(12)(Sonderheft): 16, unnumbered fig. ♀ V.

Original Combination: Catopsilia eubule f. Giacomellii

Type Locality: “La Rioja” [Argentina]

Types: “Syntype” in MLP.

=    ‡”minor” Dufrane, 1947

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 64.

Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae marcellina] minor

Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Bolivia.”

Types: “Lectotype” in RBINS, designated by Lamas (1981), Revta. Cienc. (Lima) 73(1): 58.

=    ‡”albescens” Dufrane, 1947

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 64.

Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae marcellina] ab. albescens

Type Locality: “Brésil”

Types: “Holotype” in RBINS.

=    ‡”major” Dufrane, 1947

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 65.

Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae marcellina] major

Type Locality: “Brésil”; lectotype from “Peru.”

Types: “Lectotype” in RBINS, designated by Lamas (1981), Revta. Cienc. (Lima) 73(1): 56.

400.      Phoebis philea (Linnaeus, 1763)

a.   Phoebis philea philea (Linnaeus, 1763)

In: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 21, no. 59; cited Rösel von Rosenhof (1761), Der monat. Insect.-Belustig. 4: pl. 3, fig. 5; often cited as published in Amoen. acad. 6: 404, no. 59, a subsequent reprint.

Original Combination: Papilio D[anaus]. Philea.

Type Locality: “Indiis”; suggested to be “Surinam” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 86.

Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 363.

=    aricye (Cramer, 1776)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(8): 147, pl. 94, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (8): 151 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus] Candidi Aricye

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Godart (1819), in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (86), 94, unjustifiably emended this to “aricia” and on page 94 misspelled it “aricie.”

=    melanippe (Stoll, 1781)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(31): 139-140, pl. 361, figs. E ♀ D, F ♀ V; (34): 250 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Melanippe

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    corday (Hübner, [1819])

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 99, no. 1053; cited Papilio philea Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): pl. 173, figs. E, F, and Mancipium argante Hübner [1814], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [145].

Original Combination: Colias Corday

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname” implied from the reference to Cramer.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    lollia (Godart, 1819)

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (86), 94, no. 15.

Original Combination: Colias Lollia

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP.

=    ‡”obsoleta” (Niepelt, 1920)

Int. Entomol. Z. 14(3): 17.

Original Combination: [Catopsilia philea] ♀ v. obsoleta

Type Locality: “Carillo, Costa Rica”

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

=    ‡”irma” Krüger, 1929

Int. Entomol. Z. 23(4): 59.

Original Combination: Catopsilia philea ♀ ab. irma

Type Locality: “Nord-Peru”

Types: “Holotype” possibly in ZMUH (Krüger collection).

=    ‡”inornata” Dufrane, 1947

Bull. Annl. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 65.

Original Combination: [Phoebis philea philea] ab. inornata

Type Locality: “Rio-de-Janeiro” [Brazil]

Types: “Holotype” in RBINS.

=    ‡”androchroma” Bryk, 1953

Ark. Zool. (n.s.) 5(1): 17, no. 29b.

Original Combination: Phoebis philea fa. androchroma

Type Locality: “Roque” [Peru]

Types: “Syntypes” in NHRS.

‡”alamacho” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.

Original Combination: Phoebis philea form alamacho

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”crema” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.

Original Combination: Phoebis philea form crema

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 205, no. 53.

Original Combination: [Phoebis philea ♀] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

*401.    Phoebis neocypris (Hübner, [1823])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [136], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Colias Neocypris

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Brasilia” by W. F. Kirby (1908), in: P. Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett. 3(addit. notes): 84.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    ‡cipris (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 212, no. 663; cited Jones’ Icones 3: pl. 39, fig. 1.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. Cipris

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Preoccupied by Papilio cipris Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 5, pl. 99, figs. E. F; (16): 148 (index).

=    bracteolata (Butler, 1865)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(2): 458, no. 6, pl. 26, fig. 6 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Callidryas bracteolata

Type Locality: “Brazil”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    irrigata (Butler, 1870)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(1): 9-10, no. 2; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 67, no. 19, pl. 26, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Callidryas irrigata

Type Locality: “Brasil”; defined as “Ipaunema?, Brasil” by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 67. [Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

a.   Phoebis neocypris virgo (Butler, 1870)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(1): 9, no. 1; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (4): 75, pl. 29, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Callidryas virgo

Type Locality: “Mexico...Mountains of Oaxaca (E Side)...San Geronimo (Vera Paz)...(?) Apolobamba”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    intermedia (Butler, 1872)

Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 81; figured by Butler (1873), Lepid. Exot. (13): 153-154, no. 43, pl. 55, figs. 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ V, 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Callidryas Intermedia

Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”rubrofasciata” Vázquez, 1952

An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 22(2): 553, fig. 2 (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Phoebis intermedia] f[orma]. fem[inina]. rubrofasciata

Type Locality: “Malinalco, Méx.” [Mexico State, Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 206, no. 54.

Original Combination: [Phoebis intermedia ♀] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

402.      Phoebis argante (Fabricius, 1775)

a.   Phoebis argante argante (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 470, no. 116.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Argante

Type Locality: “Brasilia” Fabricius cited “Mus. Banks” and L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 191, state that only Rio de Janeiro was visited by Banks.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    cipris (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 5, pl. 99, figs. E ♀ D, F ♀ V; (16): 148 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Candidi Cipris

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Syntypes (#665064, 665065) in NHMUK.

=    volcanica (Perry, 1811)

Arcana 1: [161], pl. [83].

Original Combination: Papilio Volcanica

Type Locality: “Rio de la Plata” [Argentina]

Types: Types probably lost.

=    ‡cnidia (Godart, 1819)

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (86), 93-94, no. 14; cited Papilio cipris Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): pl. 99, figs. E, F: (16): 148 (index), and Herbst (1792), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 5: pl. 111, figs. 3, 4.

Original Combination: Colias Cnidia

Proposed to replace Papilio cipris Cramer, 1777, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of cipris.

=    ‡cypris (Hübner, [1819])

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 98, no. 1044; cited Papilio cipris Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): pl. 99, figs. E, F; (16): 148 (index).

Original Combination: P[hoebis]. Cypris

An unjustified emendation of Papilio cipris.

=    aurantia (Larrañaga, 1923)

Escrit. Larrañaga. publica Instit. Hist. Geogr. Uruguay: 418.

Original Combination: Papilio aurantia

Type Locality: “frequens in floribus civitatis” [frequent at flowers in the city of Montevideo, Uruguay]

Types: Type(s) lost.

=    ‡”albante” F. Brown, 1929

Am. Mus. Novit. (368): 13.

Original Combination: Phoebis argante argante female form albante

Type Locality: “Tegucigalpa, Honduras”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 205, no. 52.

Original Combination: [Phoebis argante ♀] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

403.      Phoebis agarithe (Boisduval, 1836)

a.   Phoebis agarithe fisheri (Hy. Edwards, 1883)

Papilio 3(2): 43.

Original Combination: Callidryas Fisheri

Type Locality: “La Paz, Lower California” [Baja California Sur, Mexico]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Phoebis agarithe agarithe (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 623, no. 16.

Original Combination: Callidryas Agarithe

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Syntype in USNM.

=    ‡”albarithe” F. Brown, 1929

Am. Mus. Novit. (368): 16.

Original Combination: Phoebis agarithe maxima female form albarithe

Type Locality: “Jalapa, Mexico” [Veracruz]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Phoebis agarithe maxima (Neumoegen, 1891)

Can. Entomol. 23(6): 122.

Original Combination: Catopsilia agarithe var. Maxima

Type Locality: “Upper Indian River, Fla.” [Brevard County, Florida]

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 146, no. 50.

=    ‡floridensis (Röber, 1909)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(26): 87.

Original Combination: [Catopsilia argante] floridensis

Type Locality: “Floriden”; lectotype from “Miami” [Miami-Dade County]

Types: Lectotype in MTD, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 146, no. 50.

Preoccupied by Catopsilia neleis var. floridensis Neumoegen, 1891, Can. Entomol. 23(6): 122.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 204, no. 51.

Original Combination: [Phoebis agarithe ♀] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

Genus Aphrissa Butler, 1873

Lepid. Exot. (13): 155. Type-species: Papilio statira Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 35, pl. 120, figs. C, D; (16): 150 (index), by original designation.

404.      Aphrissa statira (Cramer, 1777)

a.   Aphrissa statira statira (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 35, pl. 120, figs. C ♀ D, D ♀ V; 2(16): 150 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Statira

Type Locality: “Kust van Coromandel, en te Tránquebar” “Côte de Coromandel & à Tranquebar” in error; suggested to be “Surinam” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 87; “neotype” from “Pará.” [Brazil]

Types: Type(s) probably lost; d’Almeida (1945), Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 6(21): 239, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 4 ♂ D&V, designated one of these as the neotype (#1282) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.

=    evadne (Godart, 1819)

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (87), 98, no. 28; cited Papilio alcmeone Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(12): pl. 141, fig. E; (16): 147 (index), and Herbst (1792), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 5: pl. 104, fig. 3.

Original Combination: Colias Evadne

Type Locality: “Brésil”

Types: Type(s) probably at MNHP.

=    jada (Butler, 1870)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(1): 11, no. 5; figured by Butler (1873), Lepid. Exot. (10): 144, pl. 51, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♂ V, 10 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Catopsilia Jada

Type Locality: “Guatemala (Central Valleys)”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    inesa Anken & Silva, 1996

Facetta (12): 5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2b ♂ V.

Original Combination: Aphrissa statira inesa

Type Locality: “Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis”

Types: Holotype in Anken collection or ZSM.

=    ‡”pseudomas” (Giacomelli, 1911)

An. Soc. Cient. Argent. 72(1): 21, no. 2.

Original Combination: [Catopsilia Statira] hembra forma pseudomas

Type Locality: “en el Saladillo á dos leguasde la Rioja, á 800 metros” [La Rioja, Argentina]

Types: “Syntype” in MACN.

=    ‡”stalba” F. Brown, 1931

Am. Mus. Novit. (454): 12.

Original Combination: Aphrissa statira jada female form stalba

Type Locality: “Truxillo district, Honduras”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 203, no. 48.

Original Combination: [Phebis statira] form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”naranja” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.

Original Combination: Phoebis statira female form naranja

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

b.   Aphrissa statira floridensis (Neumoegen, 1891)

Can. Entomol. 23(6): 122.

Original Combination: Catopsilia neleis var. floridensis

Type Locality: “Upper Indian River of Florida” [Brevard County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM and MCZC.

405.      Aphrissa neleis (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 629-630, no. 23.

Original Combination: Callidryas Neleis

Type Locality: “Cuba”

Types: Type(s) in NHMUK.

Recorded from Florida by T. Emmel (2007), Trop. Lepid. 17(1/2): 6, 4 figs., A. Warren & Calhoun (2011), News Lepid. Soc. 53(1): 3-7, 16 figs., and A. Warren & Calhoun (2012), News Lepid. Soc. 53(4): 133-134.

406.      Aphrissa orbis (Poey, 1832)

a.   Aphrissa orbis orbis (Poey, 1832)

Cent. Lépid. Cuba (1): [1-3], [no. 1], pl. [1], figs. [1] ♀ D, [2] ♂ D, [3] larva, [4] ♀ V, [5] pupa.

Original Combination: Callidryas Orbis

Type Locality: “Cuba”

Types: Syntypes (#7767) in ANSP.

Subfamily Pierinae Swainson, 1820

Tribe Anthocharidini Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. (2)(8): 1039 (as “Anthocharidi”). Type-genus: Anthocharis Boisduval, Rambur & Graslin, [1833], Coll. icon. Hist. Chenilles Europ. (12): pl. Pap. 5; (13): pl. 35.

Genus Anthocharis Boisduval, Rambur, [Duménil] & Graslin, [1833]

Coll. icon. Hist. Chenilles Europ. (12): pl. Pap. 5. Type-species: Papilio cardamines Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 468, no. 63, by monotypy. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 9-10, fig. 4, rearranged taxa in this genus and excluded Paramidea Kuznetsov, 1929, Mus. zool. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 7)1(2): 58 (nota), from the New World.

Subgenus Anthocharis Boisduval, Rambur, [Duménil] & Graslin, [1833]

407.      Anthocharis sara Lucas, 1852

Stout (2018), Insecta Mundi 0615: 1-38, revised the sara complex and that treatment is adopted here.

a.   Anthocharis sara gunderi Ingham, 1933

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 9(2): 75.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara gunderi

Type Locality: “Middle Ranch, Santa Catalina Island, California” [Los Angeles County]

Types: Holotype in CAS.

This taxon was listed at the subspecies-level by S. Miller (1985), J. Res. Lepid. 23(4): 290.

b.   Anthocharis sara sara Lucas, 1852

Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(7): 339-340.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Sara

Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River, 2400' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 79.

Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 79, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V.

=    ‡sara Boisduval, 1852

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 285-286, no. 11.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara

Type Locality: “dans une grande partie de la Californie”

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

Preoccupied by Anthocharis sara Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(7): 339-340.

=    reakirtii W. H. Edwards, 1869

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 369; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Anthocharis 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Reakirtii

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “vicinity of San Francisco, California” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 39.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 40-41, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

=    mollis W. G. Wright, 1905

Butterflies W. Coast: 50, no. 67; 111, pl. 8, figs. 67 ♂ D (lectotype), 67b ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Anthocharis Sara var.] Mollis; Anthocharis Mollis n. v.

Type Locality: “Southern California” “Riche Canyon, S. Cal....San Diego County”; lectotype from “Riche Canyon,” believed to be “Reche Canyon, San Bernardino/Riverside counties” by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 11.

Types: Lectotype (#4286) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 11.

=    dammersi J. A. Comstock, 1929

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 28(2): 33, pl. 18 (holotype).

Original Combination: Anthocharis dammersi

Type Locality: “Whitewater Canyon, Riverside County, California”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 71, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.

The holotype is apparently a hybrid between A. sara and A. lanceolata; see Shields and Mori (1979), J. Res. Lepid. 17(1): 53-55, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”wrighti” J. A. Comstock, 1924

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23(2): 52; 24(2): pl. 11, fig. 16 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Anthocharis reakirti ab. Wrighti

Type Locality: “Chula Vista, California”

Types: “Holotype” in SDMC.

=    ‡”sternitzkyi” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(1): 4, no. 6, pl. 1, fig. Q ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara form reakirti ab. ♂ sternitzkyi

Type Locality: “San Francisco, California” [San Francisco County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”corcorani” Gunder, 1931

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 45.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara tr. f. corcorani

Type Locality: “Griffith Park, Los Angeles, Calif.” [Los Angeles County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

=    ‡”broweri” Gunder, 1932

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 124.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara race reakirti tr. f. broweri

Type Locality: “Peanut Hill, Berkely Hills, Alameda County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”flavicoloris” Gunder, [1934]

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 9(4): 151-152.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara reakirtii tr. f. flavicoloris

Type Locality: “Tocaloma, Marin County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”pallida” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 212, no. 68.

Original Combination: [Anthocharis sara] form pallida

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

c.   Anthocharis sara sempervirens J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 2008

Bull. Allyn Mus. (155): 2-4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara sempervirens

Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Redwood National Park; along Bald Hills Road 16.3 road miles southeast of Highway 101, 0.4-0.5 air mile west of Schoolhouse Peak, 2400-2600 feet elevation; SE 1/4 of S24, T9N R2E”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

d.   Anthocharis sara pseudothoosa Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (44): 534-535, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara pseudothoosa

Type Locality: “Nevada: Douglas County; Sweetwater Mountains, Jackass Creek, 0.5-2 miles southwest of Desert Creek, 2195 m, T8N R24E (unsectioned) on USGS Desert Creek Peak, Nev.-Calif. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

408.      Anthocharis julia W. H. Edwards, 1872

a.   Anthocharis julia alaskensis Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 277.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara race alaskensis

Type Locality: “Skagway, Alaska”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Anthocharis julia flora W. G. Wright, 1892

Can. Entomol. 24(6): 154-155; figured by W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast, pl. 8, figs. 65 ♂ D (lectotype), 65b ♀ D.

Original Combination: A[nthocharis]. Flora

Type Locality: “Western Washington”; corrected to “Tenino, Washington” by W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: 109. [Thurston County]

Types: Lectotype (#3228) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 11.

c.   Anthocharis julia sulfuris Pelham, 2008

J. Res. Lepid. 40: 167-168.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara sulfuris

Pelham adopted Anthocharis sara race julia tr. f. sulfuris Gunder, 1931 to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    columbia J. Scott & Kondla, 2008

Papilio (n.s.) 18: 12-13, pl 2, fourth row left ♂ D, fourth row center ♂ V (holotype), fifth row left ♀ D, fifth row center ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara columbia

Type Locality: “Brilliant Creek, BC, in the West Kootenay are of BC near Castlegar on the Columbia River”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

=    ‡”sulfuris” Gunder, 1931

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 45.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara race julia tr. f. sulfuris

Type Locality: “Kellogg, Idaho” [Shoshone County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

d.   Anthocharis julia stella W. H. Edwards, 1879

Can. Entomol. 11(5): 87-88.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Stella

Type Locality: “Nevada...Lake Tahoe...Yo Semite”; defined as “Marlette Peak, Carson Range, Washoe County, Nevada” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 41, 42.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 43, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.

The recent application of the name stella to populations far away from its type locality (e.g. Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 160, Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 102-103; following McDunnough (1928), Can. Entomol. 60(11): 269-270), is inappropriate, as discussed by A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 82-83.

e.   Anthocharis julia browningi Skinner, 1906

Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop., Suppl. 1: 22; cited Browning (1901), Entomol. News 12(10): pl. 13, ♂&♀.

Original Combination: [Anthocharis] Sara var browningi

Type Locality: “Brightons [sic], Utah, and City Creek Canon, near Salt Lake City” [Brighton and City Creek Canyon, Salt Lake County]

Types: Syntypes in CMNH (#903) and USNM; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 71, fig. 14 ♂ D.

f.    Anthocharis julia julia W. H. Edwards, 1872

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61-62, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1878), Butterflies N. Am. 2(7): pl. Anthocharis 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Julia

Type Locality: “pine woods of the mountains immediately surrounding the South Park, at Fairplay, Park Co., Colorado”; defined as “woods and on the banks of the Beaver Creek near Fairplay, Park Co., altitude 9500 feet” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 158.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 44, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

g.   Anthocharis julia prestonorum Stout, 2012

In: Fisher, Butterflies Colo. 5: 8-12, ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V

Original Combination: Anthocharis julia prestonorum

Type Locality: “Colorado, Garfield County. Grizzly Peak Rest Area, Glenwood Canyon. 4.1 miles ENE of Glenwood Springs, 6100 ft. (north side of Interstate 70)”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

409.      Anthocharis thoosa (Scudder, 1878)

a.   Anthocharis thoosa inghami Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 276-277.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara race inghami

Type Locality: “Tucson, Ariz.” [Pima County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”duncani” Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 277.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara race inghami tr. f. duncani

Type Locality: “Globe, Ariz.” [Gila County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

b.   Anthocharis thoosa thoosa (Scudder, 1878)

Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr. 4(1)(10): 257.

Original Combination: Synchloe thoosa

Type Locality: “Mokiak Pass”; determined to be “Mokiah Pass, Mohave Co., Arizona: summit about 5200', T39N R12W, 36^o 48' N/ 13^o 33' W in the saddle between Wolf Hole Mountain and Seegmuller Mountain, up Mokiah Wash” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(2): 134.

Types: Holotype (#16016) in MCZC.

c.   Anthocharis thoosa coriande M. Fisher & J. Scott, 2008

Papilio (n.s.) 18: 8-9, pl 2, third row left ♂ D, third row center ♂ V (holotype), third row right ♀ D.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara coriande

Type Locality: “I mi. SE Glorieta, 7300', pinyon-juniper woodland Taos Co. [sic] New Mex.” [Santa Fe County, New Mexico]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

d.   Anthocharis thoosa colorado J. Scott & M. Fisher, 2008

Papilio (n.s.) 18: 7-8, pl 2, top row left ♂ D, top row center ♂ V (holotype), second row left ♀ D, second row center ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis sara colorado

Type Locality: “McElmo Creek, 6000', Montezuma Co. Colo.”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

410.      Anthocharis lanceolata Lucas, 1852

a.   Anthocharis lanceolata lanceolata Lucas, 1852

Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(7): 338-339.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Lanceolata

Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “Highway 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch of North Fork Feather River Canyon, 2500' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78.

Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 79, figs. 10 ♀ D, 11 ♀ V.

=    ‡lanceolata Boisduval, 1852

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 284-285, no. 10.

Original Combination: Anthocharis lanceolata

Type Locality: “les montagnes de la Juba”

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

Preoccupied by Anthocharis lanceolata Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(7): 338-339.

=    edwardsii Behr, 1869

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 304.

Original Combination: Anthocaris [sic] Edwardsii

Type Locality: “Downieville” [Sierra County, California]

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.

b.   Anthocharis lanceolata australis (F. Grinnell, 1908)

Can. Entomol. 40(2): 72.

Original Combination: Synchloe australis

Type Locality: “Arroyo Seco Cañon and Millard Cañon, Pacific slope of the St. [sic] Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County, California. Elevation 2,500 feet” [San Gabriel Mountains]

Types: Syntype in AMNH.

c.   Anthocharis lanceolata desertolimbus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 135, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis lanceolata desertolimbus

Type Locality: “California: San Diego County; one mile west of Scissors Crossing; T12S., R5E”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

Subgenus Tetracharis Grote, 1898

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 37(157): 37. Type-species: Anthocharis cethura C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara Zool. (2): 182, no. 174, pl. 25, figs. 1, 2, by monotypy.

=    Falcapica Klots, 1930

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 25(2): 83. Type-species: Papilio genutia Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 193, no. 601, as a replacement name (= Mancipium midea Hübner, [1809], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [142], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4; preoccupied). Proposed to replace Midea Herrich Schäffer, 1867, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

      =    ‡Midea Herrich-Schäffer, 1867

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 21(9): 105; (11): 143. Type-species: Papilio genutia Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 193, no. 601 (= Mancipium midea Hübner, [1809], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [142], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4; preoccupied). Preoccupied by Midea Bruzelius, [1855], Beskr. Hydrachn.: 35.

411.      Anthocharis cethura C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865

a.   Anthocharis cethura catalina Meadows, 1937

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 35(3): 177.

Original Combination: Anthocharis cethura race catalina

Type Locality: “Grand Canyon...White’s Landing...Renton Mine...Salte Verde....Catalina Island, California”; defined as “ridge between Renton Mine and Jewfish Point at head of Pebbly Beach Canyon” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 75, but holotype is from “Grand Canyon,” as recorded by Orsak (1976), J. Res. Lepid. 14: 85, and S. Miller (1985), J. Res. Lepid. 23(4): 290. [Los Angeles County]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Anthocharis cethura cethura C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 182, no. 174, pl. 25, figs. 1 ♀ D , 2 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Cethura

Type Locality: “Sonora”; defined as “vicinity of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 88.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 88, figs. 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V.

=    cooperii Behr, 1869

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 304.

Original Combination: Anthocaris [sic] Cooperii

Type Locality: “San Diego” [San Diego County, California]

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.

=    angelina Boisduval, 1869

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 40, no. 12.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Angelina

Type Locality: “Los Angelos, dans le sud de la Californie”

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25, figs. 174 ♂ D, 175 ♂ V.

=    deserti W. G. Wright, 1905

Butterflies W. Coast: 50, no. 60; 106, pl. 7, figs. 60 ♂ D (lectotype), 60a ♂ D, 60aa ♂ V, 60b ♀ D, 60bb ♀ D, 60c ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Anthocharis Cethura var.] Deserti; Anthocharis Deserti n. v.

Type Locality: “Colorado Desert of California” “Garnet Knob, Desert...Caliente...Indian Wells”; lectotype from “Garnet Knob, Desert”; defined as “Palm Springs area” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 132.

Types: Lectotype (#4282) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 9.

=    caliente W. G. Wright, 1905

Butterflies W. Coast: 50, no. 70; 112-113, pl. 8, fig. 70 ♀ D (holotype).

Original Combination: [Anthocharis] Caliente; Anthocharis Caliente n. s.

Type Locality: “Colorado Desert of California”; suggested to be “Palm Springs area” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 132.

Types: Holotype (#4288) in CAS.

c.   Anthocharis cethura morrisoni W. H. Edwards, 1881

Papilio 1(4): 43-44, no. 1.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Morrisoni

Type Locality: “Southern California”; corrected to “the barren mesa lands, particularly the summits of small hills near Kern River, Calif.” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43; lectotype from “Kern River, Kern County, California.”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 49, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.

d.   Anthocharis cethura hadromarmorata J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 133, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis cethura hadromarmorata

Type Locality: “Nevada: Churchill County; 2 ½ road miles west of Junction US Highway 50 and US Highway Alternate 95 on US Highway 50, south end of Swingle Bench, 4100' elevation, T19N, R27E”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Anthocharis cethura mojavensis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 131-132, 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis cethura mojavensis

Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County, Providence Mountains, mouth of Bonanza King Mine Canyon, 4200' elevation, S3, T10N, R14E”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

f.    Anthocharis cethura pima W. H. Edwards, 1888

Can. Entomol. 20(8): 158; figured by W. H. Edwards (1889), Butterflies N. Am. 3(7): pl. Anthocharis 2, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Pima

Type Locality: “Pima County, Arizona”; redefined as “Arizona, Pima County, on the barren plains between Pontano and Tucson” by W. H. Edwards (1889), Butterflies N. Am. 3(7): [6]; subsequently defined as “Pantano, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 45-46.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 47, fig. 7 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 32, fig. 33 ♂ D.

The conspecific relationship between cethura and pima was first established by Rudkin (1936), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 35(1): 3-4. Additional works supporting this arrangement include T. Emmel and J. Emmel (1973), Los Angeles Co. Mus., Sci. Ser. 26: 22, Austin (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(4): 242, J. Scott (1982), J. Res. Lepid. 20(1): 61, Austin (1986), J. Lepid. Soc. 39(2): 101, and J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 132.

412.      Anthocharis midea (Hübner, [1809])

a.   Anthocharis midea annickae dos Passos & Klots, 1969

Entomol. Am. 45(1/2): 17, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V (holotype); 10 ♀ D, 11 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis (Falcapica) midea annickae

Type Locality: “West Rock, New Haven, Connecticut” [New Haven County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Anthocharis midea midea (Hübner, [1809])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [142], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Mancipium Midea

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Georgien” by Hemming (1937), Hübner 2: 115 (manuscript #31); defined as “vic. Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 76; neotype from “Wilmington I., near Savannah, Georgia.”

Types: Type(s) lost; neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Klots (1969), Entomol. Am. 45(1/2): 5-6, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V; this is also the neotype of genutia Fabricius, 1793.

=    ‡genutia (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 193, no. 601; cited Jones’ Icones pl. 26, fig. 2; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [27], fig. 5 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. Genutia

Type Locality: “India”; suggested to be “the coastal plain region of Georgia” by dos Passos and Klots (1969), Entomol. Am. 45(1/2): 5; neotype from “Wilmington I., near Savannah, Georgia.”

Types: Type(s) apparently lost; neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Klots (1969), Entomol. Am. 45(1/2): 5-6, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.

Preoccupied by Papilio genutia Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 23-24, pl. 206, figs. C, D; (24): 175 (index).

=    lherminieri (Godart, 1819)

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (118), 197 [sic; 167]-168, no. 164.

Original Combination: Pieris Lherminieri

Type Locality: “Charles-Town”; neotype from “McClellanville (Charleston Co.), South Carolina.”

Types: Type(s) apparently lost; neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Klots (1969), Entomol. Am. 45(1/2): 6, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.

=    flavida Skinner, 1917

Entomol. News 28(10): 438.

Original Combination: Anthocharis genutia var. flavida

Type Locality: “Savannah, Georgia” [Chatham County]

Types: Syntypes (#7029) in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 71, fig. 15 ♂ D, and dos Passos and Klots (1969), Entomol. Am. 45(1/2): figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V.

c.   Anthocharis midea texana Gatrelle, 1998

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(1): 3, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Anthocharis midea texana

Type Locality: “6 mi. w. of Buffalo, Freestone Co., Texas”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Genus Euchloe Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 94. Type-species: Euchloe ausonia var. esperi W. F. Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 506 (= Euchloe crameri Butler (1869), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 5(59): 271, no. 2; subspecies), by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 177. Opinion 270 placed Euchloe on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 687.

      =    ‡Phyllocharis Schatz, [1885]

In: Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 2(1): pl. 8, fig. 2, 71. Type-species: Papilio tagis Hübner, [1804], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 110, figs. 565, 566, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Phyllocharis Dalman, 1824, Ephem. entomol.: 21.

=    Elphinstonia Klots, 1930

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 25(2): 87-88. Type-species: Anthocharis charlonia Donzel, 1842, Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]11(2): 197-198, pl. 8, fig. 1, by original designation.

413.      Euchloe ausonides (Lucas, 1852)

The relationship between this species and E. ausonia Hübner, [1804], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 113, figs. 582, 583, was explained by Geiger and Scholl (1985), Experientia 41: 24-29, and Back (1991), Atalanta (München) 21(3/4): 187-206.

a.   Euchloe ausonides ausonides (Lucas, 1852)

Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(7): 340-341.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Ausonides

Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by Opler (1967), J. Res. Lepid. 5(3): 191.

Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 79, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V.

=    ‡ausonides Boisduval, 1852

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 286, under no. 11.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Ausonides

Type Locality: “dans une grande partie de la Californie”

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Verity [1907], Rhop. palae. (21-23): pl. 37, fig. 20 ♂ D.

Preoccupied by Anthocharis ausonides Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(7): 340-341.

=    ‡”flavidalis” J. A. Comstock, 1924

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23(2): 51; 24(1): pl. 10, fig. 10 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides var. flavidalis

Type Locality: “Palo Alto, California” [Santa Clara County]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”semiflava” J. A. Comstock, 1924

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23(2): 51; 24(1): pl. 10, fig. 11 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides var. semiflava

Type Locality: “San Jose Mission, California” [Fremont County]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”boharti” Doudoroff, 1930

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(3): 143, fig. ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides [ab.] boharti

Type Locality: “Berkeley, California” [Alameda County]

Types: “Holotype” in Bohart Collection (UCDC).

b.   Euchloe ausonides insulanus C. Guppy & J. Shepard, 2001

Butterflies B. C.: 160, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides insulanus

Type Locality: “BC, W[ellington]” [Wellington, Vancouver Island, British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

c.   Euchloe ausonides transmontana Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 506, figs. 23 ♂ D, 24 ♂ V (holotype); 25 ♀ D, 26 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides transmontana

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Toiyabe Mountains, Kingston Canyon, 2050 m, T16N R43E S27-28 on the USGS Millet Ranch, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    ‡”hemiflava” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 19.

Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides race coloradensis tr. f. hemiflava

Type Locality: “Payson, Utah” [Utah County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

d.   Euchloe ausonides coloradensis (Hy. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 50-51.

Original Combination: Anthocharis coloradensis n. sp.?

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Turkey Creek Junction, Jefferson County, Colorado” by Opler (1967), J. Res. Lepid. 5(3): 192; further defined as “vicinity of Bradford Junction (“Turkey Creek Junction,” within the present-day town of Conifer), Jefferson County, Colorado” by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 24.

Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by K. Johnson (1976), J. Lepid. Soc. 30(4): 253, figs. 2b, 2e ♂ genitalia.

=    ‡”montana” Verity, [1911]

Rhop. palae. (30-36): 339, pl. 68, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♀ D, 15 ♂ V; ind. syst.: xxxi.

Original Combination: [Euchloe belia var. belioides] race montana

Type Locality: “hautes montagnes...à 3000 m. Dans le Colorado (Halle Valley)” implied from the text; “Hall Valley, 3000 m., Colorado” from the legend to plate 68. [Park County]

Types: Syntypes in the NHMUK.

e.   Euchloe ausonides palaeoreios K. Johnson, 1976

J. Lepid. Soc. 30(4): 253-256, fig. 1 (6 images including D&V ♂ holotype), fig. 2 a ♂ genitalia (holotype), 2d valve and penis.

Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides palaeoreios

Type Locality: “Spearfish Canyon, near Spearfish, Lawrence Co., South Dakota”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

f.    Euchloe ausonides mayi F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940

Can. Entomol. 72(4): 81.

Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides mayi new race

Type Locality: “Riding Mountains, Manitoba”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

g.   Euchloe ausonides ogilvia Back, 1991

Atalanta (München) 21(3/4): 195-197, pl. 1, figs. 1, 3, 5, 8, 10 pupa, pl. 2, fig. 7 ova, pl. 3, figs. 8, 9, 10 ova, cpl. 2, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), fig. 2 ♀ D&V (possibly not the same species), cpl. 3, figs. 1, 2, 3 larva.

Original Combination: Euchloe ogilvia

Type Locality: “CDN, Yukon-Ter. Ogilvie Mts., Dempster Hwy, Mi. 45, 500-1000m” [Canada]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Back (2015), Atalanta (München) 46: 107-110, confirms this arrangement.

*414.    Euchloe ochracea (Trybom, 1877)

Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Förh. 34(6): 37, no. 4

Original Combination: Anthocharis Belia var. Ochracea

Type Locality: "N. Tung." "på de bergiga stränderna af Nischnaja Tunguska omkring 20 verst från dess inflöde (65° 50' n. br.)" [Krasnoyarski Kray, Evenkiyski National Okrug, Russia]

Types: Holotype in NHRS.

Korb & Bolshakov (2011), Eversmannia separate 2: 25 and (2016) Zootaxa 4160(1): 67, treated this name as a senior synonym of naina. This is accepted here. Back, et al. (2008), Entomol. Z. 118(4): 151-169 treated Euchloe naina as a subspecies of Euchloe ausonia (Hübner, [1804]). This is not accepted.

=    kusnezovi Korshunov, 1995

In: Korshunov & Gorbunov, Butterflies Asiat. Russia: 63.

Original Combination: Euchloe naina kusnezovi

Type Locality: "Lower Yenesei, middle course of the Irbo-Keta River" [Krasnoyarsk Kray, Taimyr Nac. okrug, Russia, C.I.S.]

Types: Holotype in SZMN.

a.   Euchloe ochracea kamchatkensis Back, 2008

Entomol. Z. 118(4): 149; figured in Back et al. (2008), Entomol. Z. 118(4): fig. 60 ♂ D&V (holotype), 61 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Euchloe ausonia kamchatkensis

Type Locality: "Russland, Kamchatka, Bystrinskyi distr., Esso vic., 500-600 m" [Esso, Bystrinsky district, Kamchatka Krai, Russia]

Types: Holotype in Back collection.

Back (2013), Atalanta (München) 44(1-4): 118, determines that Yukon populations are closer to this taxon.

415.      Euchloe creusa (E. Doubleday, [1847])

a.   Euchloe creusa creusa (E. Doubleday, [1847])

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(5): pl. 7, fig. 1; (6): 56, no. 6.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Crëusa

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, North America”; defined as “vicinity of Banff, near 7,000' elevation, Alberta, Canada” by Opler (1967), J. Res. Lepid. 5(3): 192-193; redefined as “Rock Lake, Alberta (53^o 27'N, 118^o 16'W)” by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 40-41.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20: 42, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V; the same specimen figured by Verity [1911], Rhop. palae. (30-36): pl. 68, figs. 11 ♂ D.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 89.

=    elsa Beutenmüller, 1898

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10(13): 242, pl. 14, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Euchloe creusa var. elsa

Type Locality: “Laggan, British Columbia [sic]” [Lake Louise, Alberta]

Types: One syntype in AMNH.

416.      Euchloe olympia (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

a.   Euchloe olympia olympia (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266-267, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1874), Butterflies N. Am. 2(1): pl. Anthocharis 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocaris [sic] Olympia

Type Locality: “Coalburgh, W. Va...Dallas, Texas”; lectotype from “Kan.” [Kanawha County, West Virginia]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 33, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

b.   Euchloe olympia rosa (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(3): 45-46, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1889), Butterflies N. Am. 3(7): pl. Anthocharis 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Anthocharis Rosa

Type Locality: “western Texas”; defined as “Wichita County, Texas” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 34-35.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

Pavulaan, 2020, Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(6): 22, treated this as a subspecies-level taxon.

‡”anniha” Ebner, 1970

Butterflies Wisc.: 58-59, fig. ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Euchloe olympia anniha dos Passos & Klots

Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “Wisconsin” implied from the title of the work.

Types: None designated. This was not intended as a description.

Pavulaan, (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(6): 8-9, discusses this name and treats it as validly proposed but this name was inadvertent. It is a nomen nudum.

c.   Euchloe olympia wagneri Pavulaan, 2020

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(6): 24-26, figs. 10 ♂ D&V (holotype), 11 ♀ D&V, 12 live photo.

Original Combination: Euchloe olympia wagneri

Type Locality: “IL., Lake Co., Illinois Beach State Park”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

d.   Euchloe olympia huron Pavulaan, 2020

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(6): 29-31, figs. 16 ♂ D&V (holotype), 17 ♀ D&V, 18 live photo, 19 larva.

Original Combination: Euchloe olympia huron

Type Locality: “ON., Lambton Co., Ipperwash”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

417.      Euchloe guaymasensis Opler, 1987

J. Lepid. Soc. 40(3): 188-189, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♂ V, 3 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Euchloe guaymasensis

Type Locality: “Mexico, Estado de Sonora, Las Avispas microwave relay, 2000' (655m), 40 mi (64 km) N Guaymas”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

R. Holland (1995), J. Lepid. Soc. 49(2): 121-125, fig. 2a ♂ D&V, 2b ♀ D&V, 124, fig. 4, map; 134, figured the female and discussed the geographic distribution of this taxon. Scott (2017), Papilio (n. s.) 26: 121-125, 1 fig., considered this species conspecific with E. hyantis.

418.      Euchloe hyantis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

a.   Euchloe hyantis hyantis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205-206, no. 1.

Original Combination: Anthocaris [sic] Hyantis

Type Locality: “Mendocino, Cal.”; defined as “vicinity of Ukiah, Mendocino Co., Calif.” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 35.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”orientalides” Verity, [1908]

Rhop. palae. (17-20): 182 [30 Nov 1908]; (30-36): pl. 50, fig. 16 ♂ D (“holotype”); ind. syst.: xxxi [31 Oct 1911].

Original Combination: [Euchloe belia var. creusa gen aest. var ausonides] forme orientalides

Type Locality: “Californie, Placer” implied from the legend to plate 50. [Placer County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in MZUF.

=    ‡”pseudoausonides” Verity, [1909]

Rhop. palae. (21-23): pl. 37, figs. 16 ♂ D, 19 ♂ V [30 Apr 1909]; (30-36): 339 [31 Oct 1911]; ind. syst.: xxxi [31 Oct 1911].

Original Combination: [Euchloe belia var. belioides] forme pseudoausonides

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the legend to plate 37.

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

b.   Euchloe hyantis andrewsi Martin, 1958

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 35(2): 94-95.

Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides r. andrewsi

Type Locality: “CrestLine Highway, near Lake Arrowhead, San Bernardino Co., Calif.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

419.      Euchloe lotta Beutenmüller, 1898

a.   Euchloe lotta lotta Beutenmüller, 1898

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10(13): 243, pl. 14, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Euchloe lotta

Type Locality: “Colorado, Arizona, Utah, Southern California”; lectotype from “Kanab, Utah.” [Kane County]

Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by Opler (2008), Zootaxa 1767: 68, fig. 1 ♂ D .

This was treated as species-level taxon by Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 100-101, Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 157-158, and A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 81.

b.   Euchloe lotta belioides Verity, [1909]

Rhop. palae. (21-23): pl. 37, figs. 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V [30 Apr 1909]; (30-36): 339 [31 Oct 1911]; ind. syst.: xxxi [31 Oct 1911].

Original Combination: [Euchloe belia] var. belioides

Type Locality: “Arizona” and “S. Ignatius, Montana”; lectotype from St. Ignatius, Lake County, Montana.

Types: Lectotype in MNHN, designated by Scott & Opler (2017), Papilio (n.s.) 26: 11.

=    ‡”pumilio” Strand, 1915

Arch. Naturgesch. (A)80(11): 153-154.

Original Combination: Euchloe creusa cum ab. pumilio n. ab.

Type Locality: “Klamath Co. in Oregon...Modoc Co. in Cal....Lassen Co.”

Types: “Syntype” in SDEI.

This taxon was placed under E. h. hyantis by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 74, but all areas included in the type locality are inhabited by E. lotta only, as detailed by A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 81.

Tribe Pierini Swainson, 1820

Subtribe Appiadina Kuznetsov, 1929

Faun. USSR, Ins. Lepid. 1(2): 45 (as “Appiadici”). Type-genus: Appias Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 91.

Genus Glutophrissa Butler, 1887

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 23(275): 249. Type-species: Appias poeyi Butler, 1872, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872(1): 49 (= Papilio drusilla Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 21, pl. 110, fig. C; (23): 148 (index); subspecies), by original designation.

      =    ‡Andropodum Scudder, 1875

Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 112, no. 80. Type-species: Mylothris margarita Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [120], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 (= Papilio drusilla Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 21, pl. 110, fig. C; (23): 148 (index)), by original designation. Preoccupied by Andropodum Hübner, 1822, Syst.-alph. Verz.: 2-5, 7-9.

*420.    Glutophrissa drusilla (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 21, pl. 110, fig. C ♀ D; (16): 148 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Drusilla

Type Locality: “Batavia” in error; suggested to be “Surinam” by W. Comstock (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1238): 1; “neotype” from “Óbidos, Pará.” [Brazil]

Types: Type(s) probably lost; d’Almeida (1945), Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 6(21): 236, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 7 ♂ D&V, designated one of these as the neotype (#920) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.

=    ilaire (Godart, 1819)

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 111, 142, no. 83.

Original Combination: Pieris Ilaire

Type Locality: “Brésil”

Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by Abadjiev (2005), Atalanta (München) 36(1/2): 132.

=    mysia (Godart, 1819)

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 111, 143, no. 87.

Original Combination: Pieris Mysia

Type Locality: “Brésil”

Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by Abadjiev (2005), Atalanta (München) 36(1/2): 133.

As first reviser, Poey (1832), Cent. Lépid. Cuba (2): [43], gave priority to ilaire over mysia.

=    albunea (Dalman, 1823)

Analecta Entomol.: 39, no. 4.

Original Combination: Papilio Albunea

Type Locality: “Brasilia”

Types: Syntype in NHRS.

=    molpadia (Hübner, 1823)

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [45], figs. 259 ♂ D, 260 ♂ V [1821]; 15, no. 130 (1823, name given).

Original Combination: Mylothris Molpadia

Type Locality: “Brazil”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    ‡margarita (Hübner, [1825])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [120], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Mylothris Margarita

Type Locality: Not stated; neotype from “Brésil.”

Types: Neotype designated by Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 5-6. This is the lectotype of ilaire (Godart, 1819) making a junior objective synonym of ilaire.

Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 90, listed Mylothris margarita without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

=    janeira (Bönninghausen, 1896)

Verh. Ver. naturw. Unterh. Hamb. 9: 30.

Original Combination: [Tachyris Ilaire] Janeira

Type Locality: “benenne nach der örtlichkeit” “Jardin Botanico de Rio de Janeiro” [Brazil]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    augustiniana (Fernández, 1928)

Religión y Cultura 2(5): 204-218.

Original Combination: Appias drusilla var. augustiniana

Type Locality: “Iquitos” [Peru]

Types: Lectotype in MNCN, designated by Lamas (1999), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 27(105): 134, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.

=    minima (Breyer, 1939)

Proc. Int. Congr. Entomol. 7(Berlin)1: 36-37.

Original Combination: A[ppias]. drusilla f[orm]. minima

Type Locality: “Tabascal (Salta)” [Argentina]

Types: Syntype in MLP.

=    ‡”nana” (d'Almeida, 1913)

Trois Lepid. Nouv. Brésil: [4]; figured by d'Almeida (1939), Bol. Biol. (São Paulo) (n.s.) 4(1): pl. 4, fig. F ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Appias drusilla] f. nana

Type Locality: “Rio de Janeiro”; holotype from “Engenho de Dentro, Rio de Janeiro.” [Brazil]

Types: “Holotype” (#937) in UFPC; figured by Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): fig. 35 ♀ D&V.

=    ‡”alba” (Ribeiro, 1931)

Bol. Mus. Nac. (Zool.) (Rio de Janeiro) 7(1): 35.

Original Combination: Daptonoura laria alba form. n

Type Locality: “Jamary” [Rio Jamary, Rondonia, Brazil]

Types: Location of “type(s)” not known.

‡”amarilla” (J. Scott, 1981)

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.

Original Combination: Appias drusilla female form amarilla

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

a.   Glutophrissa drusilla noroesta Grishin, 2022

In: Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 4-5, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Glutophrissa drusilla noroesta

Type Locality: “USA: Texas, Cameron County, Brownsville”

Types: Holotype in TAMU.

The name tenuis (Lamas, 1981), Revta. Cienc. (Lima) 73(1): 49, figs. 10 ♂ D&V (holotype), 11 ♀ D&V, is removed from the catalogue.

b.   Glutophrissa drusilla neumoegenii (Skinner, 1894)

Entomol. News 5(4): 110, pl. 4.

Original Combination: Tachyris ilaire var. neumoegenii

Type Locality: “Indian River, Fla.” [Brevard County]

Types: At least one syntype in USNM, as noted by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 146, no. 54.

=    ‡”hollandi” (Röber, 1908)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(21): 68; cited Melete ilaire (sensu W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 35, fig. 5 ♀ D).

Original Combination: [Appias drusilla] ab. hollandi

Type Locality: Not stated; “holotype” from “Indian River, Brevard County, Florida.”

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.

Subtribe Aporiina Chapman, 1895

Entomol. Rec. 6(6): 127 (as “Aporiini”). Type-genus: Aporia Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 90. This name was poorly diagnosed here; it was described in greater detail in a key by Chapman (1895), Entomol. Rec. 6(7): 151.

Genus Melete Swainson, 1831

Zool. Illustr. (2)2(17): pl. 79, unnumbered text. Type-species: Pieris limnoria Godart, 1819, Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (111), 144, no. 93 (= Papilio flippantha Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3(1): 202, no. 631; synonym: a subspecies of Papilio lycimnia Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9): 13-14, pl. 105, figs. E, F; (16): 149 (index)), by original designation.

=    Daptonoura Butler, [1870]

Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Fabricius Brit. Mus.: 209, Type-species: Papilio lycimnia Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 13-14, pl. 105, figs. E, F; (16): 149 (index), by original designation.

*421.    Melete lycimnia (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 13-14, pl. 105, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (16): 149 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Lycimnia

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Syntypes (#665088–91) in NHMUK.

=    ‡agrippina (Hübner, [1819])

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 91, no. 949.

Original Combination: M[ylothris]. Agrippina

Proposed to replace Papilio lycimnia Cramer, 1777, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Papilio lycimnia.

a.   Melete lycimnia isandra (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 490-491, no. 79.

Original Combination: Pieris Isandra

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Holotype (#720272) in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Dauphin et al. (2005), News Lepid. Soc. 47(2): 43, 46, 19 figs.

=    kleta Fruhstorfer, 1907

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 273.

Original Combination: [Melete isandra subspec.] kleta

Type Locality: “Honduras”; lectotype from “San Pedro Sula.”

Types: Lectotype (#720320) in NHMUK, designated by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: 58.

Genus Neophasia Behr, 1869

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 303. Type-species: Pieris menapia C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859, Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 3(9): 271, no. 18, by designation of W. F. Kirby 1870, Zool. Rec. 6(1869): 357.

422.      Neophasia menapia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859)

a.   Neophasia menapia tehachapina J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 127-128, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Neophasia menapia tehachapina

Type Locality: “California: Kern Co.; Tehachapi Mts., canyon on the north slope of Double Mountain”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Neophasia menapia menapia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859)

Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 3(9): 271, no. 18; figured by C. Felder and R. Felder (1865), Reise Novara Zool. (2): pl. 25, fig. 7 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Pieris menapia

Type Locality: “Mormenenlande am Salzsee”; suggested to be “eastern flanks of the Californian or Nevadan mountains somewhere west of the general region of Reno and Carson City, Nevada” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 272; defined as “pine forest just W of Pyramid Lake Nevada” by J. Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 2; corrected to “vicinity of Davis Creek Park, Washoe Valley, Washoe County, Nevada” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 88.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 88, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.

=    ninonia (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 38, no. 5.

Original Combination: Pieris Ninonia

Type Locality: “dans la partie le plus orientale de la Californie”; defined as “pine forest just W of Pyramid Lake Nevada” by J. Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 2; corrected to “vicinity of Davis Creek Park, Washoe Valley, Washoe County, Nevada” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24, figs. 162 ♂ D, 163 ♂ V.

=    ‡”nigracosta” J. A. Comstock, 1918

Lepidopterist 2(2): 13, pl. 4, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ (“holotype”); figured by Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 7, fig. 4 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Neophasia Menapia F. Nigracosta

Type Locality: “high Sierras of Tulare County, California, altitude 9,000 to 10,000 ft. (Near Olancha Peak)”; holotype from “Monache Meadows, Tulare Co., Cal.”

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

c.   Neophasia menapia melanica J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 2.

Original Combination: Neophasia menapia melanica

Type Locality: “6 mi. W. Willits, Mendocino Co., Calif.”

Types: Holotype in EMEC.

d.   Neophasia menapia tau (Scudder, 1861)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 183-184.

Original Combination: Pieris Tau

Type Locality: “Gulf of Georgia”; interpreted to be “near Port Townsend, Wash. Terr.” by H. Hagen (1883), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 22: 164. [Jefferson County, Washington]

Types: Syntypes in MCZC.

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 68-69, discussed the application of this name to Pacific Northwestern populations of N. menapia.

=    ‡”suffusa” (Stretch, 1882)

Papilio 2(7): 109-110, pl. 2, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Pieris Menapia] [female form] suffusa

Type Locality: “Country round Spokane Falls, Washington Territory”

Types: “Holotype” in MCZC.

e.   Neophasia menapia magnamenapia Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (44): 533, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Neophasia menapia magnamenapia

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lincoln County; Wilson Creek Range, Wilson Peak Road (access from road to Atlanta), 2134 m, T5N R68E S8-9 on USGS Trail Canyon, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

423.      Neophasia terlooii Behr, 1869

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 304.

Original Combination: N[eophasia]. Terlooii

Type Locality: “pine forest region of the Sierra Madre in a cold, inhospitable region” [E of Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico]

Types: Holotype destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.

Even though this name is a patronym for Baron Popelaire de Terloot, there is no evidence for this in the original description. Behr (1889), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2)2(7): 92, emended the name to terlootii, but that was an unjustified emendation; the name must stand as originally spelled (Code Article 32.2).

=    epyaxa Strecker, 1900

Descr. Neophasia epyaxa: 1.

Original Combination: Neophasia Epyaxa

Type Locality: “Cochise County, Southern Arizona”

Types: Holotype in FMNH.

This publication was duplicated by Strecker (1900), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 38.

=    princetonia (W. Barnes, 1900)

In: Skinner, Entomol. News 11(7): 533.

Original Combination: Archonias princetonia

Type Locality: Not stated; Poling (1900), Can. Entomol. 32(12): 358, mentioned “Cochise County, Arizona”; syntypes from “Huachuca Mts.”

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

Poling (1900), Can. Entomol. 32(12): 358, redescribed this taxon (as Neophasia Terlootii, var. Princetonia).

Genus Archonias Hübner, [1829]

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: 19, pl. [80]. Type-species: Archonias marcias Hübner, [1829], Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: 19, pl. [80], figs 461, 462 (= Papilio brassolis Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins.: 254; subspecies), by designation of Scudder, 1875, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 117, no. 112. Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 8-9, fig. 9, determined that Catasticta is a junior subjective synonym of Archonias. This is supported by Wahlberg et al (2014), Zool. Scripta 43(6): 641-650 and Padrón, (2014), Phd. Dissertation, University of Florida: 156 pp.

=    Catasticta Butler, 1870

Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 34, no. 12; 43, no. 12. Type-species: Euterpe nimbice Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 409-410, no. 6, by original designation.

=    Euterpe Swainson, 1831

Zool. Illustr. (2)2(16): pl. 74. Type-species: Euterpe terea Swainson, 1831, Zool. Illustr. (2)2(16): pl. 74 (= Papilio tereas Godart, 1819, Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 16, 38, no. 39; synonym or homonym), by monotypy.

‡”Clio” Herrich-Schäffer, [1858]

Samml. aussereurop. Schmett. (22)1: 54. This name was published in synonymy (as Clio Bsd.) without description or indication; a nomen nudum.

=    Archonoia Reissinger, 1972

Entomol. Z. 82(10): 111. Type-species: Catasticta strigosa Butler, 1896, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)17(97): 54, by original designation.

=    Leodontoia Eitschberger & Racheli, 1998

Neue Entomol. Nachr. 41: 11-12. Type-species: Catasticta cerberus Godman & Salvin, 1889, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(78): 120; 3(80): pl. 64, figs. 19, 20, by original designation.

=    Hesperochoia Eitschberger & Racheli, 1998

Neue Entomol. Nachr. 41: 11-12. Type-species: Catasticta clara Röber, 1909, in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(16): 74; (18): pl. 22g, fig. [6] (= Catasticta poujadei Dognin, 1887, Naturaliste (2)1(16): 188; subspecies), by original designation.

‡”Pierinoia” Reissinger, 1972

Entomol. Z. 82(11): 114. Type-species: Euterpe pieris Hopffer, 1874, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 35(10-12): 332, by original designation. This name was published without a description and is unavailable (Code Article 13.1.1).

‡”Leodontoia” Reissinger, 1972

Entomol. Z. 82(11): 117. Type-species: Catasticta cerberus Godman & Salvin, 1889, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(78): 120; 3(80): pl. 64, figs. 19, 20, by original designation. This name was published without a description and is unavailable (Code Article 13.1.1).

‡”Hesperochoia” Reissinger, 1972

Entomol. Z. 82(11): 120. Type-species: Catasticta clara Röber, 1909, in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(16): 74; (18): pl. 22g, fig. [6] (= Catasticta poujadei Dognin, 1887, Naturaliste (2)1(16): 188; subspecies), by original designation. This name was published without a description and is unavailable (Code Article 13.1.1).

424.      Archonias nimbice (Boisduval, 1836)

a.   Archonias nimbice nimbice (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 409-410, no. 6 (♂ only).

Original Combination: Euterpe Nimbice

Type Locality: “Mexique”; stated to be “probably the vicinity of Orizaba, Veracruz” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 68.

Types: Syntypes (#662269, 662270) in NHMUK.

Subtribe Pierina Swainson, 1820

Genus Ascia Scopoli, 1777

Intro. Hist. Nat.: 434, no. 175. Type-species: Papilio monuste Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr.: 237, no. 56, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 61.

425.      Ascia monuste (Linnaeus, 1764)

a.   Ascia monuste monuste (Linnaeus, 1764)

Mus. Lud. Ulr. [1]: 237, no. 56.

Original Combination: P[apilio] D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Monuste

Type Locality: “in Exteris terris”; stated to be “Barbaria” by Linnaeus (1767), Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 760, no. 80; listed as “America” by Fabricius (1775), Syst. Entomol.: 470, no. 117, citing Kleemann (1761), Beytr. Nat. Ins. 1: 31, pl. 3, fig. 3 ♂ D (“Westindianische”); further defined as “Surinam” by W. Comstock (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1229): 2.

Types: Type(s) apparently lost.

W. Comstock (1943), ibid., discussed the identity of this taxon.

=    ‡heliades (Billberg, 1820)

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 76; cited “eg. Monuste Fbr.”, in reference to Papilio monuste Linnaeus, 1764.

Original Combination: [Cepora] Heliades

Proposed to replace Papilio monuste Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. [1]: 237, no. 56, erroneously thought preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Papilio monuste.

=    feronia (Stephens, 1828)

Ill. Brit. Entomol., Haustellata: 149-150; cited Stephens (1829) Cat. Appendix, II.

Original Combination: Po[ntia]. Feronia

Type Locality: “Prise en Angleterre” inferred from Ernst (1779), Pap. Europ.: 209.

Types: Type(s) may be in NHMUK.

=    albusta (Sepp, [1851])

Surinaam. Vlinders 3(36): pl. 141.

Original Combination: Papilio Albusta

Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the work.

Types: Type(s) are lost.

=    crameri W. Holland, 1931

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20(2): 256-257; cited Papilio monusta (sensu Cramer (1777), Uitl. Kapellen 2(12): pl. 141, fig. F).

Original Combination: Ascia monuste var. crameri

Type Locality: “Surinam” as given by Cramer for his figure.

Types: Holotype possibly in RMNH.

Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(1): 25-26, thoroughly discusses this taxon and determines that the “type” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, fig. 17, was only a “typical” example, not a true type.

b.   Ascia monuste phileta (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 471, no. 119.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Phileta

Type Locality: “America”; suggested to be “Florida” by W. Comstock (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1229): 3.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    cleomes (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (5): 43-44; (6): pl. 16, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V, 4 larva, 5 pupa.

Original Combination: P[ieris]. Cleomes

Type Locality: “Géorgie et la Virginie...dans la Floride”; suggested to be “Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia” by Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 160.

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. A “type” in USNM is not consistent with the description of this taxon. Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, 158-160, detailed this synonymy.

‡”nigra” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.

Original Combination: Ascia monuste female form nigra

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

c.   Ascia monuste eubotea (Godart, 1819)

In: Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (111), 144, no. 90.

Original Combination: Pieris Eubotea

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Antilles” by W. Comstock (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1229): 3.

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

The occurrence of this taxon in southern Florida was first reported (as evonima, a synonym) by Minno & T. Emmel (1993), Butterflies Florida Keys: 114, pl. 8, fig. 39c, and confirmed by Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 44.

=    evonima (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 493, no. 84.

Original Combination: Pieris Evonima

Type Locality: “Cuba”

Types: Syntype (#720241) in NHMUK.

=    vallei (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 494-495, no. 86.

Original Combination: Pieris Vallei

Type Locality: “Cuba”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    joppe (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 495, no. 87.

Original Combination: Pieris Joppe

Type Locality: “Cuba”

Types: Syntype (#720243) in NHMUK.

Genus Ganyra Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billberg: 76. Type-species: Papilio amaryllis Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 189-190, no. 586 (= Pieris josephina Godart, 1819, Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (115), 158, no. 136; homonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 178, no. 466.

*426.    Ganyra josephina (Godart, 1819)

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (115), 158, no. 136.

Original Combination: Pieris Josephina

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Hispaniola” by W. Comstock (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1229): 5; syntypes from “St. Domingo and Mexico,” as documented by Grimshaw (1897), Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 39, part I(1): 6.

Types: Syntypes in MNHP and NMS.

a.   Ganyra josephina josepha (Salvin & Godman, 1868)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)2(8): 150, no. 22.

Original Combination: Pieris Josepha

Type Locality: “Guatemala (valley of the Polochic) and Mexico (Oaxaca), Nicaragua”; lectotype from “Polochic, Guatemala.”

Types: Lectotype (#720254) in NHMUK, designated by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: 57, pl. 66, figs. 523 ♀ D, 524 ♀ V.

=    protasia (Fruhstorfer, 1907)

Soc. Entomol. 22(18): 139.

Original Combination: [Pieris] amaryllis protasia

Type Locality: “Honduras...Nicaragua”; lectotype from “San Pedro Sula, Honduras.”

Types: Lectotype (#720246) in NHMUK, designated by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: 100, pl. 66, figs. 525 ♂ D, 526 ♂ V.

=    ‡”gervasia” (Fruhstorfer, 1907)

Soc. Entomol. 22(18): 139.

Original Combination: [Pieris amaryllis josepha] ♀ forma gervasia

Type Locality: “Süd-Mexiko”

Types: “Syntype” (#720245) in NHMUK.

427.      Ganyra howarthi (Dixey, 1915)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1915(1)(1): 12-15, no. 6, pl. 2, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Pieris howarthi

Type Locality: “sea-level, at Tembabichi Bay, Lower California, Lat. 26^o5 N” [Baja California Sur, Mexico]

Types: Syntypes in OUMNH.

Bailowitz (1988), J. Res. Lepid. 26(1-4): 73-81, detailed the species-level status of this taxon.

=    kuschei (Schaus, 1920)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 57(2307): 109-110.

Original Combination: Pieris kuschei

Type Locality: “Mazatlan, Mexico”; suggested to be “San Miguel, nr. Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico” by Bailowitz (1988), J. Res. Lepid. 26: 73-81.

Types: Syntypes (#22398) in USNM; one figured by Abadjiev (2005), Zootaxa 1022, pl. 7, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 labels.

Beutelspacher-Baigts (1986), An. Inst. Biol., Univ. Nac. Autón. Méx., ser. Zool. 57(2): 313, 314-315, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♀ D, 27 ♂ V, 28 ♀ V, 29 ♂ genitalia, detailed this taxon.

Genus Leptophobia Butler, 1870

Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35, no. 18; 45, no. 18. Type-species: Pieris eleone E. Doubleday, [1847], in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(5): 50, no. 129, pl. 6, fig. 6, by original designation.

*428.    Leptophobia aripa (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 528, no. 131.

Original Combination: Pieris Aripa

Type Locality: “Caracas” [Venezuela]

Types: Syntype possibly in MNHP or lost.

=    limbata (Kirby, 1887)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)19: 361.

Original Combination: Daptonura [sic] limbata

Type Locality: “Ecuador”

Types: Syntype (#720220) in NHMUK; figured by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: pl. 46, figs. 367 ♀ D, 368 ♀ V.

=    ‡”deserta” Fruhstorfer, 1908

Int. Entomol. Z. 1(40): 305.

Original Combination: [Leptophobia aripa elodia] forma deserta

Type Locality: “Ecuador”; syntype in NHMUK labeled “Ecuador, Baños.” [Tungurahua]

Types: ”Syntype” (#720231) in NHMUK.

a.   Leptophobia aripa elodia (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 529-530, no. 134.

Original Combination: Pieris Elodia

Type Locality: “Mexique, Cuba?”

Types: Syntype (#720216) in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 19.

Genus Itaballia Kaye, 1904

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1904(2): 204. Type-species: Pieris pandosia Hewitson, 1853, Ill. exot. Butterflies 1(7): [8], pl. Pieris II, fig. 14, by original designation.

*429.    Itaballia demophile (Linnaeus, 1763)

In: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 23, no. 66; cited Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 28, fig. 4 ♀ D&V, even though it was published later; often cited as from Amoen. acad. 6: 406, no. 65, a subsequent reprint.

Original Combination: Papilio D[anaus]. Demophile

Type Locality: “in Indiis”

Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zoo. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 318.

=    amathonte (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 29, pl. 116, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (16): 147 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Amathonte

Type Locality: “Westindiën, op Essequebo en Demarary” “Indes-Occidentales, à Essequebo et Demerary” [Guyana]

Types: Type(s) possibly lost.

=    molphea (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 29, pl. 116, fig. C ♀ D; (16): 149 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Molphea

Type Locality: “Essequebo” [Guyana]

Types: Type(s) possibly lost.

a.   Itaballia demophile centralis Joicey & Talbot, 1928

Bull. Hill Mus. 2 (1): 21.

Original Combination: Itaballia calydonia centralis

Type Locality: “Quiriqua, Guatemala, 4,000–5,000 feet”

Types: Holotype (#662496) in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Dauphin et al. (2005), News Lepid. Soc. 47(2): 43, 46, 19 figs.

=    ‡”magna” Fruhstorfer, 1907

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 276.

Original Combination: [Perrhybris demophile calydonia] forma magna

Type Locality: “Honduras... Columbien”; “syntypes” from “San Pedro Sula, Honduras.”

Types: “Syntypes” in NHMUK.

Genus Pieriballia Klots, 1933

Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 12(4): 221. Type-species: Pieris mandela C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(3): 80, no. 30 (= Pieris viardi Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 439-440, no. 3; subspecies), by original designation.

      =    ‡Neogeia Verity, 1947

Farfalle diurn. Ital. 3. Type-species: Pieris mandela C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(3): 80, no. 30 (= Pieris viardi Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 439-440, no. 3; subspecies), by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Pieriballia Klots, 1933.

430.      Pieriballia viardi (Boisduval, 1836)

a.   Pieriballia viardi viardi (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 439-440, no. 3.

Original Combination: Pieris Viardi

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Holotype (#720034) in NHMUK; figured by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: pl. 59, figs. 467 ♀ D, 468 ♀ V.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2006), News Lepid. Soc. 48(1): 3, figs.

=    habra (E. Doubleday, 1846)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]17(109): 22-23.

Original Combination: Pi[eris]. Habra

Type Locality: “Honduras” “at some distance from Balize [sic]”

Types: Lectotype (#720033) in NHMUK, designated by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: 49, pl. 59, figs. 469 ♂ D, 470 ♂ V.

=    laogore (Godman & Salvin, 1889)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(58): 134, no. 7.

Original Combination: Pieris laogore

Type Locality: “Mexico, Dos Arroyos in Guerrero...Oaxaca”

Types: Lectotype (#720032) in NHMUK, designated by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: 59, pl. 59, figs. 471 ♀ D, 472 ♀ V.

=    ‡”intermedia” (Vázquez, 1954)

An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 24(2): 444.

Original Combination: Itaballia (Pieriballia) viardi viardi f[orma]. fem[inina]. intermedia

Type Locality: “Tezonapa y Presidio, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

Genus Pontia [Fabricius], 1807

In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 283, no. 23. Type-species: Papilio daplidice Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 468, no. 62, by designation of J. Curtis (1824), Brit. Entomol. 1(12): pl. 48, [1]. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 704. Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 8-9, fig. 9, determined that Reliquia is a synonym of Pontia, elevated Pontieuchloia to subgenus and described Sisymbria.

      =    ‡Mancipium Hübner, [1807]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [141]. Type-species: Mancipium hellica Hübner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [141], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, by monotypy (= Papilio helice Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 760, no. 78, incorrect subsequent spelling). I.C.Z.N. Opinion 137 suppressed this name; I.C.Z.N. Direction 4 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 214.

      =    ‡Pontia [Illiger], 1807

Allg. Lit.-Zeit. 2(303): 1180. Type-species: Papilio helice Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 760, no. 78, by monotypy. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic names in Zoology as name no. 46.

=    Synchloe Hübner, 1818

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 26, no. 76. Type-species: Papilio callidice Hübner, [1800], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 81, figs. 408, 409, pl. 108, figs. 551, 552, by designation of Butler (1870), Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 51.

      =    ‡Mancipium Stephens, 1827

Ill. Brit. Entomol., Haustellata 1: 22. Type-species: Papilio daplidice Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 468, no. 62, by designation of Koçak (1982), Priamus 1(4): 155. Preoccupied by Mancipium Hübner, [1807], and a junior objective synonym of Pontia [Fabricius], 1807.

      =    ‡Parapieris Nicéville, 1897

J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. II 66(3): 563. Type-species: Papilio callidice Hübner, [1800], Samml. europ. Schmett.: pl. 81, figs. 408, 409, pl. 108, figs. 551, 552, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Synchloe Hübner, [1818].

      =    ‡Leucochloe Röber, 1907

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 1(12): 49. Type-species: Papilio daplidice Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 468, no. 62, by designation of Klots (1933), Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 12(4): 212. A junior objective synonym of Pontia [Fabricius], 1807.

=    Reliquia Ackery, 1975

Bull. Allyn Mus. (30): 1. Type-species: Reliquia santamarta Ackery, 1975, Bull. Allyn Mus. (30): 1-3, figs. 1-5.

431.      Pontia protodice (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. 1(5): 45-46, (6): pl. 17, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ V.

Original Combination: P[ieris]. Protodice

Type Locality: “aux environs de New-York...dans le Connecticut”; suggested to be “New York” by Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 155.

Types: A “type” supposedly in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”

=    nasturtii (W. H. Edwards, 1864)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, no. 1.

Original Combination: Pieris Nasturtii, Boisduval, in lit.

Type Locality: “San Francisco” [San Francisco County, California]

Types: Type(s) lost.

=    vernalis (W. H. Edwards, 1864)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501-502, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](8): pl. Pieris 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Pieris vernalis

Type Locality: “Red Bank, New Jersey...the Rocky Mountains”

Types: Type(s) lost.

432.      Pontia occidentalis (Reakirt, 1866)

Shapiro (1976), J. Lepid. Soc. 30(4): 289-300, demonstrated species-level distinction between P. occidentalis and P. protodice.

a.   Pontia occidentalis occidentalis (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 133-134.

Original Combination: Pieris Occidentalis

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory; California”; defined as “vic. Empire Creek, Clear Creek Co., Colorado” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 70-71.

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

=    calyce (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, no. 1.

Original Combination: Pieris Calyce

Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “vicinity of Virginia City, Nevada” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 108. [Storey County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, fig. 26 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): fig. 27 ♂ D&V.

b.   Pontia occidentalis nelsoni (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Butterflies N. Am. 2(11): [71]-[72], pl. Pieris 1, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Pieris Nelsoni

Type Locality: “St. Michael's Alaska”

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, fig. 29 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): fig. 28 ♂ D&V.

Chew and Watt (2006), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 88(3): 423, 425, suggested that nelsoni may be a species-level taxon.

=    boreoasiatica (Kosterin & Gorbunov, 2007)

Butterflies North Asia Nat. 2: 374-375, fig. 833 ♂ D&V (holotype), 834 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Pontia callidice boreoasiatica

Type Locality: “Central Kamchatka, alternating tundra and thickets of Pinus pumila at Esso village, 800" [Bystrinsky District, Kamchatka Krai, Russia]

Types: Holotype in IPAE.

Genus Sisymbria Grishin, 2021

In: Zhang et al.., Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 9, fig. 9. Type-species: Pieris sisymbrii Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 284, no. 8, by original designation.

433.      Sisymbria sisymbrii (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Sisymbria sisymbrii sisymbrii (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 284, no. 8.

Original Combination: Pieris sisymbrii

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of paper; listed as “dans les plaines du Sacramento” by Boisduval (1869), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 40, no. 10; defined as “1 mile NE of Storrie on Hwy 70, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 2,000' elevation, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 8.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 8, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

=    ‡”flava” (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Butterflies N. Am. 2(11): [68], pl. Pieris 1, fig. 5 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Pieris Sisymbrii] var. Flava

Type Locality: “California” implied from the text.

Types: “Syntype” in CMNH, labelled from “California.”

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

b.   Sisymbria sisymbrii nigravenosa Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 505, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V (holotype); 21 ♀ D, 22 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Pontia sisymbrii nigravenosa

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, 2 road miles north of Red Cloud Mine, 1830 m, T24S R58E S5 on USGS Goodsprings, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Sisymbria sisymbrii transversa R. Holland, 1995

J. Lepid. Soc. 49(2): 125-127, fig. 5 ♂ D, 5a ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Pontia sisymbrii transversa

R. Holland adopted Ascia sisymbrii gen. vern transversa W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926 to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”transversa” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 88, no. 33.

Original Combination: Ascia sisymbrii gen. vern transversa

Type Locality: “Paradise, Cochise County, Ariz.; Redington, Ariz.”; holotype from “Paradise.” [Arizona]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

d.   Sisymbria sisymbrii elivata (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 88, no. 33a.

Original Combination: Ascia sisymbrii race elivata

Type Locality: “Glenwood Springs, Colo.” [Garfield County, Colorado]

Types: Holotype USNM.

e.   Sisymbria sisymbrii nordini (K. Johnson, 1977)

J. Lepid. Soc. 31(13): 167-169, figs. 1A ♂ D, 1B ♂ V (holotype); 1C ♀ D, 2D ♀ V, 2(2) ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Pieris sisymbrii nordini

Type Locality: “Monroe Canyon, Sioux Co., Nebraska”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

f.    Sisymbria sisymbrii flavitincta (J. A. Comstock, 1924)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23(1): 19-20, pl. 7, fig. 9 ♀ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Pieris [sisymbrii] flavitincta

Type Locality: “Cranbrook, British Columbia”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

Supposedly proposed as a replacement name for flava W. H. Edwards, 1883, but the description, type locality, and type designation make this an available name.

g.   Sisymbria sisymbrii beringiensis C. Guppy & Kondla, 2001

Butterflies B.C.: 145-146, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Pontia sisymbrii beringiensis

Type Locality: “BC, Atlin, 9 km N on Atlin Rd at Ruffner Mine Rd.”

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

Genus Pontieuchloia Verity, 1929

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 98(3): 347. Type-species: Papilio chloridice Hübner, [1813], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 141, figs. 712-715, by monotypy.

434.      Pontieuchloia beckerii (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Butterflies N. Am. [1](8): [30]-[31], pl. Neophasia Pieris 1, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V; also figured by W. H. Edwards (1883), 2(11): pl. Pieris I, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Pieris Beckerii

Type Locality: “Virginia City, Nevada” [Storey County]

Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 115, fig. 29 ♂ D&V.

This taxon has been considered a subspecies of Pontia chloridice (Hübner, [1813]), Samml. europ. Schmett.: pl. 141, figs. 712-715, by Higgins and N. Riley (1970), Field Guide Butterflies Brit. Europ.: 47, Higgins (1975), Class. Europ. Butterflies: 75, and J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 220, no. 79. However, Coutsis and Tolman (1996), Linn. Belg. 15(7): 271-272, identified larval characters that support the species-level separation of P. chloridice and P. beckerii.

=    ‡”pseudochloridice” (McDunnough, 1928)

Can. Entomol. 60(11): 266-267.

Original Combination: [Pieris beckerii] [early spring generation] pseudochloridice

Type Locality: “Oliver, B. C.”

Types: “Holotype” (#2861) in CNC.

=    ‡”gunderi” (Ingham, 1933)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 9(2): 75.

Original Combination: Ascia beckerii gunderi new tr. f.

Type Locality: “Bouquet Canyon, Los Angeles County, Calif.”

Types: “Holotype” in CAS.

Genus Pieris Schrank, 1801

Fauna boica 2(1): 152, no. 198. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by designation of Latreille (1810), Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins.: 351, 440. Robbins and Henson (1986), J. Lepid. Soc. 40(2): 79-92, discussed the various generic arrangements and concluded that Pieris [with the following synonymy] forms a monotypic genus related to Perrhybris Hübner, [1825], Itaballia Kaye, 1904, and Ganyra Billberg, 1820.

      =    ‡Pieris Latreille, 1804

Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(Tab.): 180, 200. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by monotypy. Preoccupied by and a junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801.

      =    ‡Mancipium Hübner, [1806]

Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by monotypy. The Tentamen was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97; I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 84. A junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801.

      =    ‡Danaus Oken, 1815

Lehrbuch Naturgesch. 3(Zool.)(1): 723. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by designation of Crotch (1872), Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 60. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 417 suppressed Oken’s work, making this name unavailable. Preoccupied by Danaus Kluk, 1780, Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 83, and a junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801.

      =    ‡Ganoris Dalman, 1816

K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 61-62, no. 8; 86-90, nos. 1-10; tablet 1, no. 8; tablet 2, no. 8. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801.

      =    ‡Andropodum Hübner, 1822

Syst.-alph Verz.: 2-5, 7-9. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 199. A junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801. This name was spelled “Antropodum” on page 3 of the original description, representing an incorrect original spelling.

      =    ‡Tachyptera Berge, 1842

Schmetterlingsbuch: 19, 92-105. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by designation of Hemming (1934), Entomol. 67(849): 38. A junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801.

=    Artogeia Verity, 1947

Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 3: 192-193. Type-species: Papilio napi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 468, no. 60, by original designation.

435.      Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)

a.   Pieris rapae rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 468, no. 59; cited Linnaeus (1746) Fauna Svecica: 243, no. 798, and many other works.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus candidus] Rapae

Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Sweden” by Verity (1947), Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 3: 232, based on the reference to Fauna Svecica.

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 377.

Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not included.

=    metra (Stephens, 1827)

Illustr. Brit. Entomol., Haustellata 1: 19-20 (1827); 146-147 (1828).

Original Combination: Pontia Metra

Type Locality: “at Hertford...at Ripley” [England]

Types: Probably no type(s) designated.

=    minor (Costa, [1836])

Fauna Regno Napoli: [32], [311], pl. (Lepid. Diurn) 3, figs. 3, 4.

Original Combination: Pontia Rapae var. Minor

Type Locality: “Napoli” [Italy]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    immaculata Selys-Longchamps, 1857

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 1: 5, no. 5.

Original Combination: [Pieris Rapae] Var. Immaculata

Type Locality: “Belgique” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Syntypes possibly in Fologne collection.

=    yreka Reakirt, 1866

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 238, no. 1.

Original Combination: Pieris yreka

Type Locality: “California”; L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 72, suggested that the syntype was a French specimen supplied by Lorquin with a false label.

Types: Syntype(s) in FMNH; figured by Strecker (1874), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (8): pl. 8, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ D&V.

If the label data on the syntype are correct, then this species may have been introduced to North America on more than one occasion.

=    novangliae (Scudder, 1872)

Can. Entomol. 4(4): 79; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(8): pl. 7, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: [Ganoris rapae] variety novangliae

Type Locality: “Shelbourne [sic], N. H....Waterville, Me.” [Shelburne, Coos County, New Hampshire, and Kennebec County, Maine]

Types: Syntype (#16600) in MCZC.

=    ‡immaculata Cockerell, 1889

Entomol. 22(311): 99; cited Newman [1871], Brit. Butterflies: 161.

Original Combination: Pieris rapae immaculata

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Preoccupied by Pieris rapae immaculata de Selys-Longchamps, 1857, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 1: 5, no. 5.

=    ‡”immaculata” Skinner & E. Aaron, 1889

Can. Entomol. 21(7): 128-129.

Original Combination: Pieris rapae, var. immaculata

Type Locality: “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” (#902) in CMNH.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”aestivus” Verity, 1913

J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 32(215): 177-178.

Original Combination: [Pieris rapae summer brood] aestivus

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: No types designated.

Probably a nomen nudum.

436.      Pieris angelika Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 340-342, 1(2): pl. 523, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 13-48, pl. 525, figs. 1-50, pl. 527, figs. 1-16, unassociated figs. 1017-1022, 1396-1406, 1598, 1599, 1602 ♂ genitalia, figs. 1581, 1582, 1584-1586 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Pieris angelika angelika

Type Locality: “Canada, Yukon, Keno, 4600 ft.”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

This name was first proposed by Eitschberger (1981), Atalanta (München) 11(5): 367-370, but without a description; a nomen nudum.

437.      Pieris oleracea (T. Harris, 1829)

a.   Pieris oleracea oleracea (T. Harris, 1829)

New England Farmer 7(51): 402.

Original Combination: Pontia Oleracea

Type Locality: “New Hampshire, and Massachusetts”

Types: Syntypes in MCZC.

=    cruciferarum Boisduval, 1836

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 519, no. 119.

Original Combination: Pieris Cruciferarum

Type Locality: “les provinces septentrionales des Etats-Unis”; stated to be ‘New York and New England” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 71.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 32, fig. 41 ♂ D, labeled “Am. boréale.”

=    casta W. Kirby, 1837

In: Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 288, no. (403), pl. 3, fig. 1 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Pontia casta

Type Locality: “taken in Lat. 65^o”; stated to be “Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 71.

Types: Type(s) possibly in NHMUK.

=    ‡”hyemalis” W. H. Edwards, 1881

Papilio 1(6): 90, no. 3, 98, pl. 2, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: [Pieris] Oleracea hyemalis

Type Locality: “New York”; suggested to be “Hunter, Greene Co., New York” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 71.

Types: “Type(s)” probably in CMNH.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”aestiva” W. H. Edwards, 1881

Papilio 1(6): 93, no. 3, 98, pl. 3, figs. 15 ♂ D&V, 16 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Pieris Oleracea] summer brood aestiva

Type Locality: “New York”; suggested to be “Hunter, Greene Co., New York” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 71.

Types: “Type(s)” probably in CMNH.

=    ‡”virginiensis” W. H. Edwards, 1881

Papilio 1(6): 95-98.

Original Combination: Pieris Napi Oleracea Hyemalis aberr. virginiensis

Type Locality: “New York”; suggested to be “Hunter, Greene Co., New York” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 71.

Types: “Type(s)” probably in CMNH.

As a polynomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5).

‡”postoleracea” Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 263.

Original Combination: Pieris oleracea oleracea gen. aest. et gen. aut. postoleracea

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: No type(s) designated

As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5); it is also a nomen nudum.

b.   Pieris oleracea frigida Scudder, 1861

Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 8: 181-182.

Original Combination: Pieris frigida

Type Locality: “Caribou Island, Straits of Belle Isle”; lectotype from “Labrador.” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Lectotype (#16596) in MCZC, designated by Eitschberger [1984], Herbipoliana 1(1): 264-265, pl. 485, fig. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

=    borealis (Grote, 1873)

Bull. Buff. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1(4): 185.

Original Combination: Ganoris oleracea var. borealis

Type Locality: “Island of Anticosti, which lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between latitudes 49^o and 50^o” implied from the introduction. [Quebec]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in USNM.

=    acadica W. H. Edwards, 1881

Papilio 1(6): 86-87, no. 1, 98, no. 1 of no. 3, 99, pl. 3, figs. 10 ♂ D&V, 11♀ D&V.

Original Combination: [Pieris Bryoniae] Acadica

Type Locality: “Southern Newfoundland”; defined as “base of Avalon Peninsula” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 104. [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 105, fig. 26 ♂ D&V.

=    ekisi Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 272, 1(2): pl. 493, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3-10 ♂&♀, D&V.

Original Combination: Pieris oleracea ekisi

Type Locality: “Ferryland, dem östlichen Punkt der Insel Neufundlands” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype (#11883) in CMNH.

=    ‡”pseudoleracea” Verity, [1908]

Rhop. Palaearctica: 146 [31 Jan 1908]; pl. 32, fig. 38 ♂ V [30 Nov 1908]; ind. syst.: xxviii [31 Oct 1911].

Original Combination: [Pieris napi] var. frigida forme pseudoleracea

Type Locality: “Labrador” implied from the legend to plate 32. [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5).

‡”vivida” Verity, [1911]

Rhop. Palaearctica: 334; ind. syst.: xxviii.

Original Combination: [Pieris napi] var. frigida [forme] vivida

Type Locality: Not stated; “Labrador” implied from the text.

Types: Location of ”type(s)” not known.

This name was proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

‡”anteacadica” Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 336.

Original Combination: Pieris acadica acadica gen. vern. anteacadica

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: No type(s) designated.

As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5); it is also a nomen nudum.

438.      Pieris marginalis Scudder, 1861

As first revisers, W. Barnes and McDunnough (1917), Check List Lepid. Bor. Am.: 3: no. 35, accorded precedence to marginalis over pallida, and Geiger and Shapiro (1992), Z. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 30(2): 118, accorded precedence to marginalis over venosa.

a.   Pieris marginalis pseudobryoniae W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 57-58; cited Verity, [1908], Rhop. Palaearctica: 146, pl. 32, figs. 36, 37, and W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: pl. 6, figs. 42bb, 43b.

Original Combination: [Pieris napi] form pseudobryoniae

W. Barnes & McDunnough adopted Pieris napi var. frigida pseudobryoniae Verity [1908] to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
The details of the authorship of this name were addressed by Guppy & Kondla (2010), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(5): 5-6.

=    ‡”pseudobryoniae” Verity, [1908]

Rhop. Palaearctica: 146 [31 Jan 1908]; pl. 32, fig. 36 ♀ D (lectotype), 37 ♀ D [30 Apr 1909]; ind. syst.: xxviii [31 Oct 1911].

Original Combination: [Pieris napi] var. frigida [forme] pseudobryoniae

Type Locality: “Nulato, Alaska” implied from the legend to pl. 32, fig. 36.

Types: Lectotype in MNHP (de Joannis collection), designated by Guppy & Kondla (2010, Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(5): 6.

As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5).

=    browni Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 332; 1(2): pl. 519, figs. 27 ♂ D, 28 ♂ V (holotype); 29-36 ♂&♀, D&V.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis browni

Type Locality: “Alaska, U. S. A., ‘Seaward’ Peninsula (korrekte Schreibweise is Seward Peninsula), Kongarok Rd., Mile 48, Big Creek, 750 ft.”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Pieris marginalis shapiroi Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 330; 1(2): pl. 519, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 13-26, unassociated figs. 1600, 1601 ♂ genitalia, 1583 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis shapiroi

Type Locality: “U.S.A., Alaska, Yukon Delta Hooper Bay, Kikuktok Mt., 3 m”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Pieris marginalis hulda W. H. Edwards, 1869

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 370.

Original Combination: Pieris Hulda

Type Locality: “Kodiak” [Alaska]

Types: Neotype (possible holotype) in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 103, fig. 25 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, fig. 24 ♂ D.

d.   Pieris marginalis meckyae Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 322; 1(2): pl. 515, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V, 29-36, pl. 517, figs. 1-36, pl. 519, figs. 1-6, unassociated fig. 1587 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis meckyae

Type Locality: “U.S.A., Alaska, Little Susitna River, 1100 ft., Talkeetna Mts., 8 miles N. of Palmer”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Geiger and Shapiro (1992), Z. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 30(2): 117, treated this as a species-level taxon, but further research is needed to corroborate this arrangement.

=    ‡”passosi” B. Warren, 1968

Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 80(3): 62-64, pl. 4, figs. 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ V, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: P[ieris]. passosi Hybrid

Type Locality: “Palmer, south Alaska”

Types: “Syntypes” in AMNH. Guppy & Kondla (2010), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(5): 12, fig. 9 ♂ D&V, designated a ‘lectotype’ but, in accordance with the Code, such an action was not necessary.

Described as a hybrid between hulda and oleracea; this name is unavailable (Code Article 1.3.3). Guppy & Kondla (2010), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(5): 11-12, made a detailed argument for considering this a valid name, but the consistent application of the word ‘hybrid’ to this name throughout Warren’s text removes doubt as to the application of the pertinent Code Article as cited.

e.   Pieris marginalis guppyi Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 324; 1(2): pl. 513, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5-20, 25-36 ♂&♀, D&V, pl. 515, figs. 1-22, pl. 531, figs. 14-17.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis guppyi

Type Locality: “Alaska, Skagway”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

=    ‡”postguppyi” Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 324, pl. 513, fig. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V, 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis guppyi gen. aest. postguppyi

Type Locality: “Alaska, Skagway”

Types: No type(s) designated.

As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5).

f.    Pieris marginalis tremblayi Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 327; 1(2): pl. 511, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V, 9-32 ♂&♀, D&V.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis tremblayi

Type Locality: “Canada, British Columbia, Pink Mountain, 5000 ft., Alaska Highway, Mile 147”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

g.   Pieris marginalis reicheli Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 301; 1(2): pl. 507, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27-34 ♂&♀, D&V; pl. 509, figs. 1-38; pl. 511, figs. 1-4, unassociated figs. 1346, 1369-1375, 1381, 1604-1606 ♂ genitalia, 1376, 1387, 1574-1579 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis reicheli

Type Locality: “Canada, British Columbia, Revelstoke”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

‡”postreicheli” Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 301.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis reicheli gen. aest. postreicheli

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: No type(s) designated.

As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5); it is also a nomen nudum.

h.   Pieris marginalis marginalis Scudder, 1861

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 183.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis

Type Locality: “Gulf of Georgia...Crescent City, California”; lectotype from “Washington Territory.” The “Gulf of Georgia” was interpreted to be “near Port Townsend, Wash. Terr.” by H. Hagen (1883), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 22: 164. [Jefferson County, Washington]

Types: Lectotype (#16598) in MCZC, designated by Eitschberger [1984], Herbipoliana 1(1): 284; (2): pl. 495, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.

=    pallida Scudder, 1861

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 183.

Original Combination: Pieris pallida

Type Locality: “Gulf of Georgia”; interpreted to be “near Port Townsend, Wash. Terr.” by H. Hagen (1883), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 22: 164. [Jefferson County, Washington]

Types: Syntypes in MCZC.

=    ‡”flava” W. H. Edwards, 1881

Papilio 1(6): 94, no. 3 (description), 98 (name).

Original Combination: [Pieris Oleracea] aberr. Flava

Type Locality: “Washington Terr.”

Types: Type(s), if they can be identified, probably in CMNH.

This name might be interpreted as a nomen nudum.

i.    Pieris marginalis sequoia J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 128-131, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Pieris napi sequoia

Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Prairie Creek Redwood State Park, 50 meters elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

j.    Pieris marginalis venosa Scudder, 1861

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 182-183.

Original Combination: Pieris venosa

Type Locality: “San Mateo and Mendocino city, California”; lectotype from “San Mateo.” [San Mateo County]

Types: Lectotype (#16597) in MCZC, designated by Eitschberger [1984], Herbipoliana 1(1): 253; (2): pl. 481, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.

=    ‡”flava” W. H. Edwards, 1881

Papilio 1(6): 89, no. 2 (description), 98 (name).

Original Combination: [Pieris Venosa] aberr. ♀ Flava

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: No type(s) designated.

This name might be interpreted as a nomen nudum.

k.   Pieris marginalis castoria Reakirt, 1866

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 238, no. 2.

Original Combination: Pieris castoria

Type Locality: “California”; suggested to be “Castoria [= French Camp], San Joaquin County” by Shapiro [1978], J. Res. Lepid. 16(4): 197-200.

Types: Type(s) apparently lost; figured by Strecker (1874), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (8): pl. 8, figs. 4 ♂ D&V, 5 ♀D.

=    ‡nasturtii Boisduval, 1869

Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 38-39, no. 7.

Original Combination: Pieris Nasturtii

Type Locality: “dans les champs decouverts au pied de la Juba”; defined as “Hwy. 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch N. Fork Feather River Canyon, 2500' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): figs. 165 ♂ D, 166 ♂ V; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 33, fig. 5 ♂ V.

Preoccupied by Pieris nasturtii W. H. Edwards, 1864, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501.

=    resedae Boisduval, 1869

Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 39, no. 8.

Original Combination: Pieris Resedae

Type Locality: “sur les bords du Sacramento” probably in error, as discussed by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24-25.

Types: Holotype in USNM, figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 33, fig. 3 ♂ D, labeled “Californie”; subsequently figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): figs. 168 ♀ D, 169 ♀ V.

=    iberidis Boisduval, 1869

Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 39, no. 9.

Original Combination: Pieris Iberidis

Type Locality: “dans les champs”; defined as “Hwy. 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch N. Fork Feather River Canyon, 2500' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25, figs. 171 ♀ D, 172 ♀ V; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. Palae. (17-20): pl. 32, fig. 43 ♀ D.

=    microstriata J. A. Comstock, 1924

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23(4): 125; 23(5): pl. 8, figs. 12 ♂ D (holotype), 13 ♂ V, 14 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Pieris napi microstriata

Type Locality: “Eldredge, Sonoma County, California”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    ‡”cottlei” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(7): 197-198, no. 9, pl. 5, fig. 9 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Pieris napi var. castoria ab. ♂ cottlei

Type Locality: “Anderson Springs, Lake County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

l.    Pieris marginalis ziegleri Eitschberger, 1991

Atalanta (München) 22(2-4): 353-354.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis ziegleri

Type Locality: “U.S.A., Montana, Gallatin Co., Hwy 191 betw. West Yellowstone and Big Sky, 1800-2100m”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

m.  Pieris marginalis pallidissima W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 59, pl. 6, figs. 4 ♂ D (lectotype), 5 ♀ D, 10 ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Pieris napi] pallidissima

Type Locality: “Provo, Utah” [Utah County]

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by Guppy & Kondla (2010), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(5): 13.

=    ‡”antepallidissima” Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 306.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis pallidissima gen. vern. antepallidissima

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: No type(s) designated.

As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5); it is also a nomen nudum.

n.   Pieris marginalis macdunnoughii C. Remington, 1954

Lepid. News 8(3/4): 75.

Original Combination: Pieris napi macdunnoughii

Proposed to replace Pieris napi pseudonapi W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3); spelled “mcdunnoughi” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 72, representing an unjustified emendation.

=    ‡pseudonapi W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 57, pl. 6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Pieris napi] pseudonapi

Type Locality: “Silverton, Colo.” [San Juan County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Preoccupied by Pieris melete pseudonapi Verity, [1911], Rhop. Palaearctica: legend to pl. 59, figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.

‡”postmcdunnoughii” Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 309.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis mcdunnoughi gen. aest. postmcdunnoughii

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: No type(s) designated.

As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5); it is also a nomen nudum.

o.   Pieris marginalis mogollon Burdick, 1942

Can. Entomol. 74(8): 154-155.

Original Combination: Pieris napi mogollon race nov.

Type Locality: “Mogollon Range, Catron Co., New Mexico”

Types: Holotype (No. #5222) in CNC.

=    ‡”warreni” dos Passos, 1965

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 73(3): 136.

Original Combination: Pieris narina mogollon gen. aest warreni

Type Locality: “White Mountains of Arizona”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”postmogollon” Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 314.

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis mogollon gen. aest. postmogollon

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: No type(s) designated.

As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5); it is also a nomen nudum.

p.   Pieris marginalis siblanca Grishin, 2022

In: Zhang . (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 6-7, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Pieris marginalis siblanca

Type Locality: “USA: New Mexico, Lincoln County, E slope of Sierra Blanca Mountains, Ski Apache Resort Headquarters, elevation 10,000'”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

439.      Pieris virginiensis W. H. Edwards, 1870

a.   Pieris virginiensis virginiensis W. H. Edwards, 1870

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 13-14, no. 5; figured by W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](8): pl. Pieris 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V, and (1881), Papilio 1(6): pl. 3, figs. 17 ♀ D, 18 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Pieris Virginiensis

Type Locality: “Kanawha district...London, Ontario”; defined as “Coalburgh, W. Va.” by W. H. Edwards (1881), Papilio 1(6): 95-96; neotype from “the Kanawha River valley in the vicinity of Coalburgh, West Virginia.” [Kanawha County, West Virginia]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 101, fig. 24 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 34, fig. 14 ♂ D.

b.   Pieris virginiensis hyatti Eitschberger, [1984]

Herbipoliana 1(1): 358; 1(2): pl. 529, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype); 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V, 19-36, pl. 531, figs. 1-11; unassociated figs. 542, 1023-1030 ♂ genitalia, 1589-1591 ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Pieris virginiensis hyatti

Type Locality: “Canada, Ontario, Halton Co. Forest, Campbellville”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Family LYCAENIDAE [Leach], [1815]

In: Brewster, Edin. Ency. 9: 129 (as “Lycaenida”). Type-genus: Lycaena [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 285, no. 32.

Subfamily Miletinae Reuter, 1896

Acta Soc. Sci. fenn. 22(1): 551, 556 (as “Miletidi”). Type-genus: Miletus Hübner. [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 71. The family-group name Miletinae (applied at various levels) has long been accepted as the proper name for this taxon, even though Gerydinae Doherty, 1886, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal 55, Pt. II(2): 110, 131, is senior (Code Article 35.5).

Tribe Miletini Reuter, 1896 (1886)

Subtribe Spalgina Toxopeus, 1929

Tijdschr. Entomol. 72(3/4): 218, II (as “Spalgiinae”). Type-genus: Spalgis Moore, 1879, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879(1): 137.

Genus Feniseca Grote, 1869

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 308. Type-species: Hesperia tarquinius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 319, no. 207, by original designation.

440.      Feniseca tarquinius (Fabricius, 1793)

a.   Feniseca tarquinius tarquinius (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 319, no. 207; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl 45, fig. 4; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [44], fig. 1 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).

Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Tarquinius

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    crataegi (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (13): pl. 37, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 larva, 5 pupa; (14): 128-129; cited Hesperia tarquinius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 319, no. 207, Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [44], fig. 1, and Erycina tarquinius Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 580, no. 77.

Original Combination: P[olyommatus] Crataegi

Type Locality: “Géorgie”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost.

=    porsenna (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 163-164, no. 12.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Porsenna

Type Locality: “Aroostook Co., Me....Norway, Me.” [Norway is in Oxford County, Maine]

Types: Type(s) may be in MCZC.

=    ‡”suffusa” Dean, 1918

Lepidoptera 2(8): 60.

Original Combination: Feniseca tarquinius var. suffusa

Type Locality: “Meramec Highlands” [Above the Meremac River, St. Louis-Jefferson counties, Missouri]

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

b.   Feniseca tarquinius novascotiae McDunnough, 1935

Can. Entomol. 67(7): 212.

Original Combination: [Feniseca tarquinius] nova-scotiae

Type Locality: “S. Milford, N. S.” [Nova Scotia]

Types: Holotype (#3995) in CNC.

Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 119, did not recognize subspecies within F. tarquinius.

Subfamily Lycaeninae [Leach], [1815]

Tribe Lycaenini [Leach], [1815]

Genus Lycaena [Fabricius], 1807

In: Illiger Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 285, no. 32. Type-species: Papilio phlaeas Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 285, no. 1078, by designation of J. Curtis (1824), Brit. Entomol. 1(3): pl. 12, [1]. American species in this genus were reviewed by Pratt and D. Wright (2003), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 78(4): 219-229.

Subgenus Lycaena [Fabricius], 1807

      =    ‡Lycia Sodoffsky, 1837

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 10(6): 81-82, no. 9. Type-species: Papilio phlaeas Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 285, no. 1078, as a replacement name. An unjustified emendation of Lycaena.

      =    ‡Migonitis Sodoffsky, 1837

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 10(6): 82, 06, no. 9. Type-species: Papilio phlaeas Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 285, no. 1078, as a replacement name. Preoccupied by Migonitis Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 147.

      =    ‡Rumicia Tutt, 1906

Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 18(5): 131. Type-species: Papilio phlaeas Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 285, no. 1078, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Lycaena.

*441.    Lycaena hypophlaeas (Boisduval, 1852)

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 12, fig. 12, determined that hypophlaeas is a distinct species. The names phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761), Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 285, no. 1078, and eleus (Fabricius, 1798), Entomol. Syst. Suppl.: 430, are removed from the catalogue.

a.   Lycaena hypophlaeas hypophlaeas (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 291, no. 23.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Hypophlaeas

Type Locality: “Nord de la California”; suggested to be “the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California...could well have been the gold region in Tuolumne County” by Shields [1968], J. Res. Lepid. 6(1): 22; lectotype from “vicinity of Boston Massachusetts.”

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 12, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V.

The identity of the lectotype dictates the current synonymy.

=    americana T. Harris, 1862

Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 273-274, fig. 104 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Americana

Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition of the book.

Types: Syntypes in MCZC.

This name was listed by d’Urban (1860), Can. Nat. Geol. 5(2): 91, no. 21, and (1860), Can. Nat. Geol. 5(4): 246, no. 1 (both times citing T. Harris), without a description or indication; nomina nuda.

=    ‡”fasciata” (Strecker, 1878)

Butterflies Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 101, no. 158a.

Original Combination: [Lycaena (Chrysophanus) Phlaeas var. Americana] ab. a. ♀ Fasciata

Type Locality: "Florida"; suggested to be "vicinity of Cincinnati, Hamilton Co., Ohio" by Calhoun (2012), Southern Lepid. Soc. News 34(1): 24.

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH, figured by Calhoun (2012), Southern Lepid. Soc. News 34(1): figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.

=    ‡”fulliolus” (Hulst, 1886)

Entomol. Am. 2(9): 182.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus americanus ab. fulliolus

Type Locality: Not stated; “holotype” from “Long Island” recorded by Ottolengui (1895), Entomol. News 6(7): 217. [New York]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”obliterata” (Scudder, 1889)

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(7): 1001-1002; cited a specimen figured by Maynard (1886), Butterflies N. Engl.: pl. 5, figs. 52, 52a.

Original Combination: H[eodes]. h[ypophlaeas]. [ab.] obliterata

Type Locality: “New England” implied from the title of Maynard’s book.

Types: “Holotype” probably lost, possibly in MCZC.

=    ‡”adrienne” (Maynard, 1891)

Manual N. Am. Butterflies: 153, no. 395b.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus phlaeas adrienne

Type Locality: “Eastern Massachusetts”

Types: Location of “holotype” not known, possibly in MCZC.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”caeca” (Reiff, 1913)

Entomol. News 24(7): 306, pl. 10, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Heodes phlaeas f. nov. caeca

Type Locality: “West Roxbury, Mass.” [Suffolk County, Massachusetts]

Types: “Holotype” probably in MCZC.

=    ‡”octomaculata” (Dean, 1918)

Lepidoptera 2(8): 60.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus hypophlaeas var. octomaculata

Type Locality: “the southwestern portion of the city” [St. Louis, St. Louis County, Missouri]

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

=    ‡”banksi” (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 454-455.

Original Combination: Heodes hypophlaeas hypophlaeas ab. banksi

Type Locality: “Lexington, Massachusetts” [Middlesex County]

Types: “Holotype” (#15956) in MCZC.

=    ‡”fulvus” (Rummel, 1929)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 23(5): 268.

Original Combination: Heodes hypophlaeas ab. fulvus

Type Locality: “Green Village, N. J....Old Bridge, N. J.” [Green Village, Morris County; Old Bridge, Middlesex County, New Jersey]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”neui” (Rummel, 1929)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 23(5): 268.

Original Combination: Heodes hypophlaeas ab. neui

Type Locality: “Hillside, N. J.” [Union County, New Jersey]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”bacchus” Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(7): 998.

Original Combination: [Heodes hypophlaeas] = Lycaena bacchus Harr. manuscript

A manuscript name credited to T. Harris, listed in the synonymy of americana without description or indication; a nomen nudum.

b.   Lycaena hypophlaeas feildeni (M'Lachlan, 1878)

J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 14(74): 111.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus phloeas [sic] Feildeni

Type Locality: “lat. 81^o 41' N”; holotype from “Grinnell Land, W. side of Smith Sound 81^o45' N,” which probably refers to Smith Sound on SE Ellesmere Island. [Nunavut]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

This name is often misspelled “fieldeni.”

c.   Lycaena hypophlaeas arethusa (Wolley-Dod, 1907)

Can. Entomol. 39(5): 169-170.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus arethusa

Type Locality: “the foothills...Lineham's lower log camp, south fork of Sheep Creek...about thirty-five miles south-west of Calgary...Alberta...near the spruce woods about ten or fifteen miles nearer Calgary”; Kohler (2007), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(1): 9, defined this as “the head of Fish Creek and the south fork of Sheep Creek, Alberta.”

Types: Syntypes in USNM and CNC.

d.   Lycaena hypophlaeas weberi Kohler, 2007

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(1): 10-12, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♂ V (holotype), 39 ♀ D, 40 ♀ V, 47.

Original Combination: Lycaena phlaeas weberi

Type Locality: “Montana: Liberty County: north slope of Mount Royal, East Butte, Sweet Grass Hills, from the summit (6914') down slope (north) to the saddle (6300') between Mount Royal and Mount Brown”

Types: Holotype in BYU.

e.   Lycaena hypophlaeas arctodon Ferris, 1974

Bull. Allyn Mus. (18): 4-5, figs. 17 ♂ D&V (holotype), 18 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena phlaeas arctodon

Type Locality: “E side Beartooth Pass, Custer NF, Carbon Co., Mont., 10,300'” [Montana]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

f.    Lycaena hypophlaeas shields Kemal & Koçak, 2007

Centre Entomol. Stud. Ankara. Misc. Pap. (135): 7.

Original Combination: Lycaena phlaeas shields

Proposed as a replacement name for Lycaena phlaeas alpestris J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡alpestris J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 662, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena phlaeas alpestris

Type Locality: “California: Mono County; north slope of Mt. Dana...11,200-11,800'”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

Preoccupied by Lycaena alpestris Freyer, 1851, Neuer Beitr. Schmett. Abbild. Natur. 6(98): 162, pl. 583, figs 3, 4.

Subgenus Alciphronia Koçak, 1992

442.      Lycaena cupreus (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

a.   Lycaena cupreus lapidicola J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 663-664, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena cuprea lapidicola

Type Locality: “California: Mono County; Tioga Pass”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    ‡”maculinita” (Gunder, 1926)

Entomol. News 37(1): 8, no. 11, pl. 1, fig. 11 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Heodes cupreus ab. ♀ maculinita

Type Locality: “Mammoth, Mono County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 52, fig. 16 ♀ D.

b.   Lycaena cupreus cupreus (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 20-21, no. 15; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(2): pl. Chrysophanus 1, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus Cupreus

Type Locality: “Oregon”; suggested to be “mountains in the south central part of Oregon” by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 175; defined as “Crane Creek, 3 miles south of Lakeview, Lake County Oregon” by J. Emmel and Pratt (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 663.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 176, fig. 6 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 40 ♀ D.

=    artemisia J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 6-7.

Original Combination: Lycaena cupreus artemisia

Type Locality: “The Potholes, Teton Co., Wyo.” [Wyoming]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

This synonymy was implied by J. Emmel and Pratt (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 663, and discussed by A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 98.

c.   Lycaena cupreus henryae (Cadbury, 1937)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 89: 409-410, pl. 16, fig. 9 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus snowi henryae new race

Type Locality: “Caribou Pass, alt. 5200 ft.” [British Columbia]

Types: Syntype (#7779) in CMNH.

Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 121, considered this name synonymous with snowi, but C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 190, recognized it as a subspecies-level taxon.

=    ‡”mcdunnoughi” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 284, no. 12, pl. A, fig. 12 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Lycaena (Heodes) snowi tr. f. mcdunnoughi

Type Locality: “Laggan, Alta., Can.” [Alberta]

Types: “Holotype” in CNC.

This was spelled “macdunnoughi” by dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (1): 61; an unjustified emendation.

d.   Lycaena cupreus snowi (W. H. Edwards, [1881])

Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 7: 69-70.

Original Combination: C[hrysophanus]. Snowi

Type Locality: “above timber line on Gray's Peak, Colorado” [Summit and Clear Creek counties]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 178, fig. 7 ♂ D&V.

Genus Tharsalea Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 125, no. 29. Type-species: Polyommatus arota Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 293-294, no. 27, by original designation. van Dorp (2004), Proc. Netherlands entomol. Soc. Mtg.: 65-70 and de Jong & van Dorp (2006), Entomol. Ber. 66 (4): 124-129, defined a strictly New World group of coppers but did not assign names. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 10-12, fig. 5, confirmed this and provided nomenclatural remedy and employed Tharsalea as the senior name. Klots (1936), Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 31(4): 154-171, gave Tharsalea precedence over all others as first reviser.

Subgenus Epidemia Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 127, no. 33. Type-species: Polyommatus epixanthe Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (13): pl. 38, figs. 4, 5; (14): 127, by original designation.

=    Hyllolycaena L. Miller & F. Brown, 1979

Bull. Allyn Mus. (51): 15-17. Type-species: Papilio hyllus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 67-68, pl. 43, figs. B, C; (8): 153 (index), by original designation. Pratt and D. Wright (2003), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 78(4): 226, placed this taxon here.

=    Hellolycaena Koçak, 1983

Priamus 3(1): 3-5. Type-species: Polyommatus thoe Guérin-Méneville, [1832], Icon. Règne Anim. Cuvier 2(18): pl. Ins. 81, figs. 4, 4a, 4b (= Papilio hyllus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 67-68, pl. 43, figs. B, C; (8): 153 (index)), by original designation. Koçak (1983), thought that hyllus was a species-level taxon from the Old World, distinct from thoe; in this he disagreed with F. Brown and W. D. Field (1970), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 78(4): 175-184.

443.      Tharsalea hyllus (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 67-68, pl. 43, figs. B ♀ D, C ♀ V; (8): 153 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Ruralis Hyllus

Type Locality: “Smirna” “Smirne” [Smyrna, Turkey]; neotype from “Brooklyn, New York” [Kings County, New York]

Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by Calhoun (2010), J. Lepid. Soc. 64(2): 87, fig. 18 ♀ D&V.

Calhoun (2010), J. Lepid. Soc. 64(2): 79-90, 20 figs., gave a detailed historical treatment of both Papilio hyllus and Polyommatus thoe. He cemented the use of the name hyllus for this taxon thereby stabilizing its current usage.

=    thoe (Guérin-Méneville, [1832])

Icon. Règne Anim. Cuvier 2(18): pl. Ins. 81, figs. 4 ♀ D, 4a ♀ V, 4b [1832]; 3: 490 [1844].

Original Combination: Polyommatus Thoe

Type Locality: “l'Amerique du Nord”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in MNHP.

F. Brown and W. D. Field (1970), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 78(4): 175-184, successfully supplanted Polyommatus thoe with Papilio hyllus as the senior synonym. The matter is resolved by the designation of a neotype for hyllus.

=    ‡”wormsbacheri” Gunder, 1927

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 26(2): 53.

Original Combination: Lycaena thoe nov. tr. f. wormsbacheri

Type Locality: Not known, but possibly Cleveland, Ohio, where Wormsbacker lived. [Cuyahoga County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”wyatti” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 285, no. 16, pl. A, fig. 16 ♂ D, 16b ♂ V (“holotype”), 16d ♀ D.

Original Combination: Lycaena (Heodes) thoe tr. f. wyatti

Type Locality: “Colorado?”

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.

444.      Tharsalea gorgon (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Tharsalea gorgon gorgon (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 292, no. 25; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1929 ♂ D&V, 1930 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Polyommatus gorgon

Type Locality: “montagnes de la Californie”; defined as “Hwy. 70 at Bear Ranch Creek, vicinity of Cresta, North Fork Feather River Canton, elevation 1500', Butte County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. (2): 12.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 12, figs. 39 ♂ D, 40 ♂ V.

b.   Tharsalea gorgon micropunctata (J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 668-669, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena gorgon micropunctata

Type Locality: “California: Mono County; Lower Rock Creek, 6200' elevation, 2.8 road miles SE of U. S. Highway 395”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Tharsalea gorgon jacquelineae (J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 666-667, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena gorgon jacquelineae

Type Locality: “California: Modoc County; Pine Creek Canyon, 5500' elevation, County Road 2, 3 road miles east of New Pine Creek (town), Warner Mountains”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Tharsalea gorgon dorothea (J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 668, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena gorgon dorothea

Type Locality: “Oregon. Josephine County; Illinois River Road, 3 miles west of Selma, Siskiyou National Forest, 1,350' elevation”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

445.      Tharsalea heteronea (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Tharsalea heteronea heteronea (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 298, no. 35; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, figs. 1946 ♂ D&V, 1947 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena heteronea

Type Locality: “montagnes du nord”; defined as “bluff between Cavallo Point and Yellow Bluff, ca. 2 air miles SSE of Sausalito, Marin County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15, figs. 72 ♂ D, 73 ♂ V.

b.   Tharsalea heteronea northi (J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 671, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V (holotype); 35 ♀ D, 36 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena heteronea northi

Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; North Trinity Mountain; 1/2 mile up trail to Water Dog Lakes, 5,800' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Tharsalea heteronea submaculata (J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 670-671, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V (holotype); 31 ♀ D, 32 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena heteronea submaculata

Type Locality: “California: Plumas County; Warner Valley, at south boundary of Lassen National Park”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Tharsalea heteronea clara (Hy. Edwards, 1877)

Pac. Coast Lepid. (26): [1].

Original Combination: Lycaena clara

Type Locality: “Tehachipi Pass, S. P. R. R., Kern Co...Colorado and the mountains of California”; all syntypes are from “Tehachapi Pass, California.”

Types: Syntypes in MGCL and AMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 30, fig. 26 ♀ D.

e.   Tharsalea heteronea austin (Kemal & Koçak, 2007)

Centre Entomol. Stud. Ankara. Misc. Pap. (135): 2.

Original Combination: Lycaena (Chalceria) heteronea austin

Proposed as a replacement name for Lycaena heteronea rutila Austin, 1998, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡rutila (Austin, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 541, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena heteronea rutila

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lincoln County; Wilson Creek Range, Wilson Peak Road, 2470 m, T5N R68E S21, 28 on USGS Trail Canyon, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Preoccupied by Papilio rutilus Werneberg, 1864, Beitr. Schmett. 1: 391..

f.    Tharsalea heteronea rava (Austin, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 540, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena heteronea rava

Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Ruby Mountains, Lamoille Canyon, end of Lamoille Canyon Road, 2700 m, T32N R58E S36 on USGS Lamoille, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

g.   Tharsalea heteronea klotsi (W. D. Field, 1936)

Entomol. News 47(5): 123.

Original Combination: Lycaena heteronea new race klotsi

Type Locality: “Broadwater County, Montana”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

h.   Tharsalea heteronea gravenotata (Klots, 1930)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 25(3): 163-165, figs. 1 ♂ V (holotype); 2 ♀ V, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: L[ycaena]. heteronea gravenotata

Type Locality: “Plainview, Jefferson County, Colo. Alt. 6783 ft.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”coloradensis” (Gunder, 1925)

Entomol. News 36(7): 194, no. 1, pl. 5, fig. 1 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Heodes heteronia [sic] ab. ♂ coloradensis

Type Locality: “Plain View [sic], Colorado” [Plainview, Jefferson County]

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

446.      Tharsalea epixanthe (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

a.   Tharsalea epixanthe epixanthe (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (13): pl. 38, figs. 4 ♀ D, 5 ♂ V; (15): 127.

Original Combination: P[olyommatus] Epixanthe

Type Locality: “aux environs de New-Harmony- Indiana”; suggested to be “somewhere in New Jersey or the environs of Philadelphia” by Rawson (1948), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 56(1): 58.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by Rawson (1948), ibid.

b.   Tharsalea epixanthe phaedrus (G. Hall, 1924)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 32(2): 111.

Original Combination: Heodes epixanthe phaedrus

Type Locality: “Dublin Shore, Lunenburg Co., N. S.” [Nova Scotia]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    amicetus (W. Holland, 1931)

Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 250, no. 15, pl. 28, fig. 28 ♂ D (lectotype), pl. 64, figs. 41 ♂ D, 42 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus amicetus

Type Locality: “Newfoundland”; defined as “the Avalon Peninsula, S. E. Newfoundland, in the general vicinity of St. John” by F. Brown (1968), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 76(1): 25. [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Clench (1968), in: F. Brown, J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 76(1): 25.

This name was listed (as Polyommatus amicetus) without a description or indication by E. Doubleday (1847), List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 2: 55, Scudder (1876), Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 128, and Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(7): 985 (as a manuscript name credited to Boisduval); these are nomina nuda.

c.   Tharsalea epixanthe michiganensis (Rawson, 1948)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 56(1): 59-60.

Original Combination: Lycaena epixanthe michiganensis

Type Locality: “Proud Lake, Oakland County, Michigan”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

447.      Tharsalea nivalis (Boisduval, 1869)

a.   Tharsalea nivalis nivalis (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 44-45, no. 19; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, figs. 1955 ♂ D&V, 1956 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Polyommatus nivalis

Type Locality: “de la région des neiges”; suggested to be “in the Sierras (Sierra Nevada, Placer or El Dorado County)” by dos Passos (1938), Can. Entomol. 70(3): 45; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 26.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 26, figs. 183 ♂ D, 184 ♂ V.

=    ianthe (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 211-212, no. 12.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus Ianthe

Type Locality: “Nevada”; suggested to be “near Virginia City” by dos Passos (1938), Can. Entomol. 70(3): 45; further defined as “Lake Tahoe, Nevada” by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 169.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 171, fig. 4 ♀ D&V.

b.   Tharsalea nivalis bichroma (J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 664-665, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena nivalis bichroma

Type Locality: “California: Siskiyou County; summit of Mt. Eddy”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Tharsalea nivalis warnermontana (J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 665-666, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ D (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena nivalis warnermontana

Type Locality: “California: Modoc County; Dismal Swamp, Warner Mountains”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Tharsalea nivalis praetexta (Austin, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 541-542, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena nivalis praetexta

Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Owyhee River Valley, Wildhorse Creek, Wildhorse Crossing Campground, 1950 m, T44N R54E (unsectioned) on USGS Wild Horse, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Tharsalea nivalis browni (dos Passos, 1938)

Can Entomol. 70(3): 45, pl. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena nivalis browni

Type Locality: “Snowslide Canyon, eight miles from Montpelier, Idaho” [Bear Lake County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

448.      Tharsalea mariposa (Reakirt, 1866)

Pyle & Hammond (2018), J. Lepid. Soc. 72(1): 1-26, review this species and that arrangement is accepted herein.

a.   Tharsalea mariposa mariposa (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 149-150, note.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Mariposa

Type Locality: “California”

Types: Syntypes in FMNH, ANSP, and MCZC (#16012); figured by Strecker (1874), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (10): pl. 10, figs. 25 ♂ D&V, 26 ♀ D.

=    zeroe (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 45, no. 20; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, figs. 1957 ♂ D&V, 1958 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Polyommatus zeroe

Type Locality: “les hautes montagnes des frontières de l'Utah”; suggested to be “eastern flanks of the Californian or Nevadan mountains somewhere west of the general region of Reno and Carson City, Nevada” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 273; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 26.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 26, figs. 186 ♂ D, 187 ♂ V.

b.   Tharsalea mariposa ximena (Pyle and Hammond, 2018)

J. Lepid. Soc. 72(1): 4, figs. 1-5, 6 ♂ D&V (holotype), 7, 8 ♀ D&V (allotype).

Original Combination: Lycaena mariposa ximena

Type Locality: “California, Siskiyou Co., 2 mi. n. Caldwell Lakes, Marble Mountains”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

c.   Tharsalea mariposa marya (Pyle and Hammond, 2018)

J. Lepid. Soc. 72(1): 5-6, figs. 1- 9, 10 ♂ D&V (holotype), 11, 12 ♀ D&V (allotype).

Original Combination: Lycaena mariposa marya

Type Locality: “Oregon, Josephine Co., Mud Springs, Flat Top, nr. Kalmiopsis Wilderness’”

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

d.   Tharsalea mariposa cascadia (Pyle and Hammond, 2018)

J. Lepid. Soc. 72(1): 6, figs. 1-13, 14 ♂ D&V (holotype, 15, 16 ♀ D&V (allotype).

Original Combination: Lycaena mariposa cascadia

Type Locality: “Oregon, Linn Co., Santiam Summit on U.S. Hwy. 20"

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

e.   Tharsalea mariposa thea (Pyle and Hammond, 2018)

J. Lepid. Soc. 72(1): 7, figs. 1-17, 18 ♂ D&V (holotype), 19, 20 ♀ D&V (allotype).

Original Combination: Lycaena mariposa thea

Type Locality: “Oregon, Grant Co., Blue Mountain Summit"

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

f.    Tharsalea mariposa penroseae (W. D. Field, 1938)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 14(3): 142-143.

Original Combination: Lycaena mariposa penroseae

Type Locality: “Lake Eleanor, Yellowstone National Park, elevation 8500 ft.” [Wyoming]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

g.   Tharsalea mariposa sperlingi (Pyle and Hammond, 2018)

J. Lepid. Soc. 72(1): 10-11, figs. 1-25, 26 ♂ D&V (holotype), 27, 28 ♀ D&V (allotpye), figs 2-1, 2 ♂ D&V, 3, 4 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena mariposa sperlingi

Type Locality: “Alberta, Rocky Mountains at Prospect Mountain"

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

h.   Tharsalea mariposa iridescens (Pyle and Hammond, 2018)

J. Lepid. Soc. 72(1): 11, figs. 2- 5, 6 ♂ D&V (holotype), 7, 8 ♀ D&V (allotype), 9, 10 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena mariposa iridescens

Type Locality: “British Columbia, Vancouver Island, Mt. Cokely, Ski Hill Road"

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

i.    Tharsalea mariposa charlottensis (W. Holland, 1930)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20(1): 6-7; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): fig. 47 ♂ D (holotype), 48 ♂ V, 49 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus charlottensis

Type Locality: “Queen Charlotte Island” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

j.    Tharsalea mariposa junia (Pyle and Hammond, 2018)

J. Lepid. Soc. 72(1): 15, figs. 2-21, 22 ♂ D&V (holotype), 23, 24 ♀ D&V (allotype).

Original Combination: Lycaena mariposa junia

Type Locality: “Washington, Gray`s Harbor Co., Barrows Road Bog nr. Ocean Shores (=North Bay NAP)"

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

k.   Tharsalea mariposa candia (Pyle and Hammond, 2018)

J. Lepid. Soc. 72(1): 16, figs. 2-25, 26 ♂ D&V (holotype), 27, 28 ♀ D&V (allotype).

Original Combination: Lycaena mariposa candia

Type Locality: “Oregon, Lincoln Co., Coast Range, Lost Prairie Bog"

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

l.    Tharsalea mariposa makah (Pyle and Hammond, 2018)

J. Lepid. Soc. 72(1): 13, figs. 2-17, 18 ♂ D&V (holotype), 19, 20 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena mariposa makah

Type Locality: “Washington, Clallam Co., Ahlstrom`s Prairie 2 mi. w. Lake Ozette"

Types: Holotype in OSAC.

449.      Tharsalea helloides (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 291, no. 24; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, figs. 1927 ♂ D&V, 1928 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Polyommatus helloides

Type Locality: “aux environs de San Francisco”; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 12.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 12, 36 ♂, 37 ♂ V; figured by Ferris (1977), Bull. Allyn Mus. (45): fig. 50 ♂ D&V.

=    castro (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 148-149.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Castro

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory”

Types: Neotype in NHMUK, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 2261.

=    ‡”sternitzkyi” (Gunder, 1927)

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 285, no. 15, pl. A, fig. 15 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Lycaena (Heodes) thoe tr. F. sternitzkyi

Type Locality: “Petaluma, Calif.” [Sonoma County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

450.      Tharsalea dorcas (W. Kirby, 1837)

There is no consensus on relationships between taxa in the Tharsalea dorcas complex (e.g. Ferris (1977), Bull. Allyn Mus. (45): 1-42, Scott (1979), J. Res. Lepid. 17(1): 40-50, (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 44-45, and (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 18: 43-55. It seems clear that “florus” is not conspecific with dorcas but not at all clear that helloides and florus are different species despite reports of sympatry. This lack of definition makes identifications suspect. The arrangement herein presumes no more than others; the lack of definition has prevailed. This will resolve only after serious investigations.

a.   Tharsalea dorcas claytoni (A. E. Brower, 1940)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 35(4): 138.

Original Combination: Lycaena dorcas claytoni

Type Locality: “Springfield, Maine” [Penobscot County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

b.   Tharsalea dorcas michuron (J. Scott, 2006)

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 42, pl. 4, 3rd row right center ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Lycaena dorcas michuron

Type Locality: “Fenton Road, N of Hwy. 59. Livingston Co. Mich.” [Michigan]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

c.   Tharsalea dorcas dorcas (W. Kirby, 1837)

In: Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 299, no. (418), pl. 4, fig. 1 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Lycaena Dorcas

Type Locality: “Lat. 54^o”; suggested to be “Cumberland-house” by W. Comstock and Huntington (1959), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 67(3/4): 210; neotype from “The Pas, Manitoba.”

Types: Neotype in CNC, designated by Ferris (1977), Bull. Allyn Mus. (45): 23, fig. 59 ♀ D&V.

‡”anthelle” (E. Doubleday, 1847)

List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 2: 55.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Anthelle

Type Locality: “Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay” [Martin Falls, Ontario]

Types: “Syntypes” in NHMUK.

W. Barnes and Benjamin (1926), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 95, noted that one of the “types” was in the USNM. Klots (1936), Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 31(4):165, stated that this is a manuscript name for dorcas and a nomen nudum.

d.   Tharsalea dorcas arcticus (Ferris, 1977)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (45): 33-35, figs. 86 ♂ D&V (holotype), 87 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Epidemia dorcas arcticus

Type Locality: “Mayo Lake Road, Yukon Territory, Canada”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Tharsalea dorcas florus (W. H. Edwards, [1884])

Can. Entomol. 15(11): 210-211.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus Florus

Type Locality: “Red Deer River, B. Am.”; lectotype from “Garnett's Ranch, near Lundbreck, mouth of Crowsnest [sic] Pass, Alberta” [Crow's Nest Pass]

Types: Lectotype (#G 2960) in CNC, designated by Bird and Ferris (1979), Can. Entomol. 111(5): 637-639, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V; figured by Kondla and C. Guppy (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv.: figs. 1 upper, ♂ D, 2 upper ♂ V. A previous lectotype designation by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 173-174, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, was in error.

f.    Tharsalea dorcas megaloceras (Ferris, 1977)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (45): 31-33, figs. 84 ♂ D&V (holotype), 85 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Epidemia dorcas megaloceras

Type Locality: “5-Spring Creek, 9100' (2775m), Big Horn Co., Wyoming”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    ‡”hulbirti” (W. D. Field, 1936)

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 25-26.

Original Combination: Lycaena dorcas race florus female f. hulbirti

Type Locality: “Broadwater Co., Montana”

Types: “Holotype” USNM.

=    ‡”sternitzkyi” (W. D. Field, 1936)

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 26.

Original Combination: Lycaena dorcas race florus female f. sternitzkyi

Type Locality: “Broadwater Co., Montana”

Types: “Holotype” USNM.

g.   Tharsalea dorcas caldera (J. Scott & Kondla, 2017)

Papilio (n.s.) 26: 39-40, figs. 25, 26 ♂ D&V (holotype), 27-34 (paratypes).

Original Combination: Lycaena florus caldera

Type Locality: “Wyoming, Teton County, TNP [=Grand Teton National Park] Deadmans Bar [~6850’, along Snake River]”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

h.   Tharsalea dorcas sangremar (J. Scott, 2008)

Papilio (n.s.) 18: 47, pl. 2, fourth row right ♂ D, fifth row right ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Lycaena florus [castro] sangremar

Type Locality: “NE Taos Ski Basin, 10400', Sangre de Cristo Mts., Taos Co. New Mex.”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”williamsi” (Gunder, 1927)

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 285, no. 14, pl. A, fig. 14 ♂ D, 14b ♂ D (“holotype”), 14d ♀ D.

Original Combination: Lycaena (Dione) helloides tr f. williamsi

Type Locality: “Hall's [sic] Valley, Park Co., Colo.” [Hall Valley, Colorado]

Types: “Holotype” (#7178) in CMNH.

451.      Tharsalea dospassosi (McDunnough, 1940)

Can. Entomol. 72(7): 130-131.

Original Combination: Lycaena dorcas v. dosPassosi

Type Locality: “Bathurst, N. B.” [New Brunswick]

Types: Holotype (# 5092) in CNC.

Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 126, elevated this taxon to the species-level.

Subgenus Chalceria Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 125, no. 30. Type-species: Chrysophanus rubidus Behr, 1866, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 208, by original designation. Pratt et al. (1993), J. Res. Lepid. 30(3/4): 175-195, discussed this synonymy, but did not establish priority of Chalceria over Gaeides. C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 188, were apparently the first revisers.

=    Gaeides Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 126, no. 31. Type-species: Chrysophanus dione Scudder, 1868, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 401, by original designation.

452.      Tharsalea rubidus (Behr, 1866)

a.   Tharsalea rubidus monachensis (K. Johnson & Balogh, 1977)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (43): 38-40, fig. 29 ♂ D&V (holotype) ♀ D&V, fig. 30A-F ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Lycaena (Tharsalea) rubidus monachensis

Type Locality: “Monache Meadows, Tulare County, California”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Tharsalea rubidus incana (Austin, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 539-540, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena rubida incana

Type Locality: “Nevada: Esmeralda County; White Mountains, Trail Canyon, 2621 m, T1S R33E S10 on USGS Davis Mountain, Nev.-Calif. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Tharsalea rubidus rubidus (Behr, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 208.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus rubidus

Type Locality: “interior of Oregon”; neotype from “Oreg.”; defined as “Horse Prairie, 5 miles east of Lakeview, Lake County, Oregon” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 102.

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CMNH, designated by K. Johnson and Balogh (1977), Bull. Allyn Mus. (43): 20, figs. 16 ♂ D&V; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): figs. 49 ♂ D, 50 ♂ V.

d.   Tharsalea rubidus duofascies (K. Johnson & Balogh, 1977)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (43): 21-25, fig. 19 ♂ D&V (holotype) ♀ D&V, fig. 20A-F ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Lycaena (Tharsalea) rubidus duofascies

Type Locality: “Bogus Basin, nr. Boise, Boise County, Idaho, 6000'”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 103, considered this taxon a synonym of L. r. rubidus.

e.   Tharsalea rubidus perkinsorum (K. Johnson & Balogh, 1977)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (43): 25-28, fig. 21 ♂ D&V (holotype) ♀ D&V, fig. 22A-F ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Lycaena (Tharsalea) rubidus perkinsorum

Type Locality: “1 mi. E. the [sic] Dalles, Wasco County, Oregon, 150'” [The Dalles]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

f.    Tharsalea rubidus sirius (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 270, no. 6; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(2): pl. Chrysophanus 1, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V, 10 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus Sirius

Type Locality: “Colorado”; suggested to be “Twin Lakes” and “Mt. Lincoln, South Park and Middle Park” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 161-162; defined as “vicinity of Twin Lakes, Lake Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 166-167. Summarized as “Twin Lakes, along the northern shore of Upper Twin Lake (the western lake), Lake County, Colorado” by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 30.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 168-169, fig. ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 29, fig. 3 ♂ D.

g.   Tharsalea rubidus longi (K. Johnson & Balogh, 1977)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (43): 28-32, fig. 23 ♂ D&V (holotype) ♀ D&V, fig. 24A-C ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Lycaena (Tharsalea) rubidus longi

Type Locality: “Cañon Region north of Harrison, Sioux County, Nebraska”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

h.   Tharsalea rubidus ferrisi (K. Johnson & Balogh, 1977)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (43): 40-42, fig. 31 ♂ D&V (holotype) ♀ D&V, fig. 32A-F ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Lycaena (Tharsalea) ferrisi

Type Locality: “Apache Ditch Camp (13 miles east of McNary), Apache County, Arizona”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Pratt et al. (1993), J. Res. Lepid. 30(3/4): 190, treated this taxon as a subspecies of L. rubidus; its status needs further elaboration.

453.      Tharsalea dione (Scudder, 1868)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 401.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus Dione

Type Locality: “Iowa”; defined as “Denison and New Jefferson, Iowa” by Scudder 1869, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. 1(2): 330. [Denison, Crawford County; Jefferson, Greene County]

Types: Syntypes probably in MCZC.

Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 121-122, and Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 189-190, treated dione as a species-level taxon.

=    ‡”gibboni” (Gunder, 1927)

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 284, no. 13, pl. A, fig. 13 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Lycaena (Dione) dione tr. f. gibboni

Type Locality: “Miniota, Man., Can.” [Manitoba]

Types: “Holotype” in CNC.

454.      Tharsalea editha (Mead, 1878)

Oliver & Shapiro (2007), Molec. Ecol. 16(20): 4308–4320, establish that Lycaena editha and L. xanthoides are distinct species.

a.   Tharsalea editha editha (Mead, 1878)

Can. Entomol. 10(10): 198-199.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus Editha

Type Locality: “the borders of Lake Tahoe, near Carnelian Bay” [Placer County, California]

Types: Syntypes in FMNH; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 28, figs. 26 ♂ D, 27 ♀ D.

=    ‡”vanduzeei” (Gunder, 1927)

Entomol. News 38(5): 133, no. 1, pl. 2, fig. 1 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Lycaena editha vanduzeei ♀ nov. tr. form

Type Locality: “Deer Park, Placer County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in CAS.

b.   Tharsalea editha pseudonexa (J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 675-677, figs. 45 ♂ D, 46 ♂ V (holotype); 47 ♀ D, 48 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena editha pseudonexa

Type Locality: “California: Shasta County; Railroad Park, Dunsmuir”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Tharsalea editha obscuramaculata (Austin, 1989)

J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 266.

Original Combination: Lycaena editha obscuramaculata

Proposed to replace Lycaena editha nevadensis Austin, 1984, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡nevadensis (Austin, 1984)

J. Res. Lepid. 23(1): 83, 85, figs. 1 top left ♂ D (holotype), top right ♀ D, 2 top left ♂ V (holotype), top right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena editha nevadensis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Jarbidge Mountains, Jarbidge Canyon between Pine Creek and Gorge Gulch, 6600', T46N, R9E, S33...about 4 km south of the town of Jarbidge on the floor of a narrow, steep-sided canyon”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Preoccupied by Lycaena nevadensis Oberthür, 1896, Étud. Entomol. 20: pl. 4, fig. 54.

d.   Tharsalea editha vurali (Koçak, 1984)

Priamus 3(3): 95.

Original Combination: Lycaena editha vurali

Proposed to replace Lycaena editha montana W. D. Field, 1936, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡montana (W. D. Field, 1936)

Entomol. News 47(5): 122.

Original Combination: Lycaena editha new race montana

Type Locality: “Broadwater County, Montana”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Preoccupied by Lycaena semiargus montana Meyer-Dur, 1851, Verz. Schmett. Schwiez. 1, Tagfalter: 60.

=    ‡”meadi” (W. D. Field, 1936)

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 25.

Original Combination: Lycaena editha race montana female f. meadi

Type Locality: “Teton Mts., Wyo.” [Teton County, Wyoming]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

455.      Tharsalea xanthoides (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Tharsalea xanthoides nigromaculata (J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 674, figs. 41 ♂ D, 42 V ♂ V (holotype); 43 ♀ D, 44 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena xanthoides nigromaculata

Type Locality: “California: Colusa County; junction of Highway 45 and Highway 20, west of Meridian”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Tharsalea xanthoides xanthoides (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 292-293, no. 26; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1931 ♂ D&V, 1932 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Polyommatus xanthoides

Type Locality: “Montagnes de la Californie”; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 12.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 12, figs. 42 ♂ D, 43 ♂ V.

=    luctuosa (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 453-454.

Original Combination: Heodes xanthoides luctuosa

Type Locality: “Tehachapi, California” [Kern County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”gunderi” (Rudkin, 1933)

Entomol. News 44(4): 97.

Original Combination: Lycaena xanthoides tr. f. gunderi

Type Locality: “Bouquet Canyon, Los Angeles Co., California”

Types: “Holotype” in CAS.

c.   Tharsalea xanthoides obsolescens (J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 672-673, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♂ V (holotype); 39 ♀ D, 40 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena xanthoides obsolescens

Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Hunter Mountain east of Nelson Range; small stream and meadow 0.4 air miles southeast of peak 7107 on 1951 USGS Marble Canyon topographic quadrangle, 6800' elevation, Death Valley National Monument”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

Subgenus Tharsalea Scudder, 1876

456.      Tharsalea arota (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Tharsalea arota arota (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 293-294, no. 27; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1933 ♂ D&V, 1934 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Polyommatus arota

Type Locality: “Montagnes de la Juba”; suggested to be “Sierra Nevada at lower elevations, in the old mining region” by Tilden (1955), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 54(2): 68; defined as “Highway 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch of N. Fork Feather River Canyon, 2500' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13, figs. 45 ♂ D, 46 ♂ V.

b.   Tharsalea arota virginiensis (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 21, no. 17.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus Virginiensis

Type Locality: “Virginia City, Nevada” [Storey County]

Types: Neotype (#7015) in AMNH, designated by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 164, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

c.   Tharsalea arota nubila J. A. Comstock, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 34; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 51, fig. 2 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Tharsalea arota r[ace]. nubila

Type Locality: “Griffith Park, Los Angeles, California” [Los Angeles County]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Tharsalea arota schellbachi (Tilden, 1955)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 54(2): 72-74, pl. 24, fig. 4 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Lycaena (Tharsalea) arota schellbachi

Type Locality: “North Rim, Grand Canyon National Park...Bright Angel Trail, Grand Canyon” [Coconino County, Arizona]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Subgenus Hermelycaena L. Miller & F. Brown, 1979

Bull. Allyn Mus. (51): 22. Type-species: Chrysophanus hermes W. H. Edwards, 1870, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 21, no. 16, by original designation.

457.      Tharsalea hermes (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 21, no. 16.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus Hermes

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “vicinity of San Diego, San Diego Co., California” by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 165; neotype from “S. Diego.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 166, fig. 2 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 50 ♂ D.

=    delsud (W. G. Wright, 1905) (emended)

Butterflies W. Coast: 62, no. 347; 215, no. 347, pl. 28, figs. 347, 347b ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: [Chrysophanus] Del Sud; Chrysophanus Del-Sud n. s.

Type Locality: “San Diego County, California” “San Diego, Cal.”

Types: Holotype (#4317) in CAS.

Subfamily Theclinae Swainson, 1831

Zool. Illustr. (2)2(18): pl. 85, unnumbered text (as “Theclanae”). Type-genus: Thecla [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 286. The family-group name Theclinae (applied at various levels) has long been accepted as the proper name for this taxon, even though Zephyrinae Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 80, no. 2, is senior.

Tribe Theclini Swainson, 1831 (1820)

Genus Hypaurotis Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 112-113, no. 16. Type-species: Thecla crysalus W. H. Edwards, 1873, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 344-345, by original designation. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 13-14, fig. 6, synomized Habrodais and four Palaearctic genera under Hypaurotis, giving the latter priority over Habrodais as first reviser. This synonymy is premature as there are over a dozen related Palaearctic genera unexamined. The matter awaits further research.

458.      Hypaurotis crysalus (W. H. Edwards, 1873)

a.   Hypaurotis crysalus crysalus (W. H. Edwards, 1873)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 344-345.

Original Combination: Thecla Crysalus

Type Locality: “Lake Pass”; corrected to “Palmer Lake, El Paso Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 22-23.

Types: Lectotype (#15726) in MCZC, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 23, fig. 1 ♀ D&V.

b.   Hypaurotis crysalus intermedia Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 542-543, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hypaurotis crysalus intermedia

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lincoln County; Highland Range, Highland Spring, 2073 m, T1N R66E S26 on USGS Highland Peak, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Hypaurotis crysalus citima (Hy. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 53.

Original Combination: Thecla citima n. var [of crysalus]

Type Locality: “Mt. Nebo, Utah...S. W. Colorado”; holotype from Mt. Nebo. [Juab-Utah counties, Utah]

Types: Syntype in AMNH.

Genus Habrodais Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 113, no. 17. Type-species: Thecla grunus Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 289, no. 19, by original designation.

459.      Habrodais grunus (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Habrodais grunus lorquini W. D. Field, 1938

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(1): 27-28.

Original Combination: Habrodais grunus lorquini

Type Locality: “Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa Co., California”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    ‡”chloris” W. D. Field, 1938

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(1): 28.

Original Combination: Habrodais grunus lorquini f. chloris

Type Locality: “Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa Co., California”

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

b.   Habrodais grunus grunus (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 289, no. 19; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 235, fig. 1923 ♂ D&V. This figure does not represent the type, as determined by W. D. Field (1938), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(1): 24-25.

Original Combination: Thecla grunus

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “Sierra-Nevada Mountains” by W. D. Field (1938), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(1): 24-25; neotype from “Hwy. 70 at Chambers Creek, North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California.”

Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 10, figs. 21♂ D, 22 ♂ V.

c.   Habrodais grunus herri W. D. Field, 1938

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(1): 29.

Original Combination: Habrodais grunus herri

Type Locality: “McKenzie (Sister's) Pass, Oregon” [Lane-Deschutes counties]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

Tribe Eumaeini E. Doubleday, 1847

List Spec. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2: 20 (as “Eumaeidae”). Type-genus: Eumaeus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 67. The synonymy of genera and species in this tribe has been derived from Smith et al. (1994), Butterflies W. Ind. & Fla.: 107-125, Robbins (2004), in: Lamas, Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 118-137, and other recent works.

Subtribe Callophryidina Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Br. Butts. 2(1): 86. Type-genus: Callophrys Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 80.

Genus Ocaria Clench, 1970

J. Lepid. Soc. 24(1): 56, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia. Type-species: Thecla ocrisia Hewitson, 1868, Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 5-6, no. 29, by original designation.

      =    ‡Galba K. Johnson, 1992

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. I): i, 104, name mentioned; (vol. II): 167-168, figs. 88, 89, 183, 184. Type-species: Galba elvira K. Johnson, 1992, Rep. Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Wisc.: 168-169, figs. 88, 183, by original designation. Preoccupied by Galba Schrank 1803.

=    Variegatta K. Johnson, 1992

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. I): i, 104, name mentioned; (vol. II): 180-181, figs. 191, 213, 214. Type-species: Thecla elongata Hewitson, 1870, Equatorial Lepid. Buckley (4): 60, no. 108, by original designation.

=    Lamasa K. Johnson, 1992

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. I): i, 104, name mentioned; (vol. II): 183. Type-species: Thecla calesia Hewitson, 1870, Equatorial Lepid. Buckley (4): 67-68, no. 121, by original designation.

=    Arases K. Johnson, 1992

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. I): i, 104, name mentioned; (vol. II): 196-197, figs. 191P, 191Q, 191R, 191S, 228, 229, 230, 231. Type-species: Arases clenchi K. Johnson, 1992, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. II): 197 (a replacement name for Thecla sesara Godman & Salvin, 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 90, footnote), by original designation.

460.      Ocaria ocrisia (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 5-6, no. 12; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(4): pl. 48, figs. 235 ♀ D, 236 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla Ocrisia

Type Locality: “Ecuador”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Robbins (1989), in: Ferris, Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 28, stated “there are several species lumped under the name ocrisia....” Records from Texas may or may not represent O. ocrisia.

=    zora (Hewitson, 1869)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae: 1(4): 134-135, no. 222; 2(4): pl. 53, figs. 304 ♀ V, 305 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Zora

Type Locality: “Amazon (Pará)” [Brazil]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    peruviana Ershov, 1876

Trudy Russk. Entomol. Obshch. 10(1): 57-58, pl. 1, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla Peruviana

Type Locality: “Peruvio”

Types: Type(s) probably in ZIN.

=    lita (Hayward, 1949)

Acta zool. Lilloana 8: 570-571.

Original Combination: Thecla ocrisia subsp. lita nov.

Type Locality: “Tucumán” [Argentina]

Types: Holotype in IFML.

Genus Cyanophrys Clench, 1961

In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 201, 211. Type-species: Strymon agricolor Butler & H. Druce, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 105-106, by original designation.

=    Plesiocyanophrys K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 2, 3. Type-species: Thecla goodsoni Clench, 1946, Entomol. 79(999): 186, by original designation.

=    Antephrys K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 2, 3-4. Type-species: Antephrys prestoni K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 4-5, pl. 9, fig. 2, by original designation.

=    Apophrys K. Johnson & Le Crom, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 1(2): 17. Type-species: Hesperia herodotus Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 286-287, no. 100, by original designation.

=    Mesocyanophrys K. Johnson & Le Crom, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 1(2): 17. Type-species: Thecla lycimna Hewitson, 1868, Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 33, no. 70 (= Thecla acaste Prittwitz, 1865, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 26(4/5): 318; synonym), by original designation.

‡”Mesocyanophrys” d’Abrera, 1995

Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1144. Name proposed without description; a nomen nudum.

‡”Paracyanophrys” d’Abrera, 1995

Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1144, 1146. Name proposed without description; a nomen nudum.

‡”Mesacyanophrys” d’Abrera, 1995

Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1144. Name proposed without description; a nomen nudum.

461.      Cyanophrys goodsoni (Clench, 1946)

Entomol. 79(999): 186-187, no. 8.

Original Combination: Thecla goodsoni

Type Locality: “Tegucigalpa, Honduras”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

462.      Cyanophrys herodotus (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 286-287, no. 100; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 18, fig. 1; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [39], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).

Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Herodotus

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Type(s) probably lost; based on specimens figured by Jones.

Robbins (2004), in: Lamas, Atlas of Neotrop. Lepid. Chklst: Part 4A: 125, presented an extensive putative synonymy for this species, some of which is not reproduced here; a neotype designation for herodotus is needed to put this synonymy into context.

=    lucania (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 33, no. 71.

Original Combination: Thecla Lucania

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Hewitson (1877), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 205, no. 423, determined this synonymy.

=    sicrana (E. D. Jones, 1912)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1912(4): 897, pl. 97, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla sicrana

Type Locality: “Castro, Paraná, Brazil”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    detesta Clench, 1946

Entomol. 79(998): 155, no. 5.

Original Combination: Thecla detesta

Type Locality: “Sta. Fe de Bogota, Colombia”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    amyntoides K. Johnson & Le Crom, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 1(3): 4, text fig. 6, ♂&♀ genitalia, photoplate III(a), figs. I ♂ V, J ♀ V.

Original Combination: Cyanophrys amyntoides

Type Locality: “Bolivia, Sara-Province, Buena Vista”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

=    descimoni K. Johnson & Le Crom, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 1(3): 4, text fig. 5, ♀ genitalia, photoplate III(a), fig. K ♀ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Cyanophrys descimoni

Type Locality: “Ecuador, Guayas Province, Parque Nacional de Salado”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    brazilensis K. Johnson & Kruse, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 1(5): 21, text fig. 1D ♀ genitalia, photoplate IV(b), fig. A ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Plesiocyanophrys brazilensis

Type Locality: “Brazil, Mato Grosso State, Rio Pardo”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    sullivani K. Johnson & Kruse, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 1(5): 26, text fig. 2E ♂&♀ genitalia, photoplate IB(b), figs. E ♂ D&V (holotype), F ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Cyanophrys sullivani

Type Locality: “Nicaragua, Managua Department”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

‡”circumcyanophrys” d’Abrera, 1995

Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1144, figs. ♂ D, ♀ V.

Original Combination: Cyanophrys circumcyanophrys

Name proposed without description; a nomen nudum.

‡”amyntoides” d’Abrera, 1995

Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1144, fig. ♂ D.

Original Combination: Cyanophrys amyntoides

Name proposed without description; a nomen nudum.

‡”sicranoides” d’Abrera, 1995

Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1144, fig. ♂ D.

Original Combination: Cyanophrys sicranoides

Name proposed without description; a nomen nudum.

‡”braziliensis” d’Abrera, 1995

Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1146, 1148, fig. ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Cyanophrys] braziliensis

Name proposed without description; a nomen nudum.

463.      Cyanophrys miserabilis (Clench, 1946)

Entomol. 79(998): 156-157, no. 6.

Original Combination: Thecla miserabilis

Type Locality: “Rincon, Guerrero, Mexico, 2800 ft.”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    simplex Clench, 1981

Bull. Allyn Mus. (64): 2-5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5a-c, ♂ genitalia, 6, 6a ♀ female genitalia.

Original Combination: Callophrys (Cyanophrys) miserabilis simplex

Type Locality: “Ajijic, 6000 ft. [ca. 1850 m], Jalisco, Mexico”

Types: Holotype (# 23125) in CMNH.

=    eupatorium K. Johnson & Kruse, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 1(5): 29, text fig. 2H.

Original Combination: Cyanophrys eupatorium

Type Locality: “Mexico, Nuevo Leon State, Cola de Cabillo”

Types: Holotype in TAMU.

Genus Callophrys Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 80. Type-species: Papilio rubi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 154, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 132, no. 202. Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 12-13, fig. 13, reviewed this genus and proposed several genus level changes. These are adopted herein.

Subgenus Cisincisalia K. Johnson, 1992

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. I): i, 104, name mentioned; (vol. II): 178. Type-species: Cisincisalia moecki K. Johnson, 1992, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. II): 179-180, figs. 190, 212 (= Callophrys guatemalena Clench, 1981 Bull. Allyn. Mus. (64): 27-30, figs. 43-48; synonym or subspecies), by original designation.

=    Loranthomitoura Ballmer & Pratt, 1992

Tropical Lepid. 3(1): 37-41. Type-species: Thecla spinetorum Hewitson, 1867, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 94-95, no. 99; 2(3): pl. 45, figs. 198, 199, by original designation.

464.      Callophrys spinetorum (Hewitson, 1867)

a.   Callophrys spinetorum spinetorum (Hewitson, 1867)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 94-95, no. 99; 2(3): pl. 45, figs. 198 ♀ D, 199 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Spinetorum

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “vicinity of Gold Lake Lodge, near Gold Lake, Sierra Nevada, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (4): 83.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK, figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, fig. 1952 ♀ D&V, and J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (4): 83, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.

=    ninus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 270-271, no. 7.

Original Combination: Thecla Ninus

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “South Park road four miles from the park...near Kenosha” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 161; further defined as “ca. 1 mi. E Kenosha Pass summit, U. S. Highway 285" by Shields [1966], J. Res. Lepid. 4(4): 233; subsequently cited as “about 1 mile east of Kenosha Pass, Park County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 57. Summarized as “vicinity of Kenosha House, about 2.16 km (1.34 mi) north of the summit of Kenosha Pass, Park County, Colorado” by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 31.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 59, fig. 17 ♂ D&V.

=    cuyamaca (W. S. Wright, 1922)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 21(2): 19-20, pl. C ♂ D, D ♂ V.

Original Combination: Miltoura [sic] spinetorum cuyamaca

Type Locality: “Julian, San Diego County, Calif.”

Types: Shields [1966], J. Res. Lepid. 4(4): 234, noted that the holotype is probably lost; one paratype in USNM, another from “Cuyamaca Lake, San Diego Co., Calif.” in SDMC.

b.   Callophrys spinetorum millerorum Clench, 1981

Bull. Allyn. Mus. (64): 21-23, figs. 34 ♂ D, 35 ♂ V (holotype); 36, 36a ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) millerorum

Type Locality: “vic. El Encarnacion, 2400-2450 m, Hidalgo, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

One specimen of this taxon was recorded from Otero County, New Mexico, by K. Johnson (1986), J. Lepid. Soc. 39(2): 119-124. It is unclear whether this represents a stray into the United States, or an extreme of the local range of individual variation.

465.      Callophrys johnsoni (Skinner, 1904)

Entomol. News 15(9): 298.

Original Combination: Thecla Johnsoni

Type Locality: “British Columbia”

Types: Syntype(s) (#7044) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 230, pl. 75, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.

Subgenus Mitoura Scudder, 1872 (emended)

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 52, errata. Type-species: Thecla smilacis Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (11): 107-108, pl. 33, figs. 5-8 (= Lycus gryneus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 74; subspecies), by original designation. Spelled “Mitouri” by Scudder (1872: 52), an incorrect original spelling; the name was correced in the errata. Spelled “Mitura” by W. F. Kirby 1874, Zool. Rec. 9(1872)(Ins.): 350; an unjustified emendation or incorrect subsequent spelling.

466.      Callophrys muiri (Hy. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 53-54.

Original Combination: Thecla muiri

Type Locality: “Mendocino Co., Cal.” [California]

Types: Syntype in AMNH.

Forister (2004), Ecol. Entomol. 29(3): 264-272, corroborated the species-level status of this taxon.

467.      Callophrys loki (Skinner, 1907)

Pratt et al. (2011), J. Lepid. Soc. 65(4): 205-222, united loki and thornei.

a.   Callophrys loki loki (Skinner, 1907)

Entomol. News 18(9): 378.

Original Combination: Thecla loki

Type Locality: “Mt. Springs, San Diego County, Cal.” [California]

Types: Syntype (#7045) in CMNH; “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 18 ♀ V.

b.   Callophrys loki thornei (J. Brown, 1983)

J. Res. Lepid. 21(4): 246-249, fig. 1, row b 3 ♀♀ V, 1 ♂ V, fig. 2, 2nd column ♂&♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Mitoura thornei

Type Locality: “California, San Diego County, Little Cedar Canyon, north slope of San Ysidro Mtns. (Otay Mountain), east end of Lower Otay Lake, 200 m, 32^o 37' N, 116^o 52' W”

Types: Holotype in SDMC.

468.      Callophrys gryneus (Hübner, [1819])

There is no easy way to accommodate the diverse opinions on the specific arrangement in this complex (e.g., K. Johnson (1978), J. Lepid. Soc. 32(1): 3-19, J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 373-374, Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 217-219, A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 125-133).

a.   Callophrys gryneus sweadneri (F. Chermock, 1945)

Can. Entomol. 76(11): 216.

Original Combination: Mitoura sweadneri

Type Locality: “St. Augustine, Florida” [St. Johns County]

Types: Location of holotype not known, possibly in CMNH.

b.   Callophrys gryneus smilacis (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (11): 107-108, pl. 33, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ V, 7 larva, 8 pupa.

Original Combination: T[hecla]. Smilacis

Type Locality: “Géorgie”; neotype from “nr. Fort Pulaski, Chatham County, GA.”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2001), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(4): 5, figs. 27 ♂ D, 28 ♂ V.

c.   Callophrys gryneus gryneus (Hübner, [1819])

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 74, no. 732; cited Papilio damon Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(32): pl. 390, figs. C, D; (34): 249 (index).

Original Combination: L[ycus]. Gryneus

Proposed to replace Papilio damon Stoll, 1781, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡damon (Stoll, 1782)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 208, pl. 390, figs. C ♀ D, D ♀ V; (34): 249 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus] Ruralis Damon

Type Locality: “Virginien” “Virginie”; stated to be “Rappahanock Co., Virginia” by K. Johnson (1978), J. Lepid. Soc. 32(1): 14; neotype from “Aiken State Park, Aiken County, SC" [South Carolina]

Types: Type(s) probably lost. Gatrelle (2001), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(4): 3, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V, designated a neotype, in MGCL, for “Mitoura grynea”; by this it is inferred that he implied Papilio damon Cramer, 1781.

Preoccupied by Papilio damon [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 182, no. 2.

=    ‡damastus (Godart, [1824])

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (602), 640, no. 86; cited Papilio damon Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(32): pl. 390, figs. C, D; (34): 249 (index).

Original Combination: Polyommatus Damastus

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio damon Stoll, 1781, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). A junior objective synonym of L[ycus]. Gryneus

=    auburniana (T. Harris, 1862)

Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 277.

Original Combination: Thecla Auburniana

Type Locality: “a favorite spot near Cambridge, formerly known by the name of Sweet Auburn” [Middlesex County, Massachusetts]

Types: Syntypes (#26346) in MCZC.

=    patersonia (Brehme, 1907)

Entomol. News 18(3): 82-83.

Original Combination: Thecla damon var. patersonia

Type Locality: “Garret mountains at Paterson, N. J.” [Passaic County, New Jersey]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

=    octoscripta (Buchholz, 1951)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 46(3): 78.

Original Combination: Mitoura gryneus octoscripta n. var.

Type Locality: “Passaic Co., New Jersey”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

d.   Callophrys gryneus castalis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 208, no. 5.

Original Combination: Thecla Castalis

Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 57, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.

=    discoidalis (Skinner, 1897)

Can. Entomol. 29(6): 156.

Original Combination: Thecla damon n. var. discoidalis

Type Locality: “Round Mountain, Blanco Co., Texas”

Types: Syntype (#7046) in CMNH.

=    ‡”brehmei” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1923)

Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(2): 64.

Original Combination: Thecla gryneus race castalis form brehmei

Type Locality: “Shovel Mt....Texas” [Burnet County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

e.   Callophrys gryneus siva (W. H. Edwards, 1874)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(2): 110-111.

Original Combination: Thecla Siva

Type Locality: “Wingate, Arizona”; neotype from “Fort Wingate.” [McKinley County, New Mexico]

Types: Neotype (#1357) in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 61, fig. 18 ♂ D&V.

=    clenchi (K. Johnson, 1988)

Insecta Mundi 2(1): 76-80, figs. 1A ♂ D, 1B ♂ V (holotype); 2A ♂ genitalia, 2B ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Mitoura clenchi

Type Locality: “Pinery Canyon, 6500', Chiracahua Mts., Cochise Col. [sic], Arizona”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

Proposed for the taxon misidentified as Callophrys (Mitoura) siva rhodope by Clench (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (64): 15. Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies SE Ariz.: 183, suggest that this taxon should be considered a synonym of C. g. siva.

f.    Callophrys gryneus chalcosiva Clench, 1981

Bull. Allyn Mus. (64): 11-13, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V, 21a-c ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) siva chalcosiva

Type Locality: “S. Willow Creek, Stansbury Mts., Tooele Co., Utah”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

g.   Callophrys gryneus nelsoni (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 43-44, no. 17; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, fig. 1954 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla Nelsoni

Type Locality: “dans les grands bois de l'interieur”; defined as “Hwy. 70 at Chambers Creek, ca. 6 road miles SW of Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 1850' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25, figs. 180 ♂ D, 181 ♂ V.

=    exoleta (Hy. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 53.

Original Combination: Thecla nelsoni n. var. exoleta

Type Locality: “Big Trees, Calaveras Co., Cal.” [California]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    acuminata K. Johnson, 1976

Bull. Allyn Mus. (38): 20-21, fig. 8 ♂ D&V (holotype), fig. 13 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) barryi acuminata

Type Locality: “Butte Falls, Jackson Co., Oregon”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 125, 129-130, determined this synonymy.

h.   Callophrys gryneus plicataria K. Johnson, 1976

Bull. Allyn Mus. (38): 15-17, fig. 6 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 11 ♂ genitalia, fig. 15D ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) rosneri plicataria

Type Locality: “Cameron Lake, S. Vancouver Island, British Columbia”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    barryi K. Johnson, 1976

Bull. Allyn Mus. (38): 17-19, fig. 7 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 12 ♂ genitalia, fig. 15A ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) barryi

Type Locality: “Union Co., Oregon” in error; determined to be “near the community or company of Union Mills, Clackamas County, Oregon, ca. 500’” by A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Oregon: 128, 131.

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Oregon: 125, 131, determined this synonymy and gave precedence to plicataria over barryi as first reviser.

i.    Callophrys gryneus rosneri K. Johnson, 1976

Bull. Allyn Mus. (38): 13-15, fig. 5 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 10 ♂ genitalia, fig. 15C ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) rosneri

Type Locality: “2 mi S. Kaslo, nr. Kootenay Lake, British Columbia”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    byrnei K. Johnson, 1976

Bull. Allyn Mus. (38): 21-24, fig. 9 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 14 ♂ genitalia, fig. 15B ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) byrnei

Type Locality: “5.6 mi. S. Emida, Benewah Co., Idaho”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 213, determined this arrangement and gave precedence to rosneri as first revisors. Recent field work and rearing has confirmed it.

j.    Callophrys gryneus juniperaria (J. A. Comstock, 1925)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(2): 37, pl. 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ V, 7 ♂ V, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Mitoura siva juniperaria

Type Locality: “Mint Canyon, Sierra Madre Mts., Cal.” [Los Angeles County, California]

Types: Syntypes in NHMLA; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 50, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ V, 7 ♂ V, 8 ♀ V.

k.   Callophrys gryneus mansfieldi (Tilden, 1951)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 50(2): 96, 98, pl. 33, bottom, ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Mitoura siva mansfieldi

Type Locality: “about seven miles west of Simmler, San Luis Obispo County, California”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

469.      Callophrys hesseli (Rawson & Ziegler, 1950)

a.   Callophrys hesseli hesseli (Rawson & Ziegler, 1950)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 58(2): 74-78, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia, pl. 10, figs. 5 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V (holotype); 6 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V, 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Mitoura hesseli

Type Locality: “Lakehurst, Ocean County, New Jersey”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

b.   Callophrys hesseli angulata (Gatrelle, 2001)

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(4): 8-9, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 13 ♀ D, 14 ♀ V, 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype), 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Mitoura hesseli angulata

Type Locality: “South Carolina, Aiken County, nr Aiken State Park”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Subgenus Incisalia Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 52. Type-species: Lycus niphon Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 74, no. 730, by original designation.

=    Sandia Clench & P. Ehrlich, 1960

In: P. Ehrlich and Clench, Entomol. News 71(6): 138, 139-140, pl. 1. Type-species: Callophrys (Sandia) mcfarlandi P. Ehrlich & Clench, 1960, Entomol. News 71(6): 138-139, by original designation.

=    Xamia Clench, 1961

In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 200, 205. Type-species: Thecla xami Reakirt, [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 332-333, no. 29, by original designation.

470.      Callophrys eryphon (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Callophrys eryphon purpurascens (Austin & J. Emmel, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 508, figs. 31 ♂ D, 32 ♂ V (holotype); 33 ♀ D, 34 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Incisalia eryphon purpurascens

Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County, Samoa”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Callophrys eryphon sheltonensis (F. Chermock & Frechin, [1949])

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 24(4): 212.

Original Combination: Incisalia eryphon sheltonensis

Type Locality: “Shelton, Washington” [Mason County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

c.   Callophrys eryphon eryphon (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 290, no. 21; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 19254 ♀ D&V (lectotype).

Original Combination: Thecla eryphon

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Hwy 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 11.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 11, figs. 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

d.   Callophrys eryphon pallescens Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 547-548, figs. 41 ♂ D, 42 ♂ V (holotype); 43 ♀ D, 44 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Incisalia eryphon pallescens

Type Locality: “Nevada: Nye county; Toiyabe Mountains, Jett Canyon, 2012 m, T10N R42E (unsectioned) on USGS Pablo Canyon Ranch, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Callophrys eryphon fusca Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 548, figs. 45 ♂ D, 46 ♂ V (holotype); 47 ♀ D, 48 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Incisalia eryphon fusca

Type Locality: “Arizona: Coconino County; San Francisco Mountains, Schulz Pass Road”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

471.      Callophrys niphon (Hübner, [1819]) (1793)

a.   Callophrys niphon niphon (Hübner, [1819])

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 74, no. 730; figured by Hübner (1823), Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: [7], no. 102, pl. [36], figs. 203 ♀ D, 204 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycus Niphon

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 89-90, established Lycus niphon Hübner, [1819], as a nomen protectum (Code Article 23.9.2).

=    ‡plautus (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 291, no. 113; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 44, fig. 1.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Plautus

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 89-90, established Hesperia plautus Fabricius, 1793, as a nomen oblitum (Code Article 23.9.2).

b.   Callophrys niphon clarki (T. Freeman, 1938)

Can. Entomol. 70(12): 247.

Original Combination: Incisalia niphon var. clarki

Type Locality: “Constance Bay, Ottawa region, Ont.” [Ontario]

Types: Holotype (#4430) in CNC.

472.      Callophrys lanoraieensis (Sheppard, 1934)

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 141-142.

Original Combination: Incisalia lanoraieensis

Type Locality: “Lanoraie, P. Q.” [Quebec]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

473.      Callophrys irus (Godart, [1824])

a.   Callophrys irus irus (Godart, [1824])

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (610), 674, no. 177.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Irus

Type Locality: “l’Amerique?”; suggested to be “southern area of New Jersey east of Philadelphia” by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(6A): 1A. [Camden or Burlington counties, New Jersey]

Types: Holotype in MNHP; figured by K. Johnson (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(2): fig. 18. This same specimen was designated neotype by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Survey 1(6)(1A): fig. 5 ♂ D&V, because there was a question as to its validity as a syntype. Faynel and Bálint (2004), Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 109(3): 277, 285, considered it the holotype.

=    ‡”balteata” Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(6): 837-838.

Original Combination: Incis[alia]. irus [ab.] baltaeta

Type Locality: “Centre, near Albany” [Albany County, New York]

Types: “Holotype” may be in MCZC or NYSM.

b.   Callophrys irus arsace (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (11): 103-104, pl. 32, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V, 4 larva, 5 pupa; figured by Oberthür (1920), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 17: pl. 505, figs. 4209 ♂ D&V, 4210 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: T[hecla]. Arsace

Type Locality: “Virginie et la Géorgie”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. “Types,” possibly those figured by Oberthür, may be in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such “types” from the Boisduval collection.

c.   Callophrys irus hadros (Cook & F. Watson, 1909)

Can. Entomol. 41(6): 181.

Original Combination: Incisalia hadros

Type Locality: “near Houston, Texas” [Harris County]

Types: Holotype destroyed; paratype no. 15 in USNM was designated lectotype by dos Passos (1949), Can. Entomol. 81(7): 180; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 46 ♂ D.

474.      Callophrys henrici (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

a.   Callophrys henrici henrici (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(2): 174.

Original Combination: Thecla henrici

Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Maine! to Pennsylvania!)...vicinity of Philadelphia”; lectotype from “Pennsylvania.”

Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 4.

b.   Callophrys henrici viridissima (Pavulaan, 1998)

Maryland Entomol. 4(2): 1-3, figs. 1(left) ♂ D, 2(left) ♂ V (holotype), 1(right) ♀ D, 2(right) ♀ V.

Original Combination: Incisalia henrici viridissima

Type Locality: “Bodie Island lighthouse, near Oregon Inlet, Nag’s Head, Dare Co., N. C.” [North Carolina]

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(6): fig. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V.

c.   Callophrys henrici yahwehus (Gatrelle, 1999)

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(6): 9-10, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype); 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V, 11 ♂ V, 12 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Deciduphagus henrici yahwehus

Type Locality: “vicinity of Bull Swamp, Orangeburg County, South Carolina”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

d.   Callophrys henrici margaretae (dos Passos, 1943)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 4.

Original Combination: Incisalia henrici margaretae

Type Locality: “eight miles east of Deland [sic], Florida” [De Land, Volusia County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

e.   Callophrys henrici turneri (Clench, 1943)

Can. Entomol. 75(10): 182-184.

Original Combination: Incisalia henrici turneri

Type Locality: “Cowley County, Kansas”

Types: Holotype (#26011) in MCZC.

f.    Callophrys henrici solatus (Cook & F. Watson, 1909)

Can. Entomol. 41(6): 181.

Original Combination: Incisalia Henrici new variety solatus

Type Locality: “Blanco Co., Texas”

Types: Holotype destroyed; paratype no. 2 in AMNH was designated lectotype by dos Passos (1949), Can. Entomol. 81(7): 180.

475.      Callophrys polios (Cook & F. Watson, 1907)

a.   Callophrys polios polios (Cook & F. Watson, 1907)

Can. Entomol. 39(6): 202-203; figured by Cook (1907), Can. Entomol. 39(7): pl. 5, fig. 23 ♂ V, 24 ♂ D, 25 ♀ V, 26 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Incisalia polios

Type Locality: “Lakewood, N. J.” [Ocean County, New Jersey]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

=    ‡”davisi” (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 453.

Original Combination: Incisalia polios ab. davisi

Type Locality: “Manchester (now called Lakehurst), New Jersey” [Ocean County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

b.   Callophrys polios obscurus (Ferris & M. Fisher, 1973)

J. Lepid. Soc. 27(2): 115-117, figs. 2 a, b ♂ D&V (holotype), a, b ♀ D&V, c ♂&♀ D, d ♂&♀ V.

Original Combination: Incisalia polios obscurus

Type Locality: “Lookout Mountain, Jefferson Co., Colorado”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Callophrys polios maritima J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (69): 811-812, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Incisalia polia maritima

Type Locality: “California: Del Norte County; south end of Lake Earl”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

476.      Callophrys xami (Reakirt, [1867])

a.   Callophrys xami xami (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 332-333, no. 29.

Original Combination: Thecla Xami

Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly lost.

=    blenina (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 12-13, no. 29; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(4): pl. 50, figs. 256 ♂ V, 257 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Blenina

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

b.   Callophrys xami texami Clench, 1981

Bull. Allyn Mus. (64): 6-7, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype); 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Callophrys (Xamia) xami texami

Type Locality: “Corpus Christi, Texas” [Nueces County]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

477.      Callophrys mossii (Hy. Edwards, 1881)

Austin (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(4): 242, and J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 162, detailed the species-level status of this taxon.

a.   Callophrys mossii schryveri (Cross, 1937)

Proc. Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. 16(1): 20.

Original Combination: Incisalia polios schryveri

Type Locality: “Chimney Gulch, Colorado” [Jefferson County]

Types: Holotype possibly in DMNS.

b.   Callophrys mossii mossii (Hy. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 54.

Original Combination: Thecla irus n. var mossii

Type Locality: “Esquimault, Vancouver Island“ [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 10 ♂ D.

c.   Callophrys mossii marinensis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 163-164, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Incisalia mossii marinensis

Type Locality: “California: Marin County; along highway at confluence of Lagunitas Creek and San Geronimo Creek, 200' elevation, southwest of Lagunitas”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Callophrys mossii bayensis R. Brown, 1969

J. Lepid. Soc. 23(2): 95-96.

Original Combination: Callophrys (Incisalia) fotis bayensis

Type Locality: “California, San Mateo Co., San Bruno Mts.”

Types: Holotype (#9547) in CAS.

e.   Callophrys mossii doudoroffi (dos Passos, 1940)

Can. Entomol. 72(8): 168.

Original Combination: Incisalia doudoroffi

Type Locality: “Big Sur, Monterey County, California”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

f.    Callophrys mossii hidakupa J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 162-163, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Incisalia mossii hidakupa

Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; San Gabriel Mountains; small side canyon of Stoddard Canyon, 0.4 air mile east of Stoddard Peak, 4300 to 4500', ca. 3 air miles south of Mt. Baldy Village; southwest 1/4 of S6 T1N R7W”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

g.   Callophrys mossii windi (Clench, 1943)

Can. Entomol. 75(10): 185.

Original Combination: Incisalia doudoroffi windi

Type Locality: “Placer County, California”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

478.      Callophrys augustinus (Westwood, 1852)

a.   Callophrys augustinus croesioides (Scudder, 1876)

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 104, no. 200.

Original Combination: [Incisalia Augustus] Croesioides

Type Locality: “Canada and New England, southward along the Appalachians to West Virginia”; neotype from “Lakehurst, New Jersey.” [Ocean County]

Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 2.

b.   Callophrys augustinus helenae (dos Passos, 1943)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 2.

Original Combination: Incisalia augustinus helenae

Type Locality: “Doyles Station, Newfoundland” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

c.   Callophrys augustinus augustinus (Westwood, 1852)

In: E. Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(52): 486, no. 104; cited Thecla augustus W. Kirby, 1837, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 298, no. 1, pl. 3, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Th[ecla]. Augustinus

Proposed to replace Thecla augustus W. Kirby, 1837, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡augustus (W. Kirby, 1837)

Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 298, no. 1, pl. 3, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Augustus

Type Locality: “Lat. 54^o”; stated to be “Cumberland House, Lat. 54^o N, Saskatchewan” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 146; defined as “north end of Lake Winnipeg” by W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 133; neotype from “Fawcett, Alberta.”

Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 2.

Preoccupied by Hesperia augustus Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 275, no. 62, considered to be in Thecla at the time of the replacement. This name was replaced by augustinus Westwood, 1852; even though the secondary homonymy no longer exists, the rules governing replacement names apply (Code Articles 57.3.1, 59.3).

d.   Callophrys augustinus concava Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 545-546, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V (holotype); 35 ♀ D, 36 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Incisalia augustinus concava

Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Independence Mountains, Jacks Creek, 1.3 miles east of Jacks Creek Campground, 2042 m, T42N R53E S19 on Bull Run, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Callophrys augustinus iroides (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 289-290, no. 20; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 235, fig. 1924 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla iroides

Type Locality: “d’une grande partie de la California”; defined as “San Francisco, California” by dos Passos (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 3; subsequently defined as “Hwy 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 10.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 3. This is the specimen figured by Oberthür (1913).

=    ‡”immaculata” (Cockle, 1897)

Can. Entomol. 42(6): 204.

Original Combination: Thecla iroides var. immaculata

Type Locality: “Kaslo, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: “Holotype” in CNC.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

f.    Callophrys augustinus annetteae (dos Passos, 1943)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 3.

Original Combination: Incisalia iroides annettae

Type Locality: “New Mexico”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

479.      Callophrys fotis (Strecker, [1878])

a.   Callophrys fotis fotis (Strecker, [1878])

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 129.

Original Combination: Thecla Fotis

Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “northwestern Mohave County, Arizona” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 547.

Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 547.

b.   Callophrys fotis mojavensis Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 546-547, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♂ V (holotype); 39 ♀ D, 40 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Incisalia fotis mojavensis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, 2 miles north of Red Cloud Mine, 1829 m, T24S R58E S5 on USGS Goodsprings, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

480.      Callophrys mcfarlandi P. Ehrlich & Clench, 1960

Entomol. News 71(6): 138, 139-140, pl. 1, top right ♂ D, bottom left ♂ V (holotype), top left ♀ D, bottom right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Callophrys (Sandia) mcfarlandi

Type Locality: “La Cueva Canyon, 6300 ft., west slope of Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., New Mexico”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by K. Johnson (1988), Insecta Mundi 2(1):figs. 1c ♂ D, 1d ♂ V, fig. 3b male genitalia.

=    madreoriente K. Johnson, 1988

Insecta Mundi 2(1): 17, 19, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V (holotype), fig. 3a male genitalia.

Original Combination: Sandia macfarlandi madreoriente

Type Locality: “Coahuila State, Mexico, Hwy. 57, 17 mi. SE Saltillo, 2,270 m.”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

Subgenus Greenie Grishin, 2021

In: Zhang et al., Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 13, fig. 13. Type-species: Thecla sheridonii W. H. Edwards, 1877, in: Carpenter, Field & Forest 3(3): 48 (= sheridanii; emended), by original designation. There is no consensus on the number of Nearctic species in this subgenus (e.g., Austin (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(4): 242, J. Scott and Justice (1983), J. Res. Lepid. 20(2): 81-85, J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 376-379, Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (49): 619-628, J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 164-165, A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 114-125). The following arrangement is partly based on my own field experience in a critical geographical region.

481.      Callophrys affinis (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

This species was reviewed by Gorelick (2005), J. Lepid. Soc. 59(4): 181-190.

a.   Callophrys affinis washingtonia Clench, 1944

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 94(6): 219, 225-226.

Original Combination: Callophrys affinis washingtonia

Type Locality: “Alta Lake, Washington” [Okanogan County]

Types: Holotype (#26259) in MCZC.

b.   Callophrys affinis affinis (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221, 223-224, no. 5.

Original Combination: Thecla Affinis

Type Locality: “Utah”; defined as “Silver Lake, Utah” by Clench (1944), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 94(6): 225; corrected to “vicinity of Fort Bridger, Wyoming” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 63, 65. [Uinta County, Wyoming]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 65, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.

c.   Callophrys affinis homoperplexa W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1923

Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(2): 68-69.

Original Combination: Callophrys apama race homoperplexa

Type Locality: “Golden” [Jefferson County, Colorado].

Types: Holotype in USNM.

d.   Callophrys affinis albipalpus Gorelick, 2005

J. Lepid. Soc. 59(4): 188, figs. 9, 14 ♂ V (holotype), 13 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Callophrys affinis albipalpis

Type Locality: “New Mexico State University’s Montgomery Biological Research Laboratory...10 km north of Ruidoso, 2134m, Sacramento Mountains” [Lincoln County, New Mexico]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Callophrys affinis apama (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(8): 137-138.

Original Combination: Thecla Apama

Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. M. Brown, 1970, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 96(1): 69, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.

482.      Callophrys sheridanii (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

a.   Callophrys sheridanii pseudodumetorum J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 165, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ [actually a ♀] V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Callophrys perplexa pseudodumetorum

Type Locality: “California: Trinity County; Ruth Reservoir, in the North Coast Ranges”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

This taxon is apparently conspecific with C. sheridanii, as implied by A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 118-119.

b.   Callophrys sheridanii newcomeri Clench, 1963

J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 154.

Original Combination: Callophrys (Callophrys) sheridanii newcomeri

Type Locality: “Mill Creek, 1800 ft., Yakima Co., Washington”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

c.   Callophrys sheridanii lemberti Tilden, 1963

J. Res. Lepid. 1(4): 292, 294, 296, fig. 2, bottom ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Callophrys lemberti

Type Locality: “West above Tioga Pass, Yosemite National Park, Calif....about 1 mile, where the Gaylor Lakes Trail reaches its highest point before dropping down to Gaylor Basin, thence southerly along the ridge to rock ou[t]crops, about two to three hundred yards” [Tuolumne County]

Types: Holotype in CAS.

d.   Callophrys sheridanii interrupta Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (49): 621, figs. 1 third row left ♂ D, 2 third row left ♂ V (holotype), 1 third row middle ♂ D, 2 third row middle ♂ V, 1 third row right ♂ D, 2 third row right ♂ V, 1 fourth row left ♀ D, 2 fourth row left ♀ V, 1 fourth row middle ♀ D, 2 fourth row middle ♀ V, 1 fourth row right ♀ D, 2 fourth row right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Callophrys comstocki interrupta

Type Locality: “Nevada: Churchill County; south end of Stillwater Mountains (= Sand Springs Range), U.S. route 50, 5.5-5.6 miles west of Frenchman, 1660 m, T16N R32E S11 on USGS Frenchman 7 1/2' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Callophrys sheridanii comstocki Henne, 1940

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 39(1): 71-72.

Original Combination: Callophrys comstocki

Type Locality: “Providence Mts., San Bernardino County, California”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

f.    Callophrys sheridanii paradoxa J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 379, no. 345, pl. 39, fig. 345g.

Original Combination: [Callophrys sheridanii] paradoxa

Type Locality: “lowland w Colo., and E Utah”; lectotype from “Paradox Can. (CR Y-11, about 4-5 air mi. & 5-6 air mi. W Uravan), 5100', Dolores River, Montrose Co. Colo.”

Types: Lectoype in CSUC, designated by M. Fisher and J. Scott (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 18: 55-56, pl. 4, third row left ♂ D, fourth row left ♂ V.

The name paradoxa was first proposed as a nomen nudum by Stanford and Opler (1993), Atlas W. USA Butterflies: 150. J. Scott (1986) provided a brief description for this taxon, but without designating types; possibly a nomen nudum. In any case, this was rectified by J. Scott & Fisher (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 18: 55-57.

g.   Callophrys sheridanii neoperplexa W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1923

Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(2): 67.

Original Combination: Callophrys sheridanii race neoperplexa

Type Locality: “Eureka, Utah” [Juab County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

h.   Callophrys sheridanii sheridanii (W. H. Edwards, 1877) (emended)

In: Carpenter, Field & Forest 3(3): 48.

Original Combination: Thecla Sheridonii [sic]

Type Locality: “Big Horn Mountains...about 8000 elev.”; defined as “near Sheridan, Wyoming” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 63. [Sheridan County, Wyoming]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 63, fig. 19 ♀ D&V.

The specific name is a patronym of Civil War General P. H. Sheridan as mentioned in the text, thus the emendation (Code Articles 19.2, 32.2.2, 33.2).

i.    Callophrys sheridanii sacramento J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 46-47, pl. 4, 2nd row, right center ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Callophrys sheridanii sacramento

Type Locality: “1 mi. E. Cloudcroft, Otero Co. New Mex.” [New Mexico]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

483.      Callophrys viridis (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221, 223, no. 4.

Original Combination: Thecla Viridis

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “San Francisco, California” by Clench (1944), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 94(6): 227. [San Francisco County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 67, fig. 21 ♂ D&V.

484.      Callophrys dumetorum (Boisduval, 1852)

J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 11, figs. 30 ♀ D, 31, ♀ V, designated a lectotype for Thecla dumetorum. This lectotype represented a specimen of what had traditionally been considered Callophrys viridis (W. H. Edwards, 1862). This created an uneasy juggling of names and the potential for further problems since the names dumetorum and viridis are both senior to sheridanii. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 2291 resolved these by designating a neotype such that the name dumetorum is employed as it was before 1998 and gave sheridanii precedence over viridis if they are considered conspecific.

a.   Callophrys dumetorum oregonensis Gorelick, [1970]

J. Res. Lepid. 7(2): 101-103.

Original Combination: Callophrys dumetorum oregonensis

Type Locality: “Kusshi Creek, 2220', Yakima County, Washton” [Washington]

Types: Holotype in CAS.

b.   Callophrys dumetorum dumetorum (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 291, no. 22; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1926 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla dumetorum

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; neotype from “Brannan Island, Sacramento Co. California.” [Sacramento County]

Types: Neotype in NHMUK, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 2291.

c.   Callophrys dumetorum superperplexa J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 166, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Callophrys perplexa superperplexa

Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Big Pine Creek, 6500' elevation, east slope of Sierra Nevada”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

The status of this taxon as a subspecies of C. perplexa is tentative; it may be conspecific with C. sheridanii.

d.   Callophrys dumetorum perplexa W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1923

Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(2): 65.

Original Combination: Callophrys dumetorum race perplexa

Type Locality: “San Diego, California” [San Diego County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Genus Chlorostrymon Clench, 1961

In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 179, 189. Type-species: Thecla telea Hewitson, 1868, Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 4-5, no. 10, by original designation.

485.      Chlorostrymon simaethis (Drury, 1773)

a.   Chlorostrymon simaethis simaethis (Drury, 1773)

Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 3, pl. 1, fig. 3 ♂ D, 3a ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).

Original Combination: Papilio Simaethis

Type Locality: “St. Christopher's” [St. Kitts, Saint Kitts and Nevis]

Types: Type(s) lost.

‡”lycus” Skinner, 1898

Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop.: 48, no. 287.

Original Combination: [Thecla] Lycus “Hübner”

This name was listed as a synonym of simaethis without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

b.   Chlorostrymon simaethis sarita (Skinner, 1895)

Entomol. News 6(4): 112-113.

Original Combination: Thecla sarita

Type Locality: “Comal County, Texas”

Types: Holotype (#7043) in ANSP.

486.      Chlorostrymon maesites (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 165, no. 7.

Original Combination: [Thecla] maesites

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

487.      Chlorostrymon telea (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 4-5, no. 10; figured by Hewitson (1873), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(5): pl. 57, figs. 350 ♂ V, 351 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Telea

Type Locality: “Amazon”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK; ♂ genitalia of the holotype figured by K. Johnson (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(2): fig. 5E.

K. Johnson (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(2): 127, 134-135, determined that C. telea and C. maesites are species-level taxa.

Genus Erora Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 53. Type-species: Thecla laeta W. H. Edwards, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 55-56, no. 3, by original designation.

=    Androcona K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 7. Type-species: Thecla muridosca Dyar, 1918, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 337, by original designation.

=    Sarracenota K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 9. Type-species: Thecla opisena H. H. Druce, 1912, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 48(577): 131, pl 10, fig. 3, by original designation.

=    Necmitoura K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 10. Type-species: Necmitoura marcusa K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 10, photoplate IX, fig. J (= Thecla senta Draudt, 1918, in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(283): 783; synonym), by original designation.

488.      Erora laeta (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 55-56, no. 3; figured by W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](3): pl. Thecla 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thecla laeta

Type Locality: “near London” [Ontario]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): fig. 25 ♂ D&V, and Klots and dos Passos [1982], J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 89(4): figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V.

=    clothilde (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 15, no. 2.

Original Combination: Thecla Clothilde

Type Locality: “near Quebec”; suggested to be “probably at Cap Rouge” by Klots and dos Passos [1982], J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 89(4): 306.

Types: Type(s) lost or destroyed.

*489.    Erora quaderna (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 35-36, no. 76; figured by Hewitson (1878), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(8): pl. 83, figs. 703 ♂ V, 704 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Quaderna

Type Locality: “Mexico”; defined as “Tancitiro, Michoacan, Mexico” by Clench (1943), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 51(3): 223.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    attalion (Godman & Salvin, 1887)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(60): 60-61, no. 114; 3(63): pl. 55, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Thecla attalion

Type Locality: “Mexico, Orizaba...Veracruz”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

a.   Erora quaderna sanfordi dos Passos, 1940

Am. Mus. Novit. (1052): 1-2.

Original Combination: Erora laeta sanfordi

Type Locality: “White Mts., Arizona, 8000 feet”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Klots and dos Passos [1982], J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 89(4): figs. 23 ♂ D, 24 ♂ V.

Genus Satyrium Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 106, no. 8. Type-species: Lycaena fuliginosa W. H. Edwards, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 164, no. 10, by original designation. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 4, fig. 4, Supp. fig. 1, determined this synonymy. The elevation of Callipsyche or synonymization of Fixsenia is required. The former is chosen here.

Subgenus Callipsyche Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 106, no. 9. Type-species: Thecla behrii W. H. Edwards, 1870, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 18-19, no. 11, by original designation. It is unclear where or when precedence was given to Satyrium over Callipsyche, this was possibly done by Clench (1961), in: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 192.

490.      Satyrium behrii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

a.   Satyrium behrii behrii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 18-19, no. 11.

Original Combination: Thecla Behrii

Type Locality: “Lake Mono, California” [Mono County]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Opler (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 30, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

=    kali (Strecker, [1878])

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 129.

Original Combination: Thecla Kali

Type Locality: “Arizona”

Types: Holotype in FMNH.

This name likely represents a subspecies-level taxon, but has not been applied by recent workers.

=    ‡”nigroinita” (Gunder, 1924)

Entomol. News 35(5): 154, pl. 2, fig. A ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Callipsyche behrii ab. ♂ nigroinita

Type Locality: “Mammoth Camp, Mono County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 50, fig. 23 ♂ D.

b.   Satyrium behrii columbia (McDunnough, 1944)

Can. Entomol. 76(9): 190.

Original Combination: Callipsyche behrii columbia var. nov.

Type Locality: “Fairview, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype (#5474) in CNC.

J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 365, and A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 146, treated this taxon as a synonym of S. b. behrii.

c.   Satyrium behrii crossi (W. D. Field, 1938)

J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 11(4): 130-131.

Original Combination: Callipsyche behrii crossi

Type Locality: “Nederland, Colorado” [Boulder County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

491.      Satyrium tetra (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 19, no. 12.

Original Combination: Thecla Tetra

Type Locality: Not stated; neotype from “Arroyo Bayo, Santa Clara County, California.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 36, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

=    adenostomatis (Hy. Edwards, 1877)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(10): 144-145.

Original Combination: Thecla Adenostomatis

Type Locality: “Tehachepi [sic] Pass, Southern California” [Tehachapi Pass, Kern County]

Types: Syntype in AMNH.

‡”adenostoma” Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 111, no. 226.

Original Combination: [Thecla] adenostoma

This is an unpublished manuscript name credited to Hy. Edwards without description or indication; a nomen nudum.

492.      Satyrium saepium (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Satyrium saepium saepium (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 288, no. 18; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 235, fig. 1922 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla saepium

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Tuolumne County, California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 33; redefined as “vicinity of Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, elev. 2400', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 10, figs. 18 ♂ D, 19 ♂ V.

=    okanagana (McDunnough, 1944)

Can. Entomol. 76(9): 190-191.

Original Combination: Strymon saepium okanagana var. nov.

Type Locality: “Peachland, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype (#5502) in CNC.

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 154, determined this synonymy.

=    illepida K. Johnson, 1992

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. II): 195, fig. 191O ♀ D&V [actually a ♂]; the ♀ ductus bursae in fig. 227 (supposedly of the holotype) was excluded from the holotype by Robbins and Lamas (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 204.

Original Combination: Ignata illepida

Type Locality: “Sierra Paramo [sic], Bolivia” in error; presumably somewhere in the western United States.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Robbins and Lamas (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 204, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype), determined the status of this taxon. It is not possible to accurately place this taxon in the synonymy of S. saepium at this time.

b.   Satyrium saepium chalcis (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 376.

Original Combination: Thecla Chalcis

Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Isabel Creek, Santa Clara Co., California.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 33, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.

=    fulvescens (Hy. Edwards, 1877)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 172.

Original Combination: Thecla saepium n. var. fulvescens

Type Locality: “Lake Tahoe...Tehachepi [sic] Pass...Havilah, Kern County”; defined as “Havilah, Kern County, California” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 632.

Types: Lectotype (#5915) in AMNH, designated by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 632.

This synonymy suggested by K. Davenport (2018), Butterflies of southern Cal. update: 71.

c.   Satyrium saepium rubrotenebrosum J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 161-162, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium saepium rubrotenosum

Type Locality: “California: San Mateo County; San Bruno Mountains”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

d.   Satyrium saepium caliginosum J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 160-161, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium saepium caliginosum

Type Locality: “California: San Luis Obispo County; Baywood Park”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Satyrium saepium chlorophora (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 452.

Original Combination: Strymon saepium chlorophora

Type Locality: “San Diego, California” [San Diego County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, fig. 17 ♂ V.

f.    Satyrium saepium subaridum J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 159-160, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium saepium subaridum

Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Hunter Mountain east of Nelson Range; small stream and meadow 0.4 air mile [sic] southeast of Peak 7107 on 1951 U.S.G.S. Marble Canyon quadrangle, 6,800' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

g.   Satyrium saepium obscurofuscum Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 545, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V (holotype); 31 ♀ D, 32 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium saepium obscurofuscum

Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Jarbidge Mountains, road to Success Mine, 0.5 miles south of Bonanza Gulch, 2423 m, T46N R58E S28 on USGS Jarbidge, Nev.-Idaho 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

h.   Satyrium saepium latalinea Austin & Savage, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (48): 613-614, 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium saepium latalinea

Type Locality: “Utah: Washington County; Pine Valley Mountains, Leeds Creek, 5.3-7.2 (road) miles west of Leeds, 1525-1710 m...USGS New Harmony, 15 minute quadrangle, T40S R14W S16, 21, 22”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

i.    Satyrium saepium provo (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 452.

Original Combination: Strymon saepium provo

Type Locality: “Provo, Utah” [Utah County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, fig. 16 ♂ D.

Subgenus Fixsenia Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Thecla herzi Fixsen, 1887, in: Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 3: 279-280, pl. 13, fig. 4, by original designation. The following synonymy is derived from Clench (1979), J. Lepid. Soc.. 32(4): 277-281.

      =    ‡Chrysophanus Hübner, 1818

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 24. Type-species: Chrysophanus mopsus Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 24, pl. [24], figs. 135, 136; 24, no. 48 (= Hesperia titus Fabricius, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 297, no. 130; synonym), by designation of N. Riley (1922), J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28(2): 467. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 541 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1235.

      =    ‡Leechia Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Thecla thalia Leech, [1893], Butterflies China Japan Corea (2)(text pt. 3): 367; (plate pt. 3/4): pl. 30, fig. 15, by original designation. Preoccupied by Leechia South, 1901, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1901(4): 400. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 503 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1237.

=    Strymonidia Tutt, 1908

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(25): 483. Type-species: Thecla thalia Leech, [1893], Butterflies China Japan Corea (2)(text pt. 3): 367; (plate pt. 3/4): pl. 30, fig. 15, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Leechia Tutt, 1907 (Code Article 60.3, 67.8). I.C.Z.N. Opinion 541 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1333.

=    Euristrymon Clench, 1961

In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 184, 212. Type-species: “Thecla favonius” J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 27, pl. 14 (= Papilio favonius), by original designation.

=    Harkenclenus dos Passos, 1970

J. Lepid. Soc. 24(1): 28, 36. Type-species: Chrysophanus mopsus Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 24, pl. [24], figs. 135, 136; 24, no. 48 (= Hesperia titus Fabricius, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 297, no. 130; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Chrysophanus Hübner, [1818], a suppressed name (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

493.      Satyrium titus (Fabricius, 1793)

a.   Satyrium titus titus (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 297, no. 130; cited Jones’ Icones vol. 6, pl. 44, fig. 2.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Titus

Type Locality: “Anglia”; stated to be “probably Newfoundland” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 99; suggested to be “Millhaven Plantation, Screven County, Georgia” by Gatrelle (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(6): 7.

Types: Lectotype (#Rh1060) in NHMUK, designated by Gatrelle (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(6): 2, fig. 3 ♀ V, as “holotype.”

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 503 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1605.

=    mopsus (Hübner, 1818)

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [24], figs. 135 ♂ D, 136 ♂ V [1813], 24, no. 48 (1818, name given).

Original Combination: Chrysophanus Mopsus

Type Locality: “Georgien in Florida”; neotype from “Millhaven Plantation, Screven Co., Georgia.”

Types: Type(s) probably lost; neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(6): 7, fig. 5 ♀ V.

Rusticus mopsus Hübner, 1808, Erste Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett.: 6, was described in a document that was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 789.

b.   Satyrium titus winteri (Gatrelle, 2004)

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(6): 10, figs. 23 ♂ D&V (holotype), 24 ♀ D&V, 25 ♂ V, 26 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Harkenclenus titus winteri

Type Locality: “Sherborn” [Middlesex County, Massachusetts]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Satyrium titus campus (Gatrelle, 2004)

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(6): 10-11, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); fig. 11 ♂ V, fig. 12 ♂ V, 13 ♂ V, 16 ♀ D&V, 17 ♀ V, 18 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Harkenclenus titus campus

Type Locality: “Iowa: Shelby County, visc. [sic] of Defiance”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

d.   Satyrium titus watsoni (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 94, no. 363b.

Original Combination: Strymon titus race watsoni

Type Locality: “Kerrville, Texas” [Kerr County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

e.   Satyrium titus immaculosus (W. Comstock, 1913)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 8(3): 33, pl. II, fig. A ♂ D, B ♀ D, C ♂ D, D ♀ D, E ♂ V, F ♀ V, G ♂ V, H ♀ V.

Original Combination: Strymon titus immaculosus

Type Locality: “Provo, Utah” [Utah County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Gatrelle (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(6): fig. 21 ♂ D&V.

f.    Satyrium titus carrizozo R. Holland, 2010

J. Lepid. Soc. 45(2): 170, figs. 3 ♂ D&V, 4 ♂ D&V, 5 ♂ D&V (holotype, 6 ♀ D&V, 7 ♀ D&V, 10 ♂ VHW, 11 ♂ VHW, 12 ♂ VHW (holotype), 13 ♀ VHW, 14 ♀ VHW.

Original Combination: Satyrium titus carrizozo

Type Locality: “Microwave relay site, Carrizo Peak, near Carrizozo, Lincoln Co, NM, 8800'”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

g.   Satyrium titus occidentalis (Austin & J. Emmel, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 507, figs. 27 ♂ D, 28 ♂ V (holotype); 29 ♀ D, 30 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Harkenclenus titus occidentalis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Pershing County; Humboldt Range, Star Creek Canyon, 5-6 road miles west of Nevada state route 400, 1890 m, T31N R34E S22 on USGS Imlay, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

494.      Satyrium auretorum (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Satyrium auretorum auretorum (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 288, no. 17; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 235, fig. 1921 ♂ D&V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, fig. 14 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla auretorum

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “vicinity of Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, elev. 2400', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9.

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V.

=    tacita (Hy. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 54-55.

Original Combination: Thecla tacita

Type Locality: “Mendocino Co., Cal.” [California]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 19 ♂ D.

b.   Satyrium auretorum spadix (Hy. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 53.

Original Combination: Thecla spadix n. sp.

Type Locality: “Tehachepi [sic] Pass, S. California” [Tehachapi Pass, Kern County]

Types: Syntype in AMNH.

c.   Satyrium auretorum fumosum J. Emmel & Mattoni, 1990

J. Res. Lepid. 28(1/2): 102-103, figs. 1, lower row, ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Satyrium auretorum fumosum

Type Locality: “California, Los Angeles County, Malibu Lake”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

495.      Satyrium polingi (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

a.   Satyrium polingi polingi (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 94, no. 354.1.

Original Combination: Strymon polingi

Type Locality: “Sunny Glen Ranch, near Alpine, Brewster Co., Texas”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

b.   Satyrium polingi organensis Ferris, 1980

J. Lepid. Soc. 34(2): 221-223, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 14 ♂ VHW (holotype).

Original Combination: Fixsenia polingi organensis

Type Locality: “Organ Mts., Doña Ana Co., New Mexico...Finley Canyon, W Slope Organ Mts....ca. 6500 ft. (1980m)”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

496.      Satyrium favonius (J. E. Smith, 1797)

a.   Satyrium favonius ontario (W. H. Edwards, 1868)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(2): 209-210; figured by W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): pl. Thecla 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Thecla Ontario

Type Locality: “Port Stanley, Ontario”

Types: Holotype in CNC; figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): fig. 23 ♂ D&V.

Robbins (1994), Am. Butterflies 2(3): 29-30, determined that ontario and favonius are conspecific.

b.   Satyrium favonius favonius (J. E. Smith, 1797)

In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 27-28, pl. 14, figs. ♂ D, ♀ D, ♀ V, larva, pupa.

Original Combination: Papilio Favonius

Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes to John Abbot’s original drawing.

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost.

c.   Satyrium favonius autolycus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 271, no. 8.

Original Combination: Thecla Autolycus

Type Locality: “Dallas, Texas” [Dallas County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 73, fig. 24 ♂ D&V.

d.   Satyrium favonius violae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1947)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 23(3): 119-120.

Original Combination: Strymon ontario violae

Type Locality: “Folsom, N. Mexico...elevation 5600 ft.” [Union County, New Mexico]

Types: Holotype and allotype in PMNH.

497.      Satyrium ilavia (Beutenmüller, 1899)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 7(4): 254.

Original Combination: Thecla ilavia

Type Locality: “Texas”

Types: Syntypes in AMNH, probably also CMNH. A specimen loaned to W. Holland by Beutenmüller was figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, fig. 15 ♂ D.

Robbins (1994), Am. Butterflies 2(3): 30, determined that this is a species-level taxon.

=    mirabelle (W. Barnes, 1900)

Can. Entomol. 32(2): 42, 43-44.

Original Combination: Thecla Mirabelle

Type Locality: “Utah” apparently in error.

Types: Syntype in USNM.

Subgenus Satyrium Scudder, 1876

      =    ‡Argus Gerhard, 1850

Vers. monogr. Europ. Schmett. (1): 4. Type-species: Lycaena ledereri Boisduval, 1847, Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)6: xxix, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Argus Bohadsch, 1761, De quibusdam Anim. marinis Liber.: 56. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 541 placed this name Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 733.

=    Neolycaena Nicéville, 1890

Butterflies India Burmah Ceylon 3: 15, key, no. 107, 64, no. 107, pl. 26. Type-species: Lycaena sinensis Alphéraky, 1881, Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 16(3/4): 383, no. 39, pl. 14, fig. 7, by original designation. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 899 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1885.

      =    ‡Edwardsia Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Papilio w-album Knoch, 1782, Beitr. Insektengesch. 2: 85-88, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, by original designation. Preoccupied by Edwardsia Costa, 1838, Fauna Regno Napoli, Crust.: Edwardsia 1.

      =    ‡Felderia Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Papilio w-album var. eximia Fixsen, 1887, in: Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 3: 271-273, no. 17, pl. 13, fig. 2, by original designation. Preoccupied by Felderia Walsingham, 1887, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 35(2): 165.

      =    ‡Kollaria Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Thecla sassanides Kollar, [1849], Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien., Math.-naturw. Cl. 1: 51, by original designation. Preoccupied by Kollaria Pictet, 1841, Hist. Nat. Ins. Neuropt. Perlides: 114.

      =    ‡Erschoffia Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Thecla lunulata Ershov, 1874, Mém. Soc. Amis Sci. Nat. Moscou 11(2): 7, pl. 1, fig. 5, by original designation. Preoccupied by Erschoffia Swinhoe, 1900, Cat. east. Lepid. Het. Oxford Univ. Mus. 2: 221.

      =    ‡Bakeria Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Lycaena ledereri Boisduval, 1848, Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)6: xxix, by original designation. Preoccupied by Bakeria Kieffer, 1905, Ann. Mus. civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 42: 34.

      =    ‡Klugia Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Papilio spini [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 186, no. 5, by original designation. Preoccupied by Klugia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, Hist. Nat. Dipt. Paris 1: 785-787.

=    Nordmannia Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 143. Type-species: Lycaena myrtale Klug, 1834, in: Ehrenberg, Sym. Phys. Ins. 4: signature I, pl. 40, figs. 15, 16, by original designation.

=    Chattendenia Tutt, 1908

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(25): 483. Type-species: Papilio w-album Knoch, 1782, Beitr. Insektengesch. 2: 85-88, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Edwardsia Tutt, 1907, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8). As first reviser, Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (3): 83, accorded precedence to Strymonidia Tutt, 1908 over Chattendenia.

=    Thecliolia Strand, 1910

Entomol. Rdsch. 27(22): 162. Type-species: Thecla w-album var. eximia Fixsen, 1887, in: Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 3: 271, pl. 13, fig. 2, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Felderia Tutt, 1907, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

=    Superflua Strand, 1910

Entomol. Rdsch. 27(22): 162. Type-species: Thecla sassanides Kollar, [1849], Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien., Math.-naturw. Cl. 1: 51, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Kollaria Tutt, 1907, preoccupied (Code Article 60.3, 67.8).

=    Pseudothecla Strand, 1910

Entomol. Rdsch. 27(22): 162. Type-species: Thecla lunulata Ershov, 1874, Mém. Soc. Amis Sci. Nat. Moscou 11(2): 7, pl. 1, fig. 5, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Erschoffia Tutt, 1907 (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

=    Tuttiola Strand, 1910

Entomol. Rdsch. 27(22): 162. Type-species: Papilio spini [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 186, no. 5, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Klugia Tutt, 1907, preoccupied (Code Article 60.3, 67.8).

=    Necovatia Verity, 1951

Var. Geogr. Saison. Pap. Diurn. Fr. 2[6]: 183. Type-species: Papilio acaciae Fabricius, 178, Mantissa Ins. 2: 69, no. 655, by original designation.

=    Phaeostrymon Clench, 1961

In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 179, 190. Type-species: Thecla alcestis W. H. Edwards, 1871, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 271-272, no. 9, by original designation.

=    Rhymnaria Zhdanko, 1983

Entomol. Obozr. 62(1): 135. Type-species: Lycaena rhymnus Eversmann, 1832, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 8[(n.s.) 2]: 350, pl. 19, figs. 1, 2, by original designation.

=    Armenia Dubatolov & Korshunov, 1984

Nov. Maloizvest. Vidy Faun. Sib. 17: 53. Type-species: Lycaena ledereri Boisduval, 1848, Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)6: xxix, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Argus Gerhard, 1850, Vers. monogr. Europ. Schmett. (1): 4, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

=    Neosatyrium M. Fisher, 2009

Butterflies Colo. 4: 41. Type-species: Rusticus calanus Hübner, [1809], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [100], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, by original designation.

498.      Satyrium alcestis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

a.   Satyrium alcestis alcestis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 271-272, no. 9.

Original Combination: Thecla Alcestis

Type Locality: “Dallas, Texas” [Dallas County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 29, fig. 14 ♀ D, and F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): fig. 2 ♀ D&V.

b.   Satyrium alcestis oslari (Dyar, 1904)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 12(1): 40.

Original Combination: Thecla oslari

Type Locality: “Tucson, Arizona” [Pima County]

Types: Holotype (#7726) in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, fig. 13 ♂ D.

499.      Satyrium kingi (Klots & Clench, 1952)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1600): 2-7, figs. 1A ♂ genitalia, 1D penis, 1G ♀ genitalia, 2A ♂ D (holotype), 2B ♀ D, 2C ♂ V (holotype), 2D ♀ V, 2E ♂ V, 2F ♂ V, 3A ♂ V, 3B ♀ V.

Original Combination: Strymon kingi

Type Locality: “Savannah, Georgia” [Chatham County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

500.      Satyrium liparops (Le Conte, 1833) (1793)

a.   Satyrium liparops floridensis Gatrelle, 2001

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(3): 7-8, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♂ V (holotype); 22 ♀ D, 23 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium liparops floridensis

Type Locality: “Withlacoochee State Forest, Citrus County, Florida”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Satyrium liparops liparops (Le Conte, 1833) (1793)

In: Boisduval and Le Conte, Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (10): 99-100 [1833], (11): pl. 31, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V, 3 larva, 4 pupa [1835].

Original Combination: T[hecla] Liparops

Type Locality: “Georgie”; defined as “Screven Co., Georgia” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 138; neotype from “Screven Co., Ga, Millhaven Plantation nr. Brier [sic] Ck.” [Briar Creek]

Types: This taxon was described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2001), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(3): 3-4, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.

Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 88, established Thecla liparops Le Conte, 1833, as a nomen protectum (Code Article 23.9.2).

=    ‡anacreon (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 268, no. 34; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 5, fig. 4.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Anacreon

Type Locality: “India”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 88, established Hesperia anacreon Fabricius, 1793, as a nomen oblitum (Code Article 23.9.2).

c.   Satyrium liparops strigosa (T. Harris, 1862)

Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 276.

Original Combination: Thecla strigosa

Type Locality: “Blue Hill” [Norfolk County, Massachusetts]

Types: Holotype (#26347) in MCZC.

=    ‡”pruina” (Scudder, 1889)

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(6): 879-880.

Original Combination: T[hecla]. l[iparops]. [ab.] pruina

Type Locality: “New England” implied from the title of the book, or possibly near the residence of “Miss Guild,” at “Walpole, Massachusetts.” [Norfolk County]

Types: “Holotype” may be in MCZC.

d.   Satyrium liparops fletcheri (Michener & dos Passos, 1942)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1210): 3.

Original Combination: Strymon liparops fletcheri

Type Locality: “Manitoba”; Fletcher’s specimens were listed from “Manitoba: Beulah...Cartwright...Aweme...Brandon...Rounthwaite”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Proposed for Thecla strigosa var. liparops (sensu Fletcher, 1903, Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 211-212, pl. fig. ♂ D&V), of which a “cotype” was chosen as holotype.

e.   Satyrium liparops aliparops (Michener & dos Passos, 1942)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1210): 3.

Original Combination: Strymon liparops aliparops

Type Locality: “Glenwood Springs, Colorado” [Garfield County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

501.      Satyrium caryaevorus (McDunnough, 1942)

Can. Entomol. 74(1): 1.

Original Combination: Strymon caryaevorus

Type Locality: “Merivale, Ont.” [Ontario]

Types: Holotype (#5262) in CNC.

502.      Satyrium calanus (Hübner, [1809])

a.   Satyrium calanus calanus (Hübner, [1809])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [100], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Rusticus Calanus

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Amer. sept.” by W. F. Kirby (1908), in: P. Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett. 3 (addit. notes): 71.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    wittfeldii (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Can. Entomol. 15(7): 136-137.

Original Combination: Thecla Wittfeldii

Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida”; defined as “vicinity of Georgiana, Brevard County, Florida” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 39.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 39, fig. ♂ D&V.

b.   Satyrium calanus falacer (Godart, [1824])

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (600), 633, no. 58; figured by Boisduval and Le Conte (1833), Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (10): pl. 29, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Falacer

Type Locality: “environs de Philadelphia, Amérique septentrional” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]

Types: Holotype in MNHP; figured by K. Johnson (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(2): fig. 21.

=    lorata (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(2): 171-172.

Original Combination: Thecla lorata

Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Virginia!)”

Types: Syntype in AMNH.

=    inorata (Grote & Robinson, 1868)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(4): 323-324; cited Boisduval and Le Conte [1833], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept.(10): pl. 29, figs. 1-5.

Original Combination: Thecla inorata

Type Locality: “Atlantic District (Can.! N. Y.! Ga.!)”; syntype from “New York.”

Types: Syntype in AMNH.

=    heathii (Fletcher, 1903)

Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 211-212, pl. fig. ♀ V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, fig. 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thecla heathii

Type Locality: “valley of the Long River, a few miles from Cartwright, in southern Manitoba. This spot is about ten miles north of the boundary of North Dakota and about twenty-five miles north-east of the Turtle Mountains.”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Fletcher (1904), Can. Entomol. 36(5): 125, pl. ♀, redescribed this taxon. D. Stallings and Turner (1943), Entomol. News 54(5): 131, pl. 2, determined this synonymy.

=    borealis (Lafontaine, 1969)

Trail & Landscape 3: 151; redescribed by Lafontaine (1970), J. Lepid. Soc. 24(2): 83-86, figs. 1 ♂ V, 2 ♂ D (lectotype), 3 ♀ V , 4 ♀ D, fig. 7 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Strymon borealis

Type Locality: Defined as “Britannia Park, Ottawa, Ont.” by Lafontaine (1970), J. Lepid. Soc. 24(2): 84. [Ontario]

Types: Lectotype (#11077) in CNC, designated by Lafontaine (1970), J. Lepid. Soc. 24(2): 84.

Gall (1976), J. Lepid. Soc. 30(3): 214-218, discussed this name and its taxonomic status.

c.   Satyrium calanus godarti (W. D. Field, 1938)

J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 11(4): 129-130.

Original Combination: Strymon falacer godarti

Type Locality: “Rosemont, Teller Co., Colorado”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

d.   Satyrium calanus albidus J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 5.

Original Combination: Satyrium calanus albidus

Type Locality: “NW Hayden, Routt Co., Colo.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

503.      Satyrium edwardsii (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

a.   Satyrium edwardsii edwardsii (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(2): 172-173.

Original Combination: Thecla edwardsii

Type Locality: “Canada”; neotype from “Queenstown, Ontario”

Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by Michener and dos Passos (1942), Am. Mus. Novit. (1210): 4.

This name was published in synonymy, but is employed under the provisions of Code Article 11.6.1. Grote and Robinson [1869], Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(2): 179-205, and Scudder (1870), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 273-274, 276, treated this as a name properly described by Grote and Robinson (1867), thus validating the name.

‡”fabricii” W. F. Kirby, 1871

Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 654, no. 276 bis; cited Scudder (1870), Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 13: 272-276; Thecla falacer T. Harris (1862), Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 276; Thecla calanus Grote & Robinson, (1867), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(2): 172, 173, and Grote & Robinson, (1868), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(4): 324.

Original Combination: T[hecla]. fabricii

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of types not known.

This name was described by indication, but several taxa were implied.

b.   Satyrium edwardsii meridionale Gatrelle, 2001

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(2): 5, figs. 2 ♂ V (holotype), 7 ♀ V, 11 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Satyrium edwardsii meridionale

Type Locality: “South Carolina: Aiken County, along south boundary of Aiken State Park”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

504.      Satyrium acadica (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

a.   Satyrium acadica acadica (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 55, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](3): pl. Thecla 1, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Thecla acadica

Type Locality: “near London” [Ontario]

Types: Holotype in CNC, figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): fig. 11 ♂ D&V.

=    souhegan (Whitney, 1868)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 12: 162-163.

Original Combination: Thecla Souhegan

Type Locality: “Milford, N. H.”; “Souhegan River” implied from the formation of the name. [Hillsborough County, New Hampshire]

Types: Type(s) may be in MCZC or DCM.

=    coolinensis (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 451.

Original Combination: Strymon acadica coolinensis

Type Locality: “Coolin, Idaho” [Bonner County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

As detailed by Kondla and J. Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 45, the locality given for the holotype was almost certainly in error as it is Satyrium acadica acadica.

=    watrini (Dufrane, 1939)

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 79(7/8): 289-290.

Original Combination: Thecla acadica watrini

Type Locality: “Soskatchewan [sic], Canada” [Saskatchewan]

Types: Holotype may be in RMCA.

Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 130, considered this a synonym of acadica.

=    ‡”muskoka” (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 450.

Original Combination: Strymon acadica acadica ab. muskoka

Type Locality: “Gravenhurst, Muskoka District, Ontario, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

T. Freeman (1938), Can. Entomol. 70(12): 248, discussed this taxon and called it a “valid population.”

=    ‡”swetti” (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 450-451.

Original Combination: Strymon acadica souhegan ab. swetti

Type Locality: “Stony Clove, Greene County, New York, altitude 1500 to 2000 feet”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

b.   Satyrium acadica montanensis (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 451.

Original Combination: Strymon acadica montanensis

Type Locality: “Montana”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

505.      Satyrium californica (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

a.   Satyrium californica californica (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221, 223, no. 3.

Original Combination: Thecla Californica

Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Capell Crk./along 37/Napa Co. Calif.” This was interpreted as “Capell Creek, 9 mi. NNE of Napa, Napa Co., California” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 101.

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Opler (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 41-43, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.

=    borus (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 43, no. 15; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, fig. 1953 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla Borus

Type Locality: “au pied des montagnes, surtout en tirant vers l'est”; defined as “Hwy. 70 at Chambers Creek, ca. 6 road miles SW of Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 1850' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25, figs. 177 ♂ D, 178 ♂ V.

b.   Satyrium californica cygnus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 207-208, no. 4.

Original Combination: Thecla Cygnus

Type Locality: “Nevada”; neotype from “3 miles southwest of Virginia City, 6700 ft., Storey County, Nevada”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Opler (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 45-46 fig. 10 ♀ D&V.

c.   Satyrium californica obscurafacies Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 543-544, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium californicum obscurafacies

Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Snake Range, Baker Creek Campground, 2150 m, T13N R69E (unsectioned) on USGS Wheeler Peak, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    brashor Kondla & J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 45, pl. 4, 2nd row right ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Satyrium californica brashor

Type Locality: “Mica Creek, near Osoyoos, British Columbia”

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

=    wapiti M. Fisher, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 46, pl. 6, 5th row left ♂ D, 6th row left ♂ V (holotype), 5th row left center ♀ D, 6th row left center ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium californica wapiti

Type Locality: “Hwy. 133 near Oliver, 6860 ft., Gunnison Co., Colorado”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

d.   Satyrium californica helenae M. Fisher, 2009

Butterflies Colo. 4: 44-46, top left ♂ D, top right ♂ V (holotype), 2nd left ♀ D, 2nd right ♀ V .

Original Combination: Satyrium (Neosatyrium) californica helenae

Type Locality: “Colorado: Jefferson Co., Lookout Mountain, 7000 Ft.”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

506.      Satyrium sylvinus Boisduval, 1852

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 13-14, fig. 13, determined that dryope is a species distinct from sylvinus. That arrangement is adopted herein.

a.   Satyrium sylvinus sylvinus (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 287-288, no. 16; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 235, fig. 1920 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla sylvinus

Type Locality: “Californie”; suggested to be “Region of San Francisco, Cal.” by W. Comstock (1913), Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 9(2): 32; defined as “vicinity of Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, elev. 2400', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9, figs. 12 ♂ D, 13 ♂ V.

b.   Satyrium sylvinus nootka M. Fisher, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 11: 4-5, fig. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♀ D; figured by M. Fisher (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: pl. 6, 5th row right center ♂ D, 6th row right center ♂ V (holotype), 5th row right ♀ D, 6th row right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium sylvinus nootka

Type Locality: “Wellington, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

507.      Satyrium dryope (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

a.   Satyrium dryope putnami (Hy. Edwards, 1877)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(10): 143-144.

Original Combination: Thecla Putnami

Type Locality: “Mt. Nebo, Utah” [Juab-Utah counties]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Scudder (1876), Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 109, no. 217, listed [Thecla] putnami from “Spring Lake, Utah” without description or indication; a nomen nudum.

b.   Satyrium dryope megapallidum Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 544, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium sylvinum megapallidum

Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Elko, 12th Street at Humboldt River, 1536 m, T34N R55E S14 on USGS Elko East, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Satyrium dryope itys (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(2): 23.

Original Combination: Thecla Itys

Type Locality: “Prescott” [Yavapai County, Arizona]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 40, fig. 8 & D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: 243, pl. 29, fig. 17 ♀ D.

d.   Satyrium dryope desertorum (F. Grinnell, 1917)

Can. Entomol. 49(10): 349-350.

Original Combination: Strymon sylvinus desertorum

Type Locality: “Oak Creek, Kern County, California”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

e.   Satyrium dryope dryope (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 19-20, no. 13.

Original Combination: Thecla Dryope

Type Locality: “Plain County, Colorado”; corrected to “Placer Co., California” by W. H. Edwards (1870), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 194, no. 8; defined as “Santa Clara Co., California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 49.

Types: Probable holotype in AMNH, as noted by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 49-50, fig. 11 ♂&♀ D&V.

508.      Satyrium fuliginosa (W. H. Edwards, 1861)

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 142-146, discussed the relationship and distinctions between S. fuliginosa and S. semiluna.

a.   Satyrium fuliginosa fuliginosa (W. H. Edwards, 1861)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 164, no. 10.

Original Combination: Lycaena fuliginosa

Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Summit,” currently known as Norden, Nevada County, California.

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Opler (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 28, fig. 3 ♂ D&V. A subsequent “neotype” in the USNM, was designated by Mattoon and Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (53): 682 (this is the lectotype of suasa), who claimed that the first neotype represents populations that Lorquin, the probable collector of the original types, would not have likely sampled. Further research may demonstrate this a faulty assumption.

=    suasa (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 51, no. 34; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2080 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Suasa

Type Locality: “le sommet des montagnes de l’est”; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30, figs. 225 ♂ D, 226 ♂ V.

b.   Satyrium fuliginosa tildeni Mattoon & Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (53): 682-683, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium fuliginosum tildeni

Type Locality: “California: Siskiyou County; Siskiyou Mountains, forest route 40S01, 1675-2065 m, T47N R9W S19”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Satyrium fuliginosa albolineatum Mattoon & Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (53): 684, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium fuliginosum albolineatum

Type Locality: “California: Lake County; North Coast Range above 1350 m on ridgeline of Boardman Ridge, on Forest Route 1N02, 3.6-5.0 road miles south of Hull Mountain (T19N R10W S11, 14, 23)”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

509.      Satyrium semiluna Klots, 1930

a.   Satyrium semiluna semiluna Klots, 1930

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 25(3): 161-162, no. 400, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Satyrium fuliginosum semiluna

Type Locality: “Half Moon Ranch, Moose P. O., Jackson Hole, Wyo.” [Teton County, Wyoming]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Satyrium semiluna maculadistinctum Mattoon & Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (53): 685-686, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrium fuliginosum maculadistinctum

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lyon County; Sweetwater Mountains, west slope of East Sister, 2633 m, T8N R24E S28”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    ‡”immaculata” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 283, no. 6, pl. A, fig. 6 ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Satyrium fuliginosum tr. f. immaculata

Type Locality: “McGee's Creek on highway, nr. Mammoth, Mono Co., Calif.”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

Subtribe Strephonotina K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar-Escobar, 1997

Revta. Theclinae Colomb. 1(1): 4. Type-genus: Strephonota K. Johnson, 1997, Revta. Theclinae Colomb. 1(1): 5.

Genus Ministrymon Clench, 1961

In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 179, 196. Type-species: Thecla leda W. H. Edwards, 1882, Papilio 2(2): 23-24, by original designation.

azia group K. Johnson & L. Miller, 1991

Acta Entomol. Chilena 16(2): 185.

510.      Ministrymon azia (Hewitson, 1873) (1860)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(5): 144-145, no. 245; 2(5): pl. 57, 357 ♂ V, 358 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Azia

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Lectotype (#79-69) in NHMUK, designated by Lamas (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 208.

=    ‡guacanagari (Wallengren, 1860)

Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 4(2): 37-38.

Original Combination: Thecla guacanagari

Type Locality: “Puna” [Argentina and Chile]

Types: Lectotype in NHRS, designated by Lamas (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 208.

This name was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 2144.

=    nipona (Hewitson, 1877)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 204, no. 420; 2(7): pl. 81, figs. 673 ♂ V, 674 ♂ D, 675 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Nipona

Type Locality: “Brazil”

Types: Syntype (#79-69) in NHMUK.

H. H. Druce (1907), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 623, determined this synonymy.

=    brocela (Dyar, 1913)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 45(2006): 637.

Original Combination: Thecla brocela

Type Locality: “Cotahuasi, 9,000 feet” [Peru]

Types: Holotype (#15622) in USNM.

=    quebradivaga K. Johnson & L. Miller, 1991

Acta Entomol. Chil. 16(2): 186-187, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 1A ♀ genitalia, 2 ♂ genitalia, 3A ♂ D, 3B ♂ V (holotype), 5 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Ministrymon quebradivaga

Type Locality: “Codpa, hamlet in Quebrada Vitor...altitude 2.109 m” [Chile]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    hernandezi Schwartz & K. Johnson, 1992

Carib. J. Sci. 28(3/4): 153, figs. 3 ♂ D&V, 4A ♂ genitalia (holotype).

Original Combination: Ministrymon hernandezi

Type Locality: “Cuba: Provincia de Pinar del Rio: 5.5 km NW Niceto Perez (formerly Rancho Mundito), 450 m”

Types: Holotype in MNHP.

phrutus group K. Johnson & L. Miller, 1991

Acta Entomol. Chilena 16(2): 185.

511.      Ministrymon janevicroy Glassberg, 2013

ZooKeys 305: 3-7, figs. 1 photograph, 2 comparison, 3 ♂D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, 6 ♂ genitalia, 7 ♀ D&V, 8 wing venation, 9 FW scent patch

Original Combination: Ministrymon janevicroy

Type Locality: “Santa Ana Ref.[uge]/Hidalgo Co[unty]/Texas”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

512.      Ministrymon leda (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(2): 23-24.

Original Combination: Thecla Leda

Type Locality: “near Prescott” [Yavapai County, Arizona]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 51, fig. 13 ♂ D&V.

=    ines (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(2): 25-26.

Original Combination: Thecla Ines

Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 52.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 53, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 240, pl. 29, fig. 35 ♀ [not ♂] D.

513.      Ministrymon clytie (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

Field & Forest 3(5): 88-89.

Original Combination: Thecla Clytie

Type Locality: “San Antonio” [Bexar County, Texas]

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 30, fig. 6 ♀ D, and F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): fig. 15 ♀ D&V.

=    maevia (Godman & Salvin, 1887)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 89, no. 190; 3(66): pl. 58, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Thecla maevia

Type Locality: “Mexico, Acapulco...Cordova...Guatemala, Polochic valley...San Geronimo...Costa Rica, Punta Arenas”; a specimen from “San Geronimo” was figured.

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    daplissus (K. Johnson & Salazar-Escobar, 1993)

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (26): 4-5, pl. 2, fig. 3D ♂ D&V (holotype), fig. 1D ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Strymon daplissus

Type Locality: “Venezuela”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Genus Tmolus Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 76. Type-species: Papilio echion Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 788, no. 224, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 285, no. 1061.

*514.    Tmolus echion (Linnaeus, 1767)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 788, no. 224, cited Kleemann (1761), Beytr. Nat. Ins. 1: pl. 7, figs. 3, 4.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus Ruralis]. Echion

Type Locality: “America”; but “Westindindianische” from Kleeman’s text.

Types: Type is the specimen figured by Kleeman (1761), ibid.; it is probably lost.

=    crolus (Stoll, 1780)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 85-86, pl. 333, figs. G ♂ D, H ♂ V; (34): 248 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus] Rural[is]. Crolus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    labes (H. H. Druce, 1907)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 602, pl. 36, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla labes

Type Locality: “Canapo, Trinidad”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    sanctissima (Jørgensen, 1935)

An. Mus. argentino Cienc. Nat. “Bernardino Rivadavia” 38(Entomologia 151): 93-94, pl. 2, fig. 6 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Thecla sanctissima

Type Locality: “Santísima Trinidad, cerca de Asunción, Paraguay”

Types: Holotype (# 32.703) in MACN.

a.   Tmolus echion echiolus (Draudt, 1920)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(283): 786; (260): pl. 156f, fig. [4] ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Thecla echion] form echiolus

Type Locality: “Mexiko”

Types: Syntypes in MTD.

Genus Gargina Robbins, 2004

In: Lamas, Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 132, 279. Type-species: Thecla gargophia Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae 1(7): 190, no. 371; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 597 ♂ D, 598 ♂ V, by original designation.

515.      Gargina gnosia Hewitson, 1868

Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 9, no. 20; figured by Hewitson (1873), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(5): pl. 59, figs. 386 ♀ V, 387 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Gnosia

Type Locality: not stated

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Rickard (2017), News Lepid. Soc. 59(suppl. S1): 99, records this species for Texas.

=    nugar (Schaus, 1902)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 408-409.

Original Combination: Thecla Nugar

Type Locality: “Jalapa, Mexico” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype (#5924) in USNM.

=    literatus (H. H. Druce, 1907)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 588. pl 34. fig. 13 ♂ D&V, 14 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla literatus

Type Locality: “San José, Paraguay” [Caaguazú]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

Genus Strephonota K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar-Escobar, 1997

Revta. Thecl. colomb. 1(1): 5, text figs. 2A, 2B, photoplate I, fig. A. Type-species: Thecla strephon occidentalis Lathy, 1926, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9)17(97): 44, by original designation. This name was mentioned by Salazar-Escobar (1995), Columbia amaz. 8(1): 46, without a description; a nomen nudum.

=    Zigirina K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar-Escobar, 1997

Revta. Thecl. colomb. 1(1): 9, text fig. 3, photoplate I, fig. B. Type-species: Thecla zigira Hewitson, 1869, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(4): 124, no. 196; 2(4): pl. 49, figs. 250, 251 (= Hesperia agrippa Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 259, no. 3; synonym), by original designation.

=    Treboniana K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar-Escobar, 1997

Revta. Thecl. colomb. 1(1): 10, text fig. 4, photoplate I, fig. C. Type-species: Thecla trebonia Hewitson, 1870, Equatorial Lepid. Buckley (4): 63-64, no. 114, by original designation.

=    Serratonotes K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar-Escobar, 1997

Revta. Thecl. colomb. 1(1): 11, text fig. 5, photoplate I, fig. D. Type-species: Thecla porphyritis [sic; porphyreticus] H. H. Druce, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 593, pl. 35, fig. 2, by original designation.

=    Letizia K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar-Escobar, 1997

Revta. Thecl. colomb. 1(1): 12, text fig. 6, photoplate I, fig. E. Type-species: Thecla phoster H. H. Druce, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 597, pl. 35, fig. 8 (= Papilio cyllarisus Herbst, 1800, in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins. Schmett. 10: 297, pl. 291, figs. 3, 4; synonym), by original designation.

=    Robustana K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar-Escobar, 1997

Revta. Thecl. colomb. 1(1): 12, text fig. 7, photoplate II, fig. A. Type-species: Robustana prima K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar-Escobar, 1997, Revta Thec. colomb. 1(1): 52 (= Thecla parvipuncta Lathy (1926), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9)17(97): 41; synonym), by original designation.

=    Diminutina K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar-Escobar, 1997

Revta. Thecl. colomb. 1(1): 13, text fig. 8, photoplate I, fig. F. Type-species: Thecla tyriam H. H. Druce, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 595, pl. 35, fig. 5, by original designation.

=    Dindyminotes K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar-Escobar, 1997

Revta. Thecl. colomb. 1(1): 14, text fig. 9, photoplate I, fig. G. Type-species: Papilio dindymus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 73; (4): pl. 46, figs. F, G; (8): 152 (index) (= Papilio sphinx Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 530, no. 326; synonym), by original designation.

=    Syedranota K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar-Escobar, 1997

Revta. Thecl. colomb. 1(1): 16, text fig. 11, photoplate I, fig. I. Type-species: Thecla syedra Hewitson, 1867, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae: 1(3): 108, no. 144; 2(3): pl. 39, figs. 128, 129; pl. 41, fig. 145, by original designation.

516.      Strephonota tephraeus (Geyer, 1837)

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: pl. [165], figs. 959 ♂ D, 960 ♂ V [1836]; 39, no. 480 (1837, name given).

Original Combination: Bithys Tephraeus

Type Locality: Not stated; “? (Venezuela)” suggested by W. F. Kirby (1912), in: P. Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett.: 15, no. 109.

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2000), News Lepid. Soc. 42(1): 19, pl. 1, figs. 6a, 6b.

=    faventia (Hewitson, 1867)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 106, no. 138 under tephraeus; 2(3): pl. 43, figs. 172 ♂ V, 173 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Faventia

Type Locality: “Venezuela”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    villia (Hewitson, 1869)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(4): 126-127, no. 200; 2(4): pl. 51, 272 ♀ V, 273 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Villia

Type Locality: “Amazon” [Brazil]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    nippia (Dyar, 1918)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 337.

Original Combination: Thecla nippia

Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico” [Guerrero]

Types: Holotype (#21201) in USNM.

Subtribe Strymonina Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Br. Butts. 2(1): 86; (4/5): 136; 3(17): 330. Type-genus: Strymon Hübner, [1818], Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 22.

Genus Hypostrymon Clench, 1961

In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 182, 214. Type-species: Thecla critola Hewitson, 1874, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(124): 105-106, by original designation.

517.      Hypostrymon critola (Hewitson, 1874)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(124): 105-106; figured by Hewitson (1877), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(7): pl. 78, figs. 633 ♂ V, 634 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Critola

Type Locality: “Mexico”; defined as “Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico” by Clench (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(3): 184.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    festata (Weeks, 1891)

Entomol. News 2(6): 102-103; figured by Weeks (1900), Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club 2: pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D&V, and (1905), Ill. diurn. Lepid. 1: pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hypolycaena festata

Type Locality: “Lower California...near San José del Cabo, at extreme end of the cape” [Baja California Sur, Mexico]

Types: Syntype (#16674) in MCZC.

=    aderces Clench, 1975

Bull. Allyn Mus. (25): 5-6.

Original Combination: Hypostrymon aderces

Type Locality: “Comala, 2100 ft., Colima, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    margaretae Clench, 1975

Bull. Allyn Mus. (25): 6-7.

Original Combination: Hypostrymon margaretae

Type Locality: “Urias, 2 mi S Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

‡”ines” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 381, no. 353.

Original Combination: [Hypostrymon critola] spring form ines

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

Genus Panthiades Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 76. Type-species: Papilio ortygnus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(21): 84, pl. 243, fig. B ♂ V; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 231, no. 765.

=    Cycnus Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 81. Type-species: Papilio phaleros Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 796, no. 272, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 151, no. 309.

518.      Panthiades bathildis (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 245, no. 283, pl. 31, 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Pseudolycaena Bathildis

Type Locality: “Venezuela”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon (2013), News Lepid. Soc. 55(suppl. 11): 64.

=    ‡battus (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 152 (index).

Original Combination: Pleb[ejus]. Rural[is]. Battus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Preoccupied by Papilio battus [Denis & Schiffermüller], [1775], Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 185, no. 19.

=    jalan (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4/5): 337, no. 41.

Original Combination: Thecla jalan

Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz”

Types: Syntype in FMNH.

=    aufidena (Hewitson, 1869)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(4): 117, no. 174; 2(4): pl. 47, figs. 213 ♂ D, 214 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Aufidena

Type Locality: “Nicaragua”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Genus Rekoa Kaye, 1904

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1904(2): 198. Type-species: Papilio meton Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 15, pl. 201, figs. D, E; (24): 175 (index), by original designation. The genus- and species-level synonymies for this genus follow Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (498): 1-64.

=    Heterosmaitia Clench, [1964]

J. Res. Lepid. 2(4): 248, 254. Type-species: Thecla bourkei Kaye, [1925], Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1924(3/4): 416-417, by original designation.

519.      Rekoa palegon (Cramer, 1780)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(24): 159, pl. 282, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; (24): 176 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. rural[is]. Palegon

Type Locality: “Sierra Leona op de Goudkust van Afrika” “Sierra Leona, sur la Côte d’or de l’Afrique” in error; suggested to be “Surinam” by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (498): 38.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    myrtillus (Stoll, 1781)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(32): 178, pl. 380, figs. B ♂ D, C ♂ V; (34): 250 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Rural[is]. Myrtillus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    juicha (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 338-339, no. 44.

Original Combination: Thecla juicha

Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

=    cyrriana (Hewitson, 1874)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(124): 105; figured by Hewitson (1877), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(7): pl. 78, figs. 627 ♂ V, 628 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Cyrriana

Type Locality: “Peru”; suggested to be “either Mazatlán, Sinaloa, or Acapulco, Guerrerro” by Clench (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(3): 183.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 498: 39.

=    ulia (Dyar, 1913)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 45(2006): 637.

Original Combination: Thecla ulia

Type Locality: “Cantas, 2,000 feet” [Peru]

Types: Holotype (#15623) in USNM.

520.      Rekoa marius (Lucas, 1857)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7: 559-600.

Original Combination: Thecla Marius

Type Locality: “habite l’île de Cuba” in error.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 498: 46, figs. 96 ♀ D, 97 ♀ V.

=    aon (Lucas, 1857)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7: 610, pl. 16, figs. 6 ♂ D, 6a ♂ V, 6b ♀ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Aon

Type Locality: “environs de la Havane...ausii la Yucatan”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    spurina (Hewitson, 1867)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 102, no. 127; 2(3): pl. 39, figs. 122 ♀ D, 123 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Spurina

Type Locality: “Amazon” in error; lectotype suggested to be from “Central America” by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 498: 46.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Robbins (1991), ibid.

=    ericusa (Hewitson, 1867)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae (1): 113-114, no. 162; (2): pl. 42, fig. 162 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Ericusa

Type Locality: “Brazil” in error; lectotype suggested to be from “Central America” by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 498: 46.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Robbins (1991), ibid.

=    brescia (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 13-14, no. 31; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(4): pl. 50, figs. 260 ♂ V, 261 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Brescia

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 498: 46.

=    voconia (Hewitson, 1869)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(4): 120, no. 182; 2(4): pl. 49, figs. 244 ♂ D, 245 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Voconia

Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype suggested to be from “Brazil” by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 498: 46.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Robbins (1991), ibid.

Genus Strymon Hübner, 1818

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 22. Type-species: Rusticus melinus Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [22], figs. 121, 122; 22, no. 61, by designation of N. Riley (1922), J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28(2): 472. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 541 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1332.

      =    ‡Callipareus Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 51. Type-species: Rusticus melinus Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [22], figs. 121, 122; 22, no. 61, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Strymon.

=    Callicista Grote, 1873

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(3): 178. Type-species: Callicista ocellifera Grote, 1873, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(3): 178-179 (= Thecla istapa Reakirt, [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 339, no. 46; synonym), by monotypy.

      =    ‡Uranotes Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 107, no. 11. Type-species: Rusticus melinus Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [22], figs. 121, 122; 22, no. 61, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Callipareus Scudder (1872), erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Strymon Hübner, 1818.

=    Eiseliana Toledo, 1978

Acta zool. Lilloana 33(1): 80. Type-species: Eiseliana koehleri Toledo, 1978, Acta zool. Lilloana 33(1): 80, fig.

=    Heoda K. Johnson, L. Miller & J. Herrera, 1992

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (23): 5-7. Type-species: Thecla heodes H. H. Druce, 1909, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1909(3): 436-437, pl. 11, figs. 10, 11.

521.      Strymon cestri (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 338, no. 43.

Original Combination: Thecla cestri

Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, not in FMNH.

=    crossoea (Hewitson, 1874)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(6): 158-159, no. 279; 2(6): pl. 62, fig. 427 V.

Original Combination: Thecla Crossoea

Type Locality: not stated.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    cydia (Hewitson, 1874)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(6): 160-161, no. 285; 2(6): pl. 63, figs. 433 ♀ D, 434 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Cydia

Type Locality: “Rio de Janeiro” [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    chamiensis Salazar-Escobar, Vélez & K. Johnson, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 2(16): 8-9, text fig. 3 ♂&♀ genitalia, photoplate XII, fig. B ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Strymon chamiensis

Type Locality: “Colombia, Dept. Choco, Guarato”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

522.      Strymon bazochii (Godart, [1824])

a.   Strymon bazochii bazochii (Godart, [1824])

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (612), 681-682, no. 203.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Bazochii

Type Locality: “brésilien”

Types: Syntype in MNHP; figured by K. Johnson (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(2): fig. 17.

Robbins (1989), in: Ferris, Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 32, stated “at least two species are presently lumped under bazochii, and it is not clear if bazochii is the species that has been collected in Texas.”

=    thius (Geyer, 1832)

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [128], figs. 743 ♂ D, 744 ♂ V [1826]; 33, no. 372, (1832, name given).

Original Combination: Hyreus Thius

Type Locality: “Brasilien”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

=    agra (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 30, no. 63; figured by Hewitson (1873), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(5): pl. 58, figs. 369 ♂ V, 370 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Agra

Type Locality: “Amazon”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

This synonymy was suggested by W. Comstock and Huntington (1943), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 88.

=    infrequens Weeks, 1901

Entomol. News 12(9): 265-266; 13(8): pl. 13 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla infrequens

Type Locality: “Bolivia, near Cusilluni”

Types: Syntype in MCZC.

523.      Strymon istapa (Reakirt, [1867])

a.   Strymon istapa modesta (Maynard, 1873)

Am. Nat. 7(3): 177.

Original Combination: Lycaena modesta

Type Locality: “Key West” [Monroe County, Florida]

Types: Type(s) may be in MCZC.

=    ocellifera (Grote, 1873)

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(3): 178-179.

Original Combination: Callicista ocellifera

Type Locality: “near Aurora, about 17 miles southward from Buffalo, on the Buffalo, New York and Philadelphia Railroad” in error or transported by rail from Florida. [Cayuga County, New York]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Strymon istapa istapa (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 339, no. 46.

Original Combination: Thecla istapa

Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, not in FMNH.

c.   Strymon istapa clenchi Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 508-509, figs. 35 ♂ D, 36 ♂ V (holotype); 37 ♀ D, 38 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Strymon columella clenchi

Type Locality: “California: Riverside County; Blythe”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

524.      Strymon limenia (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 32-33, no. 69; figured by Hewitson [1873], Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(6): pl. 63, figs. 431 ♀ V, 432 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Limenia

Type Locality: “Jamaica”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Recorded from the United States (Key West, Florida) for the first time by Anderson (1974), J. Lepid. Soc. 28(4): 355-356, fig. 2; now an irregular resident in southern Florida, recorded as recently as 2005 (Calhoun pers. comm. 2006).

525.      Strymon rufofusca (Hewitson, 1877)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 196, no. 390; 2(7): pl. 78, figs. 627 ♀ V, 628 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Rufo-fusca

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype (#Rh1008) in NHMUK.

=    valentina Berg, 1896

An. Mus. Nac. (Buenos Aires) (2)5: 3, fig. 3a.

Original Combination: Thecla (Uranotes) valentina

Type Locality: “Corduba, Reipublicae Argentinae...Sierra de Córdoba” [Córdoba, Argentina]

Types: Holotype in MACN.

K. Johnson et al. (1990), Bull. Allyn Mus. (130): 21, erected a separate species-group for this and other taxa, and detailed differences between it and S. rufofusca.

=    lucaris Weeks, 1901

Proc. New England Zool. Club 2: 102-103; figured by Weeks (1905), Ill. diurn. Lepid. 1: 42-43, pl. 10, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla lucaris

Type Locality: “Bolivia, near Cusilluni”

Types: Syntype (#16666) in MCZC.

H. H. Druce (1907), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 623, determined this synonymy.

=    grisea (Dufrane, 1939)

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 79(7/8): 290.

Original Combination: Thecla melimus [sic] grisea

Type Locality: “Trujillo, Pérou”

Types: Holotype in MNHP (de Joannis collection).

=    guanensis Le Crom & K. Johnson, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 2(16): 15, text fig. 4 ♀ [not ♂] genitalia, photoplate XIII(c), fig. B ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Strymon guanensis

Type Locality: “Colombia, Dept. Narino, El Patia”

Types: Holotype in ICN.

=    ‡”nigriplaga” (Dufrane, 1939)

Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 79(7/8): 290.

Original Combination: [Thecla melimus grisea] ab. nigriplaga

Type Locality: “Trujillo, Pérou”

Types: “Holotype” in MNHP (de Joannis collection).

526.      Strymon yojoa (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 339, no. 45.

Original Combination: Thecla yojoa

Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, not in FMNH.

=    beroea (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 14, no. 32.

Original Combination: Thecla Beroea

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Lectotype (#266891/Rh1034) in NHMUK, designated by Robbins and Lamas (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 210.

Hewitson (1874), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(6): 158, no. 278, determined this synonymy.

527.      Strymon bebrycia (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 13, no. 30; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(4); pl. 50, figs. 258 ♀ D, 259 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Bebrycia

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Lectotype (#Rh1020) in NHMUK, designated by K. Johnson and Salazar-Escobar (1993), Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (26): 11, fig. 2B, Photoplate II, H.

=    chonida (Hewitson, 1874)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(124): 105; figured by Hewitson (1877), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(7): pl. 78, figs. 635 ♂ V, 636 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Chonida

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    buchholzi H. Freeman, 1950

Field & Lab. 18(1): 12.

Original Combination: Strymon buchholzi

Type Locality: “Pharr, Texas” [Hidalgo County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

528.      Strymon melinus Hübner, 1818

a.   Strymon melinus melinus Hübner, 1818

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [22], figs. 121 ♂ D, 122 ♂ V [1813], 22, no. 61 (1818, name given).

Original Combination: Strymon Melinus

Type Locality: “Georgien in Florida”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Opinion 503 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1602. This taxon was first called Rusticus melinus by Hübner (1808), Erste Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett.: 5, but this work was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 789.

=    hyperici (Boisduval & Le Conte, 1833)

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (10): 90, pl. 28, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V, 4 larva, 5 pupa (1833); (11): pl. 32 [1835]).

Original Combination: Thecla Hyperici

Type Locality: “Géorgie et en Floride?”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost. Oberthür (1920), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 17: pl. 505, fig. 4208 ♂ D&V, figured what he considered to be the “type” from the Boisduval collection, now probably at USNM. Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such “types” from the Boisduval collection.

=    ‡”youngi” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 25.

Original Combination: Strymon melinus tr. f. youngi

Type Locality: “Miami. Florida” [Miami-Dade County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

b.   Strymon melinus humuli (T. Harris, 1841)

Rep. Ins. Mass.: 215-216; figured by T. Harris (1862), Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.) Fig. 104 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Humuli

Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the book; also suggested by W. Comstock and Huntington (1960), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 68(3): 185.

Types: Syntypes in MCZC.

Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 147-148, considered this a synonym of S. m. melinus.

=    ‡”meinersi” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 283-284, no. 9, pl. A, figs. 9 ♀ D, 9a ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Strymon melinus tr. f. meinersi

Type Locality: “Table Rock, North Carolina” [Burke County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Strymon melinus franki W. D. Field, 1938

J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 11(4): 127-129.

Original Combination: Strymon melinus franki

Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

d.   Strymon melinus setonia McDunnough, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(7): 160-161.

Original Combination: [Strymon melinus] race setonia

Type Locality: “Seton Lake, Lillooet, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype (#2502) in CNC.

e.   Strymon melinus atrofasciata McDunnough, 1921

Can. Entomol. 53(2): 47.

Original Combination: Strymon melinus atrofasciata

Type Locality: “Wellington, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

f.    Strymon melinus pudica (Hy. Edwards, 1877)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 172-173.

Original Combination: Strymon melinus Var. pudica

Type Locality: “Contra Costa County” [California]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

529.      Strymon avalona (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 62, no. 328; 209, no. 328, pl. 28, figs. 328 ♂ D, 328b ♂ D (lectotype), 328c ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Thecla] Avalona; Thecla Avalona n. s.

Type Locality: “Catalina Island”; implied to be “Avalon” from the formation of the name. [Los Angeles County, California]

Types: Lectotype in CAS (#4316), designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 33.

530.      Strymon alea (Godman & Salvin, 1887)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 95, no. 205; 3(66): pl. 58, figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Thecla alea

Type Locality: “Mexico, Tres Marias islands...Jalapa” [Tres Marias Islands, Nyarit; Jalapa, Veracruz]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    laceyi (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1910)

Can. Entomol. 42(11): 365-366.

Original Combination: Callicista Laceyi

Type Locality: “Del Rio, Texas”; suggested to be “on the Devils River north of Del Rio in Val Verde Co.” by R. Kendall and C. Kendall (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(1): 38.

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich (1961), How Know Butterflies: fig. 422 ♀ V.

531.      Strymon martialis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)

Corresp-Bl. zoo.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 164, no. 2.

Original Combination: [Thecla] martialis

Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the work.

Types: Syntype (#7239) in ANSP.

*532.    Strymon acis (Drury, 1773)

Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 2, pl. 1, fig. 2 ♂ D, 2a ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).

Original Combination: Papilio Acis

Type Locality: “New York”; suggested to be “Lesser Antilles...Antigua” by W. Comstock and Huntington (1943), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 62-63.

Types: Type(s) lost.

a.   Strymon acis bartrami (W. Comstock & Huntington, 1943)

Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 65, pl. 1, fig. 2 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thecla acis bartrami

Type Locality: “Florida...Miami” [Miami-Dade County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

533.      Strymon albata (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 261-262, no. 310, pl. 32, figs. 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Albata

Type Locality: “Venezuela...Nova Granada: Bogotá”; all syntypes are from Bogotá.

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK; one figured by Bálint & Goodger (2003), Quadrifina 6: figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.

=    sedecia (Hewitson, 1874)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(124): 105; figured by Hewitson (1873), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(6): pl. 72, figs. 548 ♂ D, 549 ♂ V (as Thecla polibetes), and (1874), 2(7): pl. 78, figs. 637 ♂ V, 638 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Sedecia

Type Locality: “Mexico”; defined as “Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico” by Clench (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(3): 183.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

534.      Strymon serapio (Godman & Salvin, 1887)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 93, no. 200; 3(66): pl. 58, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Thecla serapio

Type Locality: “Mexico, Jalapa...Panama, David...Chiriqui”; specimen figured is from “David, Panama.”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Bordelon (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(suppl. S1): 78, records this species for Texas and Rickard & Grishin (2010), News Lepid. Soc. 52(3): 79-84, pl. 1, fig. 2 ♂ D&V (syntype), confirmed its occurrence there and discuss this taxon.

=    lemnos (Druce, H. H., 1890)

Ent. mon. Mag. 26(313): 152.

Original Combination: Thecla Lemnos

Type Locality: “Interior of Columbia.”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    mesca Dyar, 1914

Proc. U. S. nat. Mus. 47(2050): 151-152.

Original Combination: Thecla mesca

Type Locality: "Taboga Island" [Panama]

Types: Holotype (#15762) in USNM.

Placed as a synonym of serapio by Schaus, 1920, Ent. News 31(6): 176.

=    inconspicua Lathy, 1930

Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 73(1): 136, pl. 9, fig. 15 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla inconspicua

Type Locality: “Petropolis, Brazil”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK

=    golbachi (Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1990)

Bulletin of the Allyn Museum (130): 8-9, figs. 6E ♂ D, 6F ♂ V, 19 a-f, ♂ genitalia (Holotype).

Original Combination: Strymon golbachi

Type Locality: “Mendoza (206A)” [Rio Negro Province, Argentina]

Types: Holotype in MNHP.

=    trunctogen (Johnson & Salazar-Escobar, 1993)

Rep. Mus. nat. Hist., Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (26): 5-6, pl. 2, 3E ♂ D&V (Holotype), fig. 1E ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Strymon trunctogen

Type Locality: “Columbia, “Bogota”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    altamiraensis (Johnson & Kroenlein, 1993)

Rep. Mus. nat. Hist., Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (35):3, pl. VII, 1B, fig. 1B.

Original Combination: Strymon altamiraensis

Type Locality: “ “...Brazil, “Alta Mira” [Altamira], Pará State...”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    henaoi Salazar-Escobar, Vélez & K. Johnson, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 2(16): 6, fig.

Original Combination: Strymon henaoi

Type Locality: “Colombia, Dept. Choco, Guarato”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    hurtadoi K. Johnson, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 2(16): 31, fig.

Original Combination: Strymon hurtadoi

Type Locality: “Colombia, Valle del Cauca, Cali”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    rosari Torres & K. Johnson, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 2(18): 3, fig.

Original Combination: Strymon hurtadoi

Type Locality: “Venezuela, Merida, Culata”

Types: Location of holotype not known.

=    originatus K. Johnson, Hernández & Cock, 1997

Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 2(18): 5, fig.

Original Combination: Strymon originatus

Type Locality: “Trinidad & Tobago, Oropouche”

Types: Location of holotype not known.

535.      Strymon solitario Grishin & Durden, 2012

J. Lepid. Soc. 66(2): 83-87, figs. 3(1) ♂ D&V (holotype), 3(2) ♀ D&V, 4 12 ♂ D&V, 5 12 ♀ D&V, 7(1&2) ♂ genitalia, 8(1&2) ♀ genitalia, 9 11 ♂ 9 ♀ live photos, 10(22) ♂ D&V, 10(23) ♂ D&V, 10(24) ♀ D&V, 10(25) ♀ D&V, 10(26) ♂ D&V, 10(27) ♀ D&V, 11 life history.

Original Combination: Strymon solitario

Type Locality: " USA: Texas: Brewster Co., Big Bend national Park, ca. 2 miles west of Boquillas Canyon..29o11'50"N 102o56'06"W, elevation 620m”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Genus Arawacus Kaye, 1904

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1904(2): 197. Type-species: Papilio linus Fabricius, [1777], Gen. Ins.: 269 (= Papilio aetolus Sulzer, 1776, Abgekürtze Gesch. Ins. 1: 147; 2: pl. 19, figs. 10, 11; synonym), by original designation. Robbins (2000), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 102(1): 162-169, revised this genus.

=    Polyniphes Kaye, 1904

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1904(2): 191. Type-species: Polyommatus dumenilii Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2):(611), 677, no. 187, by original designation. As first reviser, priority was given to Arawacus over Polyniphes by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (498): 3.

=    Dolymorpha W. Holland, 1931

Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 228. Type-species: Thecla jada Hewitson, 1867, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 87-88, no. 73; 2(3): pl. 34, figs. 67, 68, by monotypy.

=    Tigrinota K. Johnson, 1992

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. I): i., 104; mention; (vol. II): 185-186, figs. 191E, 191F, 191G, 191H, 191I, 191J, 191K, 191L, 217-224. Type-species: Thecla ellida Hewitson, 1867, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 88, no. 76; 2(3): pl. 34, figs. 62, 63, 64, by original designation.

536.      Arawacus jada (Hewitson, 1867)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 87-88, no. 73; 2(3): pl. 34, figs. 67 ♂ D, 68 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Jada

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Type(s) probably in NHMUK.

Subtribe Calycopidina Duarte & Robbins, 2010

Revta. bras. Entomol. 54(1): 48. Type-genus: Calycopis Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 108,

Genus Pendantus K. Johnson & Kroenlein, 1993

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) 34: 3-4, pl. VI, 1, fig. 2; type-species: Thecla plusios Godman & Salvin 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop.: (2): 77-78, no. 158 (= Tmolus denarius Butler & H. Druce, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 109; synonym), by original designation. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 4-5, fig. 5, treated this as a genus-level taxon.

537.      Pendantus guzanta (Schaus, 1902)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 420-421.

Original Combination: Thecla Guzanta

Type Locality: “Jalapa, Orizaba, Mexico” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype (#5952) in USNM.

Recorded from Texas by A. Warren et al. (2004), News Lepid. Soc. 46(1): 28-30, 15 figs.

=    aurantiaca (K. Johnson, 1992)

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. II): 198, figs. 191q ♂ D&V (holotype), 229a ♂ genitalia, 229b ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Arases aurantiaca

Type Locality: “Mexico, Chiapas State, Ochuc”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Genus Calycopis Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 108, no. 12. Type-species: Rusticus poeas Hübner, [1811], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [101], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 (= Hesperia cecrops Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 270, no. 41; synonym), by original designation.

=    Calystryma W. D. Field, 1967

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 123(3611): 1-2. Type-species: Calystryma blora W. D. Field, 1967, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 123(3611): 9-10, no. 3, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6, figs. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, by original designation.

=    Tergissima K. Johnson, 1988

Insecta Mundi 2(1): 30, figs. 1, 3C, 3H, 4E, 4F, 5C. Type-species: Tergissima mosconiensis K. Johnson, 1988, Insecta Mundi 2(1): 34, figs. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 3Ca-b, 3H, 4E (= Thecla caulonia Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 188, no. 366; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 587, 588; synonym), by original designation.

=    Femniterga K. Johnson, 1988

Insecta Mundi 2(1): 36, 38, figs. 2, 3D, 3G, 4A, 4B, 4E, 4F, 4G, 4H, 5D. Type-species: Femniterga notacastanea K. Johnson, 1988, Insecta Mundi 2(1): 38-39, figs. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 3D, 3G, 4A, 4G (= Thecla caulonia Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 188, no. 366; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 587, 588; synonym), by original designation.

=    Serratofalca K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 14, figs. 6, 29, 30. Type-species: Thecla cerata Hewitson, 1877; Ill. diurn. Lepid., Lycaenidae 1(7): 191, no. 374, 2(7): pl. 76, figs. 607-608, by original designation.

=    Klaufera K. Johnson, 1991

Rep. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 15-16, figs. 7, 31, 32. Type-species: Thecla pisis Godman & Salvin, 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 84, no. 175; 3(65): pl. 57, figs. 24, 25, by original designation.

=    Gigantofalca K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 16, figs. 8, 33, 34, 35. Type-species: Gigantofalca stacya K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 17, figs. 8A, 8B, 33, 34, by original designation.

=    Distissima K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 14. Type-species: Distissima spenceri K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 18, figs. 9A, 9B, 36, 37, by original designation.

=    Serratoterga K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 19, figs. 10, 41, 42, 43. Type-species: Serratoterga larsoni K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 20, figs. 10A, 10B, 40, 41 (= Thecla pisis Godman & Salvin, 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 84, no. 175; 3(65): pl. 57, figs. 24, 25; synonym), by original designation.

=    Terminospinissima K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 21, figs. 11, 44, 45. Type-species: Terminospinissima serratissima K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 22, figs. 11, 44, 45 (= Thecla cissusa Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 188-189, no. 367; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 589, 590; synonym), by original designation.

=    Furcovalva K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 22-23, figs. 12, 46, 47. Type-species: Furcovalva extensa K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 23-24, figs. 12A, 12B, 46, 47, by original designation.

=    Cyanodivida K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 24, figs. 13, 48, 49, 50, 5. Type-species: Cyanodivida fornoi K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 25, figs. 13A, 13B, 48, 49, by original designation.

=    Morphissima K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 26-27, figs. 14, 52, 53. Type-species: Morphissima scalpera K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 27, figs. 14B, 14C, 52, 53 (= Calycopis lerbela W. D. Field 1967, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 119(3552): 12, figs. 6, 20f, 26, 57, 58, 59, 60; synonym), by original designation.

      =    ‡Fieldia K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 28, figs. 15, 54, 55. Type-species: Fieldia yungas K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 28-29, figs. 15B, 15C, 54, 55 (= Thecla caulonia Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 188, no. 366; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 587, 588; synonym), by original designation. Preoccupied by Fieldia Walcott, 1912, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 57(6): 188.

=    Kroenleina K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 31, figs. 18, 60, 61, 62, 63. Type-species: Kroenleina panornata K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 32, figs. 18A, 18B, 60, 61, by original designation.

=    Antrissima K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 33, figs. 19, 64, 65, 66, 67. Type-species: Antrissima varicolor K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 33-34, figs. 19A, 19B, 64, 65 (= Thecla caulonia Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 188, no. 366; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 587, 588; synonym), by original designation.

=    Reversustus K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 34-35, figs. 20, 68, 69, 70, 71. Type-species: Thecla puppius Godman & Salvin, 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 84 (footnote), by original designation.

=    Mercedes K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 36, figs. 21, 72, 73. Type-species: Thecla demonassa Hewitson, 1868, Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 25, no. 53, by original designation.

=    Argentostriatus K. Johnson, 1991

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 37-38, figs. 22, 74, 75. Type-species: Thecla tamos Godman & Salvin, 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 79-80, no. 163, 3(60): pl. 52, figs. 16, 17, by original designation.

=    Profieldia K. Johnson, 1992

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (23): 12. Type-species: Fieldia yungas K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 28-29, figs. 15B, 15C, 54, 55 (= Thecla caulonia Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 188, no. 366; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 587, 588; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Fieldia K. Johnson, 1991, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

538.      Calycopis cecrops (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 270, no. 41; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 21, fig. 2.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Cecrops

Type Locality: “Indiis”; suggested to be “one of the states along the eastern coast of the United States between Virginia and Georgia, and probably the latter” by W. D. Field (1967), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 119(3552): 19; neotype from “Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia.”

Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 88.

=    poeas (Hübner, [1811])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [101], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Rusticus Poeas

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Amer. sept. et Centr.” by W. F. Kirby (1908), in: P. Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett. 3(addit. notes): 71; subsequently suggested to be “one of the states along the eastern coast of the United States between Virginia and Georgia, and probably the latter” by W. D. Field (1967), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 119(3552): 19.

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    nivnix (K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1990)

Bulletin of the Allyn Museum (130): 28-29, figs. 12B, ♀ D&V, 37 ♀ genitalia (holotype)

Original Combination: Strymon nivnix

Type Locality: “Cadenta (230A), Mendoza Province, 4-5000 ft.” apparently in error. [La Rioja, Argentina]

Types: Holotype in MNHP.

This taxon is a composite; Robbins and Lamas (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 202-203, excluded the genitalia and forewings from the holotype.

=    ‡”gottschalki” (A. Clark & L. Clark, 1938)

Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 51(1): 3.

Original Combination: Strymon cecrops ab. gottschalki

Type Locality: “Scout troop 54 Cabin, Fort Lewis Mountain, Roanoake County, Virginia”

Types: “Holotype” (#52256) in USNM; figured by A. Clark and L. Clark (1951), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116(7): frtspc., fig. 7 ♂ V.

539.      Calycopis isobeon (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)

Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 108; figured by Butler (1873), Lepid. Exot. (13): pl. 57, fig. 2 ♂ D.

Original Combination: T[molus]. Isobeon

Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.

Types: Lectotype (#Rh913) in NHMUK, designated by W. D. Field (1967), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 119(3552): 19-20.

=    escuintla (K. Johnson, 1991)

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 32, figs. 18C ♂ genitalia, 62 ♂ D&V, 63 ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Kroenleina escuintla

Type Locality: “mountains above Escuintla, 700m, sta. #14, Chiapas State, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

The status of this taxon requires further investigation.

Genus Kisutam K. Johnson, 1993

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) 34: 31. Type-species: Thecla syllis Godman & Salvin, 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 92, no. 197; 3(66): pl. 58, figs. 6, 7, by original designation.

540.      Kisutam syllis (Godman & Salvin, 1887)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 92, no. 197; 3(66): pl. 58, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V (lectotype).

Original Combination: Thecla syllis

Type Locality: “Mexico, Presidio...Cordova...Jalapa...Guatemala, San Gerónimo...central valleys...Nicaragua, Chontales”; lectotype from “San Geronimo, Verapaz” [Guatemala]

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by K. Johnson & Kroenlein, 1993, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) 34: 33.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(suppl. S1): 77, and Rickard (2010), News Lepid. Soc. 52(4): 141, 3 figs..

=    politus (H. Druce, 1907)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907 (3): 625-626, 22 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 23 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla politus

Type Locality: “Santarem” [Brazil, Santarém, Pará]

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by K. Johnson, 1991 Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 42.

=    subisobeon Strand, 1918

Soc. Entomol. 33(10): 38-39.

Original Combination: Thecla isobeon ?var. subisobeon

Type Locality: “Costa Rica”

Types: Holotype in MTD.

=    simplica Johnson, 1993

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) 32: 12-13, fig. 4E ♂ genitalia, fig, 5D ♀ genitalia, fig. 9 map, pl. 1, fig. A ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Gigantorubra simplica

Type Locality: Brazil, Santarém [Pará]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Genus Electrostrymon Clench, 1961

In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 185, 218. Type-species: Papilio endymion Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 519, no. 324, by original designation.

=    Angulopis K. Johnson, 1992

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 41-42, figs. 79, 80C, 80D. Type-species: Thecla autoclea Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 194, no. 384; 2(7): pl. 77, figs. 616, 617 (= Polyommatus hugon Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (602), 640, no. 84; synonym), by original designation.

541.      Electrostrymon hugon (Godart, [1824])

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (602), 640, no. 84.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Hugon

Type Locality: Not stated; "Brasil" suggested by E. Doubleday (1847), List Spec. lep. Brit. Mus. 2: 32.

Types: Holotype in MNHP.

Identity of this taxon was established by Faynel and Bálint (2004), Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 109(3): 266-267, fig. 3.

=    sangala (Hewitson, 1868)

Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 35, no. 75; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(4): pl. 54, figs. 314 ♀ D, 315 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Sangala

Type Locality: “Venezuela”

Types: Lectotype (#Rh1016) in NHMUK, designated by K. Johnson (1992), Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. II): 42.

=    cyphara (Hewitson, 1874)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(124): 106; figured by Hewitson (1877), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(7): pl. 74, figs. 579 ♂ V, 580 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Cyphara

Type Locality: “Panama”; suggested to be “either Isla Taboga or Ciudad Panamá” by Clench (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(3): 184.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    autoclea (Hewitson, 1877)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 194, no. 384; 2(7): pl. 77, figs. 616 ♂ V, 617 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Autoclea

Type Locality: “Nicaragua (Chontales, Belt)”

Types: Lectotype (#Rh1014) in NHMUK, designated by K. Johnson (1992), Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. II): 42.

=    callides (Dyar, 1914)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 47(2050): 151.

Original Combination: Thecla callides

Type Locality: “La Chorrera...Trinidad River” [Panama]

Types: Syntypes (#15760) in USNM.

Schaus (1920), Entomol. News 31(6): 176, placed this taxon in the synonymy of sangala.

542.      Electrostrymon joya (Dognin, 1895)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 39(2): 106.

Original Combination: Thecla Joya

Type Locality: “Loja et environs” [Ecuador]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    canus (H. H. Druce, 1907)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 624.

Original Combination: Thecla canus

Type Locality: “Mexico: Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 4600 feet”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    nubes (H. H. Druce, 1907)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 625.

Original Combination: Thecla nubes

Type Locality: “Tobago I. (Trindad)”

Types: Syntype in OUMNH.

=    callao (H. H. Druce, 1907)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 611, pl. 36, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Thecla callao

Type Locality: “Callao, Peru”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    rugatus (H. H. Druce, 1907)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 611-612.

Original Combination: Thecla rugatus

Type Locality: “Vina, N. W. Peru, 5500 ft.”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    bunnirae (Dyar, 1918)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 336.

Original Combination: Thecla bunnirae

Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico” [Guerrero]

Types: Holotype (#21199) in USNM.

Schaus (1920), Entomol. News 31(6): 176, placed this taxon as a synonym of canus.

=    shargeli (K. Johnson, [1990])

Insecta Mundi 3(3): 201, figs. 2E ♀ D&V, 3D ♀ genitalia (holotype).

Original Combination: Tergissima shargeli

Type Locality: “Chile, Santiago”

Types: Holotype in MNHP.

543.      Electrostrymon angelia (Hewitson, 1874)

a.   Electrostrymon angelia angelia (Hewitson, 1874)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(6): 162, no. 288; 2(6): pl. 63, figs. 439 ♂ V, 440 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Angelia

Type Locality: “Cuba and Jamaica”; lectotype from “Cuba.”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by W. Comstock and Huntington (1943), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 68.

Recorded from the United States (Key West, Florida) for the first time by Anderson (1974), J. Lepid. Soc. 28(4): 354, fig. 1, and now widely established in southern Florida.

Subtribe Parrhasiina Busby & Robbins, 2022

In: Robbins et al. (2022), Syst. Entomol. 47(3): 14. Type-genus: Parrhasius Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 79.

Genus Oenomaus Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 76. Type-species: Papilio ortygnus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(21): 84, pl. 243, fig. B ♂ V; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 231, no. 765.

‡”Draudtiana” Kesselring & Ebert, [1982]

Revta nordest. Biologia 2(1/2): 112. Type-species: Thecla atena Hewitson, 1867, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 92, no. 90; 2(3): pl. 36, fig. 93, pl. 37, fig. 101, by original designation. This name was listed without a description; a nomen nudum.

544.      Oenomaus ortygnus (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(21): 84, pl. 243, fig. B ♂ V; (24): 176 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Rur[alis]. Ortygnus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Location of type(s) not known; probably lost.

=    lauta (Draudt, 1918)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(281): 768; (268):, pl. 152a, figs. [5] ♂ D, [6] ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Thecla ortygnus] form lauta

Type Locality: “Steinwüsten von west-Mexiko (Guerrero)”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Genus Michaelus Nicolay, 1979

Bull. Allyn Mus. (56): 29-30, fig. 25A. Type-species: Thecla vibidia Hewitson, 1869, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(4): 119-120, no. 180; 2(4): pl. 49, figs. 242 ♂ D, 243 ♂ V (= Thecla ira Hewitson, 1867, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 89-90, no. 82; 2(3): pl. 34, figs. 81 ♂ D, 82 ♂ V; synonym), by original designation.

545.      Michaelus ira (Hewitson, 1867)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 89-90, no. 82; 2(3): pl. 34, figs. 81 ♂ D, 82 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Ira

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype (#670) in NHMUK.

Rickard (2016), News Lepid. Soc. 58(suppl. S1): 113, records this species for Texas.

=    vibidia (Hewitson, 1869)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(4): 119-120, no. 180; 2(4): pl. 49, figs. 242 ♂ D, 243 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Vibidia

Type Locality: “Amazon”

Types: Syntype (#668) in NHMUK.

=    ‡hewitsoni (W. F. Kirby, 1871)

Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 386.

Original Combination: T[hecla]. Hewitsoni

Proposed as a replacement name for Thecla ira, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of ira.

=    socigena (Hewitson, 1877)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 205-206, no. 424; 2(7): pl. 82, figs. 681 ♂ V, 682 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Thecla Socigena

Type Locality: “St. Martha” [Santa Marta, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]

Types: Type(s) probably in NHMUK.

‡”venustula” J. Zikán & W. Zikán, 1968

Pesq. agropec. bras. (Agronomia) 3: 57.

Original Combination: [Thecla] venustula “in litteris”

Type Locality: “Itatiaia” [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]

This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

Genus Parrhasius Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 79. Type-species: Papilio polibetes Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(29): 98-99, pl. 341, figs. B, C; (34): 251 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. Boston 10(2): 242, no. 815.

=    Eupsyche Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 112, no. 14. Type-species: Thecla m-album Boisduval & Le Conte, [1833], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (9): 86-87; (10): pl. 26, figs. 1-5, by original designation.

546.      Parrhasius m-album (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1833]) (1793)

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (9): 86-87; (10): pl. 26, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 larva, 5 pupa.

Original Combination: T[hecla]. M-Album

Type Locality: “Géorgie”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost.

Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 89, established Thecla m-album Boisduval & Le Conte, [1833], as a nomen protectum (Code Article 23.9.2).

=    ‡euripides (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 267, no. 32; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 13, fig. 4.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Euripides

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Location of type(s) not known; probably lost.

Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 89, established Hesperia euripides Fabricius, 1793, as a nomen oblitum (Code Article 23.9.2).

=    psyche (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1833])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (9): 88-89; (10): pl. 27, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 larva, 5, pupa.

Original Combination: [Thecla] Psyche

Type Locality: “plusieurs parties des États-Unis, sur-tout en Géorgie”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. Oberthür (1920), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 17: 15, suggested that the types are lost.

547.      Parrhasius moctezuma (Clench, 1971)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (3): 4, 6.

Original Combination: Panthiades m-album moctezuma

Type Locality: “5 miles north of Zimapán, Hidalgo, Mexico, 2140-2280 m (6950-7400')”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

Davenport (2017), News Lepid. Soc. 59(suppl. S1): 35, records this species for Arizona.

Subtribe Jantheclina Robbins & Faynel, 2022

In: Robbins et al. (2022), Syst. Entomol. 47(3): 12. Type-genus: Janthecla Robbins & Venables, 1991, J. Lepid. Soc. 45(1): 12.

Genus Allosmaitia Clench, [1964]

J. Res. Lepid. 2(4): 248, 254. Type-species: Thecla coelebs Herrich-Schäffer, 1862, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 16(10): 142, by original designation.

548.      Allosmaitia strophius (Godart, [1824])

In: Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (599-600), 632, no. 55.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Strophius

Type Locality: “Brésil”

Types: Holotype in MNHP; figured by K. Johnson (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(2): fig. 24.

=    scoteia (Hewitson, 1877)

Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 206, no. 425; 2(7): pl. 82, figs. 683 ♂ D, 684 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Thecla Scoteia

Type Locality: “Minas Geraes” [Minas Gerais, Brazil]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    pion (Godman & Salvin, 1887)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(56): 56, no. 101; 3(62): pl. 54, figs. 28 ♂ D, 28a ♂ scent patch, 29 ♂ V, 30 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thecla pion

Type Locality: “Guatemala, Polochic valley, Dueñas...Calderas...Panama, Chiriqui”; defined as “Duenas, (Polochic Valley)” by W. Comstock and Huntington (1962), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 70(2): 115. [Guatemala]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

This taxon was considered synonymous with strophius by Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc.(3): 28, citing Lathy (1926), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9)17(97): 43, although there was no mention of this synonymy by Lathy.

Subtribe Atlidina Martins & Duarte, 2022

In: Robbins et al. (2022), Syst. Entomol. 47(3): 11 Type-genus: Atlides Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 80.

Genus Atlides Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 80. Type-species: Papilio halesus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 3-4, pl. 98, figs. B, C; (16): 149 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 124, no. 147.

=    Riojana d’Abrerra & Bálint, 2001

Conc. Atlas Butterflies World: 195. Type-species: Thecla thargelia Burmeister, 1878, Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 230, Atl. pl. 8, fig. 9.

549.      Atlides halesus (Cramer, 1777)

a.   Atlides halesus halesus (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 3-4, pl. 98, figs. B ♂ D, C ♂ V; (16): 149 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Rural[is]. Halesus

Type Locality: “Virginien” “Virginie”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    dolichos Hübner, 1823

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [39], figs. 219 ♀ D, 220 ♀ V [1821]; 9, no. 110 (1823, name given).

Original Combination: Atlides Dolichos

Type Locality: “Georgien in Florida”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

This name was proposed (as “dolichus”) by Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 80, no. 815; a nomen nudum.

=    juanita (Scudder, 1868)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 435-436.

Original Combination: Thecla Juanita

Type Locality: “Pilatka, Florida” [now Palatka, Putnam County]

Types: Type(s) may be in MCZC.

b.   Atlides halesus corcorani Clench, 1942

Entomol. News 53(8): 219.

Original Combination: Atlides halesus corcorani form estesi, new normal form

Clench adopted Atlides halesus tr. f. corcorani Gunder, 1934, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”corcorani” Gunder, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 131.

Original Combination: Atlides halesus tr. f. corcorani

Type Locality: “Riverside, Riverside County, Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”estesi” Clench, 1942

Entomol. News 53(8): 219-220.

Original Combination: Atlides halesus corcorani form estesi, new normal form

Type Locality: “Riverside, California” [Riverside County]

Types: “Holotype” (#25703) in MCZC.

Subtribe Eumaeina Doubleday, 1847

Genus Eumaeus Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 67. Type-species: Rusticus minyas Hübner, [1809], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [97], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, by monotypy.

=    Eumenia Godart, [1824]

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 826. Type-species: Eumenia toxea Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 826, no. 1, by monotypy.

=    Eumaea Geyer, [1834]

In: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [18]. Type-species: Eumaea debora Geyer, [1834], in: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [18], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 (= Eumenia childrenae G. Gray, 1832, Griffiths' Anim. Kingd. 15(2): 677, pl. 112, figs. 3, 3a, 3b; synonym), by monotypy.

      =    ‡Epula Gistel, 1848

Naturgesch. Thierreichs höhe Sch.: ix. Type-species: Eumenia toxea Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 826, no. 1, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Eumenia Godart, [1824], erroneously thought preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Eumenia.

550.      Eumaeus toxea (Godart, [1824])

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 826, no. 1.

Original Combination: Eumenia Toxea

Type Locality: “l’interior de l’Amérique méridionale”; suggested to be “Guatemalan” by Lathy (1926), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9)17(97): 39.

Types: Syntype in MNHP; figured by Faynel and Bálint (2004), Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 109(3): fig. 1 ♀ D&V.

Goodson (1947), Entomol. 80(1015): 274, no. 2, diagnosed this taxon as distinct from E. minyas (Hübner, 1809), Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [97], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Robbins (1984), in: R. Kendall and McGuire, Bull. Allyn Mus. (86): 15, detailed several old, perhaps dubious, records of this taxon from southern Texas. Hall, (2019), News Lepid. Soc. 61(2): 70-71, fig. documents a Texas voucher.

551.      Eumaeus atala (Poey, 1832)

Cent. Lépid. Cuba (1): [7-9], [no. 3], pl. [3], figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [3] ♀ D.

Original Combination: Eumenia Atala

Type Locality: “Havane” [Cuba]

Types: Syntype (#7771) in ANSP.

=    florida Röber, 1926

Entomol. Mitt. 15(5/6): 373; cited [Draudt] (1916), in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(246): pl. 146b, figs. [1] ♂ V, [2] ♂ D.

Original Combination: [Eumaeus atala] [form] florida

Type Locality: “Florida”; suggested to be “Miami, Dade Co.” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 98. [Miami-Dade County]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

This taxon has been thought by some (e.g., Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 45), to be only slightly distinct from E. a. atala, and was placed in synonymy by Smith et al. (1994), Butterflies W. Ind. & Fla.: 107, and Robbins (2004), in: Lamas, Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 118.

=    grayi W. Comstock & Huntington, 1943

Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 60.

Original Combination: Eumaeus atala grayi

Type Locality: “Florida...Miami” [Miami-Dade County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Subfamily Polyommatinae Swainson, 1827

Phil. Mag. (2)1(3): 187 (as “Polyommatidae”). Type-genus: Polyommatus Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(Tab.): 185, no. 474, 200. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed Polyommatus on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 689.

Tribe Polyommatini Swainson, 1827

Subtribe Brephidiina Gifford, 1965

Butterflies Malawi: 58 (as “Brephidinae”). Type-genus: Brephidium Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 123, no. 27. This name also proposed by Stempffer, 1967, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 10: 276.

Genus Zizula Chapman, 1910

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1910(4): 483. Type-species: Lycaena gaika Trimen, 1862, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (3)1(4): 403-404, by original designation.

552.      Zizula cyna (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 3.

Original Combination: Lycaena Cyna

Type Locality: “San Antonio, Texas” [Bexar County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 68, fig. 1 ♀ D, and F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): fig. 3 ♀ D&V.

=    tulliola (Godman & Salvin, 1887)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(64): 108, no. 12; 3(66): pl. 58, figs. 28 ♂ D, 29 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena tulliola

Type Locality: “Mexico, Milpas, Ventanas...Cordova...Jalapa...Guatemala...San Gerónimo, Dueñas, Zapote”; figured specimen is from “San Gerónimo, Guatemala.”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    mela (Strecker, 1900)

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 20.

Original Combination: Lycaena Mela

Type Locality: “Colorado...Bastrop, Tex...Chihuahua...Muso, Colombia, S. America”

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

Genus Brephidium Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 123, no. 27. Type-species: Lycaena exilis Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 294, no. 29, by original designation.

553.      Brephidium exilis (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Brephidium exilis exilis (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 294, no. 29; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1935 ♂ [not ♀] D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena exilis

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13.

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13, figs. 51 ♂ D, 52 ♂ V.

=    fea (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 211, no. 11.

Original Combination: Lycaena Fea

Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 357, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 32, fig. 4 ♂ D.

=    ‡”coolidgei” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(1): 2, no. 1, pl. 1, fig. L ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Brephidium exilis ab. ♀ coolidgei

Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 53, fig. 8 ♀ V.

554.      Brephidium pseudofea (Morrison, 1873)

Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 28, discussed the relationship between B. exilis and B. pseudofea, and the status of the taxon isophthalma (Herrich-Schäffer, 1862) as a subspecies of B. exilis.

a.   Brephidium pseudofea pseudofea (Morrison, 1873)

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(4): 186-187.

Original Combination: Lycaena pseudofea

Type Locality: “Key West, Florida” [Monroe County]

Types: Syntype in MCZC (#15975), others may be in USNM.

b.   Brephidium pseudofea insularus Pavulaan & Gatrelle, 1999

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(7): 3-4, figs. 6 ♂ V, 7 ♂ D&V (holotype), 8 ♀ D&V, 9 ♂ V, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ V, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Brephidium isophthalma insularus

Type Locality: “Rt 21 near Beaufort, Beaufort County, South Carolina”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

=    ‡”carolina” Pavulaan, 1993

S. Lepid. News 15(4): 37, figs. 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♂&♀ D.

Original Combination: Brephidium isophthalma pseudofea form carolina

Type Locality: “near Beaufort, Beaufort Co., SC” [South Carolina]

Types: “Syntypes’ in H. Pavulaan collection and MGCL; some paratypes of B. p. insularis are syntypes of “carolina.”

Subtribe Zizeeriina Chapman, 1910

Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 58(4): 482 (as “Zizeeridi”). Type-genus: Zizeeria Chapman, 1910, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (4)1910(4)[58]: 480, 482.

Genus Zizina Chapman, 1910

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1910(4): 482. Type-species: Polyommatus labradus Godart, [1824]; Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (612), 680, no. 197, by original designation.

555.      Zizina otis (Fabricius, 1787)

a.   Zizina otis otis (Fabricius, 1787)

Mantissa Ins. 2: 73, no. 689.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Otis

Type Locality: “China”

Types: Syntype in ZMUC.

This species was reported for Hawaii by Snyder et al. (2008), News Lepid. Soc. 50(1): 3-6, 11 figs.

=    sangra (Moore, [1866])

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(3): 772, no. 64, pl. 41, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: P[olyommatus]. sangra

Type Locality: “Bengal” [India/Bangladesh]

Types: Syntype(s) in NHMUK.

=    oriens (Butler, 1883)

Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 11 (66): 403, 417-418, no. 64.

Original Combination: Zizera oriens

Type Locality: “Pasananca valley, Mindanao” [Philippines]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    parasangra Toxopeus, 1929

Tijdschr. Entomol. 72(3/4): 206.

Original Combination: Zizina parasangra

Type Locality: “Küstengebiet von Nordost-Sumatra (Deli)” [Indonesia]

Types: Location of holotype not known.

=    kuli Toxopeus, 1929

Tijdschr. Ent. 72(3/4): 207.

Original Combination: Zizina kuli

Type Locality: “Deli, Sumatra” [Indonesia]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    annetta Toxopeus, 1929

Tijdschr. Ent. 72(3/4): 207.

Original Combination: Zizina annetta

Type Locality: “Perapat, am Toba-See” [Indonesia]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    soeriomataram Kalis, 1938

Ent. Rundsch. 55(19): 197.

Original Combination: Zizina soeriomataram

Type Locality: “Kangean” [Kangean Islands, Indonesia]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Subtribe Lampidina Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Br. Butterflies 2(15): 327, 329 (as “Lampididi”). Type-genus: Lampidesscoa Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 70.

Genus Lampides Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 70. Type-species: Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 789, no. 226, by designation of Grote (1873), Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(3): 179.

      =    ‡Cosmolyce Toxopeus, 1927

Tijdschr. Entomol. 70(3/4): 268 (nota). Type-species: Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 789, no. 226, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Lampides Hübner, [1819].

      =    ‡Lampidella Hemming, 1933

Entomol. 66(845): 224. Type-species: Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 789, no. 226, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Lampides Hübner, [1819].

556.      Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 789, no. 226.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus Ruralis]. Boeticus

Type Locality: “Barbarie” [Algeria]

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 304.

Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not included.

=    damoetes Fabricius, 1775

Syst. Entomol.: 526, no. 350.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Damoetes

Type Locality: “nova Hollandia” [Australia]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    coluteae Fuessly, 1775

Verz. bekannt. schweiz. Ins.: 31, no. 594, fig. 1(2) ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Papilio Coluteae

Type Locality: “Schweizerischen” implied from the title of the book [Switzerland]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    archias Cramer, 1777

Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 129, pl. 181, fig. C ♂ V; (16): 147 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Rural[is]. Archias

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    pisorum Fourcroy, 1785

In: Fourcroy, Entomol. Paris 2: Ent. Paris.: 242, no. 25.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. pisorum

Type Locality: Not stated; “Parisiensis” implied from the title of the work.

Types: Location of types not known.

Subtribe Leptotina Wagener, 1995

In: Hesselbarth, van Oorschot and Wagener, Tagf. Turk 1: 152 (as “Leptotiti”). Type-genus: Leptotes Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 3: 124, no. 28.

Genus Leptotes Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 124, no. 28. Type-species: Lycaena theonus Lucas, 1856, in: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 611-612, pl. Art. 16, figs. 8, 8A, 8B (= Papilio cassius Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 36-37, pl. 23, figs. C, D; (8): 152 (index); subspecies), by original designation.

=    Cyclyrius Butler, 1897

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1896(4): 830. Type-species: Polyommatus webbianus Brullé, 1840, in: Webb and Berthelot, Canaries (Ins.): 93, pl. 4, figs. 1, 1A, by original designation.

=    Syntarucus Butler, [1901]

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1900(4): 929. Type-species: Papilio telicanus Lang, 1789, Verz. Schmett. Gegend. Augsburg (2nd ed.): 47-48, nos. 387-389 (= Papilio pirithous Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 790, no. 235; synonym), by monotypy.

=    Syntarucoides Kaye, 1904

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1904(2): 190. Type-species: Papilio cassius Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 36-37, pl. 23, figs. C, D; (8): 152 (index), by original designation.

      =    ‡Langia Tutt, 1906

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(12): 314. Type-species: Papilio telicanus Lang, 1789, Verz. Schmett. Gegend. Augsburg (2nd ed.): 47 (= Papilio pirithous Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 790, no. 235: synonym), by original designation. Preoccupied by Langia Moore, 1872, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872: 567, and a junior objective synonym of Syntarucus Butler, [1901].

      =    ‡Raywardia Tutt, 1908

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(25): 484. Type-species: Papilio telicanus Lang, 1789, Verz. Schmett. Gegend. Augsburg (2nd ed.): 47 (= Papilio pirithous Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 790, no. 23; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Langia Tutt, 1906, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8). A junior objective synonym of Syntarucus Butler, [1901].

*557.    Leptotes cassius (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 36-37, pl. 23, figs. C ♀ D, D ♀ V; (8): 152 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Rural[is]. Cassius

Type Locality: “Suriname” “Surinam”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

a.   Leptotes cassius theonus (Lucas, 1857)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 611-612, pl. Art. 16, figs. 8 ♂ D, 8a ♂ V, 8b ♀ D.

Original Combination: Lycaena Theonus

Type Locality: “l’île de Cuba”

Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.

=    floridensis (Morrison, 1873)

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(4): 187-188.

Original Combination: Lycaena cassius var. floridensis

Type Locality: “Key West, Florida” [Monroe County]

Types: Syntype in MCZC (#25845), other syntypes may be in USNM. W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 107, noted that a syntype is in the CMNH.

b.   Leptotes cassius cassidula (Boisduval, 1870)

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 16-17.

Original Combination: Lycaena Cassidula

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Type(s) may be in NHMUK or MNHP.

=    striata (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

Field & Forest 3(5): 88.

Original Combination: Lycaena Striata

Type Locality: “San Antonio” [Bexar County, Texas]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 358, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

558.      Leptotes marina (Reakirt, 1868)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 20(1/2): 87, no. 51.

Original Combination: Lycaena Marina

Type Locality: “Orizaba, Mexico...Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

=    ‡”violacea” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(1): 6, no. 10, pl. 1, fig. U ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Leptotes marina ab. ♀ violacea

Type Locality: “Oak Glen, Riverside County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”burdicki” Henne, 1935

Entomol. News 46(4): 100, fig. 1 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Leptotes marina form burdicki

Type Locality: “Lennox, Los Angeles County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in UCMC.

=    ‡”reakirti” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 26.

Original Combination: Leptotes marina female f. reakirtii

Type Locality: “Mesa Butte, Arizona” [Coconino County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

Subtribe Scolitantidina Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Br. Butterflies 2(15): 327; (17): 378 (as “Scolitantididi”). Type-genus: Scolitantides Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 68.

Genus Philotiella Mattoni, [1978]

J. Res. Lepid. 16(4): 227, 230, pl. 5, pl. 10, pl. 12. Type-species: Lycaena speciosa Hy. Edwards, 1877, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 173, by original designation. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 4, fig. 3, treat this taxon as a subgenus of Euphilotes. The recognition of Philotiella as a genus has been nearly universal since its description; there is no requirement to change that.

559.      Philotiella speciosa (Hy. Edwards, 1877)

a.   Philotiella speciosa speciosa (Hy. Edwards, 1877)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 173.

Original Combination: Lycaena speciosa

Type Locality: “Havilah, Kern County”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; possibly figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 32, fig. 1 ♂ D.

b.   Philotiella speciosa septentrionalis Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 557, figs. 101 ♂ D, 102 ♂ V (holotype); 103 ♀ D, 104 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Philotiella speciosa septentrionalis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lyon County; Fort Churchill Road, 12.3 road miles south (= east) of U.S. highway 50, 1341 m, T17N R24E S32 on USGS Churchill Butte, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Philotiella speciosa bohartorum (Tilden, [1969])

J. Res. Lepid. 6(4): 281-283.

Original Combination: Philotes speciosa bohartorum

Type Locality: “Briceburg, Mariposa Co., Calif...just behind the Briceburg Station where an old bridge crosses the Merced River”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA; possibly figured by Mattoni [1978], J. Res. Lepid. 16(4): pl. 4, top row, right ♂ D, pl. 5, top row right ♂ V.

d.   Philotiella speciosa purisima Priestaf & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (19): 283-284, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Philotiella speciosa purisima

Type Locality: “California: Santa Barbara County; Harris Grade at Burton Mesa Boulevard, north of Lompoc”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

560.      Philotiella leona Hammond & McCorkle, 2000

Holarct. Lepid. 6(2): 77, figs. 1 ♂ genitalia lateral, 3 ♂ genitalia posterior, 5 ♀ genitalia dorsal (partial), 7 ♂ genitalia right valve inside, 8 ♂ genitalia left valve ventral, 9 ♂ genitalia right valve apical, 18 top row left ♂ D (holotype), top row right ♀ V, bottom row left ♀ D.

Original Combination: Philotiella leona

Type Locality: “milepost 226 along U.S. Highway 97, Klamath Co., Oregon”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Genus Euphilotes Mattoni, [1978]

J. Res. Lepid. 16(4): 224-225. Type-species: Lycaena enoptes Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 298, no. 36, by original designation.

battoides complex Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 216.

561.      Euphilotes battoides (Behr, 1867)

The arrangement of taxa under this species is tentative. It is assumed that some taxa will eventually be removed to other species in the battoides complex.

a.   Euphilotes battoides battoides (Behr, 1867)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 282, no. 15.

Original Combination: L[ycaena]. Battoides

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “at an elevation of eleven thousand feet, on the head-waters of the San Joaquin River” from the description; neotype from “nr. Mono Pass, 12,000 ft. NW Inyo County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 102, figs. 52 ♀ D, 53 ♀ V.

b.   Euphilotes battoides argocyanea Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 217-218, figs. 35 ♂ D, 36 ♂ V (holotype); 37 ♀ D, 38 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides argocyanea

Type Locality: “California: Inyo Co., E end of Nelson Range: slope 0.3 km W of Junction of Saline Valley Road and Hunter Mt. Road, 1,800-1,900 m”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Euphilotes battoides mazourka Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 218-219, figs. 39 ♂ D, 40 ♂ V (holotype); 41 ♀ D, 42 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides mazourka

Type Locality: “California: Inyo County: Inyo Mountains; northwest edge of Badger Flat, 0.5 air mile northeast of 9441' summit of Mazourka Peak, 8,800-8,900' elevation; northeast one-fourth of S23, T.11S., R.35E”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Euphilotes battoides panamintensis Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 219-220, figs. 43 ♂ D, 44 ♂ D (holotype); 45 ♀ D, 46 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides panamintensis

Type Locality: “California: Inyo Co.: Panamint Range, Wildrose Cyn., 2,100 m”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Euphilotes battoides fusimaculata Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 551, figs. 65 ♂ D, 66 ♂ V (holotype); 67 ♀ D, 68 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides fusimaculata

Type Locality: “Nevada: Nye County; Toiyabe Mountains, Peavine Creek Campground, 2012 m, T8N R42E (unsectioned) on USGS Dry Canyon, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

562.      Euphilotes bernardino (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)

Shields and Reveal (1988), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 33(1): 87-88, fig. 1, tbl. 1, Mattoni (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 176, and other recent authors treated this as a species-level taxon.

a.   Euphilotes bernardino bernardino (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 116-117, pl. 11, figs. 9 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V, 13 ♀ D; ♂ genitalia figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1917), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): pl. 17, fig. 4.

Original Combination: [Philotes battoides] race bernardino

Type Locality: “Camp Baldy, S. Bernardino Mts.”; corrected to “San Gabriel Mts.” by Shields (1977), J. Res. Lepid. 16(1): 48. [San Bernardino County, California]

Types: Syntypes in USNM; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 37 ♂ V.

=    ‡”baldyensis” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(1): 3, no. 2, pl. 1, fig. M ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Philotes battoides var. bernardino ab. ♀ baldyensis

Type Locality: “Camp Baldy, San Bernardino County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 55, fig. 32 ♀ V.

b.   Euphilotes bernardino inyomontana Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 223-224, figs. 55 ♂ D, 56 ♂ V (holotype); 57 ♀ D, 58 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes bernardino inyomontana

Type Locality: “California: Inyo Co.; Panamint Range, S end; ridge just above Wood Canyon, 1,500-1,700 m elev., 1.3 km NNW of Manly Peak”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Euphilotes bernardino minuta Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 549-550, figs. 53 ♂ D, 54 ♂ V (holotype); 55 ♀ D, 56 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes bernardino minuta

Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Spring Valley, Baking Powder Flat, 1 mile south of Blind Spring, 1762 m, T11N R67E S26 on USGS Wheeler Peak, Nev. quadrangle, 15' series”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

d.   Euphilotes bernardino martini (Mattoni, 1954)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 53(3): 157, 159, no. 1, pl. 43, fig. 3 ♂ D (holotype), 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Philotes battoides martini

Type Locality: “Oatman, Mohave Co., Arizona”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

563.      Euphilotes allyni (Shields, 1975)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 10-11, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides battoides allyni

Type Locality: “California: Los Angeles Co., El Segundo”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Treated as a distinct species by Davenport (2018), Butterflies of southern Cal. update: 89-90 and this was corroborated by Rubinoff et al. (2021), J. Lepid. Soc. 75(2): 161-164

564.      Euphilotes glaucon (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Mattoni (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 175, suggested that this may be a species-level taxon. A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 173-176, described patterns of geographic variation in this species in Oregon.

a.   Euphilotes glaucon glaucon (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 210, no. 9.

Original Combination: Lycaena Glaucon

Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “Storey County, Nevada” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 406-407; further defined as “near Virginia City, Storey Co., Nevada” by Shields (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 21.

Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 409, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.

b.   Euphilotes glaucon oregonensis (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)

Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): 214, pl. 16, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Philotes battoides] oregonensis

Type Locality: “Crater Lake, Oregon” [Klamath County]

Types: Holotype in USNM; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 36 ♂ V.

c.   Euphilotes glaucon australoglaucon Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 216-217, figs. 31 ♂ D, 32 ♂ V (holotype); 33 ♀ D, 34 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides australoglaucon

Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; east slope Sierra Nevada; Independence Creek, 6,300' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

K. Davenport (2004), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 5(1): 29, allied this taxon with E. glaucon.

d.   Euphilotes glaucon comstocki (Shields, 1975)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 12, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides battoides comstocki

Type Locality: “California: Kern Co., Tehachapi”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

K. Davenport (2004), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(7): 10, allied this taxon with E. intermedia.

e.   Euphilotes glaucon intermedia (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)

Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): 214, pl. 16, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Philotes battoides] intermedia

Type Locality: “Shasta Co., Cali. (presumably the vicinity of Castella in the Upper Sacramento Valley)” [California]

Types: Holotype in USNM; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 38 ♂ D.

Mattoni (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 175, noted that this taxon is sympatric with E. b. battoides at some sites in California, and A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 174-175, allied intermedia with E. glaucon.

=    ‡”malcolmi” (Gunder, 1927)

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 282-283, no. 5, pl. A, fig. 5 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Philotes glaucon race intermedia tr. f. malcolmi

Type Locality: “Amer. River, Placer Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

565.      Euphilotes heracleoides Kohler & A. Warren, 2021

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(4): 10-12, figs. 39-40 ♂ D&V (holotype, 41-42 ♀ (allotype), 43-46 ♂ D&V, 47-50 ♀ D&V (paratypes), 51-52 ♀ D&V, 53-54 ♂ D&V, 55-56 ♀, 57-60 ♀ D&V, 250 ♂ genitalia (holotype), 251-260 ♂ genitalia, 324 ♀ genitalia (allotype), 325-331 ♀ genitalia, 384 map.

Original Combination: Euphilotes heracleoides

Type Locality: “USA: Montana: Sanders County: vicinity of Niarada”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

566.      Euphilotes baueri (Shields, 1975)

Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 225, treated this as a species-level taxon.

a.   Euphilotes baueri borealis Kohler, 2021

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(4): 21-22, figs. 79-80 ♂ D&V (holotype), 81-82 ♀ D&V (allotype), 83-86 ♂ D&V, 87-90 ♀ D&V (paratypes), 91-92 ♂ D&V, 93-94 ♀ D&V, 267-268 ♂ genitalia (holotype, 269 ♂ genitalia, 336 ♀ genitalia (allotype), 337-338 ♀ genitalia, 385 map.

Original Combination: Euphilotes baueri borealis

Type Locality: “USA: Montana: Sanders County: west of Highway 382, 4.5 miles north of Camas Prairie, 2950’”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Davenport (2018), Butterflies of southern Cal. update: 94, places this taxon here.

b.   Euphilotes baueri shoshone Kohler, 2021

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(4): 22-23, figs. 95-96 ♂ D&V (holotype), 97-98 ♀ D&V (allotype), 99-100 ♂ D&V, 101-103 ♀ D&V, 103-104 ♂ D&V, 105-106♀ (paratypes), 270 ♂ genitalia (holotype), 271 ♂ genitalia, 339 ♀ genitalia (allotype), 340 ♀ genitalia (paratype), 385 map.

Original Combination: Euphilotes baueri shoshone

Type Locality: “USA: Idaho: Butte County: vicinity of Crater Loop Road, 5875-5975’, Craters of the Moon National Monument”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Davenport (2018), Butterflies of southern Cal. update: 94, places this taxon here.

c.   Euphilotes baueri vernalis Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 221, figs. 47 ♂ D, 48 ♂ V (holotype); 49 ♀ D, 50 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides vernalis

Type Locality: “California; San Bernardino Co.; Coxey Meadow; 1,600 m”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

Davenport (2018), Butterflies of southern Cal. update: 94, places this taxon here.

d.   Euphilotes baueri baueri (Shields, 1975)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 15-16, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides battoides baueri

Type Locality: “California: Inyo Co., W side Gilbert Pass, 6200'”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Euphilotes baueri orientis Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 550, figs. 57 ♂ D, 58 ♂ V (holotype); 59 ♀ D, 60 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes baueri orientis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lincoln County; Bristol Mountains, U.S. highway 93, 12.5 road miles north of Pioche, 1826 m, T3N R66E (unsectioned) on USGS Bristol Range SE, Nev., 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

567.      Euphilotes oakleyi Kohler, 2021

a.   Euphilotes oakleyi oakleyi Kohler, 2021

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(4): 24-25, figs. 107-108 ♂ D&V (holotype), 109-110 ♀ D&V (allotype), 111-114 ♂ D&V, 115-118 ♀ D&V (paratypes), 119-120 ♂ D&V, 121-122 ♀ D&V, 123-124 ♂ D&V, 273 ♂ genitalia (holotype), 274-275 ♂ genitalia (paratypes), 276-282 ♂ genitalia, 341 ♀ genitalia (allotype), 342 ♀ genitalia (paratype), 343 ♀ genitalia, 386 map.

Original Combination: Euphilotes oakleyi oakleyi

Type Locality: “USA: Montana: Missoula County: vicinity of Spring Gulch and Stuart Peak Trail, 4.5 miles up, Rattlesnake Mountains, north of Missoula”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Euphilotes oakleyi madisonensis Kohler, 2021

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(4): 26, figs. 125-126 ♂ D&V (holotype), 127-128 ♀ D&V, 129-130 ♀ D&V (allotype), 131-134 ♂ D&V (paratypes), 135-138 ♀ D&V (paratypes), 139-140 ♂ D&V, 283 ♂ genitalia (allotype), 284 ♂ genitalia (paratype, 286-291 ♂ genitalia, 344 ♀ genitalia (allotype), 345-351 ♀ genitalia (paratypes), 386 map.

Original Combination: Euphilotes oakleyi madisonensis

Type Locality: “USA: MONTANA: Madison County: state section, Varney Road, 5300-5345’, 4 miles NW Cameron”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

568.      Euphilotes centralis (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)

Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 222-223, treated this as a species-level taxon.

a.   Euphilotes centralis centralis (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)

Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): 215, pl. 16, figs. 7 ♂ D (holotype), 8 ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Philotes battoides] centralis

Type Locality: “Salida, Colo.” [Chaffee County, Colorado]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

b.   Euphilotes centralis hadrochilus Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 222, figs. 51 ♂ D, 52 ♂ V, 53 ♀ D, 54 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes centralis hadrochilus

Type Locality: “California, Inyo Co., 6 km S of Westgard Pass, 2,000 m”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

569.      Euphilotes ellisii (Shields, 1975)

Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 225-227, treated this as a species-level taxon.

a.   Euphilotes ellisii ellisii (Shields, 1975)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 12-13, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides battoides ellisii

Type Locality: “Colarado [sic]: Mesa Co., W. Creek, Unaweep Canyon, 5400', 6 mi E. of Gateway”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Euphilotes ellisii anasazi J. Scott, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 11: 5, fig. 11 ♂ D (holotype), 12 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides anasazi

Type Locality: “Aztec, San Juan Co., New Mexico”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

c.   Euphilotes ellisii basinensis Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 551, figs. 61 ♂ D, 62 ♂ V (holotype); 63 ♀ D, 64 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes ellisii basinensis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lyon County; Pine Nut Mountains, Eldorado Canyon, 3-4 miles southeast of Dayton, 1524 m, T15N R22E S31 on USGS Dayton, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

d.   Euphilotes ellisii euromojavensis Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 225-226, figs. 59 ♂ D, 60 ♂ V (holotype); 61 ♀ D, 62 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes ellisii euromojavensis

Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino Co.; Mid Hills; north facing slope of Macedonia Canyon, 1,400-1,500 m, 1.0 km SE of peak of Columbia Mt.; SE 1/4 of S 34, T 12N, R 14E”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Euphilotes ellisii avawatz Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 226-227, figs. 63 ♂ D, 64 ♂ V (holotype); 65 ♀ D, 66 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes ellisii avawatz

Type Locality: “California, San Bernardino Co.; northeastern Mojave Desert; Avawatz Mountains, 5 Km west of Old Mormon Spring, 1,100 m”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

enoptes complex Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 209.

570.      Euphilotes ancilla (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)

Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 213-215, and A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 184-185, treated this as a species-level taxon.

a.   Euphilotes ancilla montosa Kohler, 2021

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(4): 28, figs. 151-152 ♂ D&V (holotype), 153-154 ♀ D&V (allotype), 155-162 ♂ D&V (paratypes), 163-164 ♂ D&V, 165-166 ♀ D&V, 167-168 ♂ D&V, 169-170 ♀ D&V, 296 ♂ genitalia (holotype), 353-354 ♀ genitalia D&V (paratypes), 355-361 ♀ genitalia, 387 map.

Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla montosa

Type Locality: “USA: MONTANA: Missoula County: Ninemile Prairie, northwest of GreenoughUSA: MONTANA: Missoula County: Ninemile Prairie, northwest of Greenough”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Euphilotes ancilla campestris Kohler, 2021

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(4): 30-31, figs. 171-172 ♂ D&V (holotype), 173-174 ♀ D&V (allotype), 175-180 ♂ D&V (paratypes), 181-184 ♀D&V, 185-188 ♂ D&V, 189-190 ♀ D&V, 191-192 ♂ D&V, 193-194 ♀ D&V, 195-196 ♂ D&V, 297 ♂ genitalia (holotype), 298 ♂ genitalia (paratype), 299-300 ♂ genitalia, 362-365 ♀ genitalia, 387 map.

Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla campestris

Type Locality: “USA: MONTANA: Powder River County: hills south of Highway 212, 0.8 miles west of Pumpkin Creek Road, 24 miles west of BroadusUSA: MONTANA: Powder River County: hills south of Highway 212, 0.8 miles west of Pumpkin Creek Road, 24 miles west of Broadus”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Euphilotes ancilla barnesi Opler & M. Fisher, 2009

In: Fisher, Butterflies Colo. 4: 126-128, top left ♂ D, top right ♂ V (holotype), 2nd left ♀ D, 2nd right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla barnesi

Type Locality: “Colorado: Jefferson County, Indian Gulch, 1 mile west of Golden”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

d.   Euphilotes ancilla ancilla (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)

Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 79; figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): pl. 11, figs. 2 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, ♂ genitalia figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1917), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): pl. 17, fig. 2 (as Philotes battoides glaucon).

Original Combination: [Philotes enoptes] ancilla

Type Locality: “Eureka, Utah” [Juab County]

Types: Holotype in USNM; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, figs. 41 ♂ V, 42 ♀ D, 43 ♀ V.

e.   Euphilotes ancilla giulianii Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 214-215, figs. 27 ♂ D, 28 ♂ V (holotype); 29 ♀ D, 30 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla giulianii

Type Locality: “Nevada: Nye Co.; Grapevine Mountains; ridge 0.8 km southeast of Wahguyhe Peak 2,300-2,300 m”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

f.    Euphilotes ancilla gilvatunica Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 553, figs. 77 ♂ D, 78 ♂ V (holotype); 79 ♀ D, 80 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla gilvatunica

Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Nevada State Route 341, 3.3 road miles east of US 395, 1525 m, T18N R20E S5 on USGS Steamboat, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

g.   Euphilotes ancilla shieldsi Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 553, figs. 73 ♂ D, 74 ♂ V (holotype); 75 ♀ D, 76 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla shieldsi

Type Locality: “Nevada: Esmeralda County; White Mountains, Trail Canyon Road, 9.5 road miles west of Nevada state route 264, 2286 m, T1S R34E S6 on USGS Davis Mountain, Nev.-Calif. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

h.   Euphilotes ancilla purpura Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 552, figs. 69 ♂ D, 70 ♂ V (holotype); 71 ♀ D, 72 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla purpura

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Willow Creek, 1829 m, T18S R55E S2 on USGS Mt. Stirling quadrangle, 15' series”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

i.    Euphilotes ancilla cryptica Austin & Boyd, 2008

J. Lepid. Soc. 62(3): 157-158.

Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla cryptica

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Cold Creek, 1825m in elevation, towards the northern end of these mountains”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

j.    Euphilotes ancilla pseudointermedia Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 214, figs. 23 ♂ D, 24 ♂ V (holotype); 25 ♀ D, 26 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla pseudointermedia

Type Locality: “California; Nevada Co.; Castle Peak near Donner Pass, 2,700 m”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

571.      Euphilotes stanfordorum Opler & A. Warren, 2009

In: Fisher, Butterflies Colo. 4: 125-126, 132, top left ♂ D, top right ♂ V (holotype), 2nd left ♀ D, 2nd right ♀ V, 3rd left ♂ D, 3rd right ♂ V, 4th left ♀ D, 4th right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes stanfordorum

Type Locality: “Colorado: Delta County, southwest of Hotchkiss”

Types: Holotype in CSUC

572.      Euphilotes mojave (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Mattoni (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 174-175, considered this a species-level taxon, a status corroborated by Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 213.

a.   Euphilotes mojave mojave (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 455-456.

Original Combination: Philotes enoptes mojave

Type Locality: “Mojave Desert, California”; suggested to be “probably around Randsburg, Kern Co., California” by Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 213.

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 44 ♂ V.

b.   Euphilotes mojave virginensis Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 556, figs. 93 ♂ D, 94 ♂ V (holotype); 95 ♀ D, 96 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes mojave virginensis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Virgin Mountains, Cabin Canyon, 1341 m, T15S R71E S4 on USGS Virgin Peak, Nev.-Ariz. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

573.      Euphilotes enoptes (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Euphilotes enoptes enoptes (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 298-299, no. 36; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, figs. 1948 ♂ D&V, 1949 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena enoptes

Type Locality: “les lieux arides”; defined as “Hwy. 70 between Gansner Bar and Queen Lily Campground near Belden, North Fork Feather River, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15, figs. 78 ♂ D, 79 ♂ V. Male genitalia of this specimen figured by R. Williams (1918), Entomol. News 29(3): pl. 4.

b.   Euphilotes enoptes aridorum Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 554-555, figs. 85 ♂ D, 86 ♂ V (holotype); 87 ♀ D, 88 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes enoptes aridorum

Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Peavine Peak Road at U.S. 395, 1646 m, T20N R19E S7 on USGS Verdi, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Euphilotes enoptes bayensis (Langston, 1964)

J. Lepid. Soc. 17(4): 208-209, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia, figs. 5C ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, 5D ♂&♀, D&V.

Original Combination: Philotes enoptes bayensis

Type Locality: “China Camp, near Point San Pedro, Marin County, California”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

d.   Euphilotes enoptes tildeni (Langston, 1964)

J. Lepid. Soc. 17(4): 212-215, fig. 3 ♂ genitalia, figs. 5E ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Philotes enoptes tildeni

Type Locality: “Del Puerto Canyon, 22 mi. W. of Patterson, Stanislaus County, California”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

e.   Euphilotes enoptes arenacola Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 210-211, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype); 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes enoptes arenacola

Type Locality: “California: Monterey County: Marina (sand dunes), 5 miles north of Monterey”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

f.    Euphilotes enoptes smithi (Mattoni, 1954)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 53(3): 160-161, no. 2, pl. 43, figs. 8 ♂ D (holotype), 9 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Philotes enoptes smithi

Type Locality: “Burns Creek, State Highway 1, Monterey Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

g.   Euphilotes enoptes cryptorufes Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 211-212, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V (holotype); 21 ♀ D, 22 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes enoptes cryptorufes

Type Locality: “California; Riverside Co.; S facing slopes of Pyramid Mt. in the San Jacinto Mts., 1,500-2,100 m”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

h.   Euphilotes enoptes primavera Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 555, figs. 89 ♂ D, 90 ♂ V (holotype); 91 ♀ D, 92 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes enoptes primavera

Type Locality: “Nevada: Mineral County; Wassuk Range, U.S. highway 95, 9.0 road miles south of Schurz, Penrod Canyon, 1463 m, T11N R29E S18 on Schurz, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

574.      Euphilotes langstoni (Shields, 1975)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 23-24, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides enoptes langstoni

Type Locality: “California: Mono Co., 1.6 rd. mi. N of Mono-Inyo Co. line, Hwy. 395, ca. 6 rd. mi. S Sherwin Summit, ca. 5700'”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Treated as a distinct species by Davenport (2020), Butterflies of Sierra Nevada: 146.

575.      Euphilotes dammersi (J. A. Comstock & Henne, 1933)

Treated as a distinct species by Davenport (2018), Butterflies of southern Cal. update: 97.

a.   Euphilotes dammersi dammersi (J. A. Comstock & Henne, 1933)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 32(1): 24-25.

Original Combination: Philotes enoptes dammersi

Type Locality: “Snow Creek, Riverside Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

b.   Euphilotes dammersi opacapulla Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 554, figs. 81 ♂ D, 82 ♂ V (holotype); 83 ♀ D, 84 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes enoptes opacapulla

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Newberry Mountains, Grapevine Canyon, 320 m, T31S R66E S21 on USGS Davis Dam, Nev.-Ariz.-Calif. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

576.      Euphilotes columbiae (Mattoni, 1954)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 53(3): 162-163, no. 3, pl. 43, figs. 7 ♂ D (holotype), 11 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Philotes enoptes columbiae

Type Locality: “Columbia River near Brewster, Okanogan Co., Wash.” [Washington]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 182-184, treated this as a species-level taxon.

rita complex Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (17): 271.

577.      Euphilotes spaldingi (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)

a.   Euphilotes spaldingi spaldingi (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): 215-216, 262, 264, pl. 16, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, pl. 17, fig. 6 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Philotes spaldingi

Type Locality: “Provo, Utah...Silver Lake, Utah...Stockton, Utah” defined as “Provo, Utah” by Shields (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 21. [Utah County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM; “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 46 ♂ V.

b.   Euphilotes spaldingi pinjuna J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 6.

Original Combination: Euphilotes spaldingi pinjuna

Type Locality: “Shilling's Spring, Conejos Co., Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

578.      Euphilotes rita (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)

a.   Euphilotes rita rita (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)

Can. Entomol. 48(7): 223-224; paratypes figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): pl. 11, figs. 3 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V; ♂ genitalia figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1917), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): pl. 17, figs. 5, 6.

Original Combination: Lycaena rita

Type Locality: “S. Arizona...Santa Rita Mts., Ariz....Rio Verdi Mts., Ariz.”; defined as “Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Arizona” by Shields (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 16.

Types: Syntypes, excluding the specimen from the Rio Verdi Mountains, in USNM; “paratypes” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, figs. 39 ♂ D, 40 ♂ V.

b.   Euphilotes rita coloradensis (Mattoni, [1966])

J. Res. Lepid. 4(2): 88, 90, figs. 1, col. 2 top ♂ D (holotype), 2nd ♀ D, 3rd ♂ V (holotype), bottom ♀ V, figs. 3G ♂ genitalia ventral, 3H ♂ genitalia lateral, 3I aedeagus, 3J ♀ genitalia ventral, 3K ♀ genitalia ventral, 3L ♀ genitalia lateral, 7 1st and 2nd rows ♂&♀ V.

Original Combination: Philotes rita coloradensis

Type Locality: “south Kendrick, Lincoln County, Colorado”; holotype from “7 mi. S of Kendrick.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Euphilotes rita montanensis Kohler, 2021

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(4): 36, figs. 207-208 ♂ D&V (holotype), 209-210 ♀D&V (allotype), 211-218 ♂ D&V (paratypes), 219-226 ♀ D&V, 227-230 ♂ D&V, 231-234 ♀D&V, 312 ♂ genitalia (holotype), 313-314 ♂ genitalia, 372 ♀ genitalia (allotype), 374 ♀genitalia, 388 map.

Original Combination: Euphilotes rita montanensis

Type Locality: “USA: Montana: Carbon County: Hollenbeck Draw, 4200’, 5 miles southeast of Belfry”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

579.      Euphilotes pallescens (Tilden & Downey, 1955)

Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (17): 271, treated this as a species-level taxon.

a.   Euphilotes pallescens emmeli (Shields, 1975)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 16-17, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides rita emmeli

Type Locality: “Utah: Emery Co., summit of road to 1½ mi. E of Little Flat Top, 5500', T26S, R13E, ca. 10-11 mi SE of Utah Hwy. 24”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Euphilotes pallescens pallescens (Tilden & Downey, 1955)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 54(1): 25-26, pl. 11 figs. 1 ♂ valve, 3 ♂ genitalia (holotype), pl. 12 figs. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Philotes pallescens

Type Locality: “Little Granite Mountain, Dugway Proving Grounds, Tooele County, Utah”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

c.   Euphilotes pallescens mattonii (Shields, 1975)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 20, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides rita mattonii

Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko Co., ridge 4 air mi. W of Charleston Reservoir, 6600', SW corner of T43N, R57E, SW of Jarbidge Mts.”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

d.   Euphilotes pallescens arenamontana Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 556-557, figs. 97 ♂ D, 98 ♂ V (holotype); 99 ♀ D, 100 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes pallescens arenamontana

Type Locality: “Nevada: Churchill County; U. S. Highway 50, Sand Mountain, 1310 m, T17N R32E S28 on USGS Fourmile Flat, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Euphilotes pallescens ricei Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (70): 815, figs. 1 top row left ♂ D, 2 top row left ♂ V (holotype), 1 top row right ♀ D, 2 top row right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes pallescens ricei

Type Locality: “Nevada: Humboldt County; Sand Pass Road, about 15 miles northwest of Winnemucca, just west of Sand Pass, T38N R37E in an area dominated by sand dunes”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

f.    Euphilotes pallescens calneva J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (18): 277-278, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes pallescens calneva

Type Locality: “California: Lassen County; SE Honey Lake Valley; 4.1 air mi. W. and 1.3 air mi. S. of Calneva railroad stop, 4120 ft. elev. (ca. 2 air mi. N. Of peak of Turtle Mtn.); S5, T26N, R17E”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

g.   Euphilotes pallescens confusa Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (17): 271-272, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphilotes pallescens confusa

Type Locality: “California: Inyo Co., Rest Spring, 6,640', Cottonwood Mts., Death Valley Nat. Monument”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

h.   Euphilotes pallescens elvirae (Mattoni, [1966])

J. Res. Lepid. 4(2): 94, 95, fig. 1, col. 4, top ♂ D (holotype), 2nd ♂ D, 3rd ♂ V (holotype), bottom ♀ V, figs. 5R ♂ genitalia ventral, 5S ♂ genitalia ventral, 5T ♂ aedeagus, 5U ♂ genitalia lateral, 5V ♀ genitalia ventral, 5W ♀ genitalia lateral, 7 2nd and 3rd rows ♂&♀ V.

Original Combination: Philotes rita elvirae

Type Locality: “3.5 miles southwest of Pearblossom, L. A. Co., California” [Los Angeles County]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

Genus Philotes Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 116, no. 18. Type-species: Lycaena regia Boisduval, 1869, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 46, no. 20 (= Lycaena sonorensis C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara Zool. (2): 281, pl. 35, figs. 3, 4; synonym), by original designation.

580.      Philotes sonorensis (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

a.   Philotes sonorensis sonorensis (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 281, no. 356, pl. 35, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Sonorensis

Type Locality: “Sonora”; defined as “San Diego, Calif.” by Shields (1973), Bull. Allyn Mus. (15): 2; suggested to be “near the Verdugo Hills” by Mattoni (1991), J. Res. Lepid. 28(4): 302; defined as “La Tuna Canyon, 1200 ft. Elev., Verdugo Mts., Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 90.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 90, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V.

=    regia (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 46, no. 22; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, figs. 1959 ♂ D&V, 1960 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena regia

Type Locality: “environs de Los Angelos”; defined as “La Tuna Canyon, 1360' elevation, Verdugo Mountains, Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 26.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 26, figs. 189 ♂ D, 190 ♂ V.

=    ‡”sonoralba” F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 456.

Original Combination: Philotes sonorensis ab. sonoralba

Type Locality: “San Diego, California” [San Diego County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”comstocki” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(1): 6-7, no. 11, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Philotes sonorensis form comstocki

Type Locality: “San Gabriel River, Duarte, Los Angeles County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 56, fig. 10 ♂ D (holotype), 15 ♂ V.

b.   Philotes sonorensis extinctis Mattoni, 1991                                       ✝

J. Res. Lepid. 28(4): 300, 302, figs. 2 rows 1, 2 ♂♂ D, 3 ♂♂ V, 4 ♀♀ D, 3 rows 1 ♀♀ D, 3 ♀♀ V.

Original Combination: Philotes sonorensis extinctis

Type Locality: “upper San Gabriel wash” [Los Angeles County, California]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Genus Glaucopsyche Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 54. Type-species: Polyommatus lygdamus E. Doubleday, 1841, Entomol. 1(14): 209-210, by original designation.

Subgenus Phaedrotes Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 115-116, no. 20. Type-species: Lycaena catalina Reakirt, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 244, no. 16 (= Lycaena sagittigera C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara Zool. (2): 281-282, no. 357, pl. 35, figs. 20, 21: a subspecies of Lycaena piasus Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 299, no. 37), by original designation. F. Brown (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(4): 240-246, determined this synonymy.

581.      Glaucopsyche piasus (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Glaucopsyche piasus umbrosa J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 172-173, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche piasus umbrosa

Type Locality: “California: San Diego County; Laguna Mountains; slope ca. 0.2 air mile east of Big Laguna Lake, 5450' elevation; S.10, T.15S., R.5E.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Glaucopsyche piasus sagittigera (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 281-282, no. 357, pl. 35, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena sagittigera

Type Locality: “Sonora”; suggested to be “vicinity of Los Angeles, California” by F. Brown (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(4): 242; further defined as “Glendale, Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 90.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 90, figs. 25 ♀ D, 26 ♀ V.

=    rhaea (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 51, no. 33; figured by Oberthür (1913), Etud. Lépid. comp. 9(1): pl. 239, figs. 2078 ♂ D&V, 2079 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Rhaea

Type Locality: “dans l’extreme sud aux environs de Los Angelos”; defined as “Glendale, Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30, figs. 222 ♂ D, 223 ♂ V.

c.   Glaucopsyche piasus gabrielina J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 174-175, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche piasus gabrielina

Type Locality: “California: Los Angeles County; ridge tunning east from Mt. Islip, WNW of Windy Gap, 7,600-8000' elevation, San Gabriel Mts.; S.16, T.3N, R.9W”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    ‡”gorgonioi” (Gunder, 1925)

Entomol. News 36(1): 4, pl. 1, fig. P ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Phaedrotes piasus var. catalina ab. ♂ gorgonioi

Type Locality: “San Gorgonio Mountain, San Bernardino County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 56, fig. 23 ♂ V.

d.   Glaucopsyche piasus excubita J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 173-174, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche piasus excubita

Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Bishop Creek...vicinity of Andrews Camp...known as Four Jeffrey Campground”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Glaucopsyche piasus piasus (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 299, no. 37; figured by Oberthür (1913), Etud. Lépid. comp. 9(1): pl. 237, fig. 1950 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Piasus

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “probably the vicinity of San Francisco” by F. Brown (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(4): 242; defined as “Hwy. 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 16.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 16, figs. 81 ♂ D, 82 ♂ V.

=    catalina (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 244, no. 16.

Original Combination: Lycaena catalina

Type Locality: “California”

Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by F. Brown (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(4): 242, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V.

=    viaca (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 209, no. 7; figured by W. H. Edwards (1870), Butterflies N. Am. [1](5): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 26 ♂ D, 27 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Viaca

Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada, Cal.”; defined as “Lake Tahoe, Placer County, California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 410-411.

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): fig. 24 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡lorquini (Behr, 1867)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 280, no. 7.

Original Combination: Lycaena Lorquini

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “in the higher Sierra Nevada” from the description.

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. No neotype has been designated since this name is a homonym.

Preoccupied by Lycaena lorquinii Herrich-Schäffer, 1850, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 6: 25.

f.    Glaucopsyche piasus toxeuma F. Brown, 1971

J. Lepid. Soc. 25(4): 245, figs. 10 ♂ V, 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype), 15 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche piasus toxeuma

Type Locality: “Garnett Valley, Summerland, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

g.   Glaucopsyche piasus nevada F. Brown, 1975

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 77(4): 501-503, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche (Phaedrotes) piasus nevada

Type Locality: “Bob Scott Campground in the Toiyabe National Forest, Lander County, Nevada, 7300-7500 feet”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

h.   Glaucopsyche piasus daunia (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 272, no. 10.

Original Combination: Lycaena Daunia

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Turkey Creek, Jefferson Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 412; further defined as “along South Turkey Creek, within 9.7 km (6 mi) northeast of Bradford Junction (“Turkey Creek Junction,” within the present-day town of Conifer), Jefferson County, Colorado” by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 31.

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3). fig. 25 ♂ D&V.

Subgenus Glaucopsyche Scudder, 1876

582.      Glaucopsyche lygdamus (E. Doubleday, 1841)

a.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus lygdamus (E. Doubleday, 1841)

Entomol. 1(14): 209-210.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Lygdamus

Type Locality: “pine forests of North America, especially Georgia” A. Clark (1948), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 50(7): 176, suggested that the original specimens were collected by John Abbot in the “vicinity of his home at Jacksonboro, Screven Co., Georgia”; Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 168, stated “Screven Co., Georgia.” Calhoun (2019), J. Lepid. Soc. 73(4): 252, suggests “eastern coastal Georgia, probably Burke and/or Screven counties.”

Types: A possible syntype in OUMNH.

b.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus nittanyensis F. Chermock, 1945

Can. Entomol. 76(11): 216.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus nittanyensis

Type Locality: “Bear Meadows, near State College, Pa.” [Centre County, Pennsylvania]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

Calhoun (2019), J. Lepid. Soc. 73(4): 251-252, figs., 37-39, offered compelling evidence that this is a distinct subspecies. The synonymy is inferred.

=    boydi A. Clark, 1948

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 50(7): 176-177.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus boydi

Type Locality: “Ice Mountain, Hampshire Co., West Virginia”

Types: Holotype (#58715) in USNM; figured by A. Clark (1940), Expl. Field Work Smithson. Inst. 1939: fig. 70, left ♂ D, middle ♂ V (holotype), right ♀ V.

c.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus mildredae F. Chermock, 1945

Can. Entomol. 76(11): 216.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus mildredae

Type Locality: “small island off Baddeck...Cape Breton Island, N. S.” [Nova Scotia]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

d.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus couperi Grote, 1873

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(4): 185.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche Couperi

Type Locality: “Island of Anticosti, which lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between latitudes 49^o and 50^o” implied from the introduction. [Quebec]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    ‡”mcdunnoughi” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 282, no. 4, pl. A, figs. 4 ♂ D, 4a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus race couperi tr. f. mcdunnoughi

Type Locality: “Sask., Can.” [Saskatchewan]

Types: “Holotype” in CNC.

This name was spelled “macdunnoughi” by dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (1): 68; an unjustified emendation.

e.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus afra (W. H. Edwards, [1884])

Can. Entomol. 15(11): 211.

Original Combination: Lycaena Afra

Type Locality: “Deer River country”; neotype from “vic. Brandon, Manitoba.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 417, fig. 27 ♂ D&V.

f.    Glaucopsyche lygdamus jacki D. Stallings & Turner, 1947

J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 20(3): 93-94.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus jacki

Type Locality: “Barber County, Kansas”

Types: Holotype and allotype in PMNH.

=    ‡”leussleri” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 283, no. 8, pl. A, fig. 8 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus race oro tr. f. leussleri

Type Locality: “Harrisburg, Banner Co., Neb.” [Nebraska]

Types: Holotype in OSUC.

g.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus oro (Scudder, 1876)

Can. Entomol. 8(1): 23, no. 5.

Original Combination: N[omiades]. Oro

Type Locality: “Colorado”; syntype from “Fair Play Colo.” [Fairplay, Park County, Colorado]

Types: Syntype (#16010) in MCZC.

h.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus erico R. Holland, 2011

Lepid. North America 10: 13, 15, 16, figs. 11a ♂ D, 11b ♂ V (holotype), 12a ♀D, 12b ♀V.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus erico

Type Locality: “Raton Mesa Complex, Colfax County, NM: Soda Pocket Can., S slope, Sugarite St. Pk., 8,200'” [New Mexico]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

i.    Glaucopsyche lygdamus ruidoso R. Holland, 2011

Lepid. North America 10: 13, 14, 15, figs. 17a ♂ D, 17b ♂ V (holotype), 18a ♀ D, 18b ♀ V, 19a ♂ D, 19b ♂ V, 20a ♀ D, 20b ♀ V.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus ruidoso

Type Locality: “Capitan Mountains, Lincoln County, NM: 4 mi E of Capitan Gap on crest ridge, 9,500'” [New Mexico]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

j.    Glaucopsyche lygdamus arizonensis McDunnough, 1936

Can. Entomol. 68(5): 113.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus arizonensis

Type Locality: “White Mts., Ariz.” [Arizona]

Types: Holotype (#4089) in CNC.

k.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus minipunctum Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 557-558, figs. 105 ♂ D, 106 ♂ V (holotype); 107 ♀ D, 108 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus minipunctum

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Virgin Mountains, Cabin Canyon, 1350 m, T15S R71E S4 on USGS Virgin Peak, Nev.-Ariz. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

l.    Glaucopsyche lygdamus deserticola Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 509-510, figs. 39 ♂ D, 40 ♂ V (holotype); 41 ♀ D, 42 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus deserticola

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Cottonwood Pass Road, 0.6-1.8 road miles south of Nevada state route 160 (Pahrump Road), 1340 m, T23S R58E S2 and T22S R58E S35 on the USGS Goodsprings, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

m.  Glaucopsyche lygdamus australis F. Grinnell, 1917

Can. Entomol. 49(10): 350-351.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus australis

Type Locality: “Pasadena” [Los Angeles County, California]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”sinepunctata” J. A. Comstock, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 28.

Original Combination: [Glaucopsyche lygdamus behrii race australis] ab. sinepunctata

Type Locality: “Mint Canyon, Los Angeles County, Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

n.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis E. Perkins & J. Emmel, 1977

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 79(3): 468-471, figs. 1-5 ♂ D (holotype), 1-6 ♂ V, 1-7 ♀ D, 1-8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis

Type Locality: “Rancho Palos Verdes, Palos Verdes Peninsula, Los Angeles Co., California”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

o.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus sabulosa J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 171-172, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus sabulosa

Type Locality: “California: Monterey County; sand dunes west of intersection of Palm Avenue and Lake Drive, west of marina, 60-100' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

p.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus xerces (Boisduval, 1852)                                       ✝

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 296, no. 31; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, figs. 1939 ♂ D&V, 1940 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Xerces

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13, figs. 57 ♂ D, 58 ♂ V.

J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 399, no. 395, treated this as a subspecies of G. lygdamus, an arrangement followed by various subsequent authors. Grewe, et al. (2021), Biology Letters 17(7): 20210123 , determine that xerces, pseudoxerces and australis are species distinct from lygdamus. This needs further review.

=    antiacis (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 300, no. 39; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, fig. 1951 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Antiacis

Type Locality: “Environs de San Francisco”; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 16.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 16, figs. 84 ♂ D, 85 ♂ V.

=    behrii (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 224, no. 6.

Original Combination: Lycaena Behrii

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “vic. San Francisco, California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 415. [San Francisco County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 417, fig. 27 ♂ D&V.

=    mertila (W. H. Edwards, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 206, no. 5.

Original Combination: Lycaena Mertila

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “vic. San Francisco, California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 418. [San Francisco County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, fig. 43 ♀ D, and F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): fig. 28 ♀ D&V.

=    polyphemus (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 49, no. 29; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 239, fig. 2071 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Polyphemus

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California”; by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 29.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 29, figs. 210 ♂ D, 211 ♂ V.

=    ‡”huguenini” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(1): 3, no. 4, pl. 1, fig. O ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche xerces form mertila ab. ♂ huguenini

Type Locality: “San Francisco, California” [San Francisco County]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

=    ‡”barnesi” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 282, no. 2, pl. A, figs. 2 ♂ V (“holotype”), 2a ♀ V.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche xerces form mertila tr. f. barnesi

Type Locality: “San Francisco, Calif.” [San Francisco County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”intermedia” F. Chermock, 1929

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 20.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche xerces var. intermedia

Type Locality: “Lone Mountain, San Francisco, Calif.” [San Francisco County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

q.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus pseudoxerces J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (22): 308, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus pseudoxerces

Type Locality: “California: Santa Barbara County; Santa Rosa Island; Acapulco Canyon, 100-450' elevation (2.9-3.5 air miles W, 0.75-1.9 air miles S of 1,574' Soledad Mountain peak)”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

r.    Glaucopsyche lygdamus incognitus Tilden, 1974

J. Res. Lepid. 12(4): 213-214.

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus incognitus

Type Locality: “Alum Rock Park, Santa Clara County, Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in CAS.

=    ‡”sternitzkyi” Gunder, 1929

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(4): 325-326, pl. 31, fig. 2 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus race behrii tr. f. sternitzkyi

Type Locality: “Fairfax, Marin Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

s.   Glaucopsyche lygdamus orcus (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 376.

Original Combination: Lycaena Orcus

Type Locality: not stated; suggested to be “Storey County, Nevada” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 420.

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): fig. 29 ♂ D&V.

t.    Glaucopsyche lygdamus columbia (Skinner, 1917)

Entomol. News 28(5): 213-214.

Original Combination: Lycaena lygdamus columbia

Type Locality: “Port Columbia, Washington” [Brewster, Okanogan County]

Types: Holotype (#7049) in CMNH; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 2 ♂ D.

Subtribe Celastrinina Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Br. Butterflies 2(15): 327; (17): 378 (as “Celastrinidi”). Type-genus: Celastrina Tutt, 1906, Ent. Rec. 18(5): 131.

Genus Udara Toxopeus, 1928

Tijdschr. Entomol. 71(3): 181, 219. Type-species: Polyommatus dilectus Moore, 1879, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879(1): 139, by original designation.

=    Akasinula Toxopeus, 1928

Tijdschr. Entomol. 71(3): 181, 194. Type-species: Polyommatus akasa Horsfield, [1828], Descr. Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. E. India Co. (1): 67, pl. 1, figs. 1, 1a, by original designation.

Subgenus Vaga Zimmerman, 1958

Ins. Hawaii 7: 491. Type-species: Holochila blackburni Tuely, 1878, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 15(169): 9, by original designation.

583.      Udara blackburni (Tuely, 1878)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 15(169): 9.

Original Combination: Holochila blackburni

Type Locality: “mountain pass in the Island of Oahu” [Honolulu County, Hawaii]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Genus Celastrina Tutt, 1906

Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 18(5): 131. Type-species: Papilio argiolus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 153, by original designation.

      =    ‡Cyaniriodes Matsumura, 1919

Thous. Ins. Japan, Addit. 3: 736. Type-species: Lycaena ogasawarensis Pryer, 1886, Rhop. nihon. (1): 10-11, no. 24,, pl. 2, fig. 13, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Cyaniriodes Nicéville, 1890, Butterflies India Burmah Ceylon 3: 33.

=    Maslowskia M. M. Omelko & M. A. Omelko, 1984

In: Kononenko et al., Fauna Ekol. Ins. Far East: 25. Type-species: Lycaenopsis filipjevi N. Riley, 1934, Entomol. 67(851): 85-86, pl. 1, figs. 1-6. Kurentsov (1974), Zoogeogr. Far East: 92, is frequently considered to have described this genus (e.g., Korshunov and Ivonin (1990), in: Zolatarenko, Nov. Maloizvest. Vidy Faun. Sib. 22: 77-78); however, Kurentsov mentioned this name without a description; a nomen nudum.

584.      Celastrina lucia (W. Kirby, 1837)

Treated as a species-level taxon by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 28, based on Pavulaan (1995), Mass. Butterflies 6(1):2-4. This treatment is supported by Pavulaan (2014), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(7):1-9.

a.   Celastrina lucia lucia (W. Kirby, 1837)

Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 299, no. 1, pl. 3, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Lucia

Type Locality: “taken with the preceding...Lat. 54^o”; Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 170, stated “Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, Lat. 54^o N.”

Types: Holotype possibly in NHMUK.

=    marginata (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Papilio 3(5/6): 86-87; figured by W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4, 4a ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: [Lycaena Pseudargiolus form] Marginata

Type Locality: “New York, New England, and Quebec, at least in the region about Montreal”; lectotype from “Orono, Maine.” [Penobscot County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 423, fig. 30 ♂ D&V.

=    quesnellii (Cockle, 1910)

Can. Entomol. 42(6): 204.

Original Combination: Cyaniris ladon var. Quesnellii

Type Locality: “Bala Lake, Quesnelle, northern B. C.”; stated as “[Ahbau] Lake, [elevation 2950 feet], [latitude 53^o 14', longitude 122^o 07',] 35 miles northwest of Quesnelle [Forks], B. C.[, Canada]” by C. Guppy and Kondla (2003), J. Lepid. Soc. 57(2): 150. [British Columbia]

Types: Lectotype (#583) in CNC, designated by C. Guppy and Kondla (2003), J. Lepid. Soc. 57(2): 151.

Another name, “maculatasuffusa,” was listed by Cockle (1910) without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

=    ‡”fumida” (Scudder, 1889)

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(7): 933.

Original Combination: C[yaniris]. p[seudargiolus]. [ab.] fumida

Type Locality: “New England” implied from the title of the book.

Types: “Holotype” in Thaxter collection.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”pseudora” (Scudder, 1889)

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(7): 933-934.

Original Combination: C[yaniris]. p[seudargiolus]. [ab.] pseudora

Type Locality: “Milford, N. H.” [Hillsborough County]

Types: “Holotype” in MCZC according to W. Comstock and Huntington (1963), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 71(1): 47.

=    ‡”brunnea” Tutt, 1908

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(19): 413; cited W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, fig. 25 ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus form lucia] ab. brunnea

Type Locality: “Brooklyn” in reference to a specimen obtained from Hulst, living in Brooklyn. [Brooklyn, Kings County, New York]

Types: “Type” may be in CMNH, unrecognizable, or lost.

=    ‡”subtusjuncta” Tutt, 1908

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(19): 414; cited Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(7): 934.

Original Combination: [Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus form lucia] ab. subtusjuncta

Type Locality: “Wollaston, Mass.” [Quincy, Norfolk County, Massachusetts]

Types: “Type” may be in MCZC, unrecognizable, or lost.

=    ‡”inaequalis” Tutt, 1908

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(19): 416; cited W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, fig. 24 ♂&♀ D.

Original Combination: [Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus form lucia] ab. inaequalis

Type Locality: “Brooklyn”; in reference to a specimen obtained from Hulst, living in Brooklyn. [Brooklyn, Kings County, New York]

Types: “Type” may be in CMNH, unrecognizable, or lost.

‡”lucimargina” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 6.

Original Combination: Celastrina argiolus ladon form lucimargina

Proposed as a form with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum. This name refers to a “form” that occurs widely in several Celastrina species; it is placed here as a convenience.

b.   Celastrina lucia sidara (Clench, 1944)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 52(3): 273-274.

Original Combination: Lycaenopsis pseudargiolus sidara

Type Locality: “Manitou, Colorado” [Manitou Springs, El Paso County]

Types: Holotype in MCZC.

c.   Celastrina lucia lumarco J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 48-49, pl. 4, 1st row center ♂ D&V (holotype), right ♂ V, ♀ V.

Original Combination: Celastrina lucia lumarco

Type Locality: “Surface Creek, 7.6 mi. NNE Cedaredge, Delta Co. Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

585.      Celastrina asheri LaBar, Pelham & Kondla, 2022

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(3): 5-7, figs. 10a&b ♂ D&V (holotype), 32a&b ♀D&V.

Original Combination: Celastrina asheri

Type Locality: “Ringer South Trail, five miles south of Ellensburg in Kittitas County, Washington”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

586.      Celastrina echo (W. H. Edwards, 1864)

C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 226-227, Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 28, and A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 161-165, treated this as a species-level taxon. The inclusion of cinerea as a subspecies of C. echo should be considered tentative.

a.   Celastrina echo echo (W. H. Edwards, 1864)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, 506-507, no. 8; figured by W. H. Edwards (1884), 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, fig. 21 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Lycaena Echo

Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “San Francisco, Calif.” [San Francisco County]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 430-431, fig. 36 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”nunenmacheri” (Strand, 1915)

Arch. Naturgesch. (A)80(11): 159.

Original Combination: Cyaniris ladon cum ab. nunenmacheri

Type Locality: “Lake Co., Oregon”

Types: “Holotype” possibly in SDEI.

=    ‡nigrescens (Fletcher, 1903)

Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 213-214, pl. fig. ♂ D, ♀ D.

Original Combination: Lycaena pseudargiolus var. nigrescens

Type Locality: “Kaslo, on Kootenay Lake, British Columbia”

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

This taxon was redescribed by Fletcher (1904), Can. Entomol. 36(5): 127, fig. ♂&♀ D. The placement of this taxon as a subspecies of C. echo follows A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 161-163, but requires additional study.

=    bakeri (Clench, 1944)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 52(3): 274-275.

Original Combination: Lycaenopsis pseudargiolus bakeri

Type Locality: “Baker, Oregon” [Baker City, Baker County]

Types: Holotype in MCZC.

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 163, tentatively placed this taxon here.

b.   Celastrina echo cinerea (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Papilio 3(1): 8; figured by W. H. Edwards (1884), 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 16 ♂ D, 16a ♂ V, 17 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Lycaena Pseudargiolus] var. Cinerea

Type Locality: “Arizona”; implied to be “vicinity of Fort Grant, Cochise Co. [sic], and on Graham Mountain” from the introduction to the paper; defined as “Fort Grant at west foot of Graham Mountain” by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 427-428. [Graham County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 428, fig. 35 ♂ D&V.

=    arizonensis (W. H. Edwards, [1885])

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(3/4): 306, under no. 432; cited W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 18 ♂ D, 19 ♀ D (as Lycaena pseudargiolus).

Original Combination: [Lycaena Pseudargiolus] var. Arizonensis

Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “Fort Grant, Cochise County [sic] at the west foot of Mount Graham” by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 428. [Graham County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 429, fig. 34 ♂ D&V.

587.      Celastrina ladon (Cramer, 1780)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 141, pl. 270, figs. D ♂ D, E ♂ V; (24): 175 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Rural[is]. Ladon

Type Locality: “Kaap de Goede Hoop” “Cap de bonne Espérance” in error; neotype from “Patuxent River, Anne Arundel Co., Maryland.”

Types: Neotype in MGCL, designated by Clench and L. Miller (1980), J. Lepid. Soc. 34(2): 117, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V.

The determination that ladon is a North American taxon was made by Butler (1885), Entomol. Am. 1(3): 53, and (1900), Can. Entomol. 32(3): 91.

=    pseudargiolus (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (13): 118-119; (12): pl. 36, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 larva, 5 pupa.

Original Combination: A[rgus]. Pseudargiolus

Type Locality: “grande partie des États-Unis”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost. Oberthür (1920), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 17: pl. 505, figs. 4211 ♂ D&V, 4212 ♀ D&V, figured “types” from the Boisduval collection now in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discusses the dubious nature of such “types.”

=    violacea (W. H. Edwards, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 201-202, no. 3; figured by W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](3): pl. Lycaena 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D [not 4], and (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 5, 5a ♂ D&V, 6 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Lycaena Violacea

Type Locality: “Kanawha River” [nr. Coalburgh, Kanawha County, West Virginia]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 424, fig. 31 ♂ D&V.

D. Wright and Pavulaan (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(9): 5, determined this synonymy.

588.      Celastrina idella D. Wright & Pavulaan, 1999

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(9): 4-5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ D&V, 6 ♂ D&V, 7 ♂ D&V, 8 ♀ D&V, 22 map, 28 ♂ genitalia, 29 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Celastrina idella

Type Locality: “2.2 km. s. of Chatsworth, Burlington Co., NJ...cedar bog in Risley Branch of Wading River” [New Jersey]

Types: Holotype in ANSP.

589.      Celastrina serotina Pavulaan & D. Wright, 2005

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 6(6): 4, 6, figs. 7 ♂ D&V (holotype), 8 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Celastrina serotina

Type Locality: “Great Swamp Management Area, near West Kingston, South Kingstown Township, Washington County, Rhode Island, U.S.A.”

Types: Holotype in ANSP.

590.      Celastrina neglecta (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 56, no. 4; figured by W. H. Edwards (1870), Butterflies N. Am. [1](5): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D, and (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 10, 10a ♂ D&V, 11 ♂ D, 12 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Lycaena neglecta

Type Locality: “Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin, Lake Winnipeg”; lectotype from “Hunter, Greene Co., New York.”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 427, fig. 33 ♂ D&V.

D. Wright (1995), Am. Butterflies 3(1): 20-28, considered this a species-level taxon, and this was supported by Pavulaan (2014), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(7):1-9.

=    argentata (Fletcher, 1903)

Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 213, pl., fig. ♂ D&V, ♀ D.

Original Combination: Lycaena pseudargiolus var. argentata

Type Locality: “Cartwright and other places in southern Manitoba, as well as in south-eastern Assiniboia”

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

This taxon was redescribed by Fletcher (1904), Can. Entomol. 36(5): 127, fig. ♂ D&V, ♀ D. Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 153, considered this a subspecies of C. neglecta.

=    ‡”pauper” Tutt, 1908

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(19): 407; cited W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 10 ♂ D, 13 ♂ D, 14 ♀ D, 15 ♂ D, 15a ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus] [summer form] pauper

Type Locality: Not expressly stated; “about lat. 45^o...Colorado” implied from reference to W. H. Edwards (1884).

Types: “Types” may be in CMNH, unrecognizable, or lost.

‡”deutargiolus” Scudder, 1869

Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1: 165 and footnote.

Original Combination: [Polyommatus] deutargiolus

This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

591.      Celastrina humulus J. Scott & D. Wright, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 9: 1-2, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V, 10 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Celastrina humulus

Type Locality: “Red Rocks, Jefferson County, Colorado”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

592.      Celastrina neglectamajor Tutt, 1908

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(19): 407; cited W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): 5 [319], pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 8 ♂ D (lectotype), 9 ♀ D, 9a ♀ V.

Original Combination: Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus [summer form] neglecta-major

Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Coalburgh, West Virginia.” [Kanawha County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(5): 11, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♂ V.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant but Opler and Krizek (1984), Butterflies East Great Plains: 117-118, pl. 18, fig. 106 adopted Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus summer form neglecta-major Tutt, 1908, to represent a species-level taxon thereby validating Tutt's name (Code Articles 10.2, 45.6.4, 45.6.4.1).

=    ‡”obsoletalunulata” Tutt, 1908

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2: 426-427; cited W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): 10 [324], pl. Lycaena 2, fig. 22 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus] ab. obsoleta-lunulata

Type Locality: “eastern United States”

Types: “Lectotype” in CMNH, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(5): 11, fig. 24 ♀ V.

593.      Celastrina nigra (W. Forbes, 1960)

Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 127.

Original Combination: [Plebeius argiolus] race nigra

Forbes adopted Lycaena Pseudargiolus winter form Violacea dimorphic male nigra W. H. Edwards, [1885], to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡ebenina Clench, 1972

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 44(1): 33-37, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), 10 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Celastrina ebenina

Type Locality: “Coalburg, Kanawha Co., West Virginia”

Types: Holotype in CMNH, the same specimen as the lectotype of nigra.

A junior objective synonym of nigra.

=    ‡”nigra” (Strecker, 1878)

Butterflies Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 95, no. 136a; cited W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](3): pl. Lycaena 1, fig. 4 ♂ D.

Original Combination: [Lycaena Lucia] ab. a. ♀ Nig[ra].

Type Locality: “Virginia”

Types: “Holotype” is the same specimen figured by W. H. Edwards (1869), ibid., in CMNH.

=    ‡”intermedia” (Strecker, 1878)

Butterflies Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 95, no. 136b.

Original Combination: [Lycaena Lucia] ab. b. ♀ Intermedia

Type Locality: “Virginia”

Types: “Type(s)” apparently lost, but possibly in FMNH.

=    ‡”nigra” (W. H. Edwards, [1884])

Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): [315], pl. Lycaena 2, fig. 7 ♂ D; cited W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](3): pl. Lycaena 1, fig. 4 ♂ D (as ♀).

Original Combination: [Lycaena Pseudargiolus Winter form Violacea] dimorphic male Nigra

Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Coalb[urg].” [Kanawha County, West Virginia]

Types: “Lectotype” in CMNH, designated by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 425-426, fig. 32 ♂ D&V.

Subtribe Everina Tutt, 1907

Nat. Hist. Br. Butterflies 2(15): 327 (as “Everidi”). Type-genus: Everes Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 69. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 503 placed Everes on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name no. 1249. The same Opinion placed Everidi on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as Name no. 209.

Genus Cupido Schrank, 1801

Fauna boic. 2(1): 153, no. 201. Type-species: Papilio minimus Fuessly, 1775, Verz. bekannt. schweiz. Ins.: 31, no. 599, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 503. Kudrna (1986), Butterflies Europe 8: 194, and others since, considered Everes a subgenus or synonym of Cupido Schrank, 1801.

=    Zizera Moore, [1881]

Lepid. Ceylon 1(2): 78. Type-species: Papilio alsus [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 184, no. 9 (= Papilio minimus Fuessly, 1775, Verz. bekannt. schweiz. Ins.: 31, no. 599; synonym).

Subgenus Everes Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 69. Type-species: Papilio amyntas [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 185, no. 18 (= Papilio argiades Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 472, no. 66; homonym), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 56. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 503 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1249.

=    Binghamia Tutt, 1908

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 3(1): 41-42. Type-species: Hesperia parrhasius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 289, no. 108, by original designation.

=    Tiora Evans, 1912

J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21(3): 984. Type-species: Papilio sebrus Hübner, [1824], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 172, figs. 851-854 (= Lycaena decolorata Staudinger, 1886, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(4-6): 204; homonym), by designation of Hemming (1929), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)3(15): 242.

=    Ununcula van Eecke, 1915

Zoöl. Meded. 1(1): 29-30, pl. 2, figs. 6, 6a, 6b, 6c, 7, 7a, 7b. Type-species: Papilio argiades Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 472, no. 66, by designation of Hemming (1929), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)3(15): 243.

594.      Cupido comyntas (Godart, [1824])

a.   Cupido comyntas comyntas (Godart, [1824])

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (608), 660, no. 147; figured by Boisduval and Le Conte [1835], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (12): pl. 36, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Comyntas

Type Locality: “l’Amérique septentrionale”

Types: Syntype in MNHP.

=    ‡”watermani” (Nakahara, 1926)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(5): 224.

Original Combination: Everes comyntas ab. watermani

Type Locality: “Ithaca, N. Y.” [Tompkins County, New York]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”meinersi” (W. D. Field, 1938)

J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 11(4): 132-133.

Original Combination: Everes comyntas f. meinersi

Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

b.   Cupido comyntas texana (F. Chermock, 1945)

Can. Entomol. 76(11): 215.

Original Combination: Everes texana

Type Locality: “near San Antonio, Texas” [Bexar County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

c.   Cupido comyntas sissona (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 64, no. 400; 232, no. 400, pl. 30, fig. 400 ♀ V (holotype).

Original Combination: [Lycaena] Sissona; Lycaena Sissona n. s.

Type Locality: “Northern California” “Sisson, Cal.” [Mount Shasta City, Siskiyou County, California]

Types: Lectotype in CAS (#4319), designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 37.

The status of this taxon was determined by Austin (2002), J. Lepid. Soc. 56(4): 294.

=    pacnowe J. Scott & Kondla, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 48, pl. 4, 1st row left center ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Cupido (=Everes) comyntas pacnowe

Type Locality: “Adair Village, Benton Co. Ore.” [Oregon]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

595.      Cupido amyntula (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Cupido amyntula montanorum (Austin, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 549, figs. 49 ♂ D, 50 ♂ V (holotype); 51 ♀ D, 52 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Everes amyntula montanorum

Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Carson Range, Tahoe Meadows, Nevada State Route 431, 2.4 road miles southwest of Mount Rose Summit, 2590 m, T17N R18E S36 on USGS Mt. Rose, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Cupido amyntula amyntula (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 294, no. 28; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1938 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena amyntula

Type Locality: “Californie” from the title of the paper; defined as “Bucks Lake Road at White Creek, 2 road miles W. of Quincy, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13. figs. 48 ♂ D, 49 ♂ V.

=    immaculata J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 48, pl. 4, 1st row left ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Cupido (=Everes) amyntula immaculata

Type Locality: “Oak Creek, Yakima Co. Wash.” [Washington]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”dodgei” (Gunder, 1927)

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 283, no. 7, pl. A, fig. 7 ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Everes amyntula tr. f. dodgei

Type Locality: “Santa Cruz, Calif.” [Santa Cruz County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”immaculata” (J. Scott, 1981)

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 6.

Original Combination: Everes amyntula form immaculata

Type Locality: “west coast, and occasionally in the Great Basin”

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

c.   Cupido amyntula nesiotes (J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (21): 303-304, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Everes amyntula nesiotes

Type Locality: “California: Santa Barbara County; Santa Rosa Island; China Camp”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Cupido amyntula herri (F. Grinnell, 1901)

Can. Entomol. 33(7): 192.

Original Combination: Everes amyntula, var. Herri

Type Locality: “Cochise Co., Arizona”; suggested to be “Huachuca Mtns.” by Bailowitz (1983), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(4): 309. [Cochise County, Arizona]

Types: Syntypes in NHMLA.

Bailowitz (1983), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(4): 308, detailed the status of this taxon.

=    ‡”arizonensis” (Gunder, 1927)

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 284, no. 10, pl. A, fig. 10 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Everes comyntas race herri tr. f. arizonensis

Type Locality: “Santa Rita Mts., Ariz.” [Santa Cruz County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”jemezensis” (Gunder, 1927)

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 284, no. 11, pl. A, fig. 11 ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Everes amyntula herri tr. f. jemezensis

Type Locality: “Jemez Spr., N. Mex.” [Sandoval County, New Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” (#7179) in CMNH.

e.   Cupido amyntula valeriae (Clench, 1944)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 52(1): 59-60.

Original Combination: Everes comyntas valeriae

Type Locality: “near Lead, South Dakota” [Lawrence County]

Types: Holotype (#25934) in MCZC.

f.    Cupido amyntula albrighti (Clench, 1944)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 52(1): 60-61.

Original Combination: Everes comyntas albrighti

Type Locality: “Kings Hill, Montana” [Meagher County]

Types: Holotype (#26562) in MCZC.

‡”maritima” (Leblanc, 1985)

Fabreries (suppl. 4): 45 and key.

Original Combination: [Everes amyntula] maritima

Type Locality: “Québec (Rimouski, Baspésie)”; "lectotype" from “Jacquet River/ N. B.” [New Brunswick]

Types: “Lectotype” (#21 894) in CNC, designated by Landry (1994), Fabreries 19(2): 33-34, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1 ♂ V, but this is invalid.

Calhoun (2022), News Lepid. Soc. 64(4): 192-197, argues convincingly that this is a nomen nudum, failing Code Article 13. That treatment is adopted herein.

Subtribe Polyommatina Swainson, 1827

The arrangement in this subtribe has been adjusted to reflect conclusions reached in Talavera et al. (2012) Cladistics 29(2): 166-192.

Genus Cyclargus Nabokov, 1945

Psyche 52(3/4): 14-16. Type-species: Lycaena ammon Lucas, 1856, in: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 612, pl. [Ins.] 16, figs. 7, 7a, 7b, by original designation. K. Johnson and Bálint (1995), Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (54): 1-15, placed this genus in the Polyommatus section.

*596.    Cyclargus thomasi (Clench, 1941)

Mems. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat. “Felipe Poey” 15(4): 407-408.

Original Combination: Hemiargus catalina thomasi

Type Locality: “Arthur’s Town, Cat Island, Bahamas”

Types: Holotype (#25736) in MCZC.

a.   Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri (W. Comstock & Huntington, 1943)

Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 97-98, pl. 1, fig. 25 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Hemiargus ammon bethune-bakeri

Type Locality: “southern Florida...Miami” [Miami-Dade County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

597.      Cyclargus ammon (Lucas, 1857)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba: 7(2): 612, pl. [Ins.] 16, figs. 7 ♂&♀ D, 7b ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Ammon

Type Locality: “environs de la Havane; elle habite aussi le Yucatan” [Cuba and Mexico]

Types: Syntype in MNHP.

This taxon was recorded from Florida by Beck (1985), News Lepid. Soc. 1985(2): 29, and has since become established in the lower Keys. It had been recorded previously from Florida, but always as a misidentification of C. t. bethunebakeri; see Calhoun et al. (2002), Holarct. Lepid. 7(1): 13-20.

=    sorpresus K. Johnson & Matusik, 1992

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (23): 3-4, pl. III, fig. D ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Cyclargus sorpresus

Type Locality: “21 km. Marker near Las Mercedes...on Ideal Dominican S.A. (“Ideal”) company road from Cabo Rojo to Aceitilla, Pedernales Province, Dominican Republic, altitude @500m”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    shuturn K. Johnson & Bálint, 1995

Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (54): 11-12, pl. VI, fig. 3 ?&? genitalia.

Original Combination: Cyclargus shuturn

Type Locality: “Jamaica, St. Ann’s Parish, 5 mi. W. of Ocho Rios”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Genus Hemiargus Hübner, 1818

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 19. Type-species: Hemiargus antibubastus Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [18], figs. 99, 100; 19, no. 50 (= Hesperia ceraunus, Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 303, no. 149; subspecies), by designation of Hemming (1934), Gen. Names Holarct. Butterflies 1: 104.

*598.    Hemiargus ceraunus (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 303, no. 149.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Ceraunus

Type Locality: “America meridionalis Insulis”; defined as “Jamaica and Hispaniola” by W. Comstock and Huntington (1943), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 107; stated to be “probably Jamaica” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 159; suggested to be “Jamaica or Hispaniola” by F. Brown (1972), in: F. Brown and Heineman, Jamaica Butterflies: 252.

Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.

Lamas (2004), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 139, placed ceraunus and all of its subspecies under Hemiargus hanno (Stoll, [1790]), Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 170, pl. 39, fig. 2 ♂ D, 2b ♂ V; 383 (index). This view was supported by W. Comstock and Huntington (1943), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 106-107, N. Riley (1975), Field Guide Butterflies W. Indies: 109, pl. 12, figs. 12a, 12b, F. Brown and Heineman (1972), Jamaica Butterflies: 252-253, D. Smith et al. (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(4): 282, and (1994), Butterflies W. Indies & S. Florida: 128, but disputed by Wood (1924), Entomol. News 35(10): 359-361, Nabokov (1945), Psyche 52(1/2): 20, J. Scott (1986), Papilio (n.s.) 3: 7, and K. Johnson and Bálint (1995), Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (54): 1-15. Schwartz (1989), Butterflies Hispaniola: 262-266, reported H. hanno and H. ceraunus as widely sympatric on Hispaniola, but did not indicate how he separated them. Additional research is needed to resolve the issue.

a.   Hemiargus ceraunus antibubastus Hübner, 1818

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [18], figs. 99 ♂ D, 100 ♂ V [1813]; 19, no. 50 (1818, name given).

Original Combination: Hemiargus Antibubastus

Type Locality: “Georgien in Florida”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

This taxon was originally given the name Rusticus bubastus Hübner, 1808, Erste Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett.: 5, but this document was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 789.

=    pseudoptiletes (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (12): 114-117, pl. 35, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V; cited Polyommatus filenus Poey, 1832, Cent. Lép. Cuba (2): pl. [13], figs. [1], [2], [3], Rusticus hanno Hübner [1812], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [98], Papilio ubaldus Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(32): pl. 390, figs. L, M, and Polyommatus ubaldus Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 682, no. 207.

Original Combination: A[rgus]. Pseudoptiletes

Type Locality: “Caroline, la Virginie, Géorgie, dans plusiers Antilles et au Mexique”

Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection. A “type” is supposedly in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”

b.   Hemiargus ceraunus astenidas (Lucas, 1857)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba: 7(2): 613.

Original Combination: Lycaena Astenidas

Type Locality: “habite l’île de Cuba...Martinique” in error; apparently from Central America or eastern Mexico.

Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.

=    zachaeina (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)

Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 104-105; figured by Butler (1873), Lepid. Exot. (13): 157, pl. 57, fig. 1 ♂ V.

Original Combination: L[ampides]. Zachaeina

Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.

Types: Lectotype (#265760) in NHMUK, designated by Bálint (1999), Neue Entomol. Nachr. 46: 7.

c.   Hemiargus ceraunus gyas (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 210-211, no. 10.

Original Combination: Lycaena Gyas

Type Locality: “Arizona”; neotype from “Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 362, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

=    astragala (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 64, no. 401; 232, no. 401, pl. 30, fig. 401 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: [Lycaena] Astragala; Lycaena Astragala n. s.

Type Locality: “Southern California” “San Bernardino, Cal.” [San Bernardino County]

Types: Holotype (#4320) in CAS.

=    florencia (Clemence, 1914)

Entomol. News 25(1): 28.

Original Combination: Lycaena florencia

Type Locality: “Southern Arizona (Huachuca Mountains...)...Brawley, Imperial Valley, California...Yuma Arizona”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Genus Echinargus Nabokov, 1945

Psyche 52(1/2): 27-28. Type-species: Lycaena isola Reakirt, [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 332, no. 28, by original designation. K. Johnson and Bálint (1995), Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (54): 1-15, placed this genus in the Polyommatus section.

599.      Echinargus isola (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 332, no. 28.

Original Combination: Lycaena isola

Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]

Types: Syntype said to be in FMNH, but possibly lost.

=    nyagora (Boisduval, 1870)

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 17.

Original Combination: Lycaena Nyagora

Type Locality: “Mexique...Honduras”; lectotype from “Mex.” [Mexico]

Types: Lectotype (#265591) in NHMUK, designated by Bálint (1999), Neue Entomol. Nachr. 46: 8.

=    alce (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 272-273, no. 11.

Original Combination: Lycaena Alce

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Turkey Creek, Jefferson Co. and Georgetown, Clear Creek Co.” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 162; subsequently defined as “vicinity of Turkey Creek Junction on the old stage road between Denver and the mining fields of northern South Park” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 363; neotype from “Larkspur, Douglas Co., Colorado.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 365, fig. 5 ♀ D&V.

Lamas (2004g), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 139, treated this taxon as a synonym of E. isola.

Genus Plebulina Nabokov, 1944

Psyche 51(3/4): 104. Type-species: Lycaena emigdionis F. Grinnell, 1905, Entomol. News 16(4): 115-116, by original designation.

600.      Plebulina emigdionis (F. Grinnell, 1905)

Entomol. News 16(4): 115-116.

Original Combination: Lycaena emigdionis

Type Locality: “San Emigdio Canon, Kern Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    melimona (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 63, no. 382; 226, no. 382, pl. 29, figs. 382 ♀ D, 382b ♀ D (lectotype), 382c ♀ V, 382cc ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Lycaena] Melimona; Lycaena Melimona n. v.

Type Locality: “Southern California” “San Bernardino Mts.” [Riverside-San Bernardino counties]

Types: Lectotype in CAS (#4318), designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 36.

Genus Icaricia Nabokov, 1945

Psyche 51(3/4): 104. Type-species: Lycaena icarioides Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 297, no. 33, by original designation. Bálint and K. Johnson (1997), Neue Entomol. Nachr. 40: 7, considered Icaricia to be a synonym of Aricia [Reichenbach], 1817, Jena. Allgem. Lit.-Zeit. 14(1): 280.

601.      Icaricia shasta (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

a.   Icaricia shasta shasta (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221, 224-225, no. 8.

Original Combination: Lycaena Shasta

Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Sheppard Pass Trail West/head of Tyndall Ck. 11-12,200'/, Tulare Co., Calif.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 404, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.

J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 27, discussed the neotype designated by F. Brown (1970). They considered it invalid because Behr did not have access to the area from where the neotype was taken, and W. H. Edwards’ description fits the syntypes of nivium and zelmira more closely than that of the neotype. Austin et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (7): 115-116, designated a “new” neotype. This is the lectotype of zelmira (see below). This issue needs further examination.

=    ‡zelmira (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 282, no. 358, pl. 35, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V, 19 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Lycaena Zelmira

Type Locality: “California, Utah”; defined as “slope south above Donner Pass, 7,500' elevation, Placer County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 90.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 90, figs. 28 ♂ D, 29 ♂ V. This is the “neotype” of shasta, thereby making zelmira a junior objective synonym of shasta (see above).

=    nivium (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 47, no. 25; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, figs. 1963 ♂ D&V, 1964 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena nivium

Type Locality: “l'Orégon”; defined as “slope south above Donner Pass, 7,500' elevation, Placer County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 27.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 27, figs. 195 ♂ D, 196 ♂ V.

=    comstocki (C. Fox, 1924)

Entomol. News 35(4): 140-141.

Original Combination: Plebejus shasta comstocki new variety

Type Locality: “Glacier Point, Yosemite National Park, California” [Mariposa County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 54, figs. 27 ♂ D.

b.   Icaricia shasta calchas (Behr, 1867)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 281-282, no. 14.

Original Combination: L[ycaena]. Calchas

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “Mono Lake” from the description; neotype from “Mono Lake, Mono County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in NHMLA, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 103, figs. 58 ♂ D, 59 ♂ V.

c.   Icaricia shasta pallidissima Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 559, figs. 113 ♂ D, 114 ♂ V (holotype); 115 ♀ D, 116 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia shasta pallidissima

Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Snake Range, vicinity of Stella Lake, 3170 m, T13N R68E (unsectioned) on USGS Sacramento Pass, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

d.   Icaricia shasta minnehaha (Scudder, 1874)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 17(1): 88-89, no. 12.

Original Combination: Agriades minnehaha

Type Locality: “Heart River Crossing, Dakotah Terr., about fifty miles west of the Missouri River”; suggested to be “most probably in Grant Co., North Dakota where the present State Road 49 (between Glen Ullin and Elgin) crosses the Heart River...elevation...1800'” by Ferris (1970), Entomol. News 81(8): 204.

Types: Syntypes (#15977) in MCZC; one figured by Ferris (1976), Bull. Allyn Mus. (36): fig. 16 ♂ D&V.

=    browni (Ferris, 1970)

Entomol. News 81(8): 204-207, figs. 1, middle row ♂ genitalia, 2, top row left ♂ D (holotype), right ♀ D, bottom row left ♂ V, right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Plebejus shasta browni

Type Locality: “Powder River Pass, 9700', Johnson Co., Wyoming”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Icaricia shasta charlestonensis (Austin, 1980)

J. Lepid. Soc. 34(1): 20-22, fig. 1 top ♂ D&V (holotype), bottom ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Plebejus shasta charlestonensis

Type Locality: “Lee’s (= Lee) Canyon, (Spring Range), Clark Co.(unty), Nev.(ada), 8500'”; also stated as “NEVADA: Clark Co., Spring Range, Lee Canyon, 8250'-8800'. This is the open area between Lee Canyon Guard Station and the ski tow as shown on USGS Charleston Peak, Nevada, quadrangle, 15 minute series (R 56E, T 18S, S 10 and S 15) 250-8800', Clark Co., Nevada.”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

f.    Icaricia shasta pitkinensis (Ferris, 1976)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (36): 2-3, figs. 19 ♂ D&V (holotype), 20 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Plebejus shasta pitkinensis

Type Locality: “Snowmass Lake, 12,000', Pitkin Co., Colorado”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    platazul J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 50, pl. 4, 2nd row left ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Plebejus shasta platazul

Type Locality: “Hermit Pass, ~12,000', Sangre de Cristo Mts., Custer Co. Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

602.      Icaricia neurona (Skinner, 1902)

Entomol. News 13(1): 15.

Original Combination: Lycaena neurona

Type Locality: “Doble, San Bernardino County, Cal.” [California]

Types: Syntypes (#7047) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 34 ♂ D.

603.      Icaricia acmon (Westwood, [1851])

In: E. Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 76, fig. 2 ♂ D; (53): 494, no. 139 (1852).

Original Combination: Lycaena Acmon

Type Locality: “California”; suggested to be “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by Opler (2003), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(1): 3.

Types: Lectotype (#235605) in NHMUK, designated by Opler (2003), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(1): 2, figs.1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, as “holotype.”

Opler (2003), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(1): 1-6, determined that P. acmon is monotypic. Taxa formerly treated as subspecies of P. acmon are tentatively associated with P. lupini.

=    antaegon (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 295, no. 30; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1936 ♂ D&V, 1937 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena antaegon

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “environs de San-Francisco” by Boisduval (1868), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 16, no. 31; further defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13, figs. 54 ♂ D, 55 ♂ V.

=    cottlei (F. Grinnell, 1916)

J. Entomol. & Zool. 8(2): 83, pl., upper left ♀ D, upper right ♂ D, center left ♀ V, center right ♂ V, bottom left ♀ V, bottom right ♂ V.

Original Combination: Rusticus acmon cottlei

Type Locality: “Baker's Beach, north of the Cliff House, within the city and county of San Francisco” [California]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”labecula” (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 457.

Original Combination: Plebejus acmon ab. labecula

Type Locality: “San Francisco district, California” [San Francisco County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”kelseyi” (W. S. Wright, 1930)

Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6(3): 29-30, no. 111.

Original Combination: Plebeius acmon ab. kelseyi

Type Locality: “San Diego County, California” implied from the title of the paper. [San Diego County]

Types: “Holotype” in SDMC.

604.      Icaricia lupini (Boisduval, 1869)

The arrangement of taxa under this species should be considered tentative; some of these may represent species-level taxa.

a.   Icaricia lupini texanus Goodpasture, 1973

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 49(2): 149-151, figs. 2 ♂ uncus, 5 ♂ uncus, 8 ♀ sterigma, map 1, 12 ♂ D (holotype), 15 ♀ D, 16 ♂ V, 19b ♀ sterigma.

Original Combination: Icaricia acmon texanus

Type Locality: “1 mi. S Hillside, Yavapai Co., Arizona”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Icaricia lupini lutzi (dos Passos, 1938)

Can. Entomol. 70(3): 48, pl. 2, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Plebeius acmon lutzi

Type Locality: “Snowslide Canyon, eight miles from Montpelier, Idaho” [Bear Lake County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”pseudolupini” (Ferris, 1970)

J. Res. Lepid. 8(3): 91, figs. 1, top left ♂ D, top right ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Plebejus (Icaricia) acmon lutzi form pseudolupini

Type Locality: “near Eagle Rock, 8200' approx., Sherman Range, Medicine Bow N. F., Albany Co., Wyoming”

Types: “Holotype” in Ferris collection, possibly in MGCL.

c.   Icaricia lupini spangelatus Burdick, 1942

Can. Entomol. 74(10): 195-196.

Original Combination: Plebeius lupini spangelatus

Type Locality: “Gray Wolf Range, Olympic Mountains, Clallam Co., Washington”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

d.   Icaricia lupini lupini (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 46-47, no. 23; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, figs. 1961 ♂ D&V, 1962 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena lupini

Type Locality: “le sud de la Californie”; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 27.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 27, figs. 192 ♂ D, 193 ♂ V.

=    ‡”immaculata” (F. Chermock, 1929)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 20.

Original Combination: Plebeius lupini ab. immaculata

Type Locality: “Gold Lake district, Sierra Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

‡”alupini” (J. Scott, 2008)

Papilio (n.s.) 18: 57-63.

Original Combination: Plebejus alupini lutzi

Proposed as a replacement name for Lycaena lupini Boisduval, 1869, because the author thought that name inappropriate.

e.   Icaricia lupini alpicola J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 192-193, figs. 73 ♂ D, 74 ♂ D (holotype); 75 ♀ D, 76 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia lupini alpicola

Type Locality: “California: Mono County; Barney Lake, elevation ca. 10,240'-10,400'”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

f.    Icaricia lupini goodpasturei Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 560, figs. 117 ♂ D, 118 ♂ V (holotype); 119 ♀ D, 120 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia lupini goodpasturei

Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Schell Creek Range, Timber Creek, 5.0 road miles east of Nevada route 486, 2740 m, T18N R65E S25 on USGS Schell Peaks, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

605.      Icaricia chlorina (Skinner, 1902)

Treated as a distinct species by Davenport (2018), Butterflies of s. Cal. update: 110.

a.   Icaricia chlorina chlorina (Skinner, 1902)

Entomol. News 13(1): 15.

Original Combination: Lycaena chlorina

Type Locality: “Tehachapi, Cala.” [Kern County, California]

Types: Holotype (#7048) in CMNH; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 58, fig. 3 ♂ D&V; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♀ D.

=    carolyna (J. A. Comstock, 1922)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 21(2): 46, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♂ V; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 55, fig. 16 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Plebeius carolyna

Type Locality: “Tehachapi Mts. about five miles from the town of that name. Elevation 5,000 feet” [Kern County, California]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA

=    ‡”transvestitus” (J. Scott, 1981)

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 6.

Original Combination: Plebejus lupini male form transvestitus

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

b.   Icaricia chlorina argentata J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 191-192, figs. 69 ♂ D, 70 ♂ V (holotpye), 71 ♀ D, 72 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia lupini argentata

Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; east end of Nelson Range; slope 0.2 air mile W of junction of Saline Valley Road and Hunter Mountain Road, 5950'-6100' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

606.      Icaricia monticola (Clemence, 1909)

Can. Entomol. 41(1): 38-39.

Original Combination: Rusticus [acmon] monticola n. subsp.

Type Locality: “vicinity of Pasadena, Calif.” implied from the title of paper; syntypes from “Upper Arroyo Seco, L. A. County., Cal.” [Los Angeles County, California]

Types: Syntypes in NHMLA; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 55, figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, and Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 58, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, 6 ♀ D.

Treated as a distinct species by Davenport (2018), Butterflies of s. Cal. update: 112.

=    ‡”pallida” (Gunder, 1925)

Entomol. News 36(1): 3, no. 3, pl. 1, fig. N ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Plebeius monticola ab. ♀ pallida

Type Locality: “Cajon Pass, San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 55, fig. 13 ♀ D.

=    ‡”malcolmi” (Gunder, 1927)

Entomol. News 36(7): 195, no. 2, pl. 5, fig. 2 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Plebeius monticola ab. ♀ malcolmi

Type Locality: “Ridge Route, Los Angeles County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”montanus” (Gunder, 1929)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(5): 326, pl. 31, fig. 3a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Plebeius monticola tr. f. montanus

Type Locality: “Cajon Pass, San Bernardino Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”angelus” (Gunder, 1929)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(5): 326, pl. 31, fig. 4a ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Plebeius monticola tr. f. angelus

Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Calif.” [Los Angeles County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH or NHMLA.

607.      Icaricia dedeckera J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 190-191, figs. 65 ♂ D, 66 ♂ V (holotype); 67 ♀ D, 68 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia acmon dedeckera

Type Locality: “California: Mono County; west slope White Mountains; north-facing slope of Coldwater Canyon, 5,200-5,600' elevation, S.36, T.5S., R.33E.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

Treated as a distinct species by Davenport (2018), Butterflies of s. Cal. update: 109.

608.      Icaricia cotundra (J. Scott & M. Fisher, 2006)

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 50-51, pl. 4, 2nd row left center ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Plebejus lupini (P. spangelatus?) cotundra

Type Locality: “Hall Valley, 12,000', Park Co. Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

Opler, (2009), in: M. Fisher, Butterflies Colo. 4: 116, elevated this taxon to the species-level.

609.      Icaricia saepiolus (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Icaricia saepiolus amica (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, 80-81, no. 4.

Original Combination: Lycaena Amica

Type Locality: “Mackenzie's River”; neotype from “Fort Smith, N. W. T.” [Northwest Territories]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 379, fig. 11 ♂ D&V. This same specimen was redesignated as neotype by Kondla and C. Guppy (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(6): 4, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, because they erroneously thought Brown failed to comply with Code Article 75.3.1.

=    kodiak (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 20, no. 14.

Original Combination: Lycaena Kodiak

Type Locality: “Kodiak”; defined as “vicinity of Sitka” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 381, probably in error.

Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 382, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”caerulescens” (Ferris, 1970)

J. Res. Lepid. 8(3): 91, 93, fig. bottom ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Plebeius (Plebejus) saepiolus saepiolus ♀ form caerulescens

Type Locality: “Crooks Tower Road, Black Hills N. F., 6000' approx., Lawrence Co., South Dakota”

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

b.   Icaricia saepiolus insulanus (Blackmore, 1920)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. B. C. 14: 8, pl. 1, fig. 7 ♂ V (lectotype).

Original Combination: [Plebeius saepiolus race] insulanus

Type Locality: “Vancouver Island”; defined as “Victoria, B. C.” by Blackmore (1923), Can. Entomol. 55(4): 99. [British Columbia]

Types: Lectotype in CNC, designated by Blackmore (1923), ibid. (as “holotype”); figured by Kondla and C. Guppy (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(6): figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V: paralectotypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, figs. 30 ♂ D, 31 ♂ V.

c.   Icaricia saepiolus littoralis (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 178, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Plebejus saepiolus littoralis

Type Locality: “California: Del Norte County; sand dunes at west end of Kellog Road, north end of Lake Earl, 2 road miles west of Fort Dick, elevation 15'”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Icaricia saepiolus saepiolus (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr (2)10(2): 296, no. 32; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, figs. 1941 ♂ D&V, 942 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena saepiolus

Type Locality: “les montagnes”; California implied from the title of the paper; lectotype from “Bear Valley, near Olema, Marin County, California.”

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butts: 14, figs. 60 ♂ D, 61 ♂ V.

e.   Icaricia saepiolus rufescens (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 48; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 239, figs. 2067 ♂ D&V, 2068 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena rufescens

Type Locality: “les plaines de l’interiuer”; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 28.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 28, figs. 201 ♂ D, 202 ♂ V.

f.    Icaricia saepiolus aehaja (Behr, 1867)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 280-281, no. 11.

Original Combination: L[ycaena]. Aehaja

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “associated with L. Daedalus...in the Alpine regions around the head waters of the Tuolumne River” from the description; neotype from “Tioga Pass, Mono County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 103, figs. 67 ♀ D, 68 ♀ V.

g.   Icaricia saepiolus albomontanus (Austin & J. Emmel, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 510-511, figs. 43 ♂ D, 44 ♂ V (holotype); 45 ♀ D, 46 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Plebejus saepiolus albomontanus

Type Locality: “California: Mono County; White Mountains, slope 0.9 air miles east of Barcroft laboratory, south of McAfee meadows, 3627-3658 m, T4S R34E (unsectioned) on USGS Mt. Barcroft, Calif.-Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

h.   Icaricia saepiolus aureolus (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 176-177, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Plebejus saepiolus aureolus

Type Locality: “California: Los Angeles County; wet meadow 0.1 air mile WSW of Big Pines Ranger Station, Big Pines, San Gabriel Mountains”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

i.    Icaricia saepiolus hilda (J. Grinnell & F. Grinnell, 1907)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 15(1): 46-47.

Original Combination: Cupido hilda

Type Locality: “upper cienega at the head of the South Fork of the Santa Ana, at an elevation of about 8,500 feet” [San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, figs. 32 ♂ D, 33 ♀ D.

=    ‡”garthi” (Gunder, 1928)

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 168, pl. B, fig. 21 ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Plebeius saepiolus race hilda tr. f. garthi

Type Locality: “Tahquitz Valley, Riv. Co., Calif.” [Riverside County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”boharti” (Gunder, 1932)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 127.

Original Combination: Plebeius saepiolus tr. f. boharti

Type Locality: “Yosemite Natl. Park, California”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

j.    Icaricia saepiolus maculosus (Austin, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (71): 820, figs. 1 third row left ♂ D, 2 third row left ♂ V (holotype), 1 third row, 2nd from left ♂ D, 2 third row, 2nd from left ♂ V, 1 third row, two ♀♀ on right D, 2 third row, two ♀♀ on right V.

Original Combination: Plebejus saepiolus maculosus

Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Snake Range, Snake Creek (now in Great Basin National Park), 2300 m, T12N R69E S10 on USGS Garrison, Nev.-Utah 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

k.   Icaricia saepiolus gertschi (dos Passos, 1938)

Can. Entomol. 70(3): 46, pl. 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Plebeius saepiolus gertschi

Type Locality: “Cedar Breaks, near Cedar City, Utah” [Iron County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

l.    Icaricia saepiolus whitmeri (F. Brown, 1951)

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 44(2): 286-287.

Original Combination: Plebeius saepiolus whitmeri

Type Locality: “Rampart Range Road, near Woodland Park, Teller Co., Colorado. 9500 feet”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”leussleri” (Gunder, 1927)

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 282, no. 3, pl. A, fig. 3 ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Plebeius saepiolus tr. f. leussleri

Type Locality: “Cassell's, Park Co., Neb., Alt. 8500”; corrected to “Cassells, Park Co., Colorado” by dos Passos (1938), Can. Entomol. 70(3): 46.

Types: “Holotype” in OSUC.

610.      Icaricia icarioides (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Icaricia icarioides evius (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 49, no. 30; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 239, figs. 2072 ♂ D&V, 2073 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Evius

Type Locality: “Du sud de la Californie”; defined as “La Crescenta, Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 29.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 29, figs. 213 ♂ D, 214 ♂ V.

b.   Icaricia icarioides santana J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 186-187, figs. 53 ♂ D, 54 ♂ V, 55 ♀ V, 56 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides santana

Type Locality: “California: Orange County; Yaeger Mesa, 2,900-3,100' elevation, above Trabuco Canyon; northeast one-fourth of S.3, T6S., R6W.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Icaricia icarioides moroensis (Sternitzky, 1930)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 7(2): 93-94.

Original Combination: Plebeius icarioides moroensis

Type Locality: “Moro Beach, San Luis Obispo County, California”

Types: Holotype (#2982) in CAS.

d.   Icaricia icarioides atascadero J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 189, figs. 61 ♂ D, 62 ♂ V (holotype); 63 ♀ D, 64 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides atascadero

Type Locality: “California: San Luis Obispo County; Atascadero”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Icaricia icarioides pardalis (Behr, 1867)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 279-280, no. 1.

Original Combination: Lycaena Pardalis

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “in the Contra Costa Coast Range, in the vicinity of San Antonio” from the description; neotype from “Lake Chabot, Alameda County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 102, figs. 55 ♂ D, 56 ♂ V.

=    erymus (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 48, no. 27; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 239, figs. 2069 ♂ D&V, 2070 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Erymus

Type Locality: “Des frontiérs de l’Oregon” in error; defined as “Lake Chabot, Alameda County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 28.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 28, figs. 207 ♂ D, 208 ♂ V.

=    mintha (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 194, no. 9.

Original Combination: Lycaena Mintha

Type Locality: “Nevada”; corrected to “Marin County, California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 388.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 389-390, fig. 14 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”windi” (Gunder, 1933)

Can. Entomol. 65(8): 173.

Original Combination: Plebeius maricopa tr. f. windi

Type Locality: “Berkeley, Calif.” [Alameda County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

f.    Icaricia icarioides missionensis (Hovanitz, 1937)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 13(4): 187-188.

Original Combination: Plebeius icarioides missionensis

Type Locality: “Twin Peaks, San Francisco, Calif. elevation 700 ft.” [San Francisco County, California]

Types: Holotype (#4526) in CAS.

g.   Icaricia icarioides pheres (Boisduval, 1852)                                       ✝

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 297, no. 34; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, figs. 1944 ♂ D&V, 1945 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena pheres

Type Locality: “Environs de San Francisco”; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15, figs. 69 ♂ D, 70 ♂ V.

h.   Icaricia icarioides parapheres J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 187-188, figs. 57 ♂ D, 58 ♂ V (holotype); 59 ♀ D, 60 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides parapheres

Type Locality: “California: Marin County; Pt. Reyes Dunes, 25' +/- elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

i.    Icaricia icarioides fenderi (Macy, 1931)

Entomol. News 42(1): 1-2, pl. 1 ♀ D, ♀ V, ♂ D.

Original Combination: Plebeius maricopa fenderi

Type Locality: “six miles S.E. of McMinneville [sic], Oregon” [McMinnville, Yamhill County]

Types: Location of holotype not known; paratype in CAS.

j.    Icaricia icarioides blackmorei (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1919)

Can. Entomol. 51(4): 92-93.

Original Combination: Plebeius icarioides blackmorei

Type Locality: “Goldstream, Vanc. Is., B. C.” [Vancouver Island, British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in USNM; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♀ D, 27 ♂ V.

k.   Icaricia icarioides montis (Blackmore, 1923)

Can. Entomol. 55(4): 99-100.

Original Combination: Plebeius icarioides montis

Type Locality: “Mt. McLean, near Lillooet, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

l.    Icaricia icarioides helios (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 208-209, no. 6.

Original Combination: Lycaena Helios

Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Fawn Lodge, Cal., Trinity Co.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Downey (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 392-393, fig. 15 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”spinimaculata” (Gunder, 1926)

Entomol. News 37(1): 8, no. 12, pl. 1, fig. 12 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Plebeius icarioides ab. ♂ spinimaculata

Type Locality: “Delta, Trinity County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

m.  Icaricia icarioides icarioides (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 297, no. 33; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, fig. 1943 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena icarioides

Type Locality: “les montagnes”; redefined as “les montagnes peu élevées” by Boisduval (1868), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 17, no. 34; defined as “2000-4000 feet El Dorado and Nevada counties, California” by Hovanitz (1937), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 13(4): 185; subsequently defined as “Hwy. 70 at Soda Creek, East Branch North Fork Feather River Canyon, 2500' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 14.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15, figs. 66 ♂ D, 67 ♂ V.

=    maricopa (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 245-246, no. 19.

Original Combination: Lycaena maricopa

Type Locality: “California”

Types: Syntype(s) in FMNH.

=    daedalus (Behr, 1867)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 280, no. 9.

Original Combination: L[ycaena]. Daedalus

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “the Alpine regions around the head waters of the Tuolumne River” from the description; neotype from “Vogelsang Pass, Yosemite National Park, south of Tuolumne Meadows, Tuolumne-Mariposa County line, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in NHMLA, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 104, figs. 70 ♀ D, 71 ♀ V.

=    phileros (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 50, no. 32; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 239, figs. 2076 ♂ D&V, 2077 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Phileros

Type Locality: “Des montagnes de l’Est”; defined as “slope south above Donner Pass, Placer County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30, figs. 219 ♂ D, 220 ♂ V.

n.   Icaricia icarioides eosierra J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 183-184, figs. 45 ♂ D, 46 ♂ V (holotype); 47 ♀ D, 48 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides eosierra

Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Falls Creek, 5200' elevation, 3 miles south and 3 miles west of Olancha, east slope Sierra Nevada”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

o.   Icaricia icarioides albihalos J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 182-183, figs. 41 ♂ D, 42 ♂ V (holotype); 43 ♀ D, 44 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides albihalos

Type Locality: “California: Mono County; White Mountains; along White Mountain Road 0.7 road miles northwest of turnoff to Crooked Creek, east of Campito Mountain, at 10,560" elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

p.   Icaricia icarioides inyo J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 181-182, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♂ V (holotype); 39 ♀ D, 40 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides inyo

Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Inyo Mountains; Side Hill Spring, 9,100'-9,200' elevation, northwest one-fourth of S.22, T.11S., R.36E.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

q.   Icaricia icarioides argusmontana J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 179, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V (holotype); 31 ♀ D, 32 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides argusmontana

Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Mountain Springs Canyon, 5500' elevation, Argus Mountains”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

r.    Icaricia icarioides panamintina J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 180-181, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V (holotype); 35 ♀ D, 36 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides panamintina

Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Panamint Range; Telescope Peak Trail, between Mahogany Flats and Arcane Meadows, 8400-9500' elevation; S2 and S11, T20S, R45E”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

s.   Icaricia icarioides austinorum J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 184-185, figs. 49 ♂ D, 50 ♂ V (holotype); 51 ♀ V, 52 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides austinorum

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Range, Kyle Canyon Ski area”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

t.    Icaricia icarioides fulla (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 194-195, no. 10.

Original Combination: Lycaena Fulla

Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Sonora Pass, elev. 9700 ft., Mono Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Downey (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 386-387, fig. 13 ♂ D&V.

=    ardea (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 209-210, no. 8.

Original Combination: Lycaena Ardea

Type Locality: “Nevada, vic. Virginia City” [Storey County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH, figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): fig. 16 ♂ D&V.

u.   Icaricia icarioides pembina (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221, 224, no. 7.

Original Combination: Lycaena Pembina

Type Locality: “Lake Winnipeg”; defined as “Great Slave Lake” by W. H. Edwards (1877), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 45; neotype from “Lost Horse Road Bitter Root Mtns., Ravalli Co., Mont.” [Montana]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Downey (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 401-402, fig. 19 ♂ D&V.

v.   Icaricia icarioides lycea (W. H. Edwards, 1864)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, 507, no. 9.

Original Combination: Lycaena Lycea

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; neotype from “Gregory Canyon, Boulder, Colo.” [Boulder County, Colorado]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Downey (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 396-397, fig. 17 ♂ D&V.

=    rapahoe (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 146-147.

Original Combination: Lycaena Rapahoe

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr.”

Types: Syntypes in FMNH; figured by Strecker (1874), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (10): pl. 10, fig. 14 ♂ D&V, 15 ♀ D.

w.  Icaricia icarioides sacre (R. Holland, 2011)

Lepid. North America 10: 8, 9, figs. 2a ♂ D, 2b ♂ V (holotype), 3a ♀ D, 3b ♀ V.

Original Combination: Plebejus icarioides sacre

Type Locality: “Capitan Mountains, Lincoln County, NM: Encinosa Can., NW slope, W of Capitan Gap, 1 mi. W of Sawmill Tank, 8,400'” [New Mexico]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

x.   Icaricia icarioides nigrafem (R. Holland, 2011)

Lepid. North America 10: 8, 10, figs. 4a ♂ D, 4b ♂ D, 5a ♀D, 5b ♀ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Plebejus icarioides nigrafem

Type Locality: “Cherry Creek Canyon, southeast slope of Johnson Mesa, 8,000'” [Colfax County, New Mexico]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

y.   Icaricia icarioides buchholzi (dos Passos, 1938)

Can. Entomol. 70(3): 47, pl. 2, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Plebeius icarioides buchholzi

Type Locality: “White Mountains, Arizona (8500')”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Genus Agriades Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 67-68. Type-species: Papilio glandon de Prunner, 1798, Lepid. Pedemont: 76, no. 159, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 173. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed Agriades on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 685.

Subgenus Albulina Tutt, 1909

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 3(6): 154. Type-species: Papilio pheretes Hübner, [1806], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: 45 (= Papilio atys Hübner, [1804], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 97, figs. 495, 496: a homonym of Papilio orbitulus Prunner, 1798, Lepid. Pedemont.: 75, no. 158), by original designation.

=    Vacciniina Tutt, 1909

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 3(6): 154. Type-species: Papilio optilete Knoch, 1781, Beitr. Insektengesch. 1: 76-77, no.3, pl. 5, figs. 5, 6, by original designation. Bálint and K. Johnson (1997), Neue Entomol. Nachr. 40: 7, considered this taxon to be a synonym of Albulina.

*611.    Agriades optilete (Knoch, 1781)

Beitr. Insektengesch. 1: 76-77, no. 3, pl. 5, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio Plebejus Ruralis Optilete

Type Locality: “hiesiger Gegend....Braunschweig” [Brunswick, Germany]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

a.   Agriades optilete yukona (W. Holland, 1900)

Entomol. News 11(4): 416-417; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena yukona

Type Locality: “mtns. between Mission and Forty-Mile Creeks, Alaska”

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

Subgenus Agriades Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 67-68. Type-species: Papilio glandon de Prunner, 1798, Lepid. Pedemont: 76, no. 159, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 173. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed Agriades on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 685.

      =    ‡Latoriana Tutt, 1909

Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 3(6): 155. Type-species: Papilio glandon de Prunner, 1798, Lepid. Pedemont: 76, no. 159, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 173. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed Latoriana Tutt, 1909 on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 67. A junior objective synonym of Agriades.

*612.    Agriades glandon (de Prunner, 1798)

Lepid. Pedemont: 76, no.159.

Original Combination: Pl[ebejus]. R[uralis] Pap[ilio]. Glandon

Type Locality: “In montibus”; “Col du Glandon” suggested from the derivation of the name. [Dauphiné Alps, France]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 91.
In the last half century the names glandon, aquilo, franklinii and rustica have all been applied at the species-level to some or all populations of this complex in North America (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 127, Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 35, Opler (1992), Field Guide E. Butterflies: 137, (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 246). It is unclear whether or not the name aquilo should be applied to the North American fauna. Until a lectotype or neotype for aquilo is designated, this issue will remain problematic. Nekrutenko (1974), J. Lepid. Soc. 28(3): 281, fig. 1, showed that there are no consistent genitalic characteristics by which glandon and aquilo may be separated. Yakovlev and Churkin (2003), Helios 4: 148-152, and Churkin (2005), Helios 5: 3-38, discussed the use of the name glandon for all of these populations. Since no thorough analysis of North American populations has yet been presented, the following arrangement is tentative.

a.   Agriades glandon labrador Schmidt, J. Scott & Kondla, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 49, pl. 4, 3rd row left center ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Agriades glandon labrador

Type Locality: “Smokey Mtn., Labrador City, Labrador, Canada” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

b.   Agriades glandon franklinii (J. Curtis, 1835)

In: Ross, Voy. Search Northwest Pass., Appendix: lxix, no. 15, pl. A, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Polyommatus] Franklinii

Type Locality: “Arctic Regions”; determined from itineraries in vol. 1 and a letter from John Ross in vol. 2, Addenda: 732-735, to be the area bounded by 69.30 ^o-70.9^o N lat. and 91.52^o-93.0^o W long., in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]

Types: Syntype in USNM.

=    suttoni (W. Holland, 1931)

Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 269, pl. 68, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ (actually ♂) D, 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Lycaena aquilo] var. suttoni

Type Locality: “Southampton Island in Hudson Bay” [Nunavut]

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

c.   Agriades glandon lacustris (T. Freeman, 1939)

Can. Entomol. 71(8): 180.

Original Combination: Plebeius aquilo var. lacustris

Type Locality: “Norway House, Manitoba”

Types: Holotype (#4521) in CNC.

=    manitoba (Lamas, 2008)

Zootaxa 1848: 49, no. 9

Original Combination: Plebeius glandon manitoba

Proposed as a replacement name for Plebeius aquilo var. lacustris T. Freeman, 1939, which was secondarily preoccupied by Lycaeides idas lacustris Beuret, 1938, Entomol. Rundsch 55: 683 until the taxon was returned to Agriades.

d.   Agriades glandon bryanti (Leussler, 1935)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 30(2): 58-59, no. 41.

Original Combination: Plebeius aquilo race bryanti

Type Locality: “Black Mountain, 500 ft. altitude” [30 mi SW Aklavik, Northwest Territories]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”kohlsaati” (Gunder, 1932)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 127.

Original Combination: Plebeius aquilo tr. f. kohlsaati

Type Locality: “Mt. McKinley National Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

e.   Agriades glandon megalo (McDunnough, 1927)

Can. Entomol. 59(7): 161.

Original Combination: [Plebeius aquilo] megalo

Type Locality: “Mt. McLean, Lillooet, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype (#2503) in CNC.

f.    Agriades glandon rustica (W. H. Edwards, 1865)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 203-204, no. 7.

Original Combination: Lycaena Rustica

Type Locality: “Pikes Peak”; defined as “vicinity of Empire, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 404.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 406, fig. 21 ♂ D&V.

g.   Agriades glandon punctatus Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 561, figs. 121 ♂ D, 122 ♂ V (holotype); 123 ♀ D, 124 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Agriades rusticus punctatus

Type Locality: “Arizona: Apache County; White Mountains, below Greens Peak, Forest Road 117”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

h.   Agriades glandon cassiope J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (20): 287-289, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Agriades cassiope

Type Locality: “California, El Dorado County; Sierra Nevada, Lake Tahoe region; slope due south of Dicks Pass, 8,800-9,000' elevation; S.7, T.12 N., R.17 E.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

i.    Agriades glandon kelsoni J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (20): 289-290, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Agriades cassiope kelsoni

Type Locality: “California, Siskiyou County; Trinity Alps; southeast above Caribou Lake, 7,000-7,100' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

613.      Agriades podarce (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

This taxon was elevated to the species-level by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 29.

a.   Agriades podarce cilla (Behr, 1867)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 281, no. 12.

Original Combination: L[ycaena]. Cilla

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “an elevation of 11,000 feet and over, on the snowy heights surrounding the headwaters of the Tuolumne River” from the description; neotype from “meadow E. of Tioga Pass, Mono County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 103, figs. 64 ♂ D, 65 ♂ V.

b.   Agriades podarce podarce (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 282-283, no. 359, pl. 35, 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Podarce

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “Summit Valley, at S. end of Lake Van Norden, Donner Pass, Placer County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 90.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 90, figs. 31 ♂ D, 32 ♂ V.

=    tehama (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 246, no. 20.

Original Combination: Lycaena tehama

Type Locality: “California”

Types: Syntypes in FMNH and MCZC (#16011); figured by Strecker (1874), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (10): pl. 10, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.

=    nestos (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 50, no. 32; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 239, figs. 2074 ♂ D&V, 2075 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Nestos

Type Locality: “les montagnes voisins de l’Oregon” in error; defined as “Summit Valley, at S. end of Lake Van Norden, Donner Pass, Placer County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 29.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30, figs. 216 ♂ D, 217 ♂ V.

c.   Agriades podarce klamathensis J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (20): 291, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Agriades podarce klamathensis

Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Waterdog Lake, North Trinity Mountain”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

Genus Plebejus Kluk, 1780

Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 89-92, no. 148. Type-species: Papilio argus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 152, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(845): 224. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Plebejus on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 705. Bálint et al. (2001), Folia Entomol. Hung. 62: 177-184, discussed this issue.

      =    ‡Rusticus Hübner, [1806]

Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio argus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 152, by monotypy. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97 suppressed the Tentamen and the names within it. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Rusticus Hübner, [1806], on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 213.

      =    ‡Plebeius W. F. Kirby, 1871

Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 653. Type-species: Papilio argus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 152, by designation of Crotch (1872), Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 60. A junior objective synonym and homonym of Plebejus Kluk, 1780.

      =    ‡Lycoena Nicholl, 1901

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1901(1): 92-95, nos. 73-87. Type-species: Papilio argus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 152, by designation of Cowan (1970), Annot. Rhop. 1970: 11. A junior objective synonym of Plebejus Kluk, 1780.

Subgenus Lycaeides Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 69. Type-species: Papilio argyrognomon Bergsträsser, [1779], Nom. Ins. 2: 76, pl. 46, figs. 1, 2, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 269. This species is to be interpreted by reference to the male genitalia figured by Chapman (1917), in: Oberthür, Étud. Lépid. Comp. 14: pl. 5, fig. 23 ♂ genitalia. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed Lycaeides on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 688. Bálint and K. Johnson (1997), Neue Entomol. Nachr. 40: 9, considered this a synonym or subgenus of Plebejus.

*614.    Plebejus idas (Linnaeus, 1760)

Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 284, no. 1075; cited Linnaeus (1746), Fauna Svecica: 247, nos. 804-805, and Ray (1710), Hist. Ins. Ins.: 131, no. 12.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus ruricola]. Idas

Type Locality: “Ericetis”; “Svecica” determined by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 269.

Types: Types apparently lost.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 269 gave priority to this name over Papilio idas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 488 no. 192, determined this species by reference to the male genitalia figured by Chapman (1917), in: Oberthür, Étud. Lépid. Comp. 14: pl. 3, fig. 7 ♂ genitalia, and placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 85.

=    acreon (Fabricius, 1787)

Mantissa Ins. 2: 76, no. 699.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Acreon

Type Locality: “Russia meridionali”

Types: Syntypes in HMUG.

=    amphion (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 301, no. 139.

Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Amphion

Type Locality: “Germania” [Germany]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

a.   Plebejus idas empetri T. Freeman, 1938

Can. Entomol. 70(3): 62-63, figs. 1 ♂ V (holotype), 2 ♀ V, 5 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Plebeius scudderi empetri

Type Locality: “Baddeck, N. S.” [Nova Scotia]

Types: Holotype (#4347) in CNC.

b.   Plebejus idas aster (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Can. Entomol. 14(10): 194-195.

Original Combination: Lycaena Aster

Type Locality: “Southern Newfoundland”; defined as “Avalon Peninsula” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 370-371. [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 371, fig. 8 ♂ D&V; paralectotypes figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 30, figs. 40 ♂ D, 46 ♀ D, 47 ♂ V.

c.   Plebejus idas scudderii (W. H. Edwards, 1861)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 164, no 9.

Original Combination: Lycaena Scudderii

Type Locality: “Lake Winnipeg” [Manitoba]; corrected to “mouth of Saskatchewan River, Manitoba” by Scudder (1886), Winnipeg Country: 56; neotype from “Saskatchewan.”

Types: Neotype in MCZC, designated by Nabokov (1945), Psyche 50(3/4): 93; figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): fig. 7 ♂ D&V.

=    subarcticus F. Chermock, 1945

Can. Entomol. 76(11): 213.

Original Combination: Plebeius scudderi subarcticus

Type Locality: “Fairchild Point, Great Slave Lake, N. W. T., Canada” [Northwest Territories]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly MGCL.

d.   Plebejus idas nabokovi (Masters, 1972)

J. Lepid. Soc. 26(3): 151-153, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaeides argyrognomon nabokovi

Type Locality: “Along Forest Road 122 in section 24 of Township 56 N, Range 11 W., Lake County, Minnesota”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

e.   Plebejus idas alaskensis F. Chermock, 1945

Can. Entomol. 76(11): 213.

Original Combination: Plebeius scudderi alaskensis

Type Locality: “Ft. Yukon, Alaska”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

f.    Plebejus idas atrapraetextus W. D. Field, 1939

J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 12(4): 135-136.

Original Combination: Plebeius atrapraetextus

Type Locality: “Priest River, Idaho” [Bonner County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

=    sweadneri F. Chermock, 1945

Can. Entomol. 76(11): 214.

Original Combination: Plebeius scudderi sweadneri

Type Locality: “Uranus Peak, Shoshone Co., Idaho, altitude 5200 feet”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    ferniensis F. Chermock, 1945

Can. Entomol. 76(11): 215.

Original Combination: Plebeius ferniensis

Type Locality: “Fernie, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in MGCL; figured by Nabokov (1949), Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): pl. 5, fig. 47 ♂ V.

g.   Plebejus idas sublivens (Nabokov, 1949)

Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): 513-516, pl. 1, fig. 27 left ♂ uncus and falx, pl. 5, fig. 65 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Lycaeides argyrognomon sublivens

Type Locality: “Telluride, San Miguel Mts., S. W. Colorado, alt. 10,000-12,000 ft.” [San Miguel County]

Types: Holotype (#27844) in MCZC.

h.   Plebejus idas longinus (Nabokov, 1949)

Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): 516-520, pl. 1, fig. 1.31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 ♂ uncus and falx, pl. 5, fig. 64 ♂ V, pl. 8, fig. 106 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Lycaeides argyrognomon longinus

Type Locality: “Jackson’s [sic!] Hole, N. W. Wyoming” [Jackson Hole, Teton County]

Types: Holotype (#27845) in MCZC.

615.      Plebejus fridayi F. Chermock, 1945

Can. Entomol. 76(11): 215.

Original Combination: Plebeius melissa fridayi

Type Locality: “Mammouth [sic], California” [Mammoth, Mono County]

Types: Location of holotype not known; allotype and partaypes in MGCL.

K. Davenport (2004), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 5(1): 32, treated this as a species-level taxon.

616.      Plebejus anna (W. H. Edwards, 1861)

a.   Plebejus anna anna (W. H. Edwards, 1861)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 163, no. 8.

Original Combination: Lycaena Anna

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “Truckee, Nevada Co., California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 366-367; neotype from “Sierra Nevada.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 367-368, fig. 6 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 21 ♂ D.

=    cajona (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 147-148, note.

Original Combination: Lycaena Cajona

Type Locality: “California”

Types: Syntype in ANSP (#7789), other syntypes in FMNH. Nabokov (1949), Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): 487, stated that a ♂ “cotype” was in the MCZC.

=    argyrotoxus (Behr, 1867)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 281, no. 13.

Original Combination: L[ycaena]. Argyrotoxus

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “the Sierra Nevada” from the description; neotype from “slope 0.6 air miles S. of S. end of Lake Mary, 7200-7500', S. of Donner Pass, SE 1/4 of S. 20 & SW 1/4 of S/ 21, T. 17N, R15E, Nevada County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 103, figs. 64 ♂ D, 65 ♂ V.

=    philemon (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 47-48, no. 26; figured by Oberthür (1913), Etud. Lépid. comp. 9(1): pl. 238, fig. 1965 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Philemon

Type Locality: “le centre de la Californie”; defined as “Donner Pass, Nevada County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 28.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 28, figs. 198 ♂ D, 199 ♂ V.

b.   Plebejus anna ricei Cross, 1937

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 13(1/2): 88.

Original Combination: Plebeius scudderii ricei

Type Locality: “vicinity of Big Cultus Lake, Oregon” [Deschutes County]

Types: Holotype in DMNS.

=    frechini F. Chermock, 1945 (emended)

Can. Entomol. 76(11): 214.

Original Combination: Plebeius scudderi fretchini

Type Locality: “Paradise Valley, Mt. Rainier, Washington” [Pierce County]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

This name is a patronym of D. P. Frechin as indicated in the text; thus the emendation (Code Articles 19.2, 32.2.2, 33.2).

c.   Plebejus anna lotis (Lintner, 1878)                                       ✝

Entomol. Contr. 4: 57-58.

Original Combination: Lycaena Lotis

Type Locality: “Mendocino, California” [Mendocino County]

Types: Syntype (#5668) in NYSM; figured by Nabokov (1949), Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): pl. 4, fig. 43 ♀ V, pl. 8, fig. 107 ♀ D.

d.   Plebejus anna azureus (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 175-176, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaeides idas azureus

Type Locality: “California: Trinity County; White Rock, 10 miles south of Wildwood”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Plebejus anna vancouverensis (C. Guppy & J. Shepard, 2001)

Butterflies B. C.: 236-237, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lycaeides anna vancouverensis

Type Locality: “BC, Strathcona Park, Cream Lake, 1,400m” [Vancouver Island, British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

f.    Plebejus anna benwarner J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 56, pl. 4, 3rd row left ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Plebejus atrapraetextus benwarner

Type Locality: “Cedar Pass, Modoc Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 188, suggests that this taxon is conspecific with P. anna.

617.      Plebejus melissa (W. H. Edwards, 1873)

a.   Plebejus melissa melissa (W. H. Edwards, 1873)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 346-348; figured by Mead [1876], Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): pl. 36, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Melissa

Type Locality: “Colorado...Nevada...Arizona”; suggested to be “Fairplay” [Park County, Colorado] by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 162; defined as “vicinity of Twin Lakes, Lake Co., Colorado...probably...on La Plata Peak” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 372. Redefined, probably in error, to “Tinytown” [Turkey Creek Junction, Jefferson County, Colorado] by J. Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 60. Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 31-34 discussed the matter in detail and defined the type locality as “Twin Lakes, along the eastern side of Lower Twin Lake (the eastern lake), Lake County, Colorado.”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. M. Brown, 1970, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 96(3): 374-375, fig. 9 ♂ D&V; figured by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): fig. 31 ♂ V.

b.   Plebejus melissa pseudosamuelis (Nabokov, 1949)

Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): 529-530, pl. 1, fig. 28 ♂ uncus and falx, pl. 6, figs. 75 ♂ V (holotype), 76 ♀ V, pl. 9, fig. 120 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Lycaeides melissa pseudosamuelis

Type Locality: “vic. Red Mt. Inn, Highway 82, between Mt. Elbert and La Plata, Pitkin Co., Colorado” [Lake County]

Types: Holotype (#27846) in MCZC; figured by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): fig. 32 ♂ V.

c.   Plebejus melissa annetta (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(3): 45, 48-49, no. 5.

Original Combination: Lycaena Annetta

Type Locality: “near Salt Lake, Utah”; Mead’s specimens were suggested to have come from the “Wasatch Mts.” by Nabokov (1949), Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): 532-533.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 376-377, fig. 10 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 332, fig. 14 ♀ D.

=    ‡”caeca” (Courvoisier, 1912)

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 26(1): 63.

Original Combination: [Lycaena annetta] F[orma]. caeca

Type Locality: “Nd. Amer” [North America]

Types: “Type(s),” if extant or recognizable, probably in NHMB.

d.   Plebejus melissa alateres (Austin, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 558-559, figs. 109 ♂ D, 110 ♂ V (holotype); 111 ♀ D, 112 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaeides melissa alateres

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Moapa Valley, Logandale, 415 m, T15S R67E S27 on USGS Overton, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Plebejus melissa inyoensis (Nabokov, 1949)

Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): 530-532.

Original Combination: Lycaeides melissa inyoensis

Nabokov adopted Plebeius melissa tr. f. inyoensis Gunder, 1927, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”inyoensis” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 281-282, no. 1, pl. A, fig. 1 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Plebeius melissa tr. f. inyoensis

Type Locality: “Olancha, Inyo Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

f.    Plebejus melissa paradoxa F. Chermock, 1945

Can. Entomol. 76(11): 214.

Original Combination: Plebeius melissa paradoxa

Type Locality: “Tehachapi Mts., California” [Kern County]

Types: Location of holotype not known.

618.      Plebejus samuelis (Nabokov, 1944)

Psyche 50(3/4): 97-99.

Original Combination: Lycaeides melissa samuelis

Type Locality: Not stated; “Albany, N. Y...Center, New York” implied from the type series. The holotype is labeled “Orig. Pl. 6, Butt. N. Engl. Cab. S. H. Scudder, 306/ Mus. Comp. Zool. Slide No. 338," and the genitalia from this slide were figured by Nabokov (1945), Psyche 51(3/4): 109, fig. 1, labeled “Albany, New York.” Scudder visited Center to sample his “namesake” only once, and the holotype is a specimen reared from this visit (R. Dirig pers. comm. 2006). Thus, Klots’ (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 166, determination of “Center (formerly Karner), New York” is accurate. [Albany County]

Types: Holotype (#26704) in MCZC; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(4): pl. 34, fig. 29 ♂ genitalia; (7): pl. 6, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

Lane & Weller (1994), Univ. Minn. Agric. Exp. Stat. Misc. Publ. 84-1994: 5-21, offered support for the specific status of this taxon. Lucas et al. (2008), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 101(1):172-180, Forister et al. (2010), Biology Letters 7(3): 399-402, also supported this status. On the other hand, Packer et al., (1998), Can. J. Zool. 76(2): 320-329 and Gompert et al., (2006) Molec. Ecol. 15(7): 1759–1768, offer evidence that it is a subspecies of Plebejus melissa.

Genus Polyommatus Latreille, 1804

Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab.): 185, no. 474, 200. Type-species: Papilio icarus Rottemburg, 1775, Naturforscher 6: 31, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 175 as a misidentified type-species (Article 70.3). I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed Polyommatus on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 689.

619.      Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775)

a.   Polyommatus icarus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775)

Naturforscher 6: 21-22, no. 8; cited Rösel von Rosenhof (1761), Der monat. Insect.-Belustig. 3: pl. 37, figs. 3 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Icarus

Type Locality: “Berlin” [Sachsen, Germany]

Types: Location of types not known.

Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not included.
Reported from Canada by P. Hall (2007), News Lepid. Soc. 49(4):111, 117.

=    ‡alexis (Scopoli, 1763)

Entomol. Carn.: 179-180, no. 461.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Alexis

Type Locality: “in sylvestribus”

Types: Location of types not known.

Preoccupied by Papilio alexis Poda, 1761, Mus. Graec.: 77, no. 47.

=    ‡thetis (Esper, 1777)

Die Schmett. 1(1)(6): pl. 32, fig. 2 ♂ D&V; 1(1)(9): 332.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Thetis

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of types not known.

Preoccupied by Papilio thetis Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 2: 16, index, pl. 9, figs. 3, 4.

=    pampholyge (Bergsträsser, 1779)

Nom. Ins. 2: 77, pl. 47, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Pampholyge

Type Locality: Not stated; “Hanau-Münzenburg” implied from the title of the work. [Hesse, Germany]

Types: Location of types not known.

=    candiope (Bergsträsser, 1779)

Nom. Ins. 2: 78-79, pl. 48, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Candiope

Type Locality: Not stated; “Hanau-Münzenburg” implied from the title of the work. [Hesse, Germany]

Types: Location of types not known.

=    candaon (Bergsträsser, 1779)

Icon Pap. 1: 5-6, pl. 6, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Candaon

Type Locality: “Hanoicus”

Types: Location of types not known.

=    candybus (Bergsträsser, 1779)

Nom. Ins. 2: 78, pl. 48, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Candybus

Type Locality: Not stated; “Hanau-Münzenburg” implied from the title of the work. [Hesse, Germany]

Types: Location of types not known.

=    oceanus (Bergsträsser, 1779)

Icon Pap. 1: 7, pl. 9, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Oceanus

Type Locality: “Hanoicus”

Types: Location of types not known.

=    polyphemus (Esper, 1779)

Die Schmett. 1(1)(9): 387-388, pl. 50, 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V.

Original Combination: P[apilio Pl[ebejus]. Rur[alis]. Polyphemus

Type Locality: “waldichten Orten”

Types: Location of types not known.

=    fusciolus (Geoffroy, 1785)

In: Fourcroy, Entomol. Paris 2: Ent. Paris.: 245, no. 32.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. fusciolus

Type Locality: Not stated; “Parisiensis” implied from the title of the work.

Types: Location of types not known.

=    icarinus (Scharfenberg, 1791)

Scriba, Journ. Ent. 1(3): 216.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Icarinus

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of types not known.

=    oebalus (Hoffmannsegg, 1804)

Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 3: 185; cited Papilio alexis Scopoli (1763), Entomol. Carn.: 179-180, no. 461.

Original Combination: [Papilio] Oebalus

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio alexis Scopoli, 1763, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    iphis Meigen, 1830

Syst. Beschr. Eur. Schmett. 2: 25-26, no. 32, pl. 47, fig. 5 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Polyommatus Iphis

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of types not known.

=    pusillus (Gerhard, 1851)

Vers. monogr. Europ. Schmett. (1): 15, no. 73, pl. 28, fig. 3 a ♂ D. 3b ♀ D, 3 c ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lycaena Alexis var. Pusillus

Type Locality: “Deutschland”

Types: Location of types not known.

Family RIODINIDAE Grote, 1895

Mitt. Roemer Mus. Hildesheim (1): [2], [4] (as “Riodinidae” “Riodininae” “Riodinini”). Type-genus: Riodina Westwood, 1851, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(47): 430. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1073 placed Riodinidae (with the date as given) on the Official List of Family-group Names in Zoology as name no. 484, and placed Riodina on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 2039.

Subfamily Riodininae Grote, 1895

Tribe Riodinini Grote, 1895 (1827)

Genus Caria Hübner, 1823

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 14. Type-species: Caria colubris Hübner, 1823, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [44], figs. 251, 252; 14, no. 126 (= Hesperia plutargus Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 329-330, no. 251; synonym), by monotypy.

*620.    Caria ino (Godman & Salvin, 1886)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(44): pl. 43, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V, 24 ♀ D, 25 ♀ V (as Symmachia ino) (1886); 1(45): 449, no. 3 (as Caria ino); 2(167): 705 (1901).

Original Combination: Symmachia ino

Type Locality: “Mexico, Ventanas”; this was interpreted to be “Villa Corona, Durango” by Selander and Vaurie (1962), Am. Mus. Novit. (2009): 65.

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 3 ♂ D, 3a ♂ V.

a.   Caria ino melicerta Schaus, 1890

Entomol. Am. 6(1): 18-19.

Original Combination: Caria melicerta

Type Locality: “Paso de San Juan” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by Clench (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(1): 56; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 2 ♂ D, 2a ♂ V.

Genus Baeotis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 21. Type-species: Baeotis hisbaena, Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 21 (= Papilio hisbon Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(7): 130, pl. 83, fig. C; (8): 153 (index); synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 125, no. 158. Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 25, fig. 25, determined that Colaciticus is a synonym of this genus. That is adopted herein.

=    Colaciticus Stichel, 1910

In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 112 (A): 138. Type-species: Monethe johnstoni Dannatt, 1904, Entomologist 37(194): 174, pl. 7, fig. 2, by original designation.

621.      Baeotis zonata (R. Felder, 1869)

a.   Baeotis zonata zonata (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 19(2/3): 469, no. 15.

Original Combination: Baeotis zonata

Type Locality: “Portrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Syntype(s) in NHMUK.

Reported from Arizona by Saba & Winslow (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(1): 10, 30.

=    simbla (Boisduval, 1870)

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 22.

Original Combination: Mesene simbla

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Type(s) should be in MNHP or NHMUK.

=    libna (Butler, 1870)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)5(29): 364-365

Original Combination: Charis libna

Type Locality: “Mexico?”

Types: Type(s) should be in NHMUK.

Genus Melanis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 25. Type-species: Papilio melander Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 89, pl. 336, fig. B (not A); (34): 250 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 214, no. 671.

=    Lymnas Blanchard, 1840

In: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 464. Type-species: Hesperia electron Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 321, no. 214, by original designation.

      =    ‡Limnas Boisduval, 1836

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 20 (= 4C), fig. 1. Type-species: Limnas pixe Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 20 [=4C], fig. 1, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Limnas Hübner, [1806], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [29].

      =    ‡Dryas C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 305. Type-species: Limnas cinaron C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(4): 101, no. 69, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Dryas Hübner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pls. [43], [44].

      =    ‡Oreas C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 305. Type-species: Oreas marathon C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara Zool. (2): 305, no. 411, pl. 38, figs. 3, 4, by designation of Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (4): 129. Preoccupied by Oreas Hübner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [82].

=    Aculhua W. F. Kirby, 1871

Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 301. Type-species: Limnas cinaron C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(4): 101, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Dryas C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara Zool. (2): 305, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

=    Rusalkia W. F. Kirby, 1871

Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 306. Type-species: Oreas marathon C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara Zool. (2): 305, no. 411, pl. 38, figs. 3, 4, by designation of W. F. Kirby 1873, Zool. Rec. 8(1871)(Ins.): 364. Proposed to replace Oreas C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, preoccupied (Code Article 60.3).

622.      Melanis pixe (Boisduval, 1836)

a.   Melanis pixe pixe (Boisduval, 1836)

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 20 [=4C], fig. 1 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V; explication plate.

Original Combination: Limnas Pixe

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    gynaeceas (Godman & Salvin, 1889)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)3(16): 356, no. 12; figured by Godman (1901), in: Godman and Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(167): pl. 110, fig. 3 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Limnas gynaeceas

Type Locality: “Mexico, Cuesta de Misantla” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    sexpunctata (Seitz, 1917)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(256): 659.

Original Combination: [Lymnas pixe] form sexpunctata

Type Locality: “Guerrero” [Mexico]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Genus Calephelis Grote & Robinson, 1869

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 310-311. Type-species: Erycina virginiensis G. Gray, 1832, in Griffith, Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 15(2): pl. 58, figs. 1, 1a (= Erycinia virginiensis Guérin-Méneville, [1832], Icon. Règne Anim. Cuvier 2(18): pl. 81, figs. 1, 1a; 3: 489 [1844]), by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 755; the same Opinion placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1694.

      =    ‡Lephelisca W. Barnes & Lindsey, 1922

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 15(1): 93. Type-species: Erycinia virginiensis Guérin-Méneville, [1832], Icon. Règne Anim. Cuvier 2(18): pl. 81, figs. 1, 1a; 3: 489 [1844], by original designation. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 755 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 1774.

623.      Calephelis borealis (Grote & Robinson, 1866)

Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 8: 351-352.

Original Combination: Nymphidia borealis

Type Locality: “New York State...near Upper Coldenham, Orange Co., N. Y., about nine miles west of Newburgh, on the Hudson”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in NYSM.

‡”geda” Scudder, 1876

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 102.

Original Combination: [Calephelis borealis] (= Geda) (Boisduval manuscript)

A manuscript name credited to Boisduval, listed in the synonymy of borealis without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

624.      Calephelis muticum McAlpine, 1937

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 32(2): 43-46, pl. 20, figs. 1 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (holotype); 2 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 venation, 6 ♂ genitalia, 7 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Calephelis muticum

Type Locality: “Willis, Washtenaw Co., Mich.” [Michigan]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

625.      Calephelis virginiensis (Guérin-Méneville, [1832])

Icon. Règne Anim. Cuvier 2(18): pl. 81, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V [1832]; 3: 489 [1844].

Original Combination: Erycinia Virginiensis

Type Locality: “l'Amerique du Nord”; “Virginia” implied from the formation of the name.

Types: Probably lost; the “type” in the NHMUK figured by McAlpine (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 10(1): fig. 7, no. 1 ♂ D&V, is probably not a syntype.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 755 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 2104. Authorship is often credited to G. Gray (1832), in: Griffith, Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 15(2): pl. 58, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V, which is a subsequently published English edition of Guérin-Méneville [1832].

=    pumila (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (12): pl. 37, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V ; (14): 131.

Original Combination: Nymphidia Pumila

Type Locality: “Géorgie et la Floride”

Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection, possibly in USNM or MNHP.

=    louisiana W. Holland, 1929

Entomol. News 40(1): 20; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 9 ♂ D, 9a ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Calephelis louisiana

Type Locality: “Opelousas, Louisiana” [Evangeline Parish]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

626.      Calephelis perditalis W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918

a.   Calephelis perditalis perditalis W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 75-76, pl. 12, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ V, 7 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Calephelis perditalis

Type Locality: “San Benito, Texas” [Cameron County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 7, 7a ♂ D&V, and McAlpine (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 10(1): figs. 9 no. 11 ♂ D&V, ♀ D&V.

627.      Calephelis nemesis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

a.   Calephelis nemesis australis (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

Field & Forest 3(5): 87-88.

Original Combination: Charis Australis

Type Locality: “San Antonio” [Bexar County, Texas]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by McAlpine (1968), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 130, fig. 6 ♀ D&V.

=    guadeloupe (Strecker, [1878])

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 131.

Original Combination: Charis Guadeloupe

Type Locality: Not stated; “vicinity of New Braunfels and San Antonio, Southwestern Texas” implied from the introductory text. [Comal and Bexar counties]

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

b.   Calephelis nemesis nemesis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 205, 212, no. 13.

Original Combination: Charis Nemesis

Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona” by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 126-127.

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): fig. 5 ♂ D&V.

c.   Calephelis nemesis dammersi McAlpine, 1971

J. Res. Lepid. 10(1): 31-33, no. 5B, fig. 7, no. 5B ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 17, no. 5B ♂&♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Calephelis nemesis dammersi

Type Locality: “Blythe, Riverside Co., California”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    californica McAlpine, 1971

J. Res. Lepid. 10(1): 34-35, no 5C, fig. 8, no. 5C ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 17, no. 5C ♂&♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Calephelis nemesis californica

Type Locality: Not stated; holotype from “Gypsum Canyon.” [Orange County, California]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

Pelham (2008), J. Res. Lepid. 40: 272, accorded precedence to dammersi over californica as first reviser (Code Article 24.2.2).

628.      Calephelis arizonensis McAlpine, 1971

J. Res. Lepid. 10(1): 55-57, no. 16, fig. 9, no. 16 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 20, no. 16 ♂&♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Calephelis arizonensis

Type Locality: “Brown Canyon, Baboquivari Mts., Pima Co., Arizona”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

629.      Calephelis freemani McAlpine, 1971

J. Res. Lepid. 10(1): 53-55, no. 15, fig. 9, no. 15 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 20, no. 15 ♂&♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Calephelis freemani

Type Locality: “Davis Mts., Jeff Davis County, Texas, about twelve miles northwest of Alpine, Texas, along State highway 118”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

630.      Calephelis rawsoni McAlpine, 1939

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 34(2): 75-77, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 venation, 8 ♂ genitalia, 9 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Calephelis rawsoni

Type Locality: “Kerrville, Texas”; suggested to be “Lacey's ranch about seven miles southwest of Kerrville on Turtle Creek” by R. Kendall and C. Kendall (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(1): 37. [Kerr County]

Types: Holotype (#27656) in AMNH.

631.      Calephelis wrighti W. Holland, 1930

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20(1): 5-6; cited W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: pl. 28, figs. 303 ♂ [not ♀], 303a ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Calephelis wrighti

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “near Mendocino” by W. G. Wright (1905) ibid.; defined as “the Coachella Valley” by J. A. Comstock (1935), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 34(2): 148; subsequently suggested to be “oases in the deserts of Southern California, especially Riverside and San Diego Counties” by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 30.

Types: Holotype (#4357) in CAS.

Genus Lasaia H. Bates, 1868

J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 9(7): 397. Type-species: Papilio meris Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(31): 146, pl. 366, figs. B, C; (34): 250 (index), by designation of Stichel (1911), in: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 112(A): 184, 185.

      =    ‡Talites Capronnier, 1874

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 17(1): 20. Type-species: Papilio meris Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(31): 146, pl. 366, figs. B, C; (34): 250 (index), by designation of Hemming (1935), Stylops 4(1): 2. A junior objective synonym of Lasaia Bates, 1868.

      =    ‡Lasaea Glaser, 1887

Cat. etymol. Coleopt. Lepidopt.: 279. An unjustified emendation of Lasaia H. Bates, 1868.

sessilis group Clench, 1972

J. Res. Lepid. 10(2): 155, 163.

632.      Lasaia maria Clench, 1972

a.   Lasaia maria maria Clench, 1972

J. Res. Lepid. 10(2): 164-166, no. 3, figs. 3 ♂ genitalia, 12 ♂ D, 13 ♂ V (holotype), 14 ♀ D, 15 ♀ V; cited Lasaia sula (sensu Stichel (1910), Gen. Insectorum 112(A): 186, pl. 26, fig. 49 ♂ D&V), and Lasaia sessilis (sensu Seitz (1917), in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(258): 692; (282): pl. 142f, figs. [1] ♂ V, [3] ♂ D).

Original Combination: Lasaia maria

Type Locality: “Ajijic, 5300 ft., Jalisco, Mexico”

Types: Holotype (#645) in CMNH.

Recorded from Arizona by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 31.

agesilaus group Clench, 1972

J. Res. Lepid. 10(2): 155, 171.

*633.    Lasaia sula Staudinger, 1888

In: Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 1(20): 257.

Original Combination: [Lasaia Narses] var. Sula

Type Locality: “San Pedro de Sula” [Honduras]

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Clench (1972), J. Res. Lepid. 10(2): 173, no. 7b, figs. 24 ♂ D, 25 ♂ V.

a.   Lasaia sula peninsularis Clench, 1972

J. Res. Lepid. 10(2): 172-173, no. 7a, figs. 7 ♂ genitalia, 20 ♀ D, 21♀ V; 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Lasaia sula peninsularis

Type Locality: “Pisté, Yucatán, Mexico”

Types: Holotype (#648) in CMNH.

Tribe Emesidini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018

Syst. Entomol. 43(2): 425. Type-genus: Emesis Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6: 287. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232 places Emesis on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name no. 660. A family-group name based on this genus was proposed by Stichel, [1911], in: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 112(B): 259 (as “Emesini”). That name is preoccupied by Emesini Amyot & Serville (1843). The tribal arrangement follows Zhang et al. (2019), Zootaxa 4668 (4): 475-488.

Genus Curvie Grishin, 2019

In: Zhang et al.. Zootaxa 4668(4): 477-478, fig. 1. Type species: Symmachia emesia Hewitson, 1867, Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(61): [84], pl. Symmachia, fig. 7 ♂ D, by original designation.

634.      Curvie emesia (Hewitson, 1867)

Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(61): [84], pl. Symmachia, fig. 7 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Symmachia Emesia

Type Locality: “Nicaragua”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Genus Apodemia C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 302. Type-species: Lemonias mormo C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 3(9): 271, no. 19, by designation of Stichel (1911), in: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 112(B): 285, 287.

Subgenus Roeberella Strand, 1932

Folia zool. hydrobiol. 4(1): 145. Type-species: Lemonias calvus Staudinger, [1887], in: Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 1(19): pl. 92 [1887]; 1(20): 259 [1888], as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Drepanula Röber, [1892] in: Staudinger & Schatz, Exotische Schmetterlinge 2(6): 246, preoccupied by Drepanula Frölich, 1828, Enum. Tort. Württ.: II. (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8). Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 14-15, fig. 7, determined this synonymy.

=    Plesioarida Trujano & García, 2018

ZooKeys 729: 68-71, figs. 2-6. Type-species: Apodemia walkeri Godman & Salvin, 1886, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 1(45): 468, no. 6; 3: pl. 47, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, by original designation.

635.      Apodemia hepburni (Godman & Salvin, 1886)

a.   Apodemia hepburni hepburni (Godman & Salvin, 1886)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 1(45): 468, no. 5; 3: pl. 47, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Apodemia hepburni

Type Locality: “Mexico, Pinos Altos in Chihuahua”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

636.      Apodemia palmerii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

a.   Apodemia palmerii palmerii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 195, no. 11; figured by W. H. Edwards (1883), Butterflies N. Am. 2(11): pl. Lemonias 1, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lemonias Palmerii

Type Locality: “Utah”; suggested to be “Littlefield, Mohave Co., Arizona: 1846', T40N R15W, 36^o 53' N/113^o 56' W” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(2): 134; defined as “St. George, Washington Co., Utah” by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 121.

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

=    marginalis (Skinner, 1920)

Entomol. News 31(6): 175.

Original Combination: Lemonias palmeri marginalis n. var.

Type Locality: “Acme, California”

Types: Holotype (#7041) in ANSP; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 1 ♂ D.

b.   Apodemia palmerii arizona (Austin, [1989])

J. Res. Lepid. 26(1-4): 130-132, figs. 2a top left ♂ D (holotype), top right ♀ D, 2b top left ♂ V (holotype), top right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Apodemia palmerii arizona

Type Locality: “Arizona: Cochise County, Arizona State Route 90, 10.8 miles north of Arizona State Route 82”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

637.      Apodemia walkeri (Godman & Salvin, 1886)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 1(45): 468, no. 6; 3: pl. 47, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Apodemia walkeri

Type Locality: “Mexico, Acapulco” [Guerrero]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Subgenus Apodemia C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865

=    Chrysobia Boisduval, 1869

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 52. Type-species: Chrysobia mormonia Boisduval, 1869, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 52 (= Lemonias mormo C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 3(9): 271, no. 19; synonym), by original designation.

638.      Apodemia multiplaga (Schaus, 1902)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 404.

Original Combination: Apodemia Multiplaga

Type Locality: “Rinconada, Mexico” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype (#5912) in USNM; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 4 ♂ D, 4a ♂ V.

639.      Apodemia mormo (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859)

Several recent authors (e.g., G. Forbes (1979), J. Res. Lepid. 18(3): 201-207, Pratt and Balmer (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(1): 46-57) strongly suggest that this complex, previously considered a single species, includes multiple species-level taxa. However, at this time there is no consensus on species-level boundaries. The arrangement presented is partly based on studies cited above, as well as Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 31, K. Davenport (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(7): 13, (2004), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 5(1): 35 and Davenport, (2014), Lepid. of N. A.. 3.4: 41-44 and Davenport, (2018), Lepid. of N. A. 15: 115-123, but should be considered tentative.

a.   Apodemia mormo mormo (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859)

Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 3(9): 271, no. 19; figured by C. Felder and R. Felder (1865), Reise Novara Zool. (2): 302, pl. 37, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Lemonias Mormo

Type Locality: “Salzsee”; suggested to be “eastern flanks of the Californian or Nevadan mountains somewhere west of the general region of Reno and Carson City, Nevada” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 272; defined as “near Pyramid Lake, Washoe Co., Nevada” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 131; subsequently defined as “Davis Creek Park, W. of Washoe Lake, Washoe County, Nevada” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 89.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 89, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V.

=    dumeti (Behr, 1865)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(12): 178.

Original Combination: N[emeobius]. Dumeti

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “always in localities that are covered by...Chaparral” from the description; neotype from “Davis Creek Park, west of Washoe Lake, Washoe County, Nevada.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 104, figs. 73 ♂ D, 74 ♂ V. This is the lectotype of Chrysobia mormonia, making dumeti a senior objective synonym of mormonia.

=    mormonia (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 52.

Original Combination: Chrysobia mormonia

Type Locality: “l’Oregon” in error; suggested to be “Davis Creek Park, W. of Washoe Lake, Washoe County, Nevada” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 31.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 31, figs. 228 ♂ D, 229 ♂ V.

b.   Apodemia mormo parva Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 562, figs. 129 ♂ D, 130 ♂ V (holotype); 131 ♀ D, 132 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo parva

Type Locality: “Nevada: Eureka County; west slope of Diamond Mountains, Nevada state route 46, 0.8 miles north of Eureka, 1951 m, T19N R53E S12 on USGS Eureka, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Apodemia mormo autumnalis Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 561-562, figs. 125 ♂ D, 126 ♂ V (holotype); 127 ♀ D, 128 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo autumnalis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, 2 road miles north of Red Cloud Mine, 1829 m, T24S R58 S5 on USGS Goodsprings, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

d.   Apodemia mormo cythera (W. H. Edwards, 1873)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 345-346; figured by Mead [1876], Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): pl. 36, figs. 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Lemonias Cythera

Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Truxton, Arizona” by F. Brown [1958], J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 65(3/4): 231; suggested to be “the area of Independence, California” by Opler and Powell (1962), J. Lepid. Soc. 15(3): 154-155; neotype from “9 mi. w. Lone Pine.” [Inyo County, California]

Types: Neotype in EMEC, designated by Opler (1968), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 119, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

K. Davenport (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(7): 13, and (2004), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 5(1): 35, suggested that this may be a species-level taxon.

e.   Apodemia mormo tuolumnensis Opler & Powell, 1962

J. Lepid. Soc. 15(3): 159-160, pl. top, 3rd row right ♂ D, bottom, 3rd row, right ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo tuolumnensis

Type Locality: “Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne, Yosemite National Park, Tuolumne County, California”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

K. Davenport (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(7): 13, and (2004), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 5(1): 35, suggested that this may be a subspecies of A. cythera.

f.    Apodemia mormo langei J. A. Comstock, 1939

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(3): 129-131, pl. 50, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo langei

Type Locality: “Antioch, Contra Costa County, California”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

640.      Apodemia virgulti (Behr, 1865)

a.   Apodemia virgulti peninsularis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Pratt, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (68): 805, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo peninsularis

Type Locality: “California: San Diego County; Laguna Mountains; northeast edge of El Prado Meadow, 5,500' elevation; SE 1/4 of S.3, T.15S., R.5E.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Apodemia virgulti virgulti (Behr, 1865)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(12): 178.

Original Combination: N[emeobius]. Virgulti

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “near Los Angeles” from the description; neotype from “La Tuna Canyon, 1200' elevation, Verdugo Mountains, Los Angeles County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 104, figs. 76 ♂ D, 77 ♂ V.

=    sonorensis C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 303, no. 407.

Original Combination: Apodemia Sonorensis

Type Locality: “Sonora”; defined as “La Tuna Canyon, 1200 ft. elev., Verdugo Mts., Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 89.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 89, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V.

c.   Apodemia virgulti arenaria J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Pratt, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (67): 806, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo arenaria

Type Locality: “California: Los Angeles County; El Segundo sand dunes; foredunes area 0.1-0.2 air mile NNE of intersection Imperial Highway and Vista Del Mar, 100'-150' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Apodemia virgulti nigrescens J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (67): 796-797, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo nigrescens

Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; Colton; sandy area 0.1 air mile NW of intersection of Pepper St. and Slover Ave., ca 0.8 air mile WNW of Slover Mt., 1040' elev.; SE 1/4 of S. 24, T.1S, R.5W.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Apodemia virgulti pratti J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (67): 795-796, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo pratti

Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; San Bernardino Mountains; Holcomb Valley”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

f.    Apodemia virgulti dialeucoides J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Pratt, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (68): 804, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo dialeucoides

Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; San Bernardino Mountains; Sugarloaf Mountain”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

g.   Apodemia virgulti mojavelimbus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Pratt, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (68): 803, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo mojavelimbus

Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; Ord Mountains...north slope of the San Bernardino Mountains”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

h.   Apodemia virgulti davenporti J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Pratt, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (68): 801-802, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo davenporti

Type Locality: “California: Kern County; Walker Pass, 5,300' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

641.      Apodemia mejicanus (Behr, 1865)

a.   Apodemia mejicanus mejicanus (Behr, 1865)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(12): 178, 179.

Original Combination: N[emeobius]. Mejicanus

Type Locality: “the Sierra Madre, in the neighborhood of Mazatlan” probably in error. [Sinaloa, Mexico]

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.

b.   Apodemia mejicanus pueblo J. Scott, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 11: 4, fig. 7 ♂ D (holotype), 8 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo pueblo

Type Locality: “S of Security, El Paso Co. Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

c.   Apodemia mejicanus deserti W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 75, pl. 12, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Apodemia mormo deserti

Type Locality: “La Puerta Valley, S. Calif.” [San Diego County, California]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

642.      Apodemia duryi (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(3): 45, 47-48, no. 4.

Original Combination: Lemonias Duryi

Type Locality: “New Mexico, about five miles east of Mesilla, in some foothills of the Organ Mts.” [Dona Ana County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 121, fig. 2 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: 230, pl. 28, fig. 10 ♀ D.

Subgenus Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, 2018

ZooKeys 729: 74-76, figs. 2-6. Type-species: Chrysophanus nais W. H. Edwards, 1877, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 291-292, by original designation.

      =    ‡Polystigma Godman & Salvin, 1886

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 1(45): 469. Type-species: Chrysophanus nais W. H. Edwards, 1877, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 291-292, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Polystigma Kraatz, 1880, Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 24(2): 191.

643.      Apodemia nais (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 291; figured by W. H. Edwards (1883), Butterflies N. Am. 2(11): pl. Lemonias 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chrysophanus Nais

Type Locality: “Southern California...Prescott, Arizona”; defined as “Prescott, Arizona” by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 124. [Yavapai County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 125-126, fig. 4 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 28, fig. 9 ♀ D.

644.      Apodemia chisosensis (H. Freeman, 1964)

J. Lepid. Soc. 18(2): 75, 77, pl. 1, right, top ♂ D, 2nd ♂ V (holotype), 3rd ♀ D, 4th ♀ V, bottom ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Apodemia chisosensis

Type Locality: “Chisos Mountains, elevation 5400 ft., Texas” [Big Bend National Park, Brewster County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 47, figs. 24, ♂ D, 25 ♂ V.

645.      Apodemia ares (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(8): 136-137.

Original Combination: Lemonias Ares

Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper [Graham County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1968), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 133, fig. 7 ♀ D&V.

Callaghan and Lamas (2004), in: Lamas, Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 161, erroneously synonymized this species under E. zela.

646.      Apodemia cleis (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(8): 137.

Original Combination: Lemonias Cleis

Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1968), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 134-135, fig. 8 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 28, fig. 19 ♂ D (lectotype), fig. 20 ♀ D (paralectotype).

The male “cotype” of Lemonias ares W. H. Edwards, 1882, is this species. Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 15, fig. 15, determined that cleis is a species distinct from zela (Butler, 1870), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)5(29): 364, and the latter is removed from the catalogue.

Genus Emesis [Fabricius], 1807

In: Illiger Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 287, no. 38. Type-species: Hesperia ovidius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 320, no. 212 (= Papilio cereus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): errata; synonym), by designation of Westwood (1851), in: E. Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(47): 421. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 660.

=    Polystichtis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 18. Type-species: Papilio cereus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): errata, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 49.

      =    ‡Tapina Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81. Type-species: Hesperia ovidius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 320 (= Papilio cereus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): errata; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Emesis [Fabricius], 1807, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Emesis.

=    Nimula Blanchard, 1840

In: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 465. Type-species: Papilio lucinda Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(1): 3, pl. 1, figs. E, F; (8): 153 (index), by original designation.

      =    ‡Polytichthis Agassiz, 1847

Nomencl. Zool. (4to ed.)(12)(index univ.): 304. An unjustified emendation of Polystichtis Hübner, [1819].

=    Nelone Boisduval, 1870

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 23. Type-species: Papilio fatima Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 141-142, pl. 271, fig. A (only); (24): 174 (index) (= Papilio cereus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): errata; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 225.

Subgenus Tenedia Grishin, 2019

In: Zhang et al.. Zootaxa 4668(4): 481, fig. 1. Type species: Emesis tenedia C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 5(4): 99, no. 61, by original designation.

647.      Emesis tenedia C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861

Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 5(4): 99, no. 61.

Original Combination: Emesis Tenedia

Type Locality: “Venezuela...Nova Granada in provincia Bogotá, prope pagum Muzo”

Types: Syntypes possibly in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2000), News Lepid. Soc. 42(1): 19, pl. 1, figs. 5a, 5b.

=    yucatanensis (Godman & Salvin, 1886)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 1(44): 416, no. 2.

Original Combination: Symmachia yucatanensis

Type Locality: “Mexico, Valladolid in Yucatan”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

Godman and Salvin (1901), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(167): 702, determined this synonymy.

648.      Emesis phyciodoides (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1924)                                       ✝

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(3): 99-100.

Original Combination: Apodemia phyciodoides

Type Locality: “Chiracahua Mts., Cochise Co., Ariz.” [Arizona]

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 5 ♂ D, 5a ♂ V (holotype), 6 ♀ D, 6a ♀ V (allotype), and Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 48, fig. 31 ♂ D&V.

This species may be extirpated from the United States, present but currently undetected, or the type specimens may have been originally mislabeled (see R. Holland and Forbes (1981), J. Lepid. Soc. 35(3): 226-232, fig. 2 ♂ D&V and R. Holland (2007), News Lepid. Soc. 49(4): 120-121, 127). Trujano et al. (2018), ZooKeys 729: 77, determined that Apodemia phyciodoides does not belong in Apodemia .

Family NYMPHALIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Analyse Nat.: 127 (as “Nymphalia”). Type-genus: Nymphalis Kluk, 1780, Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 86-89, no. 147. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Nymphalis on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 702. Rafinesque did not include Nymphalis among the listed genera, but Nymphalis is unequivocally implied from the formation of the name (Code Article 11.7.1.1). I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Nymphalidae Swainson, 1827, Phil. Mag. (2)1(3): 185, 187 on the Official List of Family-group Names in Zoology as name no. 232. Koçak (1981), Priamus 1(2): 93-96, demonstrated that Swainson's name was based on Nymphalis Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab): 184, 199, a homonym, and thus invalid (Code Article 39). The Rafinesque name has the advantage of priority, and Nymphalis Kluk, 1780, can be assumed to be the type-genus. An application must be made to the I.C.Z.N. to correct the Official List (Code Article 79.5). The arrangement of family-group names follows Wahlberg et al. (2003), Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 28(3): 473-484, (2005), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B) 272(1572): 1577-1586, (2005), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 86(2): 227–251, and Peña et al. (2006), Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 40(1): 29-49.

Subfamily Libytheinae Boisduval, 1833

Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris 2(2): 201 (as “Libythides”). Type-genus: Libythea [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284, no. 28.

Genus Libytheana Michener, 1943

Am. Mus. Novit. (1232): 1, figs. 4-6 (genitalia of type-species). Type-species: Libythea bachmanii Kirtland, 1851, Family Visitor 2(76): 189, illustr. (= Papilio carinenta Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 18, pl. 108, figs. E, F; (16): 148 (index); subspecies), by original designation. The arrangement of taxa in this genus follows that given in Kawahara (2006), Trans. Lepid. Soc. Japan 57(3): 265-277, (2009), Cladistics 25(3): 263-278 and (2013), Zootaxa 3631(1): 1–74.

*649.    Libytheana carinenta (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 18, pl. 108, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (16): 148 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phaler[ata]. Carinenta

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

a.   Libytheana carinenta mexicana Michener, 1943

Am. Mus. Novit. (1232): 1-2.

Original Combination: Libytheana carinenta mexicana

Type Locality: “Jalapa, Mexico” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Libytheana carinenta larvata (Strecker, [1878])

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 130-131.

Original Combination: Libythea Larvata

Type Locality: Not stated; “vicinity of New Braunfels and San Antonio, Southwestern Texas” implied from the introductory text. Two syntypes from “San Antonio.” [Comal and Bexar counties]

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

=    streckeri Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 511.

Original Combination: Libytheana carinenta streckeri

Austin and J. Emmel adopted Libythea bachmanii larvata form streckeri W. D. Field, 1938, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1). Scott & Fisher (2017), Papilio (n.s.) 26: 14, created this synonymy and is accepted.

=    ‡”streckeri” (W. D. Field, 1938)

J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 11(4): 126.

Original Combination: [Libythea bachmanii larvata] [f.] streckeri

Type Locality: “Donna, Texas” [Hidalgo County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

c.   Libytheana carinenta bachmanii (Kirtland, 1851)

Family Visitor 2(76): 189, fig. ♂ D.

Original Combination: Libythea bachmanii

Type Locality: “Mahoning Co., Ohio”

Types: Type(s) probably lost, possible syntypes may be in the Peale collection, ASNP, and Harris collection, MCZC.

The original description is frequently cited as Kirtland (1852), Am. J. Sci. Arts. (2)13(39): 336-337, fig., with a type locality of “Northern Ohio.” See Goodwin (1959), Lepid. News 12(3/4): 121.

=    ‡”kirtlandi” (W. D. Field, 1938)

J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 11(4): 124-125.

Original Combination: [Libythea bachmanii bachmanii] [f.] kirtlandi

Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

650.      Libytheana motya (Hübner, [1823])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [137], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Hecaërge Motya

Type Locality: Not stated; this is a Cuban species.

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

Recorded from Texas by J. Heitzman and R. Heitzman (1973), J. Res. Lepid. 10(4): 284-286. Purported capture in Georgia by John Abbot is erroneous per Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 163-165.

Subfamily Danainae Boisduval, [1833]

Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(9): 84 (as “Danaides”). Type-genus: Danais Latreille, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 291-292, no. 3. A junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1780, Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 83. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Danaidae on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 230; the same Direction placed Danaides on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 268.

Tribe Ithomiini Godman & Salvin, 1879 (1878)

Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Rhop. 1(1): 6 (as “Ithomiina”). Type-genus: Ithomia Hübner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 9. The name Ithomiini is junior to Mechanitini Bar, 1878, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (5)8(1): 12, 13, 24-25, but is universally accepted for this family group.

Subtribe Dircennina d'Almeida, 1941

Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 1(12): 79, 80 (as "Dircennini"). Type-genus: Dircenna E. Doubleday, [1847], in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(9): pl. 17, fig. 2; (13): 119-120.

Genus Dircenna E. Doubleday, [1847]

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(9): pl. 17, fig. 2; (13): 119-120. Type-species: Dircenna iambe E. Doubleday, 1847, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(9): pl. 17, fig. 2; (13): 121, no. 1 (= Ceratinia jemina Geyer, 1837, in: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 6: pl. [139], figs. 807-808; 6; synonym), by monotypy.

651.      Dircenna klugii (Geyer, 1837)

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: pl. [138], figs. 801 ♂ D, 802 ♂ V [1833]; [5], no. 401 (name given) (1837).

Original Combination: Ceratinia Klugii

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

Subtribe Euploeina Moore, 1880

Lep. Ceylon 1(1): 1 (as "Euploeinae"). Type-genus: Euploea Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6: 280. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 163 places Euploea on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name no. 611. This family-group name is inclusive of and senior to Itunina Reuter, 1896.

Genus Lycorea E. Doubleday, 1847

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(9): pl. 16, fig. 1; (10): 105. Type-species: Lycorea atergatis E. Doubleday, 1847, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(9): pl. 16, fig. 1; (10): 106 (= Euiedes halia Hübner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 11, no. 31; subspecies), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 210, no. 650.

      =    ‡Lycorella Hemming, 1933

Entomol. 66(845): 222. Type-species: Lycorea atergatis E. Doubleday, 1847, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(9): pl. 16, fig. 1; (10): 106 (= Euiedes halia Hübner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 11, no. 31; subspecies), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Lycorea E. Doubleday, [1847], erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Lycorea.

=    Ituna E. Doubleday, 1847

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(9): pl. 17, fig. 1 1847; (12): 113-114. Type-species: Ituna phenarete E. Doubleday, 1847, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(9): pl. 17, fig. 1; (12): 114, no. 2 (= Papilio ilione Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 42, pl. 26, figs. G, H; (8): 153 (index)), by monotypy.

*652.    Lycorea halia (Hübner, 1816)

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 11, no. 31; cited Papilio ceres Cramer, 1776, Uitl. Kapellen 1(8): 141, pl. 90, fig. A; (8): 152 (index); figured by Hübner [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [3].

Original Combination: E[ueides]. Halia

Proposed to replace Papilio ceres Cramer, 1776, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡ceres (Cramer, 1776)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(8): 141, pl. 90, fig. A ♂ D; (8): 152 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Helicon[ius]. Ceres

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Preoccupied by Papilio ceres Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 504, no. 257. d’Almeida (1944), Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 4(3): 62, designated a “neotype.” This designation is not in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.

a.   Lycorea halia demeter C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865

Reise Novara Zool. (2): 352, no. 497.

Original Combination: Lycorea demeter

Type Locality: “Cuba”

Types: Holotype probably in NHMUK.

b.   Lycorea halia atergatis E. Doubleday, 1847

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(9): pl. 16, fig. 1 ♂ D; (10): 106, no. 4.

Original Combination: Lycorea Atergatis

Type Locality: “Venezuela”

Types: Syntype (#6809 ♂) in NHMUK.

Tribe Danaini Boisduval, [1833]

Subtribe Danaina Boisduval, [1833]

Genus Danaus Kluk, 1780

Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 83-86, no. 145. Type-species: Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(845): 222. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 699.

Subgenus Danaus Kluk, 1780

      =    ‡Danaida Latreille, 1804

Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24 (tab.): 185, no. 474, 199. Type-species: Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1780.

      =    ‡Danais Latreille, 1807

Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 291-292, no. 3. Type-species: Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1780.

      =    ‡Danaus Latreille, 1809

Gen. Crust. Ins. 4: 201. Type-species: Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 28. Preoccupied by and a junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1780.

      =    ‡Festivus Crotch, 1872

Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 62. Type-species: Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1780.

=    Diogas d'Almeida, 1938

O Campo 9(102): 41. Type-species: Papilio erippus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(1): 4-5, pl. 3, figs. A, B; (8): 152 (index), by original designation.

653.      Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758)

a.   Danaus plexippus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80; cited various works, including Sloane (1725), Voy. Mad. Barb. Niev. St. Christ. Jam. 2: 214, pl. 239, figs. 5, 6, and Catesby (1743), Nat. Hist. Carolina 2: 88, pl. 88.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus Festivus]. Plexippus

Type Locality: “America septentrionali”; neotype from “Kendall, New York State.” [Orleans County]

Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 282; figured by A. Clark (1941), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 90(3118): pl. 71, fig. 1 ♂ D.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 282 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 111.

=    ‡”misippiformis” Meuschen, 1781

Mus. Gronovianum: verso, folio “Fff ff 2," under the heading “Index Insectorum/ Lepidoptera”, no. 801.

Original Combination: [Papilio] Misippiformis

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 260 placed this work on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature.

=    ‡archippus (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 49, no. 150.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. F[estivus]. Archippus

Type Locality: “America meridionali”

Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.

Preoccupied by Papilio archippus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(1): pl. 16, figs. A, B; (2): 24; (8): 151 (index), but possibly just a misidentification.

=    ‡curassavicae Bryk, 1937

Lepid. Cat. 78: 42; cited Fabricius (1807), Syst. Glossat.: 69, no. 1.

Original Combination: Danaus (Anosia) curassavicae

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio archippus Fabricius, 1793, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of Papilio plexippus.
The reference to “Fabricius, 1807" is spurious, since that work is unpublished.

=    ‡curassavicae Fabricius, 1938

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 69, no. 1; cited Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 49, and J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 7, among others.

Original Combination: E[uploea]. Curassavicae

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio archippus Fabricius, 1793, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of Papilio plexippus.

=    ‡asclepiadis (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 70, no. 2; cited Linnaeus (1758), Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80, among others.

Original Combination: E[uploea]. Asclepiadis

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio plexippus, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of Papilio plexippus.

=    ‡”fumosus” (Hulst, 1886)

Entomol. Am. 2(9): 182.

Original Combination: Danais archippus var. fumosus

Type Locality: Not stated; “holotype” stated to be “Long Island” by Ottolengui (1895), Entomol. News 6(7): 217. [New York]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”pulchra” (Strecker, 1900)

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 21.

Original Combination: Danais plexippus var. pulchra

Type Locality: “Colorado”

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.

=    ‡”americanus” Gunder, 1927

Entomol. News 38(5): 137-138, no. 10, pl. 2, fig. 10 ♀ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Danaus menippe americanus ♀ nov. tr. form

Type Locality: “Sunny Glen Ranch, Brewster Co., Texas”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”nivosus” Gunder, 1927

Entomol. News 38(5): 138, no. 11.

Original Combination: Danaus menippe nivosus ♂ nov. tr. form

Type Locality: “Jefferson Barracks, Missouri” [St. Louis County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”alba” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.

Original Combination: Danaus plexippus form alba

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

*654.    Danaus eresimus (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(13): 121-122, pl. 175, figs. G ♂ D, H ♂ V; (16): 148 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus] Festiv[us]. Eresimus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Calhoun (1996), Holarct. Lepid. 3(1): 7-18, suggested that subspecies of D. erisimus are undefinable in the United States.

=    ‡asclepidia (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 72, no. 9; cited Cramer (1777), Uitl. Kapellen 2(13): 121-122, pl. 175, figs. G, H.

Original Combination: E[uploea]. Asclepidea

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio eresimus, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of eresimus.

a.   Danaus eresimus montezuma Talbot, 1943

Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 93(1): 120.

Original Combination: [Danaus eresimus] montezuma

Type Locality: “Mexico: Misantla, Veragua” [Misantla, Veracruz]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    ares (d’Almeida, 1944)

Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 4(3): 46-48, pl. 3, fig. 2 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: [Anosia] eresimus ares

Type Locality: “Alto Amazonas” [Loreto Region, Peru]

Types: Holotype in UFPC.

‡”nephele” W. Forbes, [1944]

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 51(4): 299.

Original Combination: [Danaus eresimus] nephele

This name was mentioned in the text without a description; a nomen nudum.

b.   Danaus eresimus tethys W. Forbes, [1944]

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 51(4): 301-302.

Original Combination: Danaus eresimus tethys

Type Locality: “Fond Parisien, Haiti...alt. about 60 ft.”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Subgenus Anosia Hübner, 1816

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 15-16. Type-species: Papilio gilippus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 41, pl. 26, figs. E, F; (8): 153 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 113, no. 84.

      =    ‡Tasitia Moore, 1883

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883(2): 235. Type-species: Papilio gilippus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 41, pl. 26, figs. E, F; (8): 153 (index), by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Anosia Hübner [1816].

      =    ‡Danaomorpha Kremky, 1925

Annls. Zool. Mus. Polon. Hist. Nat. 4(3): 164, 167. Type-species: Papilio gilippus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 41, pl. 26, figs. E, F; (8): 153 (index), by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Anosia Hübner [1816].

      =    ‡Limnas Hübner, [1806]

Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 81, by monotypy. Suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97; Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 78.

=    Panlymnas Bryk, 1937

Lepid. Cat. 78: 56. Type-species: Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 81, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Limnas Hübner, [1806], preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

*655.    Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 41, pl. 26, figs. E ♀ D, F ♀ V; (8): 153 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus] festiv[us]. Gilippus

Type Locality: “Rio de Janeyro...Brazil” “Rio Janéiro...Côte du Brasil”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

d’Almeida (1944), Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 4(3): 62, designated a “neotype,” figured in (1939), Mems. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 34: pl. 17, fig. 3. This designation is not in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.

=    ‡vincedoxici (Hübner, 1816)

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 16, no. 87.

Original Combination: Anosia Vincedoxici

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio gilippus, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of gillipus.

=    vincetoxici (Hübner, [1816])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [23], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Limnas Vincetoxici

Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Brasilien” by Hemming (1937), Hübner 2: 97 (manuscript #21).

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    manuja (Escholtz, 1821)

In: Kotzebue, Endeck. Reise Süd-See 3 (appendix 5): 209, no. 13, pl. [7], figs. 13a ♂ D, 13b ♂ V.

Original Combination: Idea Manuja

Type Locality: “Brasilien”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    ‡vincetoxici (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 72, no. 11; cited Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 52, no. 159, and J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 7.

Original Combination: E[uploea]. Vincetoxici

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio gilippus, based on a foodplant name; preoccupied by Limnas vincetoxici (Hübner, [1816]), and a junior objective synonym of gilippus.

a.   Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 22, pl. 205, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (24): 174 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phaler[ata]. Berenice

Type Locality: “Eiland Jamaika” “Jamaïque”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

d’Almeida (1944), Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 4(3): 62, designated a “neotype,” figured in (1939), Mems. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 34: pl. 15, fig. 4. This designation is not in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.

b.   Danaus gilippus thersippus (H. Bates, 1863)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863(2): 243, no. 10.

Original Combination: Danais Thersippus

Type Locality: “Isthmus of Panama, in the low forest-country situated about ten miles from the railway terminus on the Gulf of Mexico”; holotype labeled “Lion Hill, Panama.”

Types: Holotype (#6453) in NHMUK.

=    strigosus (H. Bates, 1864)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(2): 32-33, no. 14.

Original Combination: Danais Strigosa

Type Locality: “Guatemala...in the interior valleys and on the Pacific Coast”

Types: Syntypes (#6446-#6452) in NHMUK.

=    esperanza Hoffmann, 1924

Rev. Méx. Biol. 4(3): 69, fig. 1 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Danais berenice var. Esperanza

Type Locality: “las montañas del Estado de Veracruz, que se encuentra en alturas de 1,400-1,500 metros...(cerro de San Nicolás, cerca de orizaba, Veracruz)”

Types: Holotype (#6,520) in AMNH.

This taxon seems to represent an individual form, but this is not expressly stated in the text.

=    ‡”kerri” (J. A. Comstock, 1925)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(1): 3 (1925); 25(3): pl. 17, fig. 6 ♂ D (1926); figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 17, fig. 6 ♂ D..

Original Combination: Danais berenice aberration kerri

Type Locality: “Blythe, California” [Riverside County]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA

=    ‡”gilippina” (Hoffmann, 1940)

An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Méx. 11(1): 277-278, fig. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Anosia berenice forma gilippina

Type Locality: “secas y calientes del Occidentale de México”

Types: “Syntypes” in AMNH.

Subfamily Heliconiinae Swainson, 1822

Zool. Illustr. [1](2)(18): pl. 92, unnumbered text (as “Heliconiae”). Type-genus: Heliconius Kluk, 1780, Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 82-84, no. 143. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 placed Heliconius on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 923. I.C.Z.N. Direction 54 placed Heliconiidae Swainson, 1827, Phil. Mag. (2)1(3): 184, 185, 187 (as “Heliconi” “Heliconidae”); 185, 187, no. 5 (as “Heliconidae”), on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 117; the same Direction placed Heliconidae, an invalid original spelling of Heliconiidae, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 103. Koçak (1981), Priamus 1(2): 93-96, determined that Swainson's family-group name was based on Heliconius Latreille 1804, a homonym of Heliconius Kluk, 1802. Thus, the type genus is invalid because it is a junior homonym (Code Article 39); an application must be made to the I.C.Z.N. to correct the Official List (Code Article 79.5).

Tribe Heliconiini Swainson, 1822

Subtribe Heliconiina Swainson, 1822

Genus Dryas Hübner, [1807]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pls. [43], [44]. Type-species: Papilio iulia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 509-510, no. 281, by designation of Hemming (1934), Entomol. 66(844): 197.

=    Alcionea Rafinesque, 1815

Analyse Nat.: 127, no. 19. Type-species: Papilio alcionea Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 38, pl. 215, figs. A; (24): 173 (index), by tautonymy.

      =    ‡Colaenis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 31-32, no. 5. Type-species: Papilio iulia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 509-510, no. 281, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 10(2): 146, no. 280. A junior objective synonym of Dryas.

*656.    Dryas iulia (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 509-510, no. 281.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. P[halerata]. Iulia

Type Locality: “America”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Wetherbee (1991), Two Cent. Expl. Hispaniola Butterflies: 18.

=    juncta W. Comstock, 1944

Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 441-443, fig. 3 venation, pl. 6, fig. 1 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Dryas julia juncta

Type Locality: “Adjuntas, Porto Rico” [Puerto Rico]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

a.   Dryas iulia largo Clench, 1975

J. Lepid. Soc. 29(4): 230.

Original Combination: Dryas iulia largo

Type Locality: “Key Largo, Monroe Co., Florida”

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 71, fig. 1 ♂ D.

*657.    Dryas alcionea (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 38, pl. 215, A, F, G; (24): 173 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Hel[iconius]. Alcionea

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Núñez et al. (2021), Syst. Entomol. 47(1): 152-178, determined that alcionea is a species distinct from iulia.

=    titio (Stichel, [1908])

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 63: 12, in no. 1b (nota 1).

Original Combination: Colaenis iulia titio

Type Locality: "Bolivia"

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

a.   Dryas alcionea moderata (N. Riley, 1926)

Entomol. 59(760): 241-242.

Original Combination: C[olaenis]. julia moderata

Riley adopted Colaenis iulia delila form moderata Stichel, [1908], to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”moderata” (Stichel, [1908])

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 63: 12, in no. 1c (nota 3).

Original Combination: Colaenis iulia delila form moderata

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: “Holotype” (#525) in ZMHB.

Genus Dryadula Michener, 1942

Am. Mus. Novit. (1197): 1, no. 6, 4, figs. 5 FW, 10 ♂ genitalia. Type-species: Papilio phaetusa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 478, no. 123, by original designation.

658.      Dryadula phaetusa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 478, no. 123; cited Rösel von Rosenhof (1761), Der monat. Insect.-Belustig. 4: pl. 2, fig. 1.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. [Phalerata] Phaetusa

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Lectotype in UUZM (#1946), designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 361.

=    stupenda (Stichel, [1908])

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 63: 13, no. 2α (nota 1).

Original Combination: C[olaenis]. phaetusa forma stupenda

Type Locality: “Panama (Bugaba)”

Types: “Holotype” (#533) in NHMUK; figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 1, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant but Riley (1926), Entomol. 59(760): 240 adopted Colaenis phaetusa forma stupenda Stichel, [1908], to represent a subspecies-level taxon thereby validating Stichel’s name (Code Articles 10.2, 45.6.4, 45.6.4.1).

=    ‡”deleta” (Stichel, [1908])

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 63: 13, no. 2β (nota 2).

Original Combination: C[olaenis]. phaetusa forma deleta

Type Locality: “Paraguay”; holotype from “Paraguay, Nuev. Germania.”

Types: “Holotype” (#532) in NHMUK; figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 1, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”lutulenta” (Stichel, [1908])

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 63: 13, no. 2γ.

Original Combination: C[olaenis]. phaetusa forma ♀ lutulenta

Type Locality: “Paraguay”; holotype from “Paraguay, Nuev. Germania.”

Types: “Holotype” (#532) in NHMUK; figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 1, fig. 5 ♀ D&V.

Genus Eueides Hübner, 1816

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 11. Type-species: Nereis dianasa Hübner, [1806], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: [17], [18], pl. [8], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 169-170, no. 415.

      =    ‡Evides Agassiz, 1847

Nomencl. Zool. (4to ed.)(12)(index univ.): 147, 153. An unjustified emendation of Eueides Hübner, 1816.

      =    ‡Mechanitis [Illiger], 1807

Allg. Lit.-Zeit. 2(303): 1180. Type-species: Nereis dianasa Hübner, [1806], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: [9], [10], [17], [18], pl. [8], figs. 1-4, by designation of Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (4): 125. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 43.

=    Semelia E. Doubleday, [1845]

List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 64. Type-species: Cethosia vibilia Godart, 1819, Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (242), 245, no. 6, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 267, no. 961.

      =    ‡Semelia Erichson, [1849]

In: Schomburgk, Reisen Brit.-Guiana 3: 596. Type-species: Papilio lybia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 460, no. 73, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Semelia E. Doubleday, [1845], List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 64.

      =    ‡Semelia Boisduval, 1870

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 35. Type-species: Cethosia vibilia Godart, 1819, in: Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (242), 245, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Semelia E. Doubleday, [1845], List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 64, and a junior objective synonym of that name.

*659.    Eueides isabella (Stoll, 1781)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(30): 117, pl. 350, figs. C ♂ V, D ♂ D; (34): 250 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Helicon[ius]. Isabella

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

a.   Eueides isabella eva (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 162, no. 501; cited Jones’ Icones 2: pl. 20, fig. 1.

Original Combination: P[apilio] H[eliconius]. Eva

Type Locality: “Surinami” probably in error; suggested to be “Panama” by Lamas (1973), Revta. bras. Entomol. 17(19): 128.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Lamas (1973), Revta. bras. Entomol. 17(19): 127-130, detailed the use of this name over zorcaon, based on his examination of copies of William Jones’ unpublished drawings in the NHMUK.

=    zorcaon Reakirt, 1866

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 243, no. 12.

Original Combination: Eueides zorcaon

Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)...Honduras, Guatemala”

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

=    ‡”adusta” Stichel, 1903

Berl. Entomol. Z. 48(1/2): 11, no. 3bα.

Original Combination: [Eueides cleobaea zorcaon] ab. nov. adusta

Type Locality: “Chiriqui, Honduras”; syntypes from “Panama, Bugaba; Honduras; Mexico, Vera Cruz”

Types: “Syntypes” in NHMUK; a possible syntype figured by Seitz (1912), in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(151): pl. 80g, [2] ♂ D; a syntype was figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 5, fig. 48 ♀ D&V.

Genus Heliconius Kluk, 1780

Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 82-84, no. 143. Type-species: Papilio charithonia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 757, no. 65, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(845): 223. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 923.

      =    ‡Heliconius Latreille, [1804]

Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab.): 185, 199. Type-species: Papilio charithonia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 757, no. 65, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 198. A junior objective synonym of Heliconius Kluk, 1780. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 384.

      =    ‡Heliconia Latreille, 1818

Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. appl. Arts (2nd ed.) 24: 509; an unjustified emendation of Heliconius Kluk, 1780. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 385 (credited to Godart, 1819).

      =    ‡Migonitis Hübner, 1816

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 12. Type-species: Papilio erato Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467, no. 54, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 218-219, no. 698. Preoccupied by Migonitis Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 147.

=    Sunias Hübner, 1816

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 12. Type-species: Papilio melpomene Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467, no. 55, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 271, no. 990.

      =    ‡Apostraphia Hübner, 1816

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 13. Type-species: Papilio charithonia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 757, no. 65, designated by Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 116, no. 106. A junior objective synonym of Heliconius Kluk, 1780. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 381 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 386.

      =    ‡Sicyonia Hübner, 1816

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 13. Type-species: Papilio rhea Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(5): 85, pl. 54, figs. C, D; (8): 154 (index) (= Papilio sara Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 167), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 268, no. 967. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 380.

      =    ‡Sycionia Hübner, [1826]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. Anzeiger: 7. An unjustified emendation of Sicyonia Hübner, [1816]. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 381.

=    Ajantis Hübner, 1816

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 13-14. Type-species: Papilio sapho Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 54, index, pl. 38, fig. 4, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 106, no. 43.

=    Laparus Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 77. Type-species: Papilio doris Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 356, by designation of Hemming, 1934 Entomol. 67(849): 37.

=    Crenis Hübner, 1821

Index exot. Lep.: [2]. Type-species: Crenis brylle Hübner, 1821, Index exot. Lep.: [2] (= Nereis delila Hübner, [1813], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [13]), by monotypy.

      =    ‡Phlogris Hübner, [1825]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [5]. Type-species: Papilio melpomene Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467, no. 55, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Sunias.

      =    ‡Blanchardia Buchecker, [1880]

Syst. Entomol. 2: pl. 51. Type-species: Heliconia [sic] choarina Hewitson, 1872, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 9(100): 83 (= Heliconia [sic] hecuba Hewitson, [1858], Ill. exot. Butterflies 2(25): [25], pl. Tithorea & Heliconia IV, fig. 11), by monotypy. Preoccupied by Blanchardia Castelnau (1875), Philad. Cent. Exhib. 1876 Sect. 7(2): 47.

*660.    Heliconius charithonia (Linnaeus, 1767)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 757, no. 65; index, no. 65 (as charitonia); cited Sloane (1725), Voy. Mad. Barb. Niev. St. Christ. Jam. 2: pl. 239, figs. 15, 16, and G. Edwards (1747), Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 80, pl. 80.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. H[eliconius]. Charithonia

Type Locality: “America”; suggested to be “one of the Virgin Islands” by W. Comstock (1944), Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 438-439; further defined as “the island of St. Thomas, Virgin Islands” by Comstock and F. Brown (1950), Am. Mus. Novit. (1467): 10. [United States Virgin Islands]

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by W. Comstock and F. Brown (1950), Am. Mus. Novit. (1467): 11, fig. 2 ♂ D.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 placed this name (spelled charithonia) on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 616. W. Comstock and F. Brown (1950), Am. Mus. Novit. (1467): 1-2, selected the spelling charitonia over charithonia as first revisers, but the Official List supercedes that action.

a.   Heliconius charithonia tuckeri W. Comstock & F. Brown, 1950

Am. Mus. Novit. (1467): 13, no. F, 15-16, fig. 3, no. F ♂ D.

Original Combination: Heliconius charitonius tuckeri

Type Locality: “Winter Park, Florida” [Orange County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Heliconius charithonia vazquezae W. Comstock & F. Brown, 1950

Am. Mus. Novit. (1467): 13, no. 6, 16, fig. 3, no. G ♂ D.

Original Combination: Heliconius charitonius vazquezae

Type Locality: “Campeche, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

*661.    Heliconius erato (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467, no. 54.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. H[eliconius]. Erato

Type Locality: “Indiis”; neotype from “Berg, en Dal, Surinam.”

Types: Neotype in NHMUK, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1386.

Opinion 1386 addressed this taxon and the confusion between it and Heliconius doris (Linnaeus, 1771); the name erato was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, no number yet designated. Most of the Neotropical synonymy has been omitted.

=    vesta (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 33-34, pl. 119, fig. A ♂ D; (16): 151 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Hel[iconius]. Vesta

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    erythrea (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(16): 140-141, pl. 189, fig. A ♂ D; (16): 148 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Hel[iconius]. Erythrea

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    andremona (Cramer, 1780)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(25): 16, pl. 297, fig. A ♂ D; (34): 247 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Hel[iconius]. Andremona

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    udalrica (Cramer, 1780)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(25): 16, pl. 297, fig. B ♂ D; (34): 252 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Hel[iconius]. Udalrica

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    cynisca (Godart, 1819)

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (203), 205 no. 8.

Original Combination: Heliconia Cynisca

Type Locality: “Guyane”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

a.   Heliconius erato petiverana (E. Doubleday, 1847)

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(10): 103, no. 18; cited Petiver (1702), Gazophylacium: pl. 4, fig. 2.

Original Combination: Hel[iconia]. Petiverana

Type Locality: “Mexico, Honduras”; syntype from “Mexico.”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK; figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 29, fig. 292 ♂ D&V.

=    mexicana Boisduval, 1870

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 28; cited Heliconia demophoon Ménétriés, 1855, Enum. corp. anim. (1): 86, no. 331-332, pl. 2, fig. 4, and Petiver (1702), Gazophylacium: pl. 4, fig. 2.

Original Combination: Heliconia Mexicana

Type Locality: “Mexique et à Honduras”

Types: Petiver’s figure might be considered to represent a syntype; if extant, the specimen(s) upon which the figure was based might be in NHMUK or MNHP.

Genus Dione Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 31. Type-species: Papilio juno Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 38, pl. 215, figs. B, C; (24): 175 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 157, no. 343.

Subgenus Agraulis Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835]

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. 1(16): 142-145. Type-species: Papilio vanillae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 482, no. 144, by monotypy. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 5, fig. 7, determined this synonymy. This was questioned by Núñez et al. (2022), Systematic Entomology 47(1): 152-178.

*662.    Dione incarnata N. Riley, 1926

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 24-25, fig. 19, treated incarnata as a species distinct from vanillae with nigrior as a subspecies. This was confirmed by Núñez et al. (2022), Systematic Entomology 47(1): 152-178. The names vanillae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 482, no. 144 and passiflorae Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 60-61, no. 189, are removed from the catalogue.

a.   Dione incarnata nigrior (Michener, 1942)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1215): 1-2 (in part), no. 2 (key), 7.

Original Combination: Agraulis vanillae nigrior

Type Locality: “Upper Matecumbe Key, Florida” [Monroe County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Dione incarnata incarnata N. Riley, 1926

Original Combination: D[ione] vanillae incarnata

Type Locality: “near Durango City, Mexico” [Durango]

Types: Lectotype (#Rh10118) in NHMUK, designated by Michener (1942), Am. Mus. Novit. (1215): 7; figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 1, fig. 10 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”comstocki” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(1): 5-6, no. 9, pl. 1, fig. T ♂ D.

Original Combination: Dione vanillae ab. ♂ comstocki

Type Locality: “Monrovia, Los Angeles County, California”

Types: “Holotype” In AMNH.

=    ‡”fumosus” Gunder, 1927

Entomol. News 38(5): 137, no. 9, pl. 2, fig. 9 ♀ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Dione vanillae insularis fumosus ♀ nov. tr. form

Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”margineapertus” Gunder, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 163, pl. A, fig. 3.

Original Combination: Dione vanillae form norm. Incarnata tr. f. margineapertus

Type Locality: “Los Angeles” [Los Angeles County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”hewlettae” Gunder, 1930

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(5): 327-328, pl. 31, fig. 7 ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Dione vanillae form norml incarnata tr. f. hewlettae

Type Locality: “Ontario, Riverside Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

*663.    Dione moneta Hübner, [1825]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 20, pl. [20], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Dione Moneta

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “South Brazil” by A. Hall (1921), Entomol. 54(703): 276.

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

a.   Dione moneta poeyii Butler, 1873

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)12: 227, no. 28.

Original Combination: D[ione]. Poeyii

Type Locality: Not stated. N. Riley (1926), Entomol. 59(760): 244, determined that the description of this taxon was based on figures and text in E. Doubleday 1847, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(13): pl. 22, fig. 1 ♂ D; (18): 154; lectotype from “Oaxaca, Mexico.”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Lamas (1998), Revta. peruana Entomol. 40: 113.

=    butleri Stichel, [1908]

In: Wytsman, Genera Ins. 63: 19, no. 3b (nota 1); figured by Seitz (1912), Grossschmett. Erde 5(152): pl. 84e, figs. [1] ♂ V, [2] ♂ D.

Original Combination: Dione moneta butleri

Type Locality: “Colombia, Rio Magdal. sup....Ecuador, Balzapamba”

Types: Syntypes (#549, 620, 623) in NHMUK; one of these figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 1, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.

*664.    Dione juno (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 38, pl. 215, figs. B ♂ D, C ♂ V; (24): 175 (index).

Original Combination: [Papilio] Helicon[ius]. Juno

Type Locality: Not stated; given as “Surinam”by Lamas et al. (2004), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 264.

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly lost.

a.   Dione juno huascuma (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 243, no. 14.

Original Combination: Agraulis huascuma

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon (2013), News Lepid. Soc. 55(suppl. S1): 65, fig.

Tribe Argynnini Swainson, 1833

Zool. Illustr. (2)3(29): pl. 136, unnumbered text (as “Argynninae”). Type-genus: Argynnis [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 283. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Argynnidae Duponchel, 1844, on the Official List of Family-group Names in Zoology as name no. 228, placed Argynnidinae Aurivillius, [1911], on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 266. I.C.Z.N. Direction 118 corrected the literature citation as above. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 161 placed Argynnis on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 609.

Subtribe Euptoietina Simonsen, 2006

Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 89(4): 648, figs. 8L, 8M, 11L, 11M,15Oo, 15Pp, 21A, 21B, 22W, 23W, 32C, 32D. Type-genus: Euptoieta E. Doubleday, 1848, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(20): 169-170.

Genus Euptoieta E. Doubleday, 1848

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(20): 169-170. Type-species: Papilio claudia Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(6): 109, pl. 69, figs. E, F; (8): 152 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 43.

*665.    Euptoieta claudia (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(6): 109, pl. 69, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (8): 152 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phalerat[a]. Claudia

Type Locality: “Jamaika” “Jamaïque”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    daunius (Herbst, 1798)

In: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 9: 184-185, no. 11, pl. 256, figs. 1, 2.

Original Combination: Papilio Daunius

Type Locality: “Ostindien” [East Indies]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    ‡clausius (Herbst, 1798)

In: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 9: 189-190, no. 14, pl. 257, figs. 3, 4; cited Papilio claudia Cramer, 1775.

Original Combination: Papilio Clausius

Proposed to replace Papilio claudia Cramer, 1775, erroneously thought to be preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Papilio claudia.

=    ‡”dodgei” Gunder, 1927

Entomol. News 38(5): 135-136, no. 6, pl. 2, fig. 6 ♀ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Euptoieta claudia dodgei ♀ nov. tr. form

Type Locality: “near Scribner, Dodge County, Nebraska”

Types: “Holotype” possibly in CAS.

=    ‡”fumosa” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 22-23.

Original Combination: Euptoieta claudia tr. f. fumosa

Type Locality: “Hatfield, Ark.” [Polk County, Arkansas]

Types: “Holotype” probably in USNM.

=    ‡”albaclaudia” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 23.

Original Combination: Euptoieta claudia tr. f. albaclaudia

Type Locality: “Miami, Fl.” [Miami-Dade County, Florida]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

‡”thais” (E. Doubleday, 1848)

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(20): 170.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Thais

This name was listed in the synonymy of claudia without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

‡”mariamne” Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 1(4): 519.

Original Combination: [Euptoieta claudia] = Papilio mariamne Abb.

This name was listed in the synonymy of claudia without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

*666.    Euptoieta hegesia (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 30, pl. 209, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; 3(24): 175 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phal[erata]. Hegesia

Type Locality: “Nord-Amerika, en Nieuwjork, en op Eiland Jamaïka” “l’Amerique septentrionale, à la Nouvelle-York, & dans l’Isle de la Jamaïque”; neotype from “Montego Bay, Jamaica.”

Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by W. Comstock (1944), Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 445. It is possible that syntypes may exist in NHMUK.

=    columbina (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 148, no. 453; cited Jones’ Icones 5: pl. 7, fig. 2.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. Columbina

Type Locality: “America”

Types: Syntypes include the specimen figured in unpublished plates by William Jones.

a.   Euptoieta hegesia meridiania Stichel, 1938

Lepid. Cat. 86: 111; cited Brenthis claudia (sensu Geyer (1837), Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: 11, pl. [143], figs. 831, 832).

Original Combination: [Euptoieta] h[egesia] meridiania

Type Locality: “Süd-Brasilien (typ.: Espirito Santo)” [Espirito Santo, Brazil]

Types: Type(s) possibly in NHMUK or lost.

=    hoffmanni W. Comstock, 1944

Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 446, note 1, fig. 6 FW marking.

Original Combination: Euptoieta hegesia hoffmanni

Type Locality: “Mexico...Escuiñapa, Sinaloa”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Subtribe Argynnina Swainson, 1833

Genus Boloria Moore, 1900

Lepid. Ind. 4(48): 243-244. Type-species: Papilio pales [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 177, no. 8, by original designation. The genus-level synonymy adopted herein is derived from Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 2, Aubert et al. (1996), C. R. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 3) Sci. Vie 319(7): 647-651, Simonsen (2005), Syst. Entomol. 30(4): 653-665, and Simonsen et al. (2010), Syst. & Biodivers. 8(4): 513- 529.

Subgenus Boloria Moore, 1900

=    Smoljana Slivov, 1995

Acta Zool. Bulg. 48: 62-63, fig. 1. Type-species: Boloria (Smoljana) rhodopensis Slivov, 1995, Acta Zool. Bulg. 48: 63-65, figs. 2(1, 2, 3, 3a, 4, 5), 4(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) (= Argynnis pales var. balcanica, Rebel, 1903, Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 18: 170), by original designation.

667.      Boloria alaskensis (W. Holland, 1900)

a.   Boloria alaskensis alaskensis (W. Holland, 1900)

Entomol. News 11(3): 383, no. 6.

Original Combination: B[renthis] pales var. alaskensis

Type Locality: “mountains between Forty-Mile and Mission Creeks” [Alaska]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 24, ♂ D.

Crosson du Cormier (1977), Alexanor 10(1): 35-47, detailed the separation of this species from B. napaea (Hoffmansegg, 1804) in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 3(3): 196. This arrangement was corroborated by Dubatolov (1992), Vestnik Zoologii 1992(6): 40-41, Kosterin (2000), Far East Entomol. 86(1): 1-10, and Gorbunov (2001), Butterflies Russia Class.: 201-202.

=    reiffi Reuss, 1925

Int. Entomol. Z. 19(36): cols. 279-280.

Original Combination: Boloria reiffi

Type Locality: “Britisch-Columbien” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in Reuss collection.

Pike (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 18(3): 157, suggested that this may be a subspecies-level taxon.

=    ‡”nearctica” Verity, 1932

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 46(3): 104, 108; cited Lehmann (1913), in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(173): 424.

Original Combination: [Boloria pales arsilache] race nearctica

Type Locality: “north-eastern Alaska (69^o 40' N. Lat. and 141^oW. Long.)”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

b.   Boloria alaskensis halli Klots, 1940

Am. Mus. Novit. (1054): 1-4.

Original Combination: Boloria pales halli

Type Locality: “vicinity of Green River Pass, Wind River Range, Sublette Co., Wyoming”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Subgenus Proclossiana Reuss, 1926

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(1): 69. Type-species: Papilio aphirape Hübner, [1800], Samml. Europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 5, figs. 23, 24, 25 (= Papilio eunomia Esper, 1800, Die Schmett. 1(suppl.)(1)(8-9): 94, pl. 110 (Cont. 65), fig. 5), by original designation. Simonsen et al. (2010), Syst. & Biodivers. 8(4): 519, treated this as a subgenus.

*668.    Boloria eunomia (Esper, 1800)

Die Schmett. 1(suppl.)(1)(8/9): 94, pl. 110 (Cont. 65), fig. 5 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nimph[alis]. phal[erata]. Eunomia

Type Locality: “Königsberg in Preussen” [Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

=    aphirape (Hübner, [1800])

Samml. Europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 5, figs. 23 ♂ D, 24 ♂ V, 25 ♀ D [1800]; 8, no. 1 [1806].

Original Combination: [Papilio] Aphirape

Type Locality: ‘Schwaben’ [Bavaria, Germany]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    tomyris (Herbst, 1800)

In: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins. Schmett. 10: 102-104, no. 41, pl. 270, figs. 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Papilio Tomyris

Type Locality: “Preussen” [Northern Germany and Poland]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

a.   Boloria eunomia triclaris (Hübner, [1821])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [19], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V; [1] (index).

Original Combination: Argynnis Triclaris

Type Locality: Not stated; listed as “Labrador” by W. F. Kirby (1908), in: P. Wytsman, Fac. ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett. 3(addit. notes): 17; suggested to be “Moravian missionaries in Labrador” by W. Holland (1928), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 38-39, no. 5, stated to be “Labrador” by Hemming (1937), Hübner 2: 123 (manuscript #36); subsequently defined as “Nain, Labrador, Canada” by Pike (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 18(3): 160. [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    lais (Scudder, 1875)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 17(3): [294]-296.

Original Combination: Arg[ynnis]. Lais

Type Locality: “Caribou Island, Straits of Belle Isle, Labrador...also...at Mackenzie River...Colorado”

This name was listed in the synonymy of Argynnis triclaris Hübner, [1821], but not described; it was a nomen nudum until the name helena was proposed to replace Argynnis lais W. H. Edwards, 1884, by dos Passos and Grey (1957), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 63: 95-96. This action made Argynnis lais Scudder, 1875, available (Code Article 11.6.1).

b.   Boloria eunomia dawsoni (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)

Can. Entomol. 48(7): 222-223.

Original Combination: Brenthis aphirape dawsoni

Type Locality: “Hymers, Ont.” [Ontario]

Types: Syntypes in USNM and NHMLA; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♀ D.

=    ‡”harperi” (Gunder, 1934)

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 127.

Original Combination: Brenthis aphirape dawsoni tr. f. harperi

Type Locality: “Churchill, Man., Canada” [Manitoba]

Types: Holotype in CAS.

c.   Boloria eunomia nichollae (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 92, no. 188d.

Original Combination: Brenthis aphirape race nichollae

Type Locality: “Rocky Mts.”; Nicholl (1906), 36th Ann. Rept. Entomol. Soc. Ont. (1905): 72 defined the region as “Mt. Assiniboine...11,800 feet...just west of the Divide...the southernmost outlier of the glacier fields of the northern Rockies”; suggested to be “near the Columbia Ice Fields” by Pike (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 18(3): 157-158. [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 60, fig. 14 ♂ D (holotype), 15 ♀ D (paratype).

Ferris and Groothuis (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 9(4): 243, discussed this taxon and its synonymy.

d.   Boloria eunomia denali (Klots, 1940)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 48(4): 413-414.

Original Combination: Brenthis (Clossiana) aphirape denali

Type Locality: “McKinley National Park” [Denali National Park, Alaska]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

e.   Boloria eunomia ursadentis Ferris & Groothuis, 1971

J. Res. Lepid. 9(4): 245-247, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ V, 8 ♀ V (aberrant), 9 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Boloria eunomia ursadentis

Type Locality: “Beartooth Pass, 1/2 mile S. of Montana-Wyoming border, Park Co., Wyoming”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

f.    Boloria eunomia laddi (Klots, 1940)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1054): 4.

Original Combination: Clossiana aphirape laddi

Type Locality: “Snowy Range, Albany Co., Wyoming”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

g.   Boloria eunomia caelestis (Hemming, 1933)

Entomol. 66(847): 275, no. 5.

Original Combination: Argynnis aphirape caelestis

Proposed to replace Brenthis aphirape alticola W. Barnes and McDunnough, 1913, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡alticola (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913)

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(3): 97-98.

Original Combination: [Brenthis] aphirape alticola

Type Locality: “Hall Valley, Colo.” [Park County, Colorado]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

Preoccupied by Argynnis alticola Sushkin & Tsetverikov, 1907, Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 38(1): 18. Currently this name is employed for a subspecies of Boloria (Clossiana) angarensis Ershov, 1870. Even if Proclossiana and Clossiana are considered separate genera from Boloria, this name is no longer valid, since a replacement name was proposed before 1961, and that name has generally been used (Code Article 59.3).

Subgenus Clossiana Reuss, 1920

Entomol. Mitt. 9(10-12): 192 (footnote); rediagnosed by Reuss (1921), Entomol. Mitt. 10(6): 190, figs. 13-18 ♂ genitalia. Type-species: Papilio selene [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 321, no. 11, by original designation.

freija group Gorbunov, 2001

Butterflies Russia Class.: 199.

669.      Boloria freija (Thunberg, 1791)

a.   Boloria freija freija (Thunberg, 1791)

Entomol. Sist. Ins. Svec. (2): 34-36, pl. 2, figs. 14, [14a] ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Papilio Freija P[apilio]. n[ymphalis]. ph[aleratus].

Type Locality: “Vestrobothnia juxta flumina locis graminosis...in Lapponia”; lectotype labeled “Lapp. Liljeblad.” [western Gulf of Bothnia and Lappland, Sweden]

Types: Lectotype in UUZM, designated by Karsholt and Nielsen (1986), Entomol. Scand. 16(4): 446.

=    lapponica (Esper, [1793])

Die Schmett. 1(suppl.)(1)(3/4): 21-22, pl. 97 (Cont. 52), fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. Ph[alerata]. Dia Lapponica

Type Locality: “Der lapplandisch P. Dia.” [Lappland]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

=    ‡freya (Godart, 1819)

In: Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (254), 273, no. 37; cited many references to freija.

Original Combination: Argynnis Freya

Proposed to replace Papilio freija Thunberg, 1791, erroneously thought to be preoccupied, or possibly an unjustified emendation.

=    jakutensis (Wnukowsky, 1927)

Mitt. Münchn. Entomol. Ges. 17(7-12): 70, no. 4.

Original Combination: Argynnis (Brentis [sic]) frieja jakutensis

Type Locality: “Siberia septentrionalis-orientalis (Jakutsk)” [Yakutsk, Sakha Autonomous Republic, Russia]

Types: Syntypes in UTR.

=    zamolodchikovi (Churkin, 2001)

Helios 2: 99, pl. 8, figs. 10 ♂ D (holotype), 11 ♂ V, 12 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Clossiana frieja zamolodchikovi

Type Locality: “Russia, East Chukotka, 13 km SE Ioni L., Gilmimleviem R” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Holotype in DSM.

=    ‡”gunderi” (Harper, 1933)

Pan.-Pac. Entomol. 9(3): 99.

Original Combination: Brenthis freija gunderi new tr. fm.

Type Locality: “McCreary, Manitoba, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in CAS.

b.   Boloria freija tarquinius (J. Curtis, 1835)

In: Ross, Voy. Search Northwest Pass., Appendix: lxviii-lxix, no. 14.

Original Combination: [Melitaea] Tarquinius

Type Locality: “Arctic Regions”; determined from itineraries in vol. 1 and a letter from John Ross in vol. 2, Addenda: 732-735, to be the area bounded by 69.30 ^o-70.9^o N lat. and 91.52^o-93.0^oW long, in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]

Types: Syntypes possibly in NHMUK.

c.   Boloria freija browni (Higgins, 1953)

Entomol. 86(9): 210, no. 9.

Original Combination: Clossiana freija browni

Type Locality: “Independance Pass, Pitkin Co.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

670.      Boloria natazhati (Gibson, 1920)

Troubridge and Wood (1990), J. Lepid. Soc. 44(3): 180-182, determined that this is a species-level taxon, which was revised by J. Shepard et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (60): 731-736.

a.   Boloria natazhati natazhati (Gibson, 1920)

Rept. Can. Arctic Exped. 3(i): 21i-22i, 52i, 56i, pl. 3, figs. 6 ♂ V (holotype), 12 ♀ D; pl. 5, fig. 6 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Brenthis natazhati

Type Locality: “141st meridian, north of mount Natazhat, international boundary survey, elevation 8,600 feet” [southern Yukon Territory]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

b.   Boloria natazhati nabokovi D. Stallings & Turner, 1947

Can. Entomol. 78(7/8): 134-135.

Original Combination: Boloria freija nabokovi

Type Locality: “Alaska Military Highway...Mile 102, North of Summit 2, Ravine, Elevation 6000 ft...British Columbia”; defined as “the Sentinel Range of the Rocky Mts., B. C., at 1830 m elevation” by Troubridge and Wood (1990), J. Lepid. Soc. 44(3): 186; suggested to be “a ravine north of Summit Lake, mile 392 [now km. 621.7] Alaska Highway, British Columbia, Canada” by J. Shepard and Kondla (1993), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 69(3): 273.

Types: Holotype (#27642) in MCZC.

c.   Boloria natazhati bankslandia J. Shepard, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (60): 732, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Boloria natazhati bankslandia

Type Locality: “N.W.T., Victoria Is. 71^o17'N, 114^oW” [Northwest Territories]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

titania group Simonsen et al, 2010

Syst. & Biodivers. 8(4): 522.

*671.    Boloria chariclea (Schneider, 1794)

Neu. Mag. f. Liebhaber Entomol. 5: 588-589.

Original Combination: Papilio Chariclea

Type Locality: “Lappland” implied from the title of paper.

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

The arrangement of North American taxa in this group follows Pike (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 18(3): 156, and J. Shepard (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (59): 727-730. It is probable that this assemblage in North America actually consists of two species, but it is not possible to diagnose these at present.

a.   Boloria chariclea montinus (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 166, no. 32; redescribed and figured by Scudder (1863), Boston J. Nat. Hist. 7(4): 626-629, pl. 14, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Montinus

Type Locality: “the lower half of barren summits of the White Mountains, N[ew]. H[ampshire]”; defined as “summit of Mount Madison, the head of Tuckerman’s Ravine, and a short distance above the Ledge, (all, it will be noticed, within the subalpine region)” by Scudder (1863), Boston J. Nat. Hist. 7(4): 618, 628.

Types: Syntypes probably in MCZC.

b.   Boloria chariclea boisduvalii (Duponchel, 1832)

In: Godart, Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1(Diurnes), Suppl. 1(6): 127-128, no. 45, pl. 20, no. 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Boisduvalii

Type Locality: “les contrées les plus septentrionales de l'Europe”; suggested to be “probably Labrador” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 90.

Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP or NHMUK.

Both Duponchel (1832) ibid., and Boisduval [1833], Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(10): 98, pl. 20, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, cited “M. Sommer” as the source of the specimens described. Sommer has been noted as a source of many butterflies from Labrador (e.g., Boisduval and Le Conte [1830], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (8): 66-67, Staudinger (1857), Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 18(7-9): 300-301, and Hemming (1937), Hübner 2: 123). Packard (1868), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 32, and Aurivillius (1889), Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 15(4)(1): 9-10 , fig. 1 VHW, referred to samples from Labrador as boisduvalii.

=    ‡”labradorensis” (Gunder, 1928)

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 163, pl. A, figs. 5, 5a (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Brenthis chariclea race oenone tr. f. labradorensis

Type Locality: “Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

‡”oenone” (Scudder, 1875)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 17(3): [297]-299.

Original Combination: Arg[ynnis]. Oenone

This name was listed in the synonymy of chariclea Schneider, 1794, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

c.   Boloria chariclea arctica (Zetterstedt, [1839])

Ins. Lappon. (5): col. 899, no. 18.

Original Combination: A[rgynnis]. arctica

Type Locality: “Groenlandia”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly lost.

=    ‡tullia O. Fabricius, 1780

Fauna Groenl.: 192-193, no. 143.

Original Combination: Papilio Tullia

Type Locality: “Groenl.” [Greenland]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

Preoccupied by Papilio tullia Müller, 1764, Fauna Ins. Fridrichsdal.: 36.

=    obscurata (M'Lachlan, 1878)

J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 14(74): 110.

Original Combination: A[rgynnis]. Chariclea, var. obscurata

Type Locality: “81^o 41'N”; holotype from “Grinnell Land, W. side of Smith Sound 81^o45' N” [Ellesmere Island, Nunavut]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

d.   Boloria chariclea grandis (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)

Can. Entomol. 48(7): 223.

Original Combination: Brenthis chariclea grandis

Type Locality: “Hymers, Ont.” [Ontario]

Types: Syntypes in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 60, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ V.

e.   Boloria chariclea butleri (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Can. Entomol. 15(2): 32-33.

Original Combination: Argynnis Butleri

Type Locality: “Cape Thomson, North-west America...Kotzebue Sound”; lectotype from “Cape Thompson.” [Alaska]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH designated by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 346, fig. 38 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 13 ♂ V.

=    tshuktsha Dubatolov & Korshunov, 1998

In: Korshunov, New descr. specif. Butterflies Asiatic Russia: 21.

Original Combination: Clossiana chariclea tshuktsha

Type Locality: “mouth of the Chaun River, 100 km south of Pevek, Chukotka” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Holotype in the SZMN.

f.    Boloria chariclea rainieri (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913)

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(3): 96-97, pl. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: B[renthis]. chariclea rainieri

Type Locality: “Mt. Ranier [sic], Wash....(6-7000 ft)”; the figure captions added “Paradise Valley” [Mt. Rainier, Pierce County, Washington].

Types: Syntypes in USNM and NHMLA; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 60, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♀ V.

C. Guppy and Kondla (2002), J. Lepid. Soc. 56(3): 181, suggested that this name be emended to “ranieri” since “Mt. Ranier” was misspelled in the text in the original description. The name as given in the description heading was derived from the correct spelling of the name of the mountain, and needs no emendation (Code Article 32.5.1).

g.   Boloria chariclea ingens (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 71, 180, pl. 11, figs. 5 ♂ D (holotype), 6 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Brenthis helena ingens

Type Locality: “Yellowstone Park” [Wyoming].

Types: Holotype in USNM.

=    ‡”martini” (Gunder, 1934)

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 127-128.

Original Combination: Brenthis helena ingens tr. f. martini

Type Locality: “Teton trail, Teton Mts., Teton County, Wyoming (just south of the ingens type locality)”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

h.   Boloria chariclea helena (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 268, no. 3.

Original Combination: Argynnis Helena

Type Locality: “Colorado”; suggested to be “region of the range north and west of Fairplay and about Twin Lakes”, probably “Mt. Elbert, Mosquito Pass, Mt. Lincoln and Hoosier Pass” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 160; defined as “Mosquito Pass, Lake-Park Counties, Colorado” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 342-343. Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 25, summarized this as “Oro City, California Gulch, Lake County, Colorado.”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 344, fig. 37 ♂ D&V.

=    sangredecristo J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 5.

Original Combination: Boloria titania sangredecristo

Type Locality: “Hermit Pass, Sangre de Cristo Mts., Custer Co., Colorado”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 319, determined this synonymy.

bellona group Simonsen et al, 2010

Syst. & Biodivers. 8(4): 522.

672.      Boloria improba (Butler, 1877)

a.   Boloria improba improba (Butler, 1877)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 13(153): 206.

Original Combination: Argynnis improba

Type Locality: “between 67 1/2 and 68^o...Winter Cove and Cambridge Bay” [Nunavut]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

b.   Boloria improba youngi (W. Holland, 1900)

Entomol. News 11(3): 383-384, no. 9; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 28 ♀ V (holotype).

Original Combination: B[renthis]. youngi

Type Locality: “mountains between Forty-Mile and Mission Creeks, N. E. Alaska”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

Ferris (1984), Bull. Allyn Mus. (89): 1-2, suggested that this taxon represents an individual form, and therefore a synonym of B. i. improba.

c.   Boloria improba nunatak J. Scott, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 11: 3-4.

Original Combination: Boloria improba nunatak

Type Locality: “Torrens River, Alberta”, presumably from the mountains nearby.

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

d.   Boloria improba harryi (Ferris, 1984)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (89): 2-5, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (holotype); 4 ♀D, 5 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Clossiana improba harryi

Type Locality: “near the summit of Bears Ears Trail, 0.5 mi. (0.8 km) NW of Mt. Chauvenet, 11, 750' (3583m), Shoshone National Forest, Fremont Co., Wyoming” [Wind River Mountains]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Boloria improba acrocnema Gall & Sperling, 1980

J. Lepid. Soc. 34(2): 231-236, figs. 1&7 ♂ D&V, 13 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype), 2&8 ♂ D&V, 3&9 ♂ D&V, 4&10 ♀ D&V, 5&11 ♀ D&V, 6&12 ♀ D&V, 19-21 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Boloria acrocnema

Type Locality: “Mt. Uncomphagre, 13.0 km NW of Lake City, Hinsdale Co., Colorado, elev. 4080-4140m”

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

673.      Boloria kriemhild (Strecker, 1879)

In: C. A. H. McCauley, Rept. San Juan Recon., Ind. Exec. Doc. House Rep. 3rd Sess. 45th Congr. 5(1)pt. 2(3), appendix SS: 1854, pl. 1, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Kriemhild

Type Locality: “Utah...Arizona...Rio Florida, Colorado”; lectotype from “Utah.”

Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Skinner (1914), Entomol. News 25(7): 324; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 74, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

=    laurenti (Skinner, 1913)

Entomol. News 24(10): 450.

Original Combination: Argynnis laurenti

Type Locality: “Silver Lake (Brightons), Utah” [Brighton, Salt Lake County]

Types: Syntypes (#7024) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 17 ♂ V.

The identity of this taxon was established by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1914), Entomol. News 25(7): 323-324.

=    luecki (Reuss, 1923) (emended)

Soc. Entomol. 38(4): 14.

Original Combination: Clossiana lücki

Type Locality: “Utah, Nord-Amerika”

Types: Syntypes in Reuss collection.

674.      Boloria epithore (W. H. Edwards, 1864)

a.   Boloria epithore epithore (W. H. Edwards, 1864)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, 503-504, no. 5.

Original Combination: Argynnis Epithore Boisduval in lit.

Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Saratoga, Santa Clara County, California.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Klots (1965), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 335, fig. 34a ♂ D&V.

=    ‡epithore (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 58, no. 50.

Original Combination: Argynnis Epithore

Type Locality: “les hautes montagnes de l'est”; defined as “vic. of Santa Cruz Mtns., Santa Cruz County, California” by E. Perkins and Meyer (1973), Bull. Allyn Mus. (11): 4.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by E. Perkins and Meyer (1973), ibid.; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 335, fig. 34b ♂ D&V.

Preoccupied by Argynnis epithore W. H. Edwards, 1864, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 503-504.

b.   Boloria epithore sierra E. Perkins, 1973

In: E. Perkins and Meyer, Bull. Allyn Mus. (11): 10-11, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♂ V, pl. 2, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Boloria epithore sierra

Type Locality: “Sentinel Dome, Yosemite National Park, Mariposa County, California”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    ‡”eldorado” (Strand, 1915)

Arch. für Naturgesch. (A)80(11): 156.

Original Combination: Brenthis epithore cum ab. eldorado n. ab.

Type Locality: “Plumas Co....Eldorado Co.” [California]

Types: Syntypes in SDEI.

=    ‡”wawonae” (Gunder, 1924)

Entomol. News 35(5): 156, pl. 2, fig. F ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Brenthis epithore ab. ♂ wawonae

Type Locality: “Wawona, Mariposa County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 26, fig, 10 ♂ D.

c.   Boloria epithore chermocki E. Perkins & S. Perkins, 1966

J. Lepid. Soc. 20(2): 109-112, pl. 1, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); pl. 2 figs. 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Boloria epithore chermocki

Type Locality: “2.9 miles E of Dolph, Yamhill Co., Oregon”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    uslui (Koçak, 1984)

Priamus 3(3): 96.

Original Combination: Boloria epithore uslui

Proposed to replace Boloria epithore borealis E. Perkins, 1973, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 290, determined this synonymy.

=    ‡borealis E. Perkins, 1973

In: E. Perkins and Meyer, Bull. Allyn Mus. (11): 6-8, pl. 1, figs. 13 ♂ D (holotype); 14 ♂ V, pl. 2, figs. 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Boloria epithore borealis

Type Locality: “Shingle Creek Road, Keremeos, British Columbia”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

Preoccupied by Argynnis thore borealis Staudinger, 1861, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 22(10-12): 351.

=    ‡”obscuripennis” (Gunder, 1926)

Entomol. News 37(1): 7, no. 9, pl. 1, fig. 9 ♀ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Brenthis epithore ab. ♀ obscuripennis

Type Locality: “Chilcolin [sic], British Columbia, Canada” [Chilcotin]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

d.   Boloria epithore sigridae (J. Shepard, 2001)

Butterflies B. C.: 289-290, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Clossiana epithore sigridae

Type Locality: “BC, St. Elias Mts., Tats Lake, 770 m” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

675.      Boloria bellona (Fabricius, 1775)

a.   Boloria bellona bellona (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 517-518, no. 317.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. P[halerata]. Bellona

Type Locality: “America boreali”

Types: Syntype in ZMUC.

=    ‡”fasciata” (T. Cockerell, 1889)

Entomol. 22(311): 99; cited Maynard (1886), Butterflies New England: 27-28 (in part), under no. 31.

Original Combination: Argynnis bellona fasciata

Type Locality: Not stated; “Massachusetts” implied from reference to Maynard.

Types: “Type(s)” probably lost.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”kleenei” (F. Watson, 1921)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 28(3/4): 171-172.

Original Combination: Brenthis bellona ab. kleenei

Type Locality: “West Hartford, Connecticut” [Hartford County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”pardopsis” (W. Holland, 1928)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 45, no. 11b; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 26 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: B[renthis]. bellona ab. pardopsis

Type Locality: “Crafton, Allegheny County, Pa.” [Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.

=    ‡ammiralis (Hemming, 1933)

Entomol. 66(847): 276, no. 7.

Original Combination: Argynnis ammiralis

Proposed to replace Papilio bellona Fabricius, 1775, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of bellona.

b.   Boloria bellona toddi (W. Holland, 1928)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 45, no. 11a; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 14 ♂ D (holotype), 15 ♀ D (paratype).

Original Combination: B[renthis]. bellona toddi

Type Locality: “St. Margarets River...near Sept-Iles along a river that was called Riviere Sainte-Marguerite; Quebec” This river was dammed near its confluence with the St. Laurence River, and the resulting reservoir is called Lac-Walker.

Types: Holotype (#5269) in CMNH.

c.   Boloria bellona jenistai D. Stallings & Turner, 1947

Can. Entomol. 78(7/8): 135-136.

Original Combination: Boloria toddi jenistai

Type Locality: “Lloydminster, Sask.”; suggested to be “the vicinity of Rivercourse, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 39.

Types: Holotype in USNM.

*676.    Boloria frigga (Thunberg, 1791)

Entomol. Sist. Ins. Svec. (2): 33-34.

Original Combination: Papilio Frigga P[apilio]. n[ymphalis]. ph[aleratus].

Type Locality: “Lapponiae sylvis”; lectotype from “Sweden: Lappland.”

Types: Lectotype in UUZM, designated by Karsholt and Nielsen (1986), Entomol. Scand. 16(4): 446.

=    maritima Kardakoff, 1928

Entomol. Mitt. 17(4): 270. pl. 7, fig. 4.

Original Combination: Argynnis frigga maritima

Type Locality: “Primorye: Ternei Bay” [Russia]

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Korb, (2017), Amur. Zool. Journ. 9(1): 44, fig. 7 ♂ D&V.

=    helvenacius Sedykh, 1977

Geogr. Aspect. Conserv. Flora Faun. NE Europ. USSR: 102.

Original Combination: B[oloria]. frigga subsp. nova helvenacius

Type Locality: “Polar Urals” [Polar Ural, Komi Republic, Russia]

Types: Syntypes possibly in ZIN.

a.   Boloria frigga saga (Staudinger, 1861)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 22(10/12): 350, under no. 16.

Original Combination: [Argynnis Frigga] [var.] Saga

Type Locality: “Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

b.   Boloria frigga gibsoni (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 92, no. 197d.

Original Combination: Brenthis frigga race gibsoni

Type Locality: “Barter Island, Northern Alaska”

Types: Syntypes in CNC; one figured by Gibson (1920), Rept. Can. Arctic Exped. 3(i): 57i, pl. 5, fig. 1 ♂ D.

Layberry, et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 178, suggested that this may be a species-level taxon.

=    ‡alaskensis (Lehmann, 1913)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(173): 424; (178): pl. 87e, fig. [3] ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Argynnis frigga] fa. alaskensis

Type Locality: “nördöstlichen Alaska (69^o 40' nördl. Breite, 141^o westl. Länge)”

Types: One probable syntype in ZMUC, others may be in SMF.

Secondarily preoccupied by Brenthis pales alaskensis W. Holland, 1900, Entomol. News 11(3): 383, no. 6.

=    lehmanni (W. Holland, 1928)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 44, no. 10.

Original Combination: B[renthis]. frigga var. lehmanni nom. nov.

Proposed to replace Argynnis frigga fa. alaskensis Lehmann, 1913, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). According to Code Article 59.3, this permanently invalidates alaskensis since the name gibsoni has traditionally been used for this taxon.

=    kosarevi (S. Korb, 2011)

In: Korb & Bolshakov (2011) Cat. butterflies former USSR: 33.

Original Combination: [Boloria frigga] kosarevi nom. nov.

Proposed to replace Argynnis frigga fa. alaskensis Lehmann, 1913, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). According to Code Article 59.3, this permanently invalidates alaskensis since the name gibsoni has traditionally been used for this taxon.

c.   Boloria frigga sagata (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1923)

Can. Entomol. 55(6): 146.

Original Combination: Brenthis frigga race sagata

Type Locality: “Hall Valley, Colorado” [Park County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

selene group Gorbunov, 2001

Butterflies Russia Class.: 195.

*677.    Boloria myrina (Cramer, 1777)

Kondla & Schmidt, in: Pohl et al. (2020), ZooKeys 38 (Special Issue): 496, treated myrina and selene ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 321, no. 11, as distinct species. Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 17-18, fig. 18, confirmed this. The names selene and it’s synonyms euphrasia (Lewin, 1795), Insects Great Britain: 30, pl. 13, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, marphisa (Herbst, 1800), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 10: 105-107, no. 42, pl. 270, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V, rinaldus (Herbst, 1800), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 10: 108-110, pl. 271, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, selenia (Freyer, 1847), Neuer Beitr. Schmett. Abbild. Natur. 6(83): 21-22, pl. 493, fig. 2 ♂ D&V, hela Staudinger, 1861, in: Wocke & Staudinger, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 22(10-12): 347, under no. 11 and obscurum Sedykh, 1977, Geogr. Aspect. Conserv. Flora Faun. NE Europ. USSR: 101, are removed from the catalogue.

a.   Boloria myrina myrina (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(16): 141, pl. 189, figs. B ♂ D, C ♂ V; (16): 150 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymphj[alis]. Phal[erata]. Myrina

Type Locality: “Noord-Amerika by Nieuwjork” “l’Amerique Septentrionale, à la Nouvelle York”; suggested to be “from southeastern New York” by Kohler (1977), J. Lepid. Soc. 31(4): 240.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    ‡myrissa (Godart, [1824])

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (253), 268, 806.

Original Combination: Argynnis Myrissa

Proposed to replace Papilio myrina Cramer, 1777, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of myrina.

=    marilandica (A. Clark, 1941)

J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 31(9): 384.

Original Combination: Brenthis selene marilandica

Type Locality: “the boggy pasture on the south side of the road from the Beltsville, M., railway station to the Department of Agriculture experiment farm” [Prince George's County, Maryland]

Types: Holotype (#55470) in USNM; figured by A. Clark (1932), Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. (157): pl. 3. figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, and A. Clark and L. Clark (1951), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116(7): frtspc., figs. 1 ♀ V, 2 ♂ D (holotype); pl. 9, figs. B ♂ D, C ♂ V.

=    ‡”nubes” (Scudder, 1889)

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 1(5): 595-596.

Original Combination: B[renthis]. m[yrina]. [ab.] nubes

Type Locality: “Sanborton, N. H.” [Belknap County, New Hampshire]

Types: “Holotype” (#29298) in MCZC.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”nivea” (Gunder, 1928)

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 163, pl. A, fig. 4 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Brenthis myrina tr. f. nivea

Type Locality: “Staten Island, N. Y.” [New York]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”gunderana” W. Forbes, 1960

Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 150, under no. 1.

Original Combination: [Brenthis selene] ab. gunderana

Forbes (1960), attributed this name to Dyar, who never described the taxon; a nomen nudum.

b.   Boloria myrina nebraskensis (W. Holland, 1928)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 36-37, no. 1c.

Original Combination: B[renthis]. myrina nebraskensis var. nov.

Type Locality: “Dodge County, Nebraska”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 105, pl. 55 fig. 8 ♂ D.

c.   Boloria myrina sabulocollis Kohler, 1977

J. Lepid. Soc. 31(4): 252-253, figs. 3(a) ♂ D (holotype), 3(b) ♂ V (holotype), 3(c) ♂ D, 3(d) ♂ V, 3(e) ♂ D, 3(f) ♂ V, 6(g) ♀ D, 6(h) ♀ V, 7(a) ♀ D, 7(b) ♀ V, 7(c) ♀ D, 7(d) ♀ V.

Original Combination: Boloria selene sabulocollis

Type Locality: “Smith Lake, Sheridan Co., Nebraska”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

d.   Boloria myrina tollandensis (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1925)

Entomol. News 36(2): 44.

Original Combination: Brenthis myrina tollandensis race nov.

Type Locality: “Tolland, Moffat [sic] County, Colorado, altitude approximately 10,000 ft.” [Gilpin County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

e.   Boloria myrina albequina (W. Holland, 1928)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 40-43, no. 6; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book. (rev. ed.): pl. 55, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ V, 21 ♂ V.

Original Combination: B[renthis]. albequina

Type Locality: “White Horse Pass, Yukon Territory”

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

McDunnough (1932), Can. Entomol. 64(12): 269, and Ferris (1971), Sci. Monog. Agric. Exp. Sta., U. Wyo.: 46, treated this taxon as a synonym of B. s. atrocostalis.

=    ‡”baxteri” (W. Holland, 1928)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 42, no. 6 (in part).

Original Combination: B[renthis]. albequina var. baxteri aberrational form

Type Locality: “White Horse Pass, Yukon Territory”

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.

f.    Boloria myrina atrocostalis (Huard, 1927)

Nat. Can. 54(6)[(2)34(60]: 131, no. 8.

Original Combination: Argynnis atrocostalis

Type Locality: “Chicoutimi” [Quebec]

Types: Location of type(s) not known; McDunnough (1928), Can. Entomol. 60(11): 274, claimed to have examined the “type” so it is presumed to be in CNC.

=    ‡”serratimarginata” (Gunder, 1926)

Entomol. News 37(1): 7, no. 10, pl. 1, fig. 10 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Brenthis myrina ab. ♂ serratimarginata

Type Locality: “Vernon, British Columbia, Canada”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”jenningsae” (W. Holland, 1928)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 36, no. 1a; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 9 ♂ D.

Original Combination: B[renthis]. myrina jenningsae ♂ ab. nov.

Type Locality: “Jellicoe, on Thunder Bay, Ontario”

Types: “Holotype” (#5921) in CMNH.

g.   Boloria myrina terraenovae (W. Holland, 1928) (emended)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 36, no. 1b; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 13 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: B[renthis]. myrina terrae-novae

Type Locality: “Newfoundland”; suggested to be “the eastern part of the island” by Kohler (1977), J. Lepid. Soc. 31(4): 262. [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

tritonia group Simonsen et al, 2010

Syst. & Biodivers. 8(4): 519.

678.      Boloria astarte (E. Doubleday, [1847])

a.   Boloria astarte astarte (E. Doubleday, 1847)

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(12): pl. 23, fig. 5; (1)(21): 181, footnote (1848), name corrected to Argynnis astarte.

Original Combination: Melitaea Astarte

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, North America”; defined as “Rock Lake, Alberta (53^o 27'N, 118^o 16'W)” by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 40-41.

Types: Syntype (#45-136) in NHMUK.

C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 295-296, suggested that astarte is conspecific with B. tritonia (Böber, 1812), Mém. Soc. Moscou 3: 20-21, no. 6, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V; index: 320, an arrangement adopted by Gorbunov (2001), Butterflies Russia Class.: 195-196. However, Pike (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 18(3): 162, and Bogdanov (2009), Proc. State Darwin Mus. 13: 68-99, among others, have questioned whether distincta, and by implication tschukotkensis, should be considered subspecies of B. astarte. Further study is needed.

=    victoria (W. H. Edwards, 1891)

Can. Entomol. 23(9): 198-199; figured by W. H. Edwards (1894), Butterflies N. Am. 3(15): pl. Argynnis 7, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as astarte).

Original Combination: Argynnis Victoria

Type Locality: “Laggan, Alberta”; defined as “two mountains near Laggan, one of them three miles southwest, in the main range, the other a low smooth mountain directly north of Laggan” by W. H. Edwards (1894), Butterflies N. Am. 3(15): [115-118]; subsequently interpreted to be “outliers of Mt. Temple and Mt. Richardson” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 341.

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 340, fig. 36 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 18, fig. 15 ♂ V.

b.   Boloria astarte distincta (Gibson, 1920)

Rept. Can. Arct. Exped. 3(i): 25i, 54i, pl. 4, fig. 12 ♀ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Brenthis distincta

Type Locality: “Harrington Creek, Yukon Territory, lat. 65^o 05'”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

c.   Boloria astarte tschukotkensis (Wyatt, 1961)

Zeit. Weiner Entomol. Ges. 46[72](7/8): 99, pl. 5, fig. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Clossiana distincta tschukotkensis

Type Locality: “Berge von Tschukotka, N. O. Sibirien, Geröll-zone” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Holotype in LNKD.

=    ershovi Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995

Butterflies Asiatic Russia: 108, under no. 211.

Original Combination: Clossiana astarte ershovi

Type Locality: “Khaptagai on the Lena River” [Sakha Republic, Russia]

Types: Holotype in SZMN.

=    suntara Korshunov, 1998

New descr. specif. Butterflies Asiatic Russia 21-22.

Original Combination: [Clossiana] astarte suntara

Type Locality: “Suntar-Khayata Range, 180 km ESE Khandyga, upper Eastern Khandyga River, 233 km on the Khandyga to Magadan line, mountains at 1300-1500 m, Yakutia” [Sakha Republic, Russia]

Types: Syntypes in SZMN.

polaris group Simonsen et al, 2010

Syst. & Biodivers. 8(4): 519.

679.      Boloria polaris (Boisduval, [1828])

a.   Boloria polaris polaris (Boisduval, [1828])

Europ. Lepid. Ind. Meth: 15-16; figured by Boisduval [1833], Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(10): pl. 20, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, and (1836), Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 11, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Polaris

Type Locality: “Cap Nord”; stated to be “cap Nord, c’est-à-dire l’extrémité de la Laponie norwégienne” by Duponchel (1832), in: Godart, Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1(Diurnes), Suppl. 1(6): 125-126, no. 44. [Finmark, Norway]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in NHMUK or MNHP.

=    gronlandica ([Skinner], 1892)

Entomol. News 3(3): 49, nos. 9-10, pl. 2, figs. 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis chariclea var. gronlandica

Type Locality: “Greenland” implied from plate caption; suggested to be "West Coast...McCormick Bay, Herbert Island and Disco...West Coast of Greenland“ by Skinner and Mengel (1892), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 44(5): 157.

Types: Syntype (#7781) in CMNH.

Masters (1972), Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 84(7/8): 178, treated this as a subspecies-level taxon.

=    homeyeri Pagenstecher, 1902

Fauna Arctica 2(2): 236; cited Wocke, 1874, in: Die Zweite Deutsche Nordpolarfahrt 2: 408.

Original Combination: Argynnis polaris var. homeyeri

Type Locality: “Gronland”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    americana (Strand, 1905)

Rept. 2nd Norweg. Arctic Exped. “Fram” 1898-1902 1(3): 10-11, no. 3.

Original Combination: Argynnis polaris var. americana

Type Locality: “Havnen, Rice Strait (Ellesmere Ld.)...Havnefjorden (Jones Sd.)...Gaasefjorden (Ellesmere Ld.)...die Westseite von Gaasefjorden”

Types: Type(s) probably in ZMHB.

=    kurenzovi (Wyatt, 1961)

Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 46[72](7/8): 98-99, pl. 5, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Boloria alberta kurenzovi

Type Locality: “Berge von Tschukotka, N. O. Sibirien, Geröll-zone” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Holotype in LNKD.

=    digna (Churkin, 2001)

Helios 2: 97-98, pl. 8, figs. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Clossiana polaris digna

Type Locality: “Russia, Wrangel Is., Neizvestnaya R. (middle stream)” [Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Holotype in DSM.

b.   Boloria polaris stellata Masters, 1972

Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 84(7/8): 177-178, pl. 11, fig. A ♂ D, B ♂ V (holotype), G ♀ D, H ♀ V.

Original Combination: Boloria Polaris Stellata

Type Locality: “Churchill, Manitoba”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

680.      Boloria alberta (W. H. Edwards, 1890)

Can. Entomol. 22(6): 113-114; figured by W. H. Edwards (1894), Butterflies N. Am. 3(15): pl. Argynnis 7, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Alberta

Type Locality: “Laggan, Alberta...strictly above timberline, and not very near it either, though not at the highest points in the mountains”; defined as “vicinity of...Lake Louise, Banff National Park, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 40.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 339, fig. 35 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 15, fig. 15 ♂ D.

=    ‡”banffensis” (Gunder, 1932)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 125.

Original Combination: Brenthis alberta tr. f. banffensis

Type Locality: “Banff, Alberta, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

Genus Argynnis Fabricius, 1807

Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6: 283. Type-species: Papilio paphia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 481, no. 138, by selection of Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins.: 440. I.C.Z.N Opinions 11 and 136). I.C.Z.N. Opinion 161 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 609. Simonsen, (2006), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 89(4): 627-673 and Simonsen et al. (2006), Insect Syst. Evol. 37(4): 405-418, made compelling arguments that Speyeria is a synonym of Argynnis. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 17, fig. 10, completed the task and is adopted here

      =    ‡Argyreus Scopoli, 1777

Intro. Hist. Nat.: 431. Type-species: Papilio niphe Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 785, no. 208 (= Papilio hyperbius Linnaeus, 1763, in: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 25, no. 75; an unjustified replacement name), by selection of Reuss, 1928, Int. Entomol. Z. 22(14): 146. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 161 suppressed this name in favor of Argynnis Fabricius, 1807. Argyrea Billberg, 1820; Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 77 is an unjustified emendation.

      =    ‡Acidalia Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 31. Type-species: Papilio niphe Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 785, no. 208 (= Papilio hyperbius Linnaeus, 1763, in: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 25, no. 75; an unjustified replacement name), by selection of Scudder, 1875, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 101. A junior objective synonym of Argyreus Scopoli, 1777.

=    Argyronome Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 32. Type-species: Papilio laodice Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471, no. 61, by selection of Scudder, 1875, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 120.

=    Damora Nordmann, 1851

Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 24(4): 439. Type-species: Damora paulina Nordmann, 1851, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 24(4): 440, pl. 11, figs 1, 2 (= Argynnis sagana E. Doubleday, 1847, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(12): pl. 21, fig. 1; synonym), by monotypy.

=    Fabriciana Reuss, 1920

Entomol. Mitt. 9(10-12): 92 nota. Type-species: Papilio niobe Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 481, no. 143, by original designation. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 501 placed Fabriciana on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1244.

=    Mimargyra Reuss, 1922

Arch. für Naturgesch. (A)80(11): 221. Type-species: Papilio hyperbius Linnaeus, 1763, in: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 25, no. 75, by original designation.

      =    ‡Eudaphne Reuss, 1922

Arch. für Naturgesch. (A)80(11): 221. Type-species: Papilio laodice Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471, no. 61, by original designation.. A junior objective synonym of Argyronome.

      =    ‡Prodryas Reuss, 1926

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(1): 66. Type-species: Argynnis kamala Moore, 1857, in: Horsfield, [1828], Descr. Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. E. India Co. (1): 156, by original designation. Preoccupied by Prodryas Scudder, 1878, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr. 4(1)(10): 530.

      =    ‡Eudryas Reuss, 1926

Int. Entomol. Z. 20(28): 253. Type-species: Argynnis childreni Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell. (J. E. Gray) (1): 33, by original designation. Preoccupied by Eudryas Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1; pl. 14 [= 10 B], fig. 9.

      =    ‡Mesodryas Reuss, 1927

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(5): 435. Type-species: Papilio paphia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 481, no. 138, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Argynnis.

=    Protodryas Reuss, 1928

Int. Entomol. Z. 22(14): 146. Type-species: Argynnis kamala Moore, 1857, in: Horsfield, [1828], Descr. Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. E. India Co. (1): 156, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Prodryas Reuss, 1926, Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(1): 66, preoccupied. (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

=    Pandoriana Warren, 1942

Entomol. 75: 245-246. Type-species: Papilio maja Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 39, pl. 25, figs B, C (= Papilio pandora [Denis & Schiffermuller], 1775 Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 176, no. 1; subspecies), by original designation.

=    Childrena Hemming, 1943

Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)12(2): 30. Type-species: Argynnis childreni Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell. (J. E. Gray) (1): 33, as a replacement name.

=    Nephargynnis Shirôzu & Saigusa, 1973

Sieboldia 4 (3): 111. Type-species: Argynnis anadyomene C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862; Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 6(1): 25, by original designation.

Subgenus Speyeria Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 44. Type-species: Papilio idalia Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 25, pl. 13, figs. 1-3 (1770); 2: index (1773), by original designation. De Moya et al. (2017), Syst. Entomol. 42(4): 635-649, established the following generic synonymy. Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: 1-74, offered an overview of the genus, with emphasis on the atlantis - hesperis complex.

=    Semnopsyche Scudder, 1875

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 238, 258-259, no. 44. Type-species: Papilio diana, Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 4, pl. 98, figs. D, E; 2(16): 148 (index), by original designation. Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 1-2, determined this synonymy.

=    Neoacidalia Reuss, 1926

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(1): 69. Type-species: Papilio cybele Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 516, no. 311, by original designation.

=    Mesoacidalia Reuss, 1926

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926 (1): 69. Type-species: Papilio aglaja Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 481, no. 140, by original designation.

=    Proacidalia Reuss, 1926

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(1): 69. Type-species: Argynnis clara Blanchard, 1844; in Jacquemont, Voy. Inde 4 (Zool.): 20, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3, by original designation.

681.      Argynnis idalia (Drury, 1773)

a.   Argynnis idalia idalia (Drury, 1773)

Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 25, pl. 13, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).

Original Combination: Nym[phalis]. Phal[eratus]. Idalia

Type Locality: “New York”; neotype from “New York City, New York County, New York”, labeled “West Farms, New York City.”

Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 9; figured in Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡astarte J. Fisher, [1859]

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 10(13): 179-180, pl. 2 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Argynnis astarte

Type Locality: “Nova Caesarea...New Jersey...Succasunna Plains near Schooley's Mountain, in Morris Co.”

Types: Holotype in FMNH.

Preoccupied by Argynnis astarte E. Doubleday, 1848, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(21): 181.

=    ashtaroth J. Fisher, [1860]

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 11(27): 352.

Original Combination: Argynnis Ashtaroth

Proposed to replace Argynnis astarte J. Fisher, [1859], with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡”infumata” Oberthür, 1912

Études Lépid. Comp. 6: 315, pl. 104, fig. 969 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Idalia-Infumata

Type Locality: “Newark, N. J.” [Essex County, New Jersey]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”dolli” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 286, no. 20, pl. B, figs. 20 ♀ D, 20b ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Argynnis idalia tr. f. dolli

Type Locality: “Richmond Hill, Long Island, N. Y.” [Queens County, New York]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

b.   Argynnis idalia occidentalis (B. Williams, 2002)

J. Lepid. Soc. 55(4): 146-147, fig. 2 upper left ♂ V, lower left ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria idalia occidentalis

Type Locality: “1 mile S.E. of Crete, IL.” [Will County, Illinois]

Types: Holotype in INHS.

=    ‡”pallida” Eisner, 1942

Zool. Meded. 24(1/2): 124.

Original Combination: Argynnis idalia f. pallida

Type Locality: “Decorah, Iowa” [Winneshiek County]

Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.

682.      Argynnis diana (Cramer, 1777)

a.   Argynnis diana diana (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 4, pl. 98, figs. D ♂ D, E ♂ V; (16): 148 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phaler[ata]. Diana

Type Locality: “Virginien”, “Virginie” on page 3; defined as “Jamestown, James City County, Virginia” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 6.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK; figured in Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 7 ♂ D&V.

b.   Argynnis diana arkansana Pavulaan, 2021

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(9): 4-6, figs 5 ♀ D&V (holotype), 6 ♂ D&V (allotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis (Speyeria) diana arkansana

Type Locality: “County Road 30, 0.64 miles west of U.S. Route 71, Needmore, Scott County, Arkansas”

Types: Holotype in MGCL

683.      Argynnis nokomis W. H. Edwards, 1862

a.   Argynnis nokomis coerulescens W. Holland, 1900

Entomol. News 11(1): 332-333; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 2 ♀ D (paralectotype), 3 ♂ D (lectotype), 4 ♀ V (paralectotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis nitocris var. coerulescens

Type Locality: “State of Chihuahua, Mexico...at the head of the Rio Piedras Verdes, in Chihuahua, at an elevation of from 7,100 to 7,300 feet above sea level in the Sierra Madre region”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 10.

b.   Argynnis nokomis nitocris W. H. Edwards, 1874

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(1): 15-16; figured by W. H. Edwards (1887), Butterflies N. Am. 3(1): pl. Argynnis 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Nitocris

Type Locality: “White Mountains, Arizona”

Types: Holotype in CMNH, designated as lectotype by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 10, but determined to be the holotype by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 256, fig. 5 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 13, fig. 4 ♂ D.

c.   Argynnis nokomis nokomis W. H. Edwards, 1862

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221-222, no. 1.

Original Combination: Argynnis Nokomis

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains and mountains of California”; suggested to be “probably east of Ft. Apache, along the East Fork of the White River, Apache Co., Arizona” by Ferris and M. Fisher (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(1): 47. The neotype is labelled “Sneffels Mts Ouray Co. Col.” but Scott & Fisher (2014), Papilio (n.s.) 21: 13 made a compelling argument that the neotype is from “Beulah, San Miguel Co. New Mexico.” [San Miguel County]

Types: Neotype (#36195) in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 9-10; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 248, fig. 4 ♂ D&V and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 10 ♂ D&V.

=    nigrocaerulea W. Cockerell & T. Cockerell, 1900

Entomol. News 11(10): 622; figured by W. Cockerell (1902), Birds and Nature 12(2): unnumbered plate.

Original Combination: Argynnis nitocris var. nigrocaerulea

Type Locality: “Sapello Canon, Beulah, New Mexico” [San Miguel County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

=    tularosa R. Holland, 2010

J. Res. Lepid. 42: 79, 79, figs. 1, ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V (holotype), 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis nokomis tularosa

Type Locality: “Mescalero, Tularosa River, Otero County, New Mexico, ca. 7000'” but Scott & Fisher (2014), Papilio (n.s.) 21: 18 argued that the holotype is from “Beulah, San Miguel Co. New Mexico.” [San Miguel County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

=    ‡”valesinoidesalba” (Reuss, [1926]) (emended)

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(1): 69.

Original Combination: [Acidalia Semnopsyche] nokomis valesinoides-alba

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Holotype in ZMHB.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an infrasubspecific form.

d.   Argynnis nokomis apacheana Skinner, 1918

Entomol. News 29(2): 67-68; cited W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](1): pl. Argynnis 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (lectotype), 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as Argynnis nokomis).

Original Combination: Argynnis apacheana

Type Locality: “Arizona”; suggested to be “mountains west of Camp Independence” by F. Brown [1958], J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 65(3/4): 228-229; defined as “vicinity of Independance, Inyo Co., California” by F. Brown (1983), J. Lepid. Soc. 37(1): 79-80. [Inyo County]

Types: Lectotype (#7031) in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1983), J. Lepid. Soc. 37(1): 79.

=    ‡”hermosa” J. A. Comstock, 1925

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(1): 3-4; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 23, fig. 4 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis apacheana aberration hermosa

Type Locality: “Round Valley, Inyo County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

e.   Argynnis nokomis carsonensis (Austin, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (46): 573-574, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria nokomis carsonensis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Douglas County; Carson Valley, Scossa Ranch, Nevada state route 206, 3.6 miles south of Nevada state route 207, 1463 m, T12N R19E S26 on USGS Freel Peak, Calif.-Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

684.      Argynnis cybele (Fabricius, 1775)

a.   Argynnis cybele cybele (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 516, no. 311.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. P[halerata]. Cybele

Type Locality: “America”; defined as “New York City, New York County, New York” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 6.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK; figured in Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 8 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡daphnis (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(5): 89, pl. 57, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (8): 152 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phaler[ata]. Daphnis

Type Locality: “ze te Nieuw-York en te Jamaika” “Nouvelle York & la Jamaïque”; neotype from “New York City, New York County, New York.”

Types: Types probably lost. Neotype in NHMUK, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 6; this is also a syntype of Papilio cybele.

Preoccupied by Papilio daphnis [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 182, no. 2.

=    ‡”baal” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 111, no. 193a.

Original Combination: [Argynnis Cybele] ab. a. ♂ Baal

Type Locality: “Ohio”; defined as “Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 6.

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.

b.   Argynnis cybele novascotiae McDunnough, 1935

Can. Entomol. 67(1): 18-19.

Original Combination: Argynnis cybele novascotiae

Type Locality: “White Point Beach, Queens Co., N. S.” [Nova Scotia]

Types: Holotype (#3859) in CNC.

c.   Argynnis cybele krautwurmi W. Holland, 1931

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20(2): 255-256; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 2 ♀ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis cybele var. krautwurmi

Type Locality: “Les Cheneaux, Upper Peninsula of Michigan” [Mackinac County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

d.   Argynnis cybele pseudocarpenteri F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940

Can. Entomol. 72(4): 82.

Original Combination: Argynnis cybele pseudocarpenteri

Type Locality: “Sand Ridge, Manitoba”

Types: Holotype (No. 4369) in CNC.

e.   Argynnis cybele carpenterii W. H. Edwards, 1876

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 204-205; figured by W. H. Edwards (1889), Butterflies N. Am. 3(8): pl. Argynnis 11, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Carpenterii

Type Locality: “New Mexico, above timber line”; defined as “Taos Peak, about 12,000 to 13,000 feet elevation” by W. H. Edwards (1889), Butterflies N. Am. 3(8): [138]; lectotype from “Taos Mtn N. M.” [Taos Peak, Taos County, New Mexico]. This is discussed below.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 7; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 5 ♂ D (lectotype), 6 ♀ D (paralectotype), and F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 239, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 20, fig. 20., sequenced the lectotype of Argynnis carpenterii and determined it was from a more eastern locality than would seem from the type locality. It is possible or even likely that this name is senior to another but that remains unresolved.

f.    Argynnis cybele charlottii W. Barnes, 1897

Can. Entomol. 29(2): 39-40.

Original Combination: Argynnis Charlottii

Type Locality: “Glenwood Springs, Colo.” [Garfield County, Colorado]

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 1 ♀ D.

g.   Argynnis cybele neomexicana Grishin, 2022

In: Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 19-20, fig. 20.

Original Combination: Argynnis cybele neomexicana

Type Locality: ““USA: New Mexico, Sandoval Co., E slope of Jemez Mts., Saint Peter's Dome, Dome Lookout, elevation 8900'”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

685.      Argynnis leto Behr, 1862

Kondla & Schmidt, 2010, ZooKeys 38 (Special Issue): 496, treated cybele and leto as distinct species. Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 17-18, fig. 18, confirmed this.

a.   Argynnis leto letona dos Passos & Grey, 1945

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 1-2, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria cybele letona

Type Locality: “City Creek Canyon, Salt Lake City, Utah, 4500 feet” [Salt Lake County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Argynnis leto leto Behr, 1862

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]2(12): 173, no. 3.

Original Combination: Argynnis Leto

Type Locality: “California” implied from title of paper, “peculiar to the western slope” from the description; neotype from “Near Carson City, Ormsby County, Nevada.” [Ormsby County no longer exists]

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 7-8; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 9, fig. 5 ♂ D, and J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 109, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

=    letis W. G. Wright, 1905

Butterflies W. Coast: 52, no. 111; 130, no. 111, pl. 12, fig. 111 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: [Argynnis Leto var.] Letis; Argynnis Letis n. v.

Type Locality: “Northern California” “Sisson, Cal.” [Mount Shasta City, Siskiyou County, California]

Types: Holotype (#4289) in CAS.

=    ‡”valesinoidesalba” (Reuss, [1926]) (emended)

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(1): 69.

Original Combination: [Acidalia Semnopsyche] leto valesinoides-alba

Type Locality: Not stated; “holotype” from “Provo, UT” [Utah, Utah County]

Types: Holotype in ZMHB.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an infrasubspecific form. Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 18-19, report that the holotype label data and its genomic sequence represents this taxon.

=    ‡”lethe” Gunder, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 125.

Original Combination: Argynnis leto tr. f. lethe

Type Locality: “Big Horn Mts., Wyoming”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Argynnis leto pugetensis (F. Chermock & Frechin, 1947)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 23(3): 111-112.

Original Combination: Speyeria cybele pugetensis

Type Locality: “Stimson Creek, near Belfair, Mason County, Wash.” [Washington]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

d.   Argynnis leto eileenae (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 144, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria cybele eileenae

Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Bear River Ridge Road, 0 to 5 road miles E of junction of Wildcat Road, 7 air miles SE of Ferndale, 2300' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

686.      Argynnis aphrodite (Fabricius, 1787)

a.   Argynnis aphrodite cullasaja (Gatrelle, 1998)

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(3): 2, figs. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), 2 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Speyeria aphrodite cullasaja

Type Locality: “trail to Scaly Mountain, 4200', Macon Co., North Carolina”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Argynnis aphrodite aphrodite (Fabricius, 1787)

Mantissa Ins. 2: 62, no. 590.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. P[halerata]. Aphrodite

Type Locality: “America meridionali”; neotype from “New York City, New York County, New York.”

Types: Type(s) lost; neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 8; figured in Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 9 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”bartschi” Reiff, 1910

Psyche 17(6): 252-255, pl. 13, fig. 1 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Argynnis cybele forma Bartschi

Type Locality: “in West Roxbury, Mass.” [Suffolk County, Massachusetts]

Types: “Holotype” in MCZC.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”bakeri” A. Clark, 1932

Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. (157): 276, pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Argynnis aphrodite ab. bakeri

Type Locality: “Waynesburg, Ohio” [Stark County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

This name was proposed (as Dryas aphrodite bakeri) by A. Clark, 1927, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 17(3): 126, without a description; a nomen nudum.

=    ‡”hughi” (A. Clark & L. Clark, 1951)

Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116(7): 60-61.

Original Combination: [Speyeria aphrodite] ab. hughi

Type Locality: not stated in the original description; defined as “from a single bog in Essex, Mass.” by A. Clark (1927), Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 17(3): 126, where the name is a nomen nudum. [Essex County, Massachusetts]

Types: “Holotype” probably in USNM.

c.   Argynnis aphrodite alcestis W. H. Edwards, [1877]

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 289-291; figured by W. H. Edwards (1890), Butterflies N. Am. 3(10): pl. Argynnis 6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Alcestis

Type Locality: “Northern Illinois, Iowa and Colorado”; defined as “Galena, Jo Davies County, Illinois” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 8.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 8; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 241, fig. 2 ♀ D&V.

=    ‡”suffusa” Wolcott, 1916

Entomol. News 27(3): 97-98, pl. 4, fig. 5 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Argynnis alcestis n. aberr. suffusa

Type Locality: “bog south of Grand Rapids, Michigan” [Kent County]

Types: “Holotype” in OSUC.

d.   Argynnis aphrodite ethne Hemming, 1933

Entomol. 66(847): 276, no. 10.

Original Combination: Argynnis ethne

Proposed to replace Argynnis cypris W. H. Edwards, 1886, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡cypris W. H. Edwards, 1886

Can. Entomol. 18(4): 62-64, no. 2.

Original Combination: Argynnis cypris

Type Locality: “Arizona to Montana...Colorado...So. Colorado...Arizona...Colorado”; defined as “Bighorn, Treasure County, Montana” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 9; suggested to be “Big Horn Mountains, near Sheridan, Wyoming” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 245. [Sheridan County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 9; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 12, fig. 3 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 244, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

Preoccupied by Argynnis cypris Meigen, [1828], Syst. Beschr. Europ. Schmett. 1(2): 59-60, no. 13.

e.   Argynnis aphrodite byblis (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 91, no. 157d.

Original Combination: Dryas aphrodite race byblis

Type Locality: “White Mts., Ariz.” [Arizona]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

f.    Argynnis aphrodite columbia Hy. Edwards, 1877

Pac. Coast Lepid. (26): [1].

Original Combination: Argynnis Columbia

Type Locality: “Lahache, near the Alaskan border of British Columbia”; further defined as “Lakes Lahache and Quesnelle, British Columbia” by W. H. Edwards [1878], Field & Forest 3(6): 102-103. [Lac La Hache]

Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos & Grey, 1947, Amer. Mus. Novit. (1370): 9; figured in Holland, 1898, Butterfly Book: pl. 14, fig. 3 ♂ D.

=    ‡columbia W. H. Edwards, 1878

Field & Forest 3(6): 102-103.

Original Combination: Argynnis Columbia

Type Locality: “Lakes Lahache and Quesnelle, British Columbia” [Lac La Hache]

Types: Type(s) in CMNH.

Preoccupied by Argynnis columbia Hy. Edwards, 1877, Pac. Coast Lepid. (26): [1].

g.   Argynnis aphrodite whitehousei Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 279-280.

Original Combination: Argynnis whitehousei

Type Locality: “Jaffray, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

h.   Argynnis aphrodite manitoba F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940

Can. Entomol. 72(4): 83.

Original Combination: Argynnis manitoba

Type Locality: “Sand Ridge, Manitoba”

Types: Holotype (#5129) in CNC.

=    mayae (dos Passos & Grey, 1947)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 8.

Original Combination: Speyeria (S[emnopsyche].) aphrodite mayae

Dos Passos and Grey adopted Argynnis aphrodite cypris tr. fm. mayae Gunder, 1932, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”mayae” Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 279.

Original Combination: Argynnis aphrodite cypris tr. f. mayae

Type Locality: “Sand Ridge, Bener Dam Lake, near Kelwood, Man., Can.” [Manitoba]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

i.    Argynnis aphrodite winni Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 278-279.

Original Combination: Argynnis aphrodite race winni

Type Locality: “St. Calixte de Kilkenny, Que. (about 40 miles from Montreal)” [Quebec]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

687.      Argynnis coronis Behr, 1864

a.   Argynnis coronis carolae dos Passos & Grey, 1942

Am. Mus. Novit. (1214): 2-4, fig. 1(left) ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Argynnis coronis carolae

Type Locality: “Charleston Park, Clark County, Nevada”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured in Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 15 ♂ D&V.

T. Emmel and Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (34): 443-450, determined this was a distinct species. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 21, fig.12, determined that is a subspecies of coronis.

b.   Argynnis coronis semiramis W. H. Edwards, 1886

Can. Entomol. 18(4): 61-62, no. 1.

Original Combination: Argynnis Semiramis

Type Locality: “San Bernardino, California” [San Bernardino County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 11; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 261, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”bernardensis” Gunder, 1933

Can. Entomol. 65(8): 172-173.

Original Combination: Argynnis semiramis tr. f. bernardensis

Type Locality: “Camp Wasew[a]gan for Boy Scouts, San Bernardino Mts., San Bernardino Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Argynnis coronis hennei Gunder, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 126-127.

Original Combination: Argynnis hennei

Type Locality: “near summit, elevation 7700 ft., Mt. Pinos, Frazier Mountain Park, Santa Barbara Nat. Forest, Ventura Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

d.   Argynnis coronis coronis Behr, 1864

In: W. H. Edwards, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 3(3): 435, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](8): pl. Argynnis 5, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as nevadensis), and (1887), Butterflies N. Am. 3(2): pl. Argynnis 14, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as nevadensis).

Original Combination: Argynnis Coronis

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Gilroy, [Santa Clara County] California” by W. H. Edwards (1887), Butterflies N. Am. 3(2): [98]; subsequently defined as “Alma, Santa Clara County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 11, in error.

Types: Neotype in CMNH; this specimen was first designated as lectotype by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 11, but subsequently determined not to be a syntype and redesignated as neotype by dos Passos and Grey (1956), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 353; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 109, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 13 ♂ D&V.

Behr (1862), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]2(12): 173, no. 2, discussed this species without naming it.

=    californica Skinner, 1917

Entomol. News 28(7): 328; cited W. H. Edwards (1887), Butterflies N. Am. 3(2): pl. Argynnis 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as coronis).

Original Combination: Argynnis californica

Type Locality: “California...at Alma, Santa Clara County”

Types: Holotype (#7034) in CMNH; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 5 ♂ V.

e.   Argynnis coronis simaetha (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 2-3, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria coronis simaetha

Type Locality: “Black Canyon, Cascade Mountains, near Brewster, Washington” [Okanogan County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

f.    Argynnis coronis snyderi Skinner, 1897

Can. Entomol. 29(6): 154.

Original Combination: Argynnis Snyderi

Type Locality: “Salt Lake City, Utah...Ogden”; defined as “City Creek Canyon, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12.

Types: Lectotype (#7033) in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), ibid.; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 18, fig. 6 ♂ D.

g.   Argynnis coronis halcyone W. H. Edwards, [1869]

Butterflies N. Am. [1](3): [81], pl. Argynnis 9, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (1869), 3(9): pl. Argynnis 5, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (1890).

Original Combination: Argynnis Halcyone

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Southern border of South Park, Park Co....along the road from Hartzel east to Howbert. The altitude varies a few feet above 7600 feet” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 159, suggested to be “Estes Park, Larimer County, Colorado” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12; neotype labeled “Colo.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12; F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 265, fig. 7 ♂ D&V, suggested that this may be a syntype, and therefore the lectotype.

688.      Argynnis zerene Boisduval, 1852

a.   Argynnis zerene sitka (Hammond, Harry & McCorkle, 2001)

Butterflies B. C.: 274-276, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Speyeria zerene sitka

Type Locality: “AK, Haines” [Alaska]

Types: Holotype in CAS.

b.   Argynnis zerene bremnerii W. H. Edwards, 1872

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, 63-64, no. 4; figured by W. H. Edwards (1874), Butterflies N. Am. 2(1): pl. Argynnis 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Bremnerii

Type Locality: “San Juan Island” [San Juan County, Washington]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 13; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 93, pl. 10, fig. 7 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 270, fig. 10 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”sordida” W. G. Wright, 1905

Butterflies W. Coast: 133, under no. 119.

Original Combination: [Argynnis Bremneri] v. Sordida

Type Locality: “Puget Sound, Washington” implied from the text.

Types: “Holotype” (#4326) in CAS; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 31, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant. Gunder (1932), Can. Entomol. 64(12): 281, determined that the holotype is a worn specimen of bremnerii.

c.   Argynnis zerene hippolyta W. H. Edwards, 1879

Can. Entomol. 11(5): 81.

Original Combination: Argynnis Hippolyta

Type Locality: “Oregon...Northern California”; defined as “Oceanside, Tillamook County, Oregon” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 13.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 13; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 93, pl. 12, fig. 10 ♂ D, F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 266, fig. 8 ♂ D&V, and Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 22, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V.

d.   Argynnis zerene gloriosa (Moeck, 1957)

Geogr. var. Speyeria: 21, 24, unnumbered fig. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V; fig. p. 23, 9 ♂ V, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria zerene gloriosa

Type Locality: “Illinois River Valley, Josephine County, southwestern Oregon, on the road leading west from Selma, along the river, from about 1,600 feet elevation down to about 1,100 feet”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

e.   Argynnis zerene behrensii W. H. Edwards, 1869

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 370-371; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](6): pl. Argynnis 12, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Behrensii

Type Locality: “Mendocino, California” [Mendocino County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 13. F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 269-271, fig. 9 ♂ D&V, noted that this specimen may not be one of the original types; therefore the “lectotype” may need to be redesignated as neotype.

f.    Argynnis zerene sonomensis (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (36): 455-456, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria zerene sonomensis

Type Locality: “California: Sonoma County; south end of Sonoma Mountains, 1.5 air mi. N. of intersection of Lakeville Hwy. & Rt. 37, 175' elev.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

g.   Argynnis zerene puntareyes (J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (35): 451-452, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria zerene puntareyes

Type Locality: “California: Marin County; Point Reyes Peninsula; stabilized dunes 2.0 air miles SW of RCA radio towers (0.4 air mi. WSW of BM 157 on 1954 USGS 15' Pt. Reyes quadrangle)”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

h.   Argynnis zerene myrtleae (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)                                       ✝

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 3-4, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria zerene myrtleae

Type Locality: “San Mateo, California” [San Mateo County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

i.    Argynnis zerene monticola Behr, 1863

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 84, no. 4.

Original Combination: Argynnis monticola

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper; “Yosemite Valley and some other localities of the Sierra Nevada” in the descripton; suggested to be “several localities in the Sierra Nevada” by Behr (1862), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]2(12): 175, no. 8 [unnamed]; defined as “Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12; neotype from “Mather, ca. 15 air miles NW of Yosemite Valley, Tuolumne County, California.”

Types: Neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 97, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V. dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12, designated a “lectotype” in the USNM, but J. Emmel et al. (1990), suggested this is not a syntype, and that a neotype was required.

j.    Argynnis zerene malcolmi J. A. Comstock, 1920

Southwest Sci. Bull. [1]: 4-5, pl. [1], figs. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ D, 6 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Malcolmi

Type Locality: “Mammoth, Cal.” [Mono County, California]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

k.   Argynnis zerene atossa W. H. Edwards, 1890                                       ✝

Butterflies N. Am. 3(10): [127]-[128], pl. Argynnis 8, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Argynnis Atossa

Type Locality: “North American...Tehachipe [sic], south California...in a little valley about four miles from town, by a small stream” [Tehachapi, Kern County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos & Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 292, fig. 18 ♀ D&V; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 13, fig. 12 ♂ D.

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 19-20, fig. 12, demonstrated that this taxon belongs with zerene.

=    tejonica J. A. Comstock, 1925

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 68; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 28, fig. 6 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis atossa form tejonica

Type Locality: “Tejon region (Collins Ranch), California” [Los Angeles County]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    ‡”sineargentatus” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 286, no. 19, pl. B, fig. 19 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Argynnis montivaga race malcolmi tr. f. sineargentatus

Type Locality: “Mammoth, Mono Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

l.    Argynnis zerene zerene Boisduval, 1852

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 303, no. 44; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 258, figs. 2168 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 2169 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Zerene

Type Locality: “au bord du bois, dans les montagnes peu élevées”; suggested to be “Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12; defined as “Agua Fria (Mariposa Co.)” by Masters (1979), J. Lepid. Soc. 33(2): 137-138; subsequently defined as “Hwy. 70 at Chambers Creek, North Fork Feather River, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 17.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12, figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 67, figs. 93 ♂ D, 94 ♂ V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 14 ♂ D&V.

=    conchyliatus J. A. Comstock, 1925

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 63; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 25, figs. 1 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis zerene form conchyliatus

Type Locality: “Mt. Shasta, Calif.” [Siskiyou County, California]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    ‡”shastaensis” J. A. Comstock, 1925

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 65-66 NHMLA; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 26, fig. 1 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Argynnis zerene ab. shastaensis

Type Locality: “Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou Co.” [California]

Types: Holotype in.

m.  Argynnis zerene gunderi J. A. Comstock, 1925

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 67-68; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 27, fig. 4 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis gunderi

Type Locality: “Modoc Co., Cal.”; defined as “Mountains above Davis Creek ranger station, north of Alturas” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 11. [California]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    cynna (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 4-5, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria zerene cynna

Type Locality: “Ruby Valley, Elko County, Nevada...Humboldt National Forest”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 3, determined this synonymy.

n.   Argynnis zerene picta McDunnough, 1924

Can. Entomol. 56(2): 43.

Original Combination: [Argynnis halcyone] race picta

Type Locality: “Aspen Grove, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype (#634) in CNC.

=    garretti Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 282.

Original Combination: Argynnis garretti

Type Locality: “Cranbrook, B. C., Can.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

o.   Argynnis zerene platina Skinner, 1897

Can. Entomol. 29(6): 154.

Original Combination: Argynnis platina

Type Locality: “Ogden, Utah...Beaver Canon, Idaho”; defined as “Ogden, Weber County, Utah” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 13.

Types: Lectotype (#7032) in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), ibid.

=    pfoutsi Gunder, 1933

Can. Entomol. 65(8): 171-172.

Original Combination: Argynnis pfoutsi

Type Locality: “Mt. Loafer, nr. Payson, Utah” [Utah County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 3, determined yhis synonmy.

p.   Argynnis zerene sinope (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 4, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria zerene sinope

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 8000 feet...in the Estes Park area” [Larimer County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

689.      Argynnis callippe Boisduval, 1852

The subspecific arrangement for this species follows dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 14-16, Hammond (1986), J. Res. Lepid. 24(3): 197-208 and J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (72): 829-830, but see Arnold (1983), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 76(6): 929-941.

a.   Argynnis callippe adiasteoides (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 150-151, figs. 43 ♂ D, 44 ♂ D (holotype); 45 ♀ V, 46 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria callippe adiasteoides

Type Locality: “California: Mendocino County, Cahto Peak summit, 4000-4200 feet elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Argynnis callippe liliana Hy. Edwards, 1877

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 170.

Original Combination: Argynnis Liliana

Type Locality: “near St. Helena, Napa Co.”; defined as “[Bale Station], near [Mount] St. Helena, Napa Co[unty]., California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 14.

Types: Lectotype (#4276) in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 14.

=    baroni W. H. Edwards, 1881

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 2-3.

Original Combination: [Argynnis Liliana] var. Baroni

Type Locality: “Northern California”; defined as “Bale Station, near Mount St. Helena, Napa County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 14, but F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 273, suggests “Mendocino, Lake or Sonoma counties.”

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 272, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.

c.   Argynnis callippe callippe Boisduval, 1852

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 302, no. 43; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 258, fig. 2166 ♂ D&V, 2167 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Argynnis callippe

Type Locality: “au bord des forets”; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 14.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), ibid.; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 66, figs. 90 ♂ D, 91 ♂ V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 16 ♂ D&V.

d.   Argynnis callippe comstocki Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(1): 8-9, no. 13, pl. 1, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Argynnis calippe [sic] var. comstocki

Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”creelmani” Gunder, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 127.

Original Combination: Argynnis comstocki tr. f. creelmani

Type Locality: “East San Diego, California” [San Diego County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

e.   Argynnis callippe macaria W. H. Edwards, 1877

Field & Forest 3(5): 86-87.

Original Combination: Argynnis Macaria

Type Locality: “Havilah, California” [Kern County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 15; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 96, pl. 13, fig. 9 ♂ D and F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 283, fig. 15 ♂ D&V.

f.    Argynnis callippe laurina W. G. Wright, 1905

Butterflies W. Coast: 53, no. 134; 138-139, no. 134, pl. 15, fig. 134 ♂ V (lectotype).

Original Combination: [Argynnis] Laurina; Argynnis Laurina n. v.

Type Locality: “Southern California...flies with laura”; defined as “Greenhorn Mountains, Kern County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16.

Types: Lectotype (#4290) in CAS, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16.

=    ‡wrighti W. G. Wright, 1905

Butterflies W. Coast: 139, no. 134.

Original Combination: Argynnis Wrighti

This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

g.   Argynnis callippe rupestris Behr, 1863

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 84, no. 3.

Original Combination: Argynnis rupestris

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “the steep rocky declivities characterizing the lower part of the Sierra at moderate elevation above the sea” from the description; defined as “Trinity Center, Trinity County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 15; neotype from “California: Mariposa County; Moore Creek Road 1.5 to 2 road miles south of Highway 120, elevation 3200'; S.35, T.1S., R.17E.”

Types: Neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 148-149, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 109, figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V. dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 15, designated a “lectotype” (in MGCL), but this is invalid (Code Article 74.2).

h.   Argynnis callippe inornata W. H. Edwards, 1872

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, 64-65, no. 5; figured by W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(4): pl. Argynnis 5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Inornata

Type Locality: “at Downieville, California”; suggested to be “vicinity of Camptonville, Yuba County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 149.

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 354; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 274, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.

Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 4-5, detailed the relationship between S. c. inornata and S. c. juba.

i.    Argynnis callippe juba Boisduval, 1869

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 60, no. 54; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 262, fig. 2197 ♂ D&V, 2198 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Juba

Type Locality: “les prairies élevées de la Juba”; defined as “Downieville, Sierra County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 15.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 15; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 76, figs. 255 ♂ D, 256 ♂ V.

=    laura W. H. Edwards, 1879

Can. Entomol. 11(3): 49-50.

Original Combination: Argynnis Laura

Type Locality: “Nevada” implied from the title of paper; suggested to be “the region mountain-wards from Virginia City” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 277; defined as “vicinity of Downieville, canyon of the North Fork of the Yuba River, Sierra County, California” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 634.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 15; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 12, fig. 11 ♂ D, F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 276, fig. 13 ♂ D&V, and Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 29, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

=    sierra (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 5-6, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria callippe sierra

Type Locality: “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 4, determined this synonymy.

j.    Argynnis callippe hagemani (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 150, figs. 39 ♂ D, 40 ♂ V (holotype); 41 ♀ D, 42 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria callippe hagemani

Type Locality: “California: Shasta County; Shingletown, 3500' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

k.   Argynnis callippe shasta (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 149, figs. 35 ♂ D, 36 ♂ V (holotype); 37 ♀ D, 38 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria callippe shasta

Type Locality: “California: Shasta County; 8 road miles southeast of McCloud Arm bridge, elevation 1500', Lake Shasta”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

l.    Argynnis callippe elaine (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 5, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria callippe elaine

Type Locality: “Butte Falls, Oregon” [Jackson County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

m.  Argynnis callippe semivirida McDunnough, 1924

Can. Entomol. 56(2): 42-43.

Original Combination: [Argynnis callippe] race semivirida

Type Locality: “Aspen Grove, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype (#633) in CNC.

n.   Argynnis callippe chilcotinensis (C. Guppy & J. Shepard, 2001)

Butterflies B. C.: 276-277, figs. ♂ D&V, ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria callippe chilcotinensis

Type Locality: “BC, Riske Creek” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

o.   Argynnis callippe nevadensis W. H. Edwards, 1870

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 14-15, no. 6; figured by W. H. Edwards (1890), Butterflies N. Am. 3(9): pl. Argynnis 5, figs. 1 ♂ D (neotype), 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Nevadensis

Type Locality: “valleys of the Sierra, near Virginia City”; defined as “immediate neighborhood of Virginia...especially abundant near Washoe Lake” by W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](8): [94]; neotype from “Lake Washoe, Nevada.” [Washoe County]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 355-356; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 279, fig. 14 ♂ D&V.

p.   Argynnis callippe harmonia (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 6-7, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria callippe harmonia

Type Locality: “Mount Wheeler (Snake Range near Utah border), Nevada” [White Pine County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

q.   Argynnis callippe calgariana McDunnough, 1924

Can. Entomol. 56(2): 42.

Original Combination: [Argynnis nevadensis] race calgariana

Type Locality: “Calgary...Alta.”; suggested to be “the head of Pine Creek, Alberta (Township 22, Range 2, West of the 5th meridian)” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 39.

Types: Holotype (#632) in CNC.

r.    Argynnis callippe gallatini McDunnough, 1929

Can. Entomol. 61(5): 106-107.

Original Combination: Argynnis nevadensis var. gallatini

Type Locality: “Elkhorn Ranch, Upper Gallatin Canyon, Mont.” [Gallatin County, Montana]

Types: Holotype (#2954) in CNC.

s.   Argynnis callippe meadii W. H. Edwards, 1872

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, 67-68, no. 7; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(3): pl. Argynnis 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Meadii

Type Locality: “Turkey Creek Junction, in Colorado”; defined as “Turkey Creek Junction, Colorado...Turkey Creek just south of Morrison, near Denver” probably “the junction of South Turkey Creek with Turkey Creek, a few miles up in the foothills” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 159; also see F. Brown (1956), Lepid. News 9(6): 185-190. Summarized as “within 9.7 km (6 mi) northeast of Bradford Junction (“Turkey Creek Junction,” within the present-day town of Conifer), along South Turkey Creek, Jefferson County, Colorado” by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 26.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 284, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”gerhardi” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 287, no. 24, pl. B, figs. 24 ♂ D, 24a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Argynnis nevadensis race meadii tr. f. gerhardi

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Turkey Creek Junction, Colorado” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16. [Jefferson County]

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.

690.      Argynnis egleis Behr, 1862

a.   Argynnis egleis tehachapina J. A. Comstock, 1920

Southwest Sci. Bull: 6-9, pl. [1], figs. 7 ♂ V, 8 ♂ D (holotype); 9 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Argynnis montivaga var. tehachapina

Type Locality: “highest peak in Tehachapi Mts., California” [Kern County]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Argynnis egleis egleis Behr, 1862

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]2(12): 174, no. 4

Original Combination: A[rgynnis]. Egleis Boisd.?

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “high up in the mountains” from the description; defined as “vicinity of Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17.

Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 97, figs. 13 ♀ D, 14 ♀ V; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 17 ♀ D&V. This is the same specimen designated as the “lectotype” of A. egleis Boisduval, 1869, by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17. J. Emmel et al. (1998), ibid., demonstrated that this specimen could not have been a syntype.

Boisduval (1869), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 59-60, no. 53 (see below), redescribed this taxon and dos Passos and Grey (1947), ibid., designated the Boisduval specimen figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 261, fig. 2194 ♂ D&V, as the lectotype of Behr’s name. This specimen is not a syntype of S. e. egleis Behr, 1862, thus, it is not a valid lectotype (Code Article 74.2).

=    montivaga Behr, 1863

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 84, no. 2.

Original Combination: Argynnis montivaga

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “widely spread through the Sierra...at different localities...from an elevation of 10,500 feet” from the description; defined as “vicinity of Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17.

Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 98. This is the same specimen designated as the neotype of S. egleis, making these names objective synonyms. The “lectotype” from the Boisduval collection designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17, is invalid (see above).

=    ‡egleis Boisduval, 1869

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 59-60, no. 53; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 261, fig. 2194 ♂ D&V, pl. 262, fig. 2195 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Egleis

Type Locality: "les lieux incultes et aux borde des forets, dans l'intérieur de la Californie”

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17. This is the same specimen designated as the neotype of S. e. egleis (Behr, 1862) by J. Emmel et al. (1998). Preoccupied by Argynnis egleis Behr, 1862, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]2(12): 174, no. 4, and a junior objective synonym of that name (see above).

=    ‡astarte W. H. Edwards, 1864

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 3(3): 434, 435, no. 4.

Original Combination: Argynnis Astarte

Type Locality: “Mountainous regions of California”; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17.

Types: Neotype in FMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), ibid.; this is the lectotype of Argynnis egleis Behr, 1862.

Preoccupied by Argynnis astarte E. Doubleday 1848, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(21): 181.

=    ‡”mammothi” Gunder, 1924

Entomol. News 35(5): 157, pl. 2, fig. H ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Argynnis montivaga ab. ♂ mammothi

Type Locality: “Mammoth Camp, Mono County, California”

Types: “Holotype” possibly in NHMLA (Riddell collection).

=    ‡”boharti” Gunder, 1930

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(5): 326-327, pl. 31, fig. 5 ♀ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Argynnis montivaga tr. f. boharti

Type Locality: “Mono Pass Trail (Yosemite to Mono Lake), Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Argynnis egleis oweni W. H. Edwards, 1892

Can. Entomol. 24(5): 105-106, no. [1] (not 2 as given).

Original Combination: Argynnis Oweni

Type Locality: “Mt. Shasta, elevation 7,500 feet” [Siskiyou County, California]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 12, fig. 5 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 294, fig. 19a ♂ V.

d.   Argynnis egleis mattooni (J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (33): 438, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria egleis mattooni

Type Locality: “California: Siskiyou County; Dry Lake Mountain, U. S. Forest Service Road 40S01, Siskiyou Mountains”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Argynnis egleis yolaboli (J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (33): 439, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria egleis yolaboli

Type Locality: “California: Tehama County; South Yolla Bolly Mountain”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

f.    Argynnis egleis moecki (Hammond & Dornfeld, 1983)

J. Lepid. Soc. 37(2): 115-117, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype) ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Speyeria egleis moecki

Type Locality: “Skookum Mdw., Walker Rim, Klamath Co., Ore.” [Oregon]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

g.   Argynnis egleis toiyabe (Howe, 1975)

Butterflies N. Am.: 237, pl. 31, fig. 14 ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria egleis toiyabe

Type Locality: “Kingston Canyon, Toiyabe Range, Lander County, Nevada”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

h.   Argynnis egleis reidi (Austin, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (46): 574-575, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria egleis reidi

Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Snake Range, Wheeler Peak Campground, 3033 m, T13N R68E (unsectioned) on USGS Sacramento Pass, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

i.    Argynnis egleis linda dos Passos & Grey, 1942

Am. Mus. Novit. (1214): 1-2, fig. 1(right) ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis utahensis linda

Type Locality: “Heyburn Peak, Sawtooth-Boise, Idaho, 9500-10,000 feet” [Custer County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

j.    Argynnis egleis utahensis Skinner, 1919

Entomol. News 30(8): 216.

Original Combination: Argynnis utahensis

Type Locality: “City Creek Canyon, Salt Lake City, Utah” [Salt Lake County]

Types: Holotype (#7036) in CMNH; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 3 ♂ V.

k.   Argynnis egleis secreta (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 7-8, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria montivaga secreta

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 8000 feet...in the Estes Park area” [Larimer County]; more likely to be from Rabbit Ears Pass, Routt-Grand counties, Colorado (A. Warren pers. comm. 2006).

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

l.    Argynnis egleis macdunnoughi Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 280-281.

Original Combination: Argynnis macdunnoughi

Type Locality: “Elkhorn Ranch Resort, Gallatin County, Mont...up what they call (at the Resort) Spring Creek for about half a mile, the path branches to the right about where the water ceases to flow and rises sharply over a ridge, ending in an open meadow”; “7000 feet, Upper Gallatin Canyon” added by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 18.

Types: Holotype (#3655) in CNC.

m.  Argynnis egleis morrellensis (Kohler, 2020)

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv.8(8): 5, figs. 45 ♂ D, 46 ♂ V (holotype), 65 ♀ D, 66 ♀ V (allotype), 47-64, 85-90 ♂ D&V, 67-84, 91-92 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Speyeria egleis morrellensis

Type Locality: “Montana: Powell Co.: vic. Morrell Lookout, 7600’, 10 mi. E. Seeley Lake”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

n.   Argynnis egleis kutoyisiks (Kohler, 2020)

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv.8(8): 6, figs. 93 ♂ D, 94 ♂ V (holotype), 109 ♀ D, 110 ♀ V (allotype), 95-108, 121, 122, 125-126 ♂ D&V, 111-120, 123, 124 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Speyeria egleis kutoyisiks

Type Locality: “Montana: Toole Co.: Pratt Canyon, 4470-5000’, West Butte Sweet Grass Hills”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

o.   Argynnis egleis albrighti (Gunder, 1932)

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 281-282.

Original Combination: Argynnis albrighti

Type Locality: “Highwood Mts., Chouteau County, Montana”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

691.      Argynnis adiaste W. H. Edwards, 1864

a.   Argynnis adiaste adiaste W. H. Edwards, 1864

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 3(3): 436, no. 7; figured by W. H. Edwards (1890), Butterflies N. Am. 3(10): pl. Argynnis 8, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (lectotype), 3 ♀ D (as adiante).

Original Combination: Argynnis Adiaste

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of paper; defined as “Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16; F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 289, noted that this taxon is not found in the immediate vicinity of the city of Santa Cruz, but about 9 miles north of it; see adiante.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 291, fig. 17 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 14, fig. 4 ♂ D, J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 76, figs. 261 ♂ D, 262 ♂ V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 19 ♂ D&V. This is also the lectotype of adiante below.

Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 4, corroborated the species-level status of this taxon.

=    ‡adiante Boisduval, 1869

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 61, no. 57

Original Combination: Argynnis Adiante

Type Locality: “au bord des bois, dans la partie orientale de la Californie”; defined as “Santa Cruz Mountains, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16; further defined as “2 miles southeast of Summit Road along Highland Way, Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Cruz County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 34.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16. This is also the lectotype of adiaste and a junior objective synonym of that name.

b.   Argynnis adiaste clemencei J. A. Comstock, 1925

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 67; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 28, figs. 7 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Argynnis adiaste race clemencei

Type Locality: “Atascadero, Calif.” [San Luis Obispo County, California]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

692.      Argynnis hydaspe Boisduval, 1869

a.   Argynnis hydaspe viridicornis J. A. Comstock, 1925

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 63-64; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 25, figs. 6 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis hydaspe form viridicornis

Type Locality: “Greenhorn Mountains, Calif.” [Kern County]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Argynnis hydaspe hydaspe Boisduval, 1869

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 60, no. 55; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 263, fig. 2200 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 2201 ♂ D&V, 2202 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Hydaspe

Type Locality: “sud de la Californie; suggested to be “Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 21; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 34.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 21; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 76, figs. 258 ♂ D, 259 ♂ V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 47 ♂ D&V.

=    purpurascens Hy. Edwards, 1877

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 170-171.

Original Combination: Argynnis monticola Var. purpurascens

Type Locality: “Siskiyou County, in the region surrounding Mt. Shasta, as well as in some parts of Oregon...at the Dalles, Oregon...at Soda Springs, Siskiyou County”; defined as “Soda Springs, Siskiyou County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 21.

Types: Lectotype (#4238) in AMNH, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 78, as “type”; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 7 ♂ D.

=    ‡”caliginosa” J. A. Comstock, 1925

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 66; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 26, fig. 3 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis hydaspe ab. caliginosa

Type Locality: “Modoc Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Argynnis hydaspe tehama (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 146, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ V, 28 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria hydaspe tehama

Type Locality: “California: Tehama County; Covelo Road, at Government Flat, 5900' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Argynnis hydaspe davisi (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 147, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V (holotype); 31 ♀ D, 32 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria hydaspe davisi

Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; McClellan Mountain peat bog”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

e.   Argynnis hydaspe rhodope W. H. Edwards, 1874

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(1): 13-14; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(2): pl. Argynnis 6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Rhodope

Type Locality: “British Columbia”; defined as “the Fraser's River country, British Columbia...in the forest on the way from Bates' (commonly called the 100-mile house) to Beaver Lake” by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(2): [141-142]; Calhoun, (2015), News Lepid. Soc. 57(3): 41, determined that Crotch misidentified ‘Bates’” as 100-mile house when it was actually 150 mile house and modified the type locality to “between 150-Mile House and Beaver Lake, Cariboo District, British Columbia.” Other type locality interpretations, e.g., “the forested, broad river-bottoms of the Fraser River system” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 315 are in error as demonstrated by Kondla (2001), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(1): 3.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 21; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 314, fig. 27 ♂ D&V.

=    sakuntala Skinner, 1911

Entomol. News 22(3): 108.

Original Combination: Argynnis sakuntala

Type Locality: “Kaslo, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Lectotype (#7035) in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 22; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 4 ♀ V.

Kondla (2001), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(1): 3, determined this synonymy.

=    ‡skinneri W. Holland, 1931

Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 95, pl. 56, fig. 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: A[rgynnis]. skinneri

Proposed to replace Argynnis sakuntala Skinner, 1911, erroneously though to be preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of sakuntala.

f.    Argynnis hydaspe minor (dos Passos & Grey, 1947)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 21.

Original Combination: S[peyeria]. (S[peyeria].) hydaspe minor

dos Passos and Grey adopted Argynnis hydaspe rhodope form alt. minor McDunnough, 1927, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”minor” McDunnough, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(7): 155.

Original Combination: [Argynnis hydaspe] rhodope form alt. minor

Type Locality: “Mt. McLean, B. C., (5000 feet)” [near Lillooet, British Columbia]

Types: “Holotype” (#2427) in CNC.

=    ‡”gregsoni” Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 281.

Original Combination: Argynnis rhodope tr. f. gregsoni

Type Locality: “Mount Washington (6000 ft.), Forbidden Plateau, V. I., B. C., Can.” [Vancouver Island, British Columbia]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

693.      Argynnis atlantis W. H. Edwards, 1862

a.   Argynnis atlantis brittanae Pavulaan, 2022

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(6): 4-6, figs. 7 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V (holotype), 8 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (allotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis (Speyeria) atlantis brittanae

Type Locality: “West Virginia, Randolph County, Spruce Knob Lake”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Argynnis atlantis atlantis W. H. Edwards, 1862

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54-55, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](1): pl. Argynnis 5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis atlantis

Type Locality: “mountainous districts of the northern states and to parts of British America...Catskill Mountains, near the Mountain House...White Mountains...Williamstown, Mass...Lake Winnepeg...near Hudson's Bay...also...north side of Lake Superior”; defined as “Hunter, Green County, New York” by dos Passos (1935), Can. Entomol. 67(4): 85; lectotype labeled “Catskills.”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 18; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 296, fig. 20 ♂ D&V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 20 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”chemo” Scudder, 1889

Butterflies East. U. S. and Can. 1(4): 573-574.

Original Combination: A[rgynnis]. a[tlantis] [ab]. chemo

Type Locality: “Lake Chemo, ten miles northeast of Bangor, Me.” [Penobscot County, Maine]

Types: “Lectotype” (#25828) in MCZC, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 18.

c.   Argynnis atlantis canadensis dos Passos, 1935

Can. Entomol. 67(4): 85-87.

Original Combination: Argynnis atlantis canadensis

Type Locality: “Doyles Station, Newfoundland” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 21 ♂ D&V.

d.   Argynnis atlantis hollandi F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940

Can. Entomol. 72(4): 82-83.

Original Combination: Argynnis atlantis hollandi

Type Locality: “Riding Mountains, Manitoba”

Types: Holotype (#4370) in CNC; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 22 ♂ D&V.

e.   Argynnis atlantis pahasapa (Spomer, J. Scott & Kondla, 1998)

Papilio (n.s.) 8: 13, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis pahasapa

Type Locality: “Deerfield Reservoir, Pennington Co., S. D.” [South Dakota]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 24 ♂ D&V.

f.    Argynnis atlantis sorocko (J. Scott, Kondla & Spomer, 1998)

Papilio (n.s.) 8: 13, figs. 10 ♂ V (holotype), 11 ♀ V, 12 ♂ D, 13 ♂ V, 14 ♀ D, 15 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis sorocko

Type Locality: “several km NE of Mt. Judge, 9100 feet altitude, Clear Creek Co., Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 23 ♂ D&V.

694.      Argynnis nausicaa W. H. Edwards, 1874

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 17-19, fig. 11, elevate nausicaa to species level. Campbell et al, 2(2022), Mol. Ecol. 31(8):2400-2417, corroborated the placement of nausicaa and the Zhang et al. treatment is adopted here.

The group of taxa associated with hesperis was treated as a species-level taxon by J. Scott et al. (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 8: 1-31, and other recent authors. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 17-19, fig. 11, elevated irene and nausicaa to species level. Campbell et al. (2020), Authorea Preprints: 12, corroborated the placement of nausicaa and the Zhang et al. treatment is adopted here.

a.   Argynnis nausicaa elko (Austin, 1984)

J. Lepid. Soc. 37(3): 244-247, figs. 1 upper left ♂ D, 2 upper right ♂ V (holotype), 1 lower left ♀ D, 2 lower left ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis elko

Type Locality: “Nev(ada): Elko Co(unty); Owyhee R(iver). Valley, Wildhorse Creek Campg(round)., ca. 10 mi(les). S(outh). (of) Mountain City”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 37 ♂ D&V.

b.   Argynnis nausicaa greyi (Moeck, 1950)

Entomol. News 61(3): 61-62, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis greyi

Type Locality: “Lamoille Canyon, Ruby Mountains, Elko County, Nevada...at an elevation of about 8,500 feet”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 31 ♂ D&V.

c.   Argynnis nausicaa viola (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 10, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis viola

Type Locality: “Sawtooth Mountains, Idaho...Trail Creek, 7400 feet” [Custer County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 36 ♂ D&V.

d.   Argynnis nausicaa tetonia (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 9-10, figs. 27 ♂ D, 28 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis tetonia

Type Locality: “Teton Mountains region, Wyoming...Teton Mountains” [Teton County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 38 ♂ D&V.

=    conquista (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 8, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria hydaspe conquista

Type Locality: “Little Tesuque Canyon, near Santa Fe, New Mexico, 8000 feet”, almost certainly in error [Santa Fe County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

As noted by Ferris (1981), in: Ferris and F. Brown (1981), Butterflies Rocky Mtn. States: 311-312, S. hydaspe has not been recorded from New Mexico since the description of this taxon; the types are therefore assumed to be mislabeled. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 19, fig. 14, determine that the holotype ‘clusters closely’ with the holotype of tetonia and is placed here on that evidence.

e.   Argynnis nausicaa chitone W. H. Edwards, 1879

Can. Entomol. 11(5): 82.

Original Combination: Argynnis chitone

Type Locality: “Southern Utah and Arizona”; defined as “Cedar Breaks National Monument, Iron County, Utah” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 19.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), ibid.; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 305, fig. 23 ♂ D&V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 40 ♂ D&V.

=    wasatchia (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 8, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis wasatchia

Type Locality: “Payson Canyon, Payson, Utah” [Utah County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 39 ♂ D&V.

This taxon was considered to be a synonym of S. h. chitone by Hammond (1991), J. Res. Lepid. 29(1/2): 59 (as S. atlantis chitone), and a synonym of S. h. tetonia by J. Scott et al. (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 8: 6, where tetonia was given priority over wasatchia.

f.    Argynnis nausicaa schellbachi (Garth, 1949)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 48(1): 1-2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis schellbachi

Type Locality: “Neal Springs, North Rim, Grand Canyon National Park, Coconino County, Arizona, 8,175 feet”

Types: Holotype (#471) in NHMLA; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 43 ♂ D&V.

g.   Argynnis nausicaa electa W. H. Edwards, 1878

Field & Forest 3(9): 143-144.

Original Combination: Argynnis Electa

Type Locality: “Colorado...in the north of that state...and taken in the South”; defined as “Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 20; suggested to be “Turkey Creek Junction in Jefferson County” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 306, 308, subsequently defined as “Twin Lakes, Lake Co.” by J. Scott et al. (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 8: 10.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 75; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 307, fig. 24 ♂ D&V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 41 ♂ D&V.

=    cornelia W. H. Edwards, 1892

Can. Entomol. 24(5): 106-107, no. 2.

Original Combination: Argynnis Cornelia

Type Locality: “Ouray, and Manitou, Colorado, and in the adjacent districts...Crested Butte in the Ouray region”; defined as “Ouray, Ouray County, Colorado” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 20.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 20; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 311, fig. 25 ♂ D&V.

=    nikias Ehrmann, 1917

Lepidopterist 1(7): 55-56.

Original Combination: Argynnis nikias

Type Locality: “Temez [sic] Springs, New Mexico” [Jemez Springs, Sandoval County]

Types: Lectotype (#7815) in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 19; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 42 ♂ D&V.

h.   Argynnis nausicaa dorothea (Moeck, 1947)

Entomol. News 58(3): 73-75, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis dorothea

Type Locality: “Sandia Peak” [Sandia Mountains, Sandoval County, New Mexico]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 45 ♂ D&V.

i.    Argynnis nausicaa capitanensis (R. Holland, 1988)

Bull. Allyn. Mus. (115): 2-3, fig. 4 ♂&♀ D&V (top row holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis capitanensis

Type Locality: “Padilla Point, crest of Capitan Ridge, Capitan Mts., Lincoln Co., NM.” [New Mexico]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 46 ♂ D&V.

j.    Argynnis nausicaa nausicaa W. H. Edwards, 1874

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(2): 104-105; figured by W. H. Edwards (1888), Butterflies N. Am. 3(4): pl. Argynnis 10, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Nausicaa

Type Locality: “Rocky Canon, Arizona”; further defined as “Graham County” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 301.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 19; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 302, fig. 22 ♂ D&V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 44 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡arizonensis Elwes, 1889

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1889(4): 546; cited Mead [1876], Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): 752.

Original Combination: [Argynnis ?aphrodite] forma Arizonensis

Type Locality: “Arizona (Wheeler Expedition)...also in Colorado”; suggested to be “Rocky Can[y]on, Arizona” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 19; defined as “Rock Canyon, Graham County, Arizona” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 301.

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 19; this is the same specimen as the lectotype of Argynnis nausicaa W. H. Edwards, 1874, making arizonensis a junior objective synonym of A. nausicaa.

695.      Argynnis irene Boisduval, 1869

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 17-19, fig. 11, elevate irene to species level. This treatment adopted herein.

a.   Argynnis irene irene Boisduval, 1869

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 59-60, under no. 53; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 262, fig. 2196 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: [Argynnis Egleis variété] Irene

Type Locality: “les lieux incultes et aux borde des forets, dans l'intérieur de la Californie”; defined as “Massack, Plumas County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 20; suggested to be “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 33.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 20; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 33, figs. 252 ♀ D, 253 ♀ V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 33 ♀ D&V.

b.   Argynnis irene hanseni (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 152, figs. 47 ♂ D, 48 ♂ D (holotype); 49 ♀ D, 50 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis hanseni

Type Locality: “California: Tehama County; Anthony Peak on Covelo Road”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 34 ♂ D&V.

c.   Argynnis irene cottlei J. A. Comstock, 1925

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 64-65; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 26, fig. 1 ♀ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis cottlei

Type Locality: “near Alturas, Modoc Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 151-152, treated this taxon at the subspecies-level, and suggested that dodgei might be considered a synonym.

d.   Argynnis irene dodgei Gunder, 1931

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 46.

Original Combination: Argynnis dodgei

Type Locality: “Diamond Lake, Douglas Co., Oregon”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 35 ♂ D&V.

696.      Argynnis hesperis W. H. Edwards, 1864

This was treated as a species-level taxon by J. Scott et al. (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 8: 1-31, and most recent authors.

a.   Argynnis hesperis brico (Kondla, J. Scott & Spomer, 1998)

Papilio (n.s.) 8: 14, figs. 24 ♂ V, 25 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria hesperis brico

Type Locality: “Castle Creek Forest Service Rd. Km 23.5, Cariboo Mts. (25 air km due S of McBride), B.C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in CNC; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 29 ♂ D&V.

b.   Argynnis hesperis hutchinsi (dos Passos & Grey, 1947)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 20.

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis hutchinsi

dos Passos & Grey adopted Argynnis atlantis beani tr. f. hutchinsi Gunder, 1932, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”hutchinsi” Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 280.

Original Combination: Argynnis atlantis beani tr. f. hutchinsi

Type Locality: “Twp 2N Range 1W, Jefferson County, Mont.” [Montana]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

c.   Argynnis hesperis dennisi (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 20.

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis dennisi

dos Passos & Grey adopted Argynnis lais tr. f. dennisi Gunder, 1927, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”dennisi” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 287, no. 21, pl. B, figs. 21 ♂ D, 21a ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis lais tr. f. dennisi

Type Locality: “Beulah, Man., Can.” [Manitoba]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 27 ♂ D&V.

=    helena (dos Passos & Grey, 1957)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 63: 95-96.

Original Combination: Speyeria (Speyeria) atlantis helena

Proposed to replace Argynnis lais W. H. Edwards, 1884, Can. Entomol. 15(11): 209, with the same data. See Boloria eunomia triclaris synonym lais (Scudder, 1875).

=    ‡lais W. H. Edwards, [1884]

Can. Entomol. 15(11): 209; figured by W. H. Edwards (1887), Butterflies N. Am. 3(1): pl. Argynnis 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Lais

Type Locality: “Red Deer River”; corrected to “Fort Edmonton” by Geddes [1884], Can. Entomol. 15(12): 222. [Alberta]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 20; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 326, fig. 26 ♂ D&V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 26 ♂ D&V.

Preoccupied by Argynnis lais Scudder (1875), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 17(3): [294]-296.

d.   Argynnis hesperis lurana (dos Passos & Grey, 1945)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 8-9, figs. 23 ♂ D, 24 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis lurana

Type Locality: “Black Hills of South Dakota...Harney Peak” [Custer County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 32 ♂ D&V.

e.   Argynnis hesperis beani (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 92, no. 160b.

Original Combination: Dryas atlantis race beani

Type Locality: “Banff, Alta.” [Alberta]

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 28 ♂ D&V.

f.    Argynnis hesperis hesperis W. H. Edwards, 1864

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, 502-503, no. 3; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Argynnis 7, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Hesperis

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; defined as “Turkey Creek Junction, Jefferson County, Colorado” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 19.

Types: Neotype in CMNH, first designated as lectotype by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 19, but it is not a syntype; subsequently neotypified by dos Passos and Grey (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 356; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 12, fig. 1 ♂ D, F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 299, fig. 21 ♂ D&V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 25 ♂ D&V.

g.   Argynnis hesperis ratonensis (J. Scott, 1981)

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 4; figured by J. Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 8: figs. 30 ♂ D, 31 ♂ V, 32 ♀ D, 33 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria atlantis ratonensis

Type Locality: “Raton Mesa, Colfax Co., New Mexico”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 30 ♂ D&V.

697.      Argynnis edwardsii Reakirt, 1866

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 137-139.

Original Combination: Argynnis Edwardsii

Type Locality: “California; Pikes Peak, Colorado Territory...Washington, D. C.?...Rocky Mountains...near Empire City, Colorado Territory, in the heart of the mountains only”; defined as “Pike's Peak, Teller County, Colorado” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 10; subsequently defined as “Empire, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 257.

Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 10; figured in Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 12 ♂ D&V.

=    montana (Reuss, 1927)

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(5): 439; cited Reuss (1922), Arch. Naturgesch. 87A(11): 205.

Original Combination: A[cidalia]. edwardsi montana

Type Locality: “Montana”

Types: Holotype in ZMHB.

=    ‡”edonis” Gunder, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 125.

Original Combination: Argynnis edwardsii tr. f. edonis

Type Locality: “Beaver City, Larimer County, Colorado (10-12,000 ft.)”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

698.      Argynnis mormonia Boisduval, 1869

Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 16-17, fig. 17, determined that mormonia is a species distinct from bischoffii.

a.   Argynnis mormonia mormonia Boisduval, 1869

Annls. Entomol. Soc. Belg. 12: 58-59, no. 51; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 261, figs. 2192 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 2193 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Mormonia

Type Locality: “sur les frontières de l'Oregon”; defined in error as “Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah”, in error, by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 22; suggested to be “vic. Pyramid L. Nevada” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 145; subsequently defined as “Little Valley, W. of Washoe Lake, Washoe County, Nevada” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 33; lectotype labeled “Lac Sal.”

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 22; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 71, fig. 5 ♂ V, J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 33, figs. 249 ♂ D, 250 ♂ V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 48 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡astarte W. H. Edwards, 1862

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 1(7): 221-222, no. 1.

Original Combination: Argynnis Astarte

Type Locality: “Oregon; California”; defined as “Monache Meadows, Tulare County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23.

Types: “Neotype” in FMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23; this is the lectotype of Argynnis arge (below).

Preoccupied by Argynnis astarte E. Doubleday, 1848, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(21): 181.

=    ‡montivaga Behr, 1864

In: W. H. Edwards, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 3(3): 435, nos. 4 and 5.

Original Combination: Argynnis Montivaga

Type Locality: “always found in mountainous regions”; defined as “Monache Meadows, Tulare County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23.

Types: “Neotype” in FMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23; this is the lectotype of Argynnis arge (below), making this name a junior objective synonym.

Preoccupied by Argynnis montivaga Behr, 1863, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 84, no. 2.

=    arge Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 114, no. 210.

Original Combination: [Argynnis] Arge

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “Monache Meadows, Tulare County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23.

Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23.

J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 33, determined this synonymy.

b.   Argynnis mormonia obsidiana (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 145-146, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Speyeria mormonia obsidiana

Type Locality: “California: Mono County; Sawmill Meadow, 9200' elevation, Glass Mountain”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

699.      Argynnis bischoffii W. H. Edwards, 1869

Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 16-17, fig. 17, determined that mormonia is a species distinct from bischoffii.

a.   Argynnis bischoffii bischoffii W. H. Edwards, 1870

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189-190, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(4): pl. Argynnis 3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Bischoffii

Type Locality: “Aliaska [sic], opposite Kodiak”; defined as “Kodiak” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 22, and (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 357; suggested to be “vic. Sitka, Baronoff I., Alaska” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 316-319; subsequently thought to be “Anchorage” by Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 6-7, based on recent samples. Neotype is from “Kodiak.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 320-321, fig. 28 ♂ D&V; the same specimen was incorrectly designated lectotype by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 22; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 42, fig. 16 ♀ D&V.

b.   Argynnis bischoffii opis W. H. Edwards, 1874

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(2): 105-106; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(4): pl. Argynnis 3, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Opis

Type Locality: “Bald Mountain, Cariboo, British Columbia”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 13 V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 103, pl. 14, fig. 8 ♂ V, and F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 321, fig. 29a ♂.

=    jesmondensis (dos Passos & Grey, 1947)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 22.

Original Combination: Speyeria mormonia jesmondensis

dos Passos and Grey adopted Argynnis bischoffi [sic] opis form jesmondensis McDunnough, 1940, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1). Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 6, determined this synonymy.

=    ‡”jesmondensis” McDunnough, 1940

Can. Entomol. 72(2): 25.

Original Combination: [Argynnis bischoffi [sic] opis] form jesmondensis

Type Locality: “Jesmond, B. C...(3500 ft.)” [British Columbia]

Types: “Holotype” (#4925) in CNC.

c.   Argynnis bischoffii washingtonia W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(3): 95, pl. 1, figs. 5 ♂ D (lectotype), 6 ♀ D, 7 ♂ V, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: A[rgynnis]. bischoffi [sic] washingtonia

Type Locality: “Mt. Ranier [sic], Wash. (7000 ft.)”; lectotype from “Paradise Valley.” [Mt. Rainier, Pierce County, Washington]

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 22; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 8 ♂ V.

=    ‡”ranierensis” Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 282.

Original Combination: Argynnis eurynome washingtonia form ranierensis

Type Locality: “Paradise Valley, Mount Ranier [sic], Pierce Co., Washington” [Mt. Rainier]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

This name spelled “rainierensis” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 145; an unjustified emendation.

d.   Argynnis bischoffii erinna W. H. Edwards, 1883

Can. Entomol. 15(2): 33-34.

Original Combination: Argynnis Eurynome Var. Erinna

Type Locality: “Spokane Falls, W. T....Colorado...Mt. Hood, Oregon...Big Horn, Mont.”; lectotype from “Spokane Falls, Spokane County, Washington.”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23 D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 102, pl. 56, fig. 7 ♂ V, and F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 323, fig. 30 ♂.

=    ‡”cunninghami” Owen, 1893

Entomol. News 4(7): 246.

Original Combination: [Argynnis erinna] aberrant form cunninghami

Type Locality: “Klamath County, Oregon”

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

e.   Argynnis bischoffii kimimela Marrone, Spomer & J. Scott, 2008

Papilio (n.s.) 18: 31.

Original Combination: Argynnis (Speyeria) mormonia kimimela

Type Locality: “Terry Peak, Lawrence Co. SD”

Types: Holotype in SDSU.

f.    Argynnis bischoffii eurynome W. H. Edwards, 1872

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, 66-67, no. 6; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(4): pl. Argynnis 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Argynnis Eurynome

Type Locality: “throughout Colorado”; defined as “Fairplay, South Park, Middle Park and California Gulch” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 159; subsequently defined as “Fair Play [sic], Park County, Colorado” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 24.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 24; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 328, fig. 32 ♂ D&V.

=    clio W. H. Edwards, 1874

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(2): 106-107.

Original Combination: Argynnis Clio

Type Locality: “plains at the Teton Mountains...Rocky Mountains”; neotype from “Moose P. O. Jackson Hole Wyo....Alt 6700'” [Teton County, Wyoming]

Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 331, fig. 33 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”eris” Igel, 1922

Entomol. Z. 36(5): 20.

Original Combination: Arg[ynnis] eurynome ab. eris

Type Locality: “der Umgebung von Calgary (Alberta)...aus Montana”

Types: “Holotype” in Igel collection.

=    ‡”benjamini” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 287, no. 22, pl. B, figs. 22 ♂ D, 22a ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Argynnis mormonia tr. f. benjamini

Type Locality: “Arangie, Idaho” [Arangee precinct, or Arange Peak, Fremont County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”brucei” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 287, no. 23, pl. B, figs. 23 ♀ D, 23a ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Argynnis eurynome tr. f. brucei

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined in error as “Denver, Denver County, Colorado” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23. The correct type locality would be in the mountains west of Denver (A. Warren pers. comm. 2006).

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.

=    ‡”gunderi” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 23.

Original Combination: Argynnis eurynome race clio tr. f. gunderi

Type Locality: “Broadwater Co., Montana”

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”igeli” (dos Passos & Grey, 1947)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23-24.

Original Combination: Speyeria mormonia eurynome ab. igeli

Proposed to replace Argynnis eurynome ab. eris Igel, 1922, Entomol. Z. 36(5): 20, but that is an infrasubspecific name, not subject to homonymy (Code Article 1.3.4).

=    ‡”fieldi” (dos Passos & Grey, 1947)

Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23-24.

Original Combination: Speyeria mormonia eurynome ab. fieldi

Proposed to replace Argynnis eurynome race clio tr. f. gunderi W. D. Field, 1936, J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 23, but that is an infrasubspecific name, not subject to homonymy (Code Article 1.3.4).

g.   Argynnis bischoffii artonis W. H. Edwards, 1881

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 1-2.

Original Combination: Argynnis Artonis

Type Locality: “Colorado...Big Horn, Montana...Wells, Elko Co., Nevada”; defined as “Wells, Elko County, Nevada” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 327, fig. 31 ♂ D&V. dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 23, designated a lectotype (#4258) in CMNH, but this was rescinded by dos Passos and Grey (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 358; Brown’s (1965) lectotype designation stands (Code Article 74.1.1).

=    ‡”rubyensis” Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 282-283.

Original Combination: Argynnis eurynome artonis form rubyensis

Type Locality: “Franklin Slough, near Wright's Ranch, Ruby Valley, Elko Co., Nevada”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

h.   Argynnis bischoffii luski W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(3): 95-96, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: A[rgynnis]. eurynome luski

Type Locality: “White Mts., Arizona”

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 24; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 6 ♂ V (as irene).

Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 282, suggested that this may be a species-level taxon.

Subfamily Limenitidinae Behr, 1864

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(8): 127 (as “Limenitidae”). Type-genus: Limenitis [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 281, no. 10. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Limenitis on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 701.

Tribe Limenitidini Behr, 1864

Subtribe Limenitidina Behr, 1864

Genus Limenitis [Fabricius], 1807

In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 281, no. 10. Type-species: Papilio populi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 476, no. 111, by designation of Dalman (1816), K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 55. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 701. Dhungel & Wahlberg (2018), PeerJ 6: e4311, reviewed the subfamily. The synonymy below reflects their conclusions.

      =    ‡Najas Hübner, [1806]

Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio populi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 476, no. 111, by monotypy. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97 suppressed this publication. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 80.

      =    ‡Callianira Hübner, [1820]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 38. Type-species: Callianira ephestiaena Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3): 38, no. 334 (= Papilio ephestion Stoll, [1790], Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (2): 121, pl. 25, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V; (3): 383 (index); a synonym of Papilio astyanax, Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 447, no. 20, which is a subspecies of Papilio arthemis Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 2: 17, index, pl. 10, figs. 3, 4), by monotypy. Preoccupied by Callianira Péon & Lesueur, 1810, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris 15(85): 65.

      =    ‡Nymphalis Boisduval, [1828]

Europ. Lepid. Ind. Meth.: 14. Type-species: Papilio populi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 476, no. 111, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Nymphalis Kluk, 1780, Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 86.

      =    ‡Nympha Krause, 1839

In: Thon, Faun. Thüringen 4(4/5): 86. Type-species: Papilio populi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 476, no. 111, by designation of Scudder (1872), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 293, no. 755 bis. Preoccupied by Nympha Fitzinger, 1826, Nouv. Class. Rept. 29, and a junior objective synonym of Limenitis.

      =    ‡Nymphalis C. Felder, 1861

Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. germ. Nat. Cur. 28(3): 41, no. 97. Type-species: Papilio astyanax Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 447, no. 20 (= Papilio arthemis Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 2: 17, index, pl. 10, figs. 3, 4; subspecies), by designation of Hemming (1934), Entomol. 67(849): 37. Preoccupied by Nymphalis Kluk, 1780, Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 86, and also a junior objective synonym of Basilarchia Scudder, 1872.

=    Basilarchia Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 29. Type-species: Papilio astyanax Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 447, no. 20 (= Papilio arthemis Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 2: 17, index, pl. 10, figs. 3, 4; subspecies), by original designation.

=    Patsuia Moore, 1898

Lepid. Ind. 3(32): 146; (33): 172. Type-species: Limenitis sinensium Oberthur, 1876, Etud. ent. 2: 25, pl. 4, fig. 8, by original designation.

=    Litinga Moore, 1898

Lepidoptera Indica 3 (32): 146, (33):173. Type-species: Limenitis cottini Oberthur, 1884, Etud. ent. 9: 17, pl. 2, fig. 5, by original designation.

=    Ladoga Moore, 1898

Lepid. Ind. 3(32): 146; (33): 174. Type-species: Papilio camilla Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr.: 304, no. 122, by original designation.

=    Azuritis Boudinot, 1986

Nouv. Rev. Entomol. (n.s.) 2(4): 405. Type-species: Limenitis reducta Staudinger, 1901, Cat. Lepid. Palae. (3rd ed.): 22, no. 135a, by original designation. Gorbunov (2001), Butterflies Russia Class.: 159, treated this taxon as a subgenus.

700.      Limenitis archippus (Cramer, 1775)

a.   Limenitis archippus floridensis Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 143, no. 287a.

Original Combination: [Limenitis Misippus] var. a. Floridensis

Type Locality: “Florida and other parts of the extreme south” “Florida, Southern Ala., Miss., La.”; defined as “Apalachicola, Florida” by Strecker (1881), Can. Entomol. 13(2): 29.

Types: Syntypes may be in FMNH.

=    eros W. H. Edwards, 1880

Can. Entomol. 12(12): 246-247; figured by W. H. Edwards (1883), Butterflies N. Am. 2(11): pl. Limenitis 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Limenitis Eros

Type Locality: “Indian River”; defined as to “vic. Georgiana, Merritt I. Indian River, Brevard Co., Florida” by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 362.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. M. Brown, 1967, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 93(3): 364, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; figured by Holland, 1931, Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, fig. 1 ♂ D (as floridensis).

=    ‡”nig” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 143, no. 287b.

Original Combination: [Limenitis Misippus] ab. b. ♂ Nig[ra].

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.

=    ‡”nigricans” Strecker, 1900

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 24; cited Strecker (1878), Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 143.

Original Combination: Limenitis archippus ab. nigricans

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.

This amounts to a re-description of Limenitis misippus ab nigra which was not cited by name

=    ‡”halli” (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 449.

Original Combination: Basilarchia archippus ab. halli

Type Locality: “Florida”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

b.   Limenitis archippus watsoni (dos Passos, 1938)

Can. Entomol. 70(12): 243, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Basilarchia archippus watsoni

Type Locality: “Alexandria, La.” [Rapides Parish, Louisiana]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

c.   Limenitis archippus archippus (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(1): pl. 16, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (2): 24; (8): 151 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus] Festiv[us]. Archippus

Types: “eiland Jamaica in Noord-Amerika” “Jamaique dans l’Amerique Septentrionale”; suggested to be “New York” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 178.

=    disippe (Godart, [1824])

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 393, no. 152.

Original Combination: Nymphalis Disippe

Type Locality: “Guyane” in error.

Types: Syntypes may be in USNM or MNHP.

This name was spelled “dissipus” by Boisduval and Le Conte [1837], Hist. Lepid. Amér. sept. (23): 204, representing either an incorrect subsequent spelling or an unjustified emendation.

=    ‡”pseudodorippus” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 143, no. 287c; cited Mead (1872), Can. Entomol. 4(11): 216.

Original Combination: [Limenitis Misippus] ab. c. ♀ Pseudodorippus

Type Locality: “Catskill Mts., New York...near Holyoke, Mass.”

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 59, fig. 30 ♀ D.

=    ‡”rubidus” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 144, no. 289b; cited Mead (1872), Can. Entomol. 4(11): 217.

Original Combination: [Limenitis Ephestion] ab. b. Rubidus

Type Locality: Not stated; possible “holotype” from “Berks Co., Penn.” [Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.

Gunder (1934), Can. Entomol. 66(2): 46, noted that although this taxon was described through indication, there is a “type” from “Berks Co., Penn.”, in FMNH.

=    ‡”arthechippus” Scudder, 1888

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 1(2): 296-297.

Original Combination: B[asilarchia] arthechippus (arthemis-archippus)

Type Locality: “Chateauguay Basin” [Quebec]

Types: “Holotype” (#29306) in MCZC.

=    ‡”lanthanis” (Cook & F. Watson, 1909)

Can. Entomol. 41(3): 77, pl. 5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Basilarchia archippus new variety lanthanis

Type Locality: “Albany, N. Y.” [Albany County. New York]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”advena” Ellsworth, 1918

Lepidopterist 2(3): 22.

Original Combination: Limenitis archippus v. advena

Type Locality: “Johnson City, N. Y.” [Broom County, New York]

Types: “Syntypes” in USNM.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”cayuga” (Nakahara, 1923)

Entomol. News 34(1): 10.

Original Combination: Basilarchia missipus ab. cayuga

Type Locality: “Ithaca, New York” [Tompkins County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”nivosus” (Gunder, 1929)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(5): 325, pl. 30, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Basilarchia archippus tr. f. nivosus

Type Locality: “Mystic, Conn.” [New London County, Connecticut]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”rubrofasechippus” Gunder, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(2): 47-48, no. 22.

Original Combination: Basilarchia archippus hyb. rubrofasechippus

Type Locality: “Beulah, Manitoba, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”weidechippus” Cross, 1936

Hobbies 41(5): 112.

Original Combination: Basilarchia hyb. weidechippus

Type Locality: Not stated, but received from Schryver, so possibly “Platte River, near Denver” [Jefferson County]

Types: Location of “holotype” not known; figured by Cross (1937), Proc. Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. 16(1): 17 ♂ D&V.

d.   Limenitis archippus idaho Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (63): 754, figs. 5 top row left ♂ D, 6 top row left ♂ V (holotype), 5 top row right ♂ D, 6 top row right ♂ V, 5 bottom row left ♀ D, 6 bottom row left ♀ V, 5 bottom row right ♀ D, 6 bottom row right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Limenitis archippus idaho

Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Little Salmon River (= Salmon Falls Creek) Valley, U.S. route 93, 3.1 miles south of Jackpot, 1650 m, T47N R64E S23"

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Limenitis archippus lahontani Herlan, 1971

J. Res. Lepid. 9(4): 217-218, fig. 2, top left ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Limenitis archippus lahontani

Type Locality: “Nevada, Lyon Co., Fernley”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

f.    Limenitis archippus obsoleta W. H. Edwards, 1882

Papilio 2(2): 22.

Original Combination: Limenitis Eros var. obsoleta

Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “at or south of Tucson” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (63): 752. [Pima County]

Types: Type(s) lost.

=    hulstii W. H. Edwards, 1882

Papilio 2(3): 45, 46-47, no. 2.

Original Combination: Limenitis Hulstii

Type Locality: “Utah”; suggested to be “St. George region, in a very broad sense” by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 366. [Washington County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 7, fig. 5 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 367, fig. 15 ♂ D&V.

g.   Limenitis archippus hoffmanni R. Chermock, 1947

Am. Mus. Novit. (1365): 1-2.

Original Combination: Limenitis archippus hoffmanni

Type Locality: “Misantla, Vera Cruz, Mexico” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2000), News Lepid. Soc. 42(1): 7, pl. 1 fig. 3.

701.      Limenitis arthemis (Drury, 1773)

a.   Limenitis arthemis rubrofasciata (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)

Can. Entomol. 98(7): 221-222.

Original Combination: Basilarchia arthemis rubrofasciata

Type Locality: “Saskatchewan...Cartwright, Man....Calgary, Alta.”

Types: Syntypes in USNM; a “paratype” figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): pl. 9, fig. 7 ♂ D.

b.   Limenitis arthemis arthemis (Drury, 1773)

Ill. Nat. Hist. 2: 17, index, pl. 10, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nym[phalis]. Phal[eratus]. Arthemis

Type Locality: “New York”; stated to be “New York, probably Catskill Mountains” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 116.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    lamina (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 118, no. 361; cited Jones’ Icones 5: pl. 32, fig. 1.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. Lamina

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    proserpina W. H. Edwards, 1865

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 5(1): 148; figured by W. H. Edwards (1867), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(3): pl. 5, (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): pl. Limenitis 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, and (1879), 2(8): pl. Limenitis 1, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Limenitis Proserpina

Type Locality: “Catskill Mountains”; defined as “Hunter, Greene Co., New York” by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 358.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 360, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”rufescens” Cockerell, 1889

Entomol. 22(308): 4; cited unspecified Maynard reference, probably (1886), Butterflies N. England (ed. 1): pl. 1, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: L[imenitis]. arthemis [form]. rufescens

Type Locality: “Southern States”

Types: “Holotype” probably in MCZC, if it existed.

=    ‡”cerulea” Ehrmann, 1900

Can. Entomol. 32(11): 348.

Original Combination: Limenitis ursula, Var. cerulea ♀, nov. var.

Type Locality: “Charleroi, Penn’a” [Washington County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.

=    ‡”albofasciata” Newcomb, 1907

Psyche 14(5): 90-91, pl. 2, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Limenitis ursula var. albofasciata

Type Locality: “Mass., eastern N. Y., and vicinity of Jersey City”; lectotype from “Fort Lee, Hudson Co., N. Y.” [New York]

Types: “Syntypes” in AMNH.

=    ‡”benjamini” Nakahara, 1924

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 19(5): 171.

Original Combination: [Basilarchia arthemis albofasciata] Aberr. benjamini

Type Locality: “Massachusetts”

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”virithemis” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 24.

Original Combination: Basilarchia Arthemis f. virithemis

Type Locality: “Germania, Penn.” [Potter County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

c.   Limenitis arthemis astyanax (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 447, no. 20.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques]. T[rojanus]. Astyanax

Type Locality: “America”

Types: Syntypes in HMUG.

=    ephestion (Stoll, [1790])

Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (2): 121, pl. 25, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V; (3): 383 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[uites]. Troës Ephestion

Type Locality: “goudkust van Afrika” “côte d’or d’Afrique” in error.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    ‡ephestiaena (Hübner, [1819])

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 38, no. 334; cited Papilio ephestion Stoll [1790], Aanhangs. Werkes Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (2): pl. 25, figs. 1, 1a; (3): 383 (index).

Original Combination: Callianira Ephestiaena

Proposed to replace Papilio ephestion Stoll, 1790, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Papilio ephestion.

=    ursula (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 82, no. 257.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis] Ursula

Type Locality: “America”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    ‡”viridis” Strecker, 1878

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 144, no. 289a.

Original Combination: [Limenitis Ephestion] var. a Viridis

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of “type(s)” not known, may be in FMNH.

=    ‡”atlantis” (Nakahara, 1923)

Entomol. News 34(1): 10.

Original Combination: Basilarchia astyanax ab.atlantis

Type Locality: “Elmhurst, Long Island” [Queens County, New York]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”inornata” (Nakahara, 1924)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 19(5): 174.

Original Combination: [Basilarchia arthemis astyanax] form inornata

Type Locality: “Glendale, L. I., N. Y.” [Queens County, New York]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”purpuratus” (Gunder, 1934)

Can. Entomol. 66(2): 43-44, no. 9.

Original Combination: Basilarchia astyanax form purpuratus

Type Locality: “Scranton, Penna.” [Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”tildeni” (W. D. Field, 1934)

Can. Entomol. 66(11): 255-256.

Original Combination: Basilarchia astyanax tr. f. tildeni

Type Locality: “a small wooded area about two miles from Lawrence, Kansas, up the Kaw river” [Douglas County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

d.   Limenitis arthemis arizonensis W. H. Edwards, 1882

Papilio 2(2): 22.

Original Combination: Limenitis Ursula var. Arizonensis

Type Locality: “about Tucson...southern Arizona” [Pima County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 361-362, fig. 13 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”doudoroffi” (Gunder, 1934)

Can. Entomol. 66(2): 44, no. 12.

Original Combination: Basilarchia astyanax arizonensis tr. f. doudoroffi

Type Locality: “Tonto Creek near Payson, Gila County, Arizona”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

E. Perkins and Garth (1973), J. Res. Lepid. 11(4): 229-234, demonstrated that this taxon is a hybrid between L. a. arizonensis and L. weidemeyerii angustifascia (see below); this was corroborated by R. Holland (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(2): 92-94, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

702.      Limenitis weidemeyerii W. H. Edwards, 1861

While some recent authors have treated L. weidemeyrii as a subspecies of L. lorquini (e.g., Porter (1990), Syst. Zool. 39(2): 131-148), they are maintained as species-level taxa following Boyd et al. (2000), Holarct. Lepid. 6(2): 37-74.

a.   Limenitis weidemeyerii weidemeyerii W. H. Edwards, 1861

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 162, no. 4; figured by W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): pl. Limenitis 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, and Mead [1876], Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): pl. 38, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Limenitis Weidemeyerii

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; neotype from “Lakewood, Jefferson Co., Colorado.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by S. Perkins and E. Perkins (1967), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 370-371, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”nigerrima” (Cockerell, 1927)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 26(1): 5; figured by Cockerell (1927), Zool. Colo.: plate facing 209.

Original Combination: [Basilarchia weidemeyerii] ab. nigerrima

Type Locality: “Boulder, Colorado” [Boulder County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM; figured by S. Perkins and E. Perkins (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 226, pl. 7, figs. 32, 33.

b.   Limenitis weidemeyerii oberfoelli F. Brown, 1960

Am. Mus. Novit. (2018): 2-6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Limenitis weidemeyerii oberfoelli

Type Locality: “Badlands, Slope County, North Dakota”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

c.   Limenitis weidemeyerii latifascia S. Perkins & E. Perkins, 1967

J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 221, pl. 1, fig. 17 ♂ D (holotype); pl. 2, fig. 18 ♂ V (holotype), pl. 3, fig. 19 ♀ D, pl. 4, fig. 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Limenitis weidemeyerii latifascia

Type Locality: “Idaho: 10 mi S. Pocatello, Mink Creek, Bannock Range, Bannock Co.”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

d.   Limenitis weidemeyerii nevadae (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1924)

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(3): 99.

Original Combination: Basilarchia weidemeyerii nevadae

Type Locality: “Clark Co., Nev.”; determined to be “Spring Mtn. Range, Clark Co., Nevada” by S. Perkins and E. Perkins (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 220-221.

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by S. Perkins and E. Perkins (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 226, pl. 7, figs. 38-39.

e.   Limenitis weidemeyerii angustifascia (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1912)

Can. Entomol. 44(5): 163.

Original Combination: Basilarchia weidemeyerii [race] angustifascia

Type Locality: “White Mts., Arizona”; determined to be “White Mtns., SE McNary, Apache Co., Arizona” by S. Perkins and E. Perkins (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 220.

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by S. Perkins and E. Perkins (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 226, pl. 7, figs. 36 ♂ D, 37 ♂ V.

=    ‡”sinefascia” W. H. Edwards, 1882 (emended)

Papilio 2(2): 22.

Original Combination: Limenitis weidemeyerii aber. sine-fascia

Type Locality: “near Tucson”; defined as “near Prescott, Arizona” by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 371-372. [Yavapai County]

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH, figured by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 372, fig. 17 ♀ D&V; and S. Perkins and E. Perkins (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 226, pl. 7, figs. 34 ♀ D, 35 ♀ V.

f.    Limenitis weidemeyerii siennafascia Austin & Mullins, 1984

J. Res. Lepid. 22(4): 225, 227, fig. 1a top left ♂ D (holotype), top right ♀ D, 1b top left ♂ V (holotype), top right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Limenitis weidemeyerii siennafascia

Type Locality: “Arizona: Cochise County; Chiracahua Mountains, near Barfoot Park, 8400', (T17S R30E S33)”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

703.      Limenitis lorquini Boisduval, 1852

a.   Limenitis lorquini powelli Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 513.

Original Combination: Limenitis lorquini powelli

Austin and Emmel adopted Basilarchia lorquini tr. f. powelli W. D. Field, 1936, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”powelli” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 24.

Original Combination: Basilarchia lorquini tr. f. powelli

Type Locality: “San Bernardino Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

b.   Limenitis lorquini pallidafacies Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 514, figs. 59 ♂ D, 60 ♂ V (holotype); 61 ♀ D, 62 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Limenitis lorquini pallidafacies

Type Locality: “Nevada: Esmeralda County; White Mountains, Trail Canyon, 2620 m, T1S R33E S10 on the USGS Benton, Nev.-Calif. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    ‡”comstocki” (Gunder, 1925)

Entomol. News 36(1): 5, no. 8, pl. 1, fig. S ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Basilarchia lorquini ab. ♂ comstocki

Type Locality: “Bishop, Inyo County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 45, fig. 7 ♂ D; pl. 46, fig. 6 ♂ V.

c.   Limenitis lorquini lorquini Boisduval, 1852

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 301-302, no. 42.

Original Combination: Limenitis Lorquini

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; restricted to “Hwy. 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch North Fork Feather River Canyon, 2500' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 16.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 16, figs. 87 ♂ D, 88 ♂ V.

=    eavesii Hy. Edwards, 1877

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 172.

Original Combination: Limenitis Lorquini Var. Eavesii

Type Locality: “from Vancouver Island...near Virginia City, Nevada”; lectotype from “Virginia City, Storey County, Nevada.”

Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 636.

=    ‡”gunderi” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 24.

Original Combination: Basilarchia lorquini tr. f. gunderi

Type Locality: “El Dorado Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”fridayi” Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 284.

Original Combination: Basilarchia lorquini form fridayi

Type Locality: “Leevining Creek, near Mono Lake, Mono County, Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Gunder (1934), Can. Entomol. 66(2): 45, determined that this is a hybrid between L. weidemeyerii and L. lorquini; also see Boyd et al. (2000), Holarct. Lepid. 6(2): 37-74.

d.   Limenitis lorquini ilgae C. Guppy, 2001

Butterflies B. C.: 317, 319, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Limenitis lorquini ilgae

Type Locality: “BC, Bamberton, Jones Creek Road to Oliphant Lake” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

=    ‡”maynardi” (W. D. Field, 1936)

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 24-25.

Original Combination: Basilarchia lorquini race burrisoni tr. f. maynardi

Type Locality: “Vancouver, B. C., Canada” [British Columbia]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

e.   Limenitis lorquini burrisonii Maynard, 1891

Manual N. Am. Butterflies: 102, no. 143a.

Original Combination: Limenitis lorquini burrisonii

Type Locality: “British Columbia...Landsdowne, westward to Vancouvers Island”; suggested to be “Landsdowne...where Armstrong is now located” by C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 318.

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in MCZC.

Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 210-211, and C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 317-319, considered the name burrisonii unavailable because they thought that it represents a hybrid between L. lorquini and L. arthemis rubrofasciata. If it is demonstrated that the type is a hybrid, the name burrisonii is still available (Code Articles 17.2 and 23.8).

=    itelkae C. Guppy, 2001

Butterflies B. C.: 317, 319, figs. ♂ D&W (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Limenitis lorquini itelkae

Type Locality: “BC, Keremeos, 1 mile N of Hwy 3A on Mt. Apex Rd.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

Genus Adelpha Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 42. Type-species: Papilio mesentina Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): 102, pl. 162, figs. B, C; (16): 149 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 102, no. 20.

=    Heterochroa Boisduval, 1836

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 8 [=4B], fig. 4. Type-species: Heterochroa serpa Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 8 [=4B], fig. 4, by monotypy.

704.      Adelpha eulalia (E. Doubleday, [1848])

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 36, fig. 1 ♀ D [1848]; 2(34): 278, no. 12, (Westwood, 1850).

Original Combination: Limenitis Eulalia

Type Locality: “Venezuela” in error; syntype from “Méxique.”

Types: Syntype (1927-3) in NHMUK; this specimen may have been designated lectotype by Carpenter and Hobby (1944), Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 94(2): 316.

Prudic et al. (2008), Zootaxa 1819: 1–24, detail the distinction between A. eulalia, A. californica and A. bredowii Geyer, 1837, in: Hübner, Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: pl. [142], figs. 825 ♂ D, 826 ♂ V; 10, no. 413. Adelpha bredowii does not occur in the United States.

=    guatemalensis (Carpenter & Hobby, 1944)

Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 94(2): 318-319, no. 4, fig. 2 H ♂ genitalia, pl. 1, figs. 7 ♂ D (holotype), 8 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D, pl. 2 , fig. 12 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Limenitis bredowii guatemalensis

Type Locality: “San Gerónimo, Guatemala”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Willmott (2003), Gen. Adelpha: 52, determined this synonymy.

705.      Adelpha californica (Butler, 1865)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(2): 485-486, no. 6.

Original Combination: Heterochroa californica

Type Locality: “California”

Types: Syntype (#Rh9766) in NHMUK.

706.      Adelpha fessonia (Hewitson, 1847)

a.   Adelpha fessonia fessonia (Hewitson, 1847)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]20(133): 260-261, pl. 20, fig. 6 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Heterochroa Fessonia

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Syntype (#Rh9817) in NHMUK.

707.      Adelpha basiloides (H. Bates, 1865)

J. Entomol. 2(12): 332, note.

Original Combination: Heterochroa basiloïdes

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype (#Rh9837) in NHMUK.

=    lydia (Butler, 1865)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)16(96): 398-399, no. 4.

Original Combination: Heterochroa Lydia

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    lemnia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867)

Reise Novara Zool. (3): 417, no. 647.

Original Combination: Heterochroa lemnia

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK; figured by Willmott (2003), Gen. Adelpha: 235, pl. 5, figs. 54a ♂ D, 54b ♂ V.

=    lativittata Staudinger, 1886

In: Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 1(13): 142.

Original Combination: [Adelpha Basiloides] var. Latevittata

Type Locality: “Venezuela (Pto. Cabello)”

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

=    caelia Fruhstorfer, 1915

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5 (237): 524.

Original Combination: [Adelpha basliloides] caelia

Type Locality: “Colombien”

Types: Syntype (#15-108) in NHMUK.

Subfamily Apaturinae Boisduval, 1840

Gen. Ind. Europ. Lepid.: 24 (as “Apaturides”). Type-genus: Apatura [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 280. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232 placed Apatura on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 657. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Apaturidae on the Official List of Family-group Names in Zoology as name no. 229 (with incorrect date and bibliographic reference), and placed Apaturides on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 267. I.C.Z.N. Direction 118 corrected the bibliographic citation as above.

Genus Asterocampa Röber, 1916

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(241): 549. Type-species: Apatura celtis Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (19) pl. 57, figs. 1-4; (24): 210-211, by designation of D. Bates (1926), Entomol. News 37(5): 154.

708.      Asterocampa celtis (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

a.   Asterocampa celtis celtis (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (19): pl. 57, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 larva, 4 pupa [1835], (24): 210-211 [1837].

Original Combination: Apatura Celtis

Type Locality: “Gêorgie”; suggested to be “Screven County, Georgia” by Scudder (1872), Can. Entomol. 4(4): 84; defined as “around Savannah” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 187; neotype from “Savannah River, Burke County, Georgia.”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost. Neotype in CMNH, designated by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(5): 5, figs. 2 top ♂ D, 4 top ♂ V.

=    ‡lycaon (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 228, no. 714; cited Jones’ Icones 4, pl. 17, fig. 1.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. S[atyrus]. Lycaon

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Preoccupied by Papilio lycaon Kühn, 1774, Kurz. Anl. Ins.: 21.

=    alicia (W. H. Edwards, 1868)

Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): [135-136], pl. Apatura 1, figs. 1 ♂ V, 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Apatura Alicia

Type Locality: “New Orleans...in the vicinity” [Louisiana]

Types: Types lost.

=    ‡”alb” (Strecker, 1878)

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 145, no. 293a; cited W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(3): pl. Apatura 1, figs. 4 ♀ V, 5 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Apatura Celtis] ab. a. ♂♀ Alb.

Type Locality: Not stated; “Coalburgh, West Virginia” implied from Edwards’ figures. [Kanawha County]

Types: “Types” are the specimens figured in W. H. Edwards, possibly in CMNH.

=    ‡”inornata” (Wolcott, 1916)

Entomol. News 27(3): 98-99, pl. 4, fig. 6 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Chlorippe celtis n. aberr. inornata

Type Locality: “near Ashland, Nebraska” [Saunders County]

Types: “Holotype” in OSUC.

b.   Asterocampa celtis reinthali Friedlander, 1987

J. Res. Lepid. 25(4): 242-243, pl. 20, figs. D ♂ D, E ♂ V (holotype), F ♀ D.

Original Combination: Asterocampa celtis reinthali

Type Locality: “Ocoee, Fla.” [Orange County, Florida]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

c.   Asterocampa celtis antonia (W. H. Edwards, [1878])

Field & Forest 3(6): 103-105.

Original Combination: Apatura Antonia

Type Locality: “Texas and Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Norse, Bosque County, Texas” by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 377-378.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Reinthal (1967), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 379, fig. 18 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 23, fig. 12 ♂ D.

=    montis (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Papilio 3(1): 7-8.

Original Combination: Apatura Antonia var. Montis

Type Locality: “Arizona...Mt. Graham...vicinity of Fort Grant, Cochise Co. [sic], and on Graham Mountain” from the introduction to the paper. [Graham County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 382, fig. 19 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 23, fig. 11 ♂ D (as ‘leilia”).

=    jeffermont J. Scott & M. Fisher, 2008

Papilio (n.s.) 18: 29-30, pl 3, fourth row left ♂ D, fourth row right ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Asterocampa celtis jeffermont

Type Locality: “Indian Gulch, 1 mi. W Golden, Clear Creek Can., Jefferson Co. Colo.”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

‡”mexicana” Freidlander, 1987

J. Res. Lepid. 25(4): 250, 253.

Original Combination: [Asterocampa celtis antonia] form mexicana

Type Locality: “lower Rio Grande valley of Texas and southward”

Types: Apparently no types were designated.

This name seems inadvertently proposed, it certainly was not described; a nomen nudum.

709.      Asterocampa leilia (W. H. Edwards, 1874)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(2): 103-104; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(3): pl. Apatura 1, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Apatura Leilia

Type Locality: “Camp Lowell and Sonoto [sic] Valley, Arizona” [Sonoita Valley, Sant Cruz County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 385, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.

=    cocles (Lintner, [1885])

Papilio 4(7/8): 141-142, no. 30.

Original Combination: Apatura Cocles

Type Locality: “Brownsville, Texas...Hidalgo”, implied from the introduction to the paper; defined as “Hidalgo, Texas” by Friedlander (1987), J. Res. Lepid. 25(4): 255. [Hidalgo County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Friedlander (1987), J. Res. Lepid. 25(4): 255.

This name was mentioned by W. H. Edwards [1885], Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(3/4): 286, no. 250, without description or indication; a nomen nudum.

710.      Asterocampa clyton (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

a.   Asterocampa clyton clyton (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

Hist. Lepid. Amér. sept. (19): pl. 56, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 larva, 4 pupa [1835]; (24): 208-209 [1837].

Original Combination: Apatura Clyton

Type Locality: “les parties méridionales des États-Unis”; suggested to be “Georgia” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 188; neotype from “Savannah River, Burke County, Georgia.”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost. Neotype in CMNH, designated by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(5): 5, fig. 6 bottom ♂ D.

=    proserpina (Scudder, 1868)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 401.

Original Combination: [Apatura] Proserpina

Type Locality: “Iowa”; further defined as “New Jefferson...anywhere along a devious, hundred mile route beginning at Denison, including Wall Lake and Grant City, and terminating at New Jefferson” by Scudder 1869, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. 1(2): 332, no. 16, 338.

Types: Type(s) apparently lost (not in MCZC).

=    ocellata (W. H. Edwards, 1876)

Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): [245-246], pl. Apatura 2, figs. 1 ♂ V, 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ V, 4 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Apatura Clyton] var. Ocellata

Type Locality: “Coalburgh, West Virginia” implied from the text. [Kanawha County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 387, fig. 21 ♀ D&V.

=    ‡”nig” (Strecker, 1878)

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 146, no. 294b.

Original Combination: [Apatura Clyton] ab. b. ♂ Nig

Type Locality: “Berks Co., Penna.” [Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.

‡”apunctus” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 5.

Original Combination: Apatura clyton from apunctus

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”geneumbrosa” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 256, no. 142.

Original Combination: [Apatura clyton] from geneumbrosa

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

b.   Asterocampa clyton flora (W. H. Edwards, 1876)

Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): [247-248], figured by W. H. Edwards (1891), Butterflies N. Am. 3(11): pl. Apatura 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Apatura Clyton] var. Flora

Type Locality: “Palatka, Florida” [Putnam County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Reinthal (1967), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 389, fig. 22 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 23, fig. 1 ♂ D.

c.   Asterocampa clyton texana (Skinner, 1911)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): 214, 215.

Original Combination: [Chlorippe clyton] form/var. texana

Type Locality: “Round Mountain, Texas...near Corpus Christi”; holotype from “Round Mountain.” [Blanco County]

Types: Holotype (#7038) in CMNH; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 60, fig. 6 ♂ D.

=    subpallida (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913)

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(3): 99, pl. 2, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V.

Original Combination: C[hlorippe]. clyton subpallida

Type Locality: “Babaquivera [sic] Mts., Pima Co., Arizona” [Baboquivari Mts.]

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by Friedlander (1987), J. Res. Lepid. 25(4): 263.

d.   Asterocampa clyton louisa D. Stallings & Turner, 1947

Entomol. News 58(2): 38.

Original Combination: Asterocampa clyton louisa

Type Locality: “Pharr, Texas” [Hidalgo County]

Types: Holotype and allotype in PMNH.

*711.    Asterocampa idyja (Geyer, [1828])

In: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [13], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V; 3 ♀ D 4 ♀ V (“type”).

Original Combination: Doxocopa Idyja

Type Locality: “Cuba”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, presumed lost.

=    ‡herse (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 229, no. 718.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. S[atyrus]. Herse

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) apparently lost.

Preoccupied by Papilio herse Hufnagel, 1766, Berlin Mag. 2: 84. Friedlander (1987), J. Res. Lepid. 25(4): 272, suggested that this name may best be considered a nomen dubium.

=    padola (Fruhstorfer, 1912)

Entomol. Rdsch. 29(2): 14.

Original Combination: Doxocopa idyja padola

Type Locality: “Haiti”

Types: Syntype in ZMHB.

a.   Asterocampa idyja argus (H. Bates, 1864)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(6): 130-131, no. 60.

Original Combination: Apatura Argus

Type Locality: “Motagua Valley, Guatemala”; suggested to be “El Progresso” by Friedlander (1987), J. Res. Lepid. 25(4): 273.

Types: Holotype (#Rh9126) in NHMUK.

=    armilla (Fruhstorfer, 1912)

Entomol. Rdsch. 29(2): 14.

Original Combination: [Doxocopa argus] forma armilla nova

Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Honduras.”

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Friedlander (1987), J. Res. Lepid. 25(4): 273.

Genus Doxocopa Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 49-50. Type-species: Papilio agathina Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): 109-110, pl. 167, figs. E, F; (16): 147 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 30.

=    Catargyria Hübner, [1823]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [64]. Type-species: Catargyria laura Hübner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [64], figs. 1, 2 (not 3, 4) (= Papilio laure Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 2: 31, index, pl. 17, figs. 5, 6; subspecies), by monotypy.

=    Chlorippe E. Doubleday, [1845]

List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 108. Type-species: Nymphalis laurentia Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (335), 376, no. 86, by designation of Scudder (1875), Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 248.

      =    ‡Chlorippe Boisduval, 1870

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 47. Type-species: Nymphalis laurentia Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (335), 376, no. 86, by designation of Hemming (1939), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)8(7): 134. Preoccupied by Chlorippe E. Doubleday, (1845), List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 108, and a junior objective synonym of that name.

      =    ‡Celtiphaga W. Barnes & Lindsey, 1922

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 15(1): 92. Type-species: Nymphalis laurentia Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (335), 376, no. 86, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Chlorippe E. Doubleday, 1845, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Chlorippe.

*712.    Doxocopa pavon (Latreille, [1809])

In: Humboldt and Bonpland, Voy Rég. Équinox., Pt. 2 (Obs. Zool.) 1(4): 197-198, no. 36, pl. 18, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Nymphalis Pavon

Type Locality: “le bois ombragés de Loxa” [Loja, Ecuador]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

This name was spelled “pavonii” by Herrich-Schäffer, [1858], Samml. neuer. Aussereurop. Schmett. 1(2)(6): 77; an unjustified emendation.

a.   Doxocopa pavon theodora (Lucas, 1857)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba: 7(2): 575-576, pl. 16, figs. 4 ♀ D, 4a ♀ V.

Original Combination: Apatura Theodora

Type Locality: “Ferdinandina de Jagua” [Cuba], in error. Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta Lepid. 23(92): 358, suggested that the type probably came from Mexico.

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in MNHP or NHMUK.

=    mentas (Boisduval, 1870)

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 48.

Original Combination: Chlorippe Mentas

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Syntype in NMNH.

=    cuellinia Fruhstorfer, 1907

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 250.

Original Combination: [Chlorippe] pavon cuellinia

Type Locality: “Mexiko”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    inumbratus Fruhstorfer, 1907

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 250.

Original Combination: [Chlorippe] pavon inumbratus

Type Locality: “Paraguay”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    subtuniformis (Röber, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(241): 546.

Original Combination: [Chlorippe pavon] subtuniformis

Type Locality: Not stated. Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta Lepid. 23(92): 358, suggested “Honduras.

Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta Lepid. 23(92): 358.

713.      Doxocopa druryi (Hübner, [1825])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [63], f.igs 1♂ D, 2♂ V.

Original Combination: Catargyria druryi

Type Locality: Not stated; assumed to be Cuba.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

R. De la Maza-Elvira & J. de la Maza-Elvira,(2022), Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. (n.s.) 9(2): 93-102, revised taxa in this group and their conclusions are adopted herein.. They determined that druryi is a species distinct from laure (Drury, 1773), Ill. Nat. Hist. 2: 31, index, pl. 17, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V and treated acca as one of its subspecies.. The taxon laure is extralimital and removed from the catalogue.

a.   Doxocopa druryi acca (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867)

Reise Novara Zool. (3): 435, no. 703, pl. 57, fig. 2 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Apatura acca

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    laurina Bryk, 1938

Lepid. Cat. 86: 349; cited Chlorippe laura (sensu Boisduval (1870), Lepid. Guat.: 47), and Apatura laura (sensu Wood (1874), Insects Abroad: 614, fig. 354).

Original Combination: [Doxocopa linda] laurina

Type Locality: “Guatemala” and “Nicaragua” implied from the citations.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”majugena” (Fruhstorfer, 1907)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 245.

Original Combination: [Catargyria laure mileta] ♀ forma majugena

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Subfamily Biblidinae Boisduval, 1833

Nouv. Annls. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris 2(2): 201 (as “Biblides”). Type-genus: Biblis [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 281, no. 13.

Tribe Epiphelini Jenkins, 1987

Bull. Allyn Mus. (114): 9 (mentioned), 48. Type-genus: Epiphile E. Doubleday, [1845], List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 90.

Genus Temenis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 34; Type-species: Papilio merione Fabricius 1781, Spec. Ins., 2: 94, no. 411 (= Papilio laothoe Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2 (11): 55, pl. 132, figs. A, B: 149 (index); homonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 278. Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 35, fig. 38, synonymized seven genus group names under this genus. This arrangement awaits confirmation.

      =    ‡Paromia Hewitson, 1861

Ill. exot. Butterflies 2(40): pl. Epiphile II & Paromia, [49]. Type-species: Paromia pulchra Hewitson, 1861, Ill. exot. Butterflies 2(40): [49], pl. Epiphile II & Paromia, figs. 1, 2, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Paromia Westwood, 1851, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (2)1: 167.

=    Callicorina Smart, 1976

Illust. Encyp. Butterfly World: 274 (appendix), no. 32. Type-species: Paromia pulchra Hewitson, 1861, Ill. exot. Butterflies 2(40): [49], pl. Epiphile II & Paromia, figs. 1, 2, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Paromia Hewitson, 1861 (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

*714.    Temenis laothoe (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2 (11): 55, pl. 132, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (16): 149 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phalerat[a]. Lathoe

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Recorded from Texas by Grishin (2005), News Lepid. Soc. 47(1): 3, 10, 6 figs.

=    ‡ariadne (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): 128, pl. 180, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (16): 147 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phalerat[a]. Ariadne

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Preoccupied by Papilio ariadne Linnaeus, 1763, in: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar. 24, no. 72.

=    ‡merione Fabricius, 1781

Spec. Ins. 2: 94, no. 411.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis] F[estivus]. Merione

Type Locality: “Surinami”

Types: Location of types not known.

Preoccupied by Papilio merione Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(12): 76, pl. 144, figs. G, H; (16): 149 (index).

=    ‡agatha (Fabricius, 1787)

Mant. Ins. 2: 54, no. 530.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. P[halerata] Agatha

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Preoccupied by Papilio agatha Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 76, pl. 327, figs. A, B; (24): 173 (index).

=    violetta Fruhstorfer, 1907

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 229, pl 1, fig. 5 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Temenis laothoe violetta

Type Locality: “Rio Waupes” [Colombia]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK, figured by Neild (1996), Butterflies of Venezuela 1: pl. 13, fig. 584 ♂ V.

=    pseudolaothoe Fruhstorfer, 1907

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 230.

Original Combination: [Temenis] laothoe pseudolaothoe

Type Locality: “Obidos” [Pará, Brazil]

Types: Syntype(s) in NHMUK.

=    ‡”pseudariadne” Fruhstorfer, 1907

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 230.

Original Combination: [Temenis laothoe pseudolaothoe] forma pseudoariadne

Type Locality: “Obidos” [Pará, Brazil]

Types: “Syntypes” in NHMUK.

=    ‡”ottonis” Fruhstorfer, 1907

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 231.

Original Combination: [Temenis laothoe laothoe] ♀ forma ottonis

Type Locality: “Surinam”

Types: “Syntypes” in NHMUK.

Proposed to replace Papilio merione Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2: 94, no. 411, but proposed as a quadrinomial.

=    ‡”creta” A. Hall, 1919

Entomol. 52(676): 198.

Original Combination: Temenis laothoë f. creta

Type Locality: “St. Jean du Maroni, French Guiana”

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

=    ‡”goesi” Fassl, 1922

Entomol. Z. 36(10): 38.

Original Combination: Temenis laothoe goesi ♂

Type Locality: “Viktoria und Alta-Mira...Rio Xingu” [Para, Brazil]

Types: Type(s) in NHMB.

a.   Temenis laothoe hondurensis Fruhstorfer, 1907

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 229-230.

Original Combination: [Temenis] laothoe hondurensis

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    ‡liberia Fabricius, 1793

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 135, no. 418; cited Jones’ Icones 5: pl. 15, fig. 1; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [29], fig. 4 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. Liberia

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Location of types not known.

Preoccupied by Papilio liberia Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 31, pl. 210, figs. G, H; (24): 175 (index).

=    columbiana Fruhstorfer, 1907

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 230.

Original Combination: [Temenis] laothoe columbiana

Type Locality: “Columbien”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK, one figured by Neild (1996), Butterflies of Venezuela 1: pl. 13, fig. 578 ♂ D.

Genus Epiphile E. Doubleday, [1845]

List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 90. Type-species: Temenis orea Hübner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [30], figs. 1, 2 (not 3, 4), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 165, no. 389.

      =    ‡Epiphile Boisduval, 1870

Consid. Lepid. Guat.: 40. Type-species: Epiphile epicaste Hewitson, 1857, Ill. exot. Butterflies 2: [47], pl. Epiphile, figs. 3, 4, by designation of Hemming (1943), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B) 12: 27. Preoccupied by Epiphile E. Doubleday, [1845], List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 90.

715.      Epiphile adrasta Hewitson, 1861

a.   Epiphile adrasta adrasta Hewitson, 1861

Ill. exot. Butterflies 2(40): [50], pl. Epiphile II & Paromia, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♀ D, 11 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Epiphile Adrasta

Type Locality: “México”

Types: Syntype (#Rh9365) in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1986), Bull. Allyn Mus. (101): 27, figs. 54 ♂ D, 55 ♂ V.

Tribe Catonephelini Orfila, 1952 (1865)

An. Soc. Cient. Argent. 154(3): 103. Type-genus: Catonephele Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 40. This family-group name was in competition with “Epicalidae” Guénée, 1865, in: Vinson, Voy. Madagascar, Annexe F: 28. Orfila proposed that this name replace “Epicaliini” [sic] because Catonephele Hübner, [1819], is senior to Epicalia E. Doubleday, [1845]. Code Article 40.2 clearly provides that such action taken before 1961, and becoming widely accepted, is valid.

Genus Eunica Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 61. Type-species: Papilio monima Stoll, 1782, Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 202, pl. 387, figs. F, G; (34): 250 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 10(2): 171, no. 426.

=    Evonyme Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 61. Type-species: Papilio amelia Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2 (12): 61, pl. 136, figs. B, C; (16): 147 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 176, no. 458.

      =    ‡Eunice Geyer, 1832

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. Exot. Schmett. 4: 39, no. 392. Type-species: Eunice taurione Geyer, 1832, in: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. Exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [135], figs. 783, 784; 39, no. 392 (= Nymphalis marsolia Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 418, no. 214; synonym), by designation of Hemming (1939), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)8(7): 134. Preoccupied by Eunice Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 135, and Eunice Schinz, 1822, in: Cuvier, Thierreich 2: 310.

      =    ‡Callianira E. Doubleday, 1847

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(14): pl. 28, fig. 1; 2(32): 251 (1850). Type-species: Callianira alcmena E. Doubleday, [1847], in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(14): pl. 28, fig. 1, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Callianira Péron & Lesuer, 1810, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris 15(85): 65, and Callianira Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 38.

      =    ‡Faunia Poey, 1847

Mem. Soc. R. Econ. Habana (2)3(3): 178. Type-species: Papilio orphise Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 67, pl. 42, figs. E, F; (8): 154 (index), by monotypy. Preoccupied by Faunia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Mem. pres. Acad. Sci., Paris 2: 270.

      =    ‡Amycla E. Doubleday, 1849

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(28): 223. Type-species: Eunice taurione Geyer, 1832, in: Hübner Zutr. Samml. Exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [135], figs. 783, 784; 39, no. 392 (= Nymphalis marsolia Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 418, no. 214; synonym), by monotypy. Preoccupied by Amycla Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 118.

=    Libythina C. Felder, 1861

Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. germ. Nat. Cur. 28(3): 49, no. 101. Type-species: Libythea cuvierii Godart, 1819, Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 171, no. 6, by monotypy.

716.      Eunica monima (Stoll, 1782)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 202, pl. 387, figs. F ♂ D, G ♂ V; (34): 250 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phaler[ata] Monima

Type Locality: “Kust van Guinea by Della Mina” “Côte de Guinée, pres de Della Mina” in error.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    ‡myrto (Godart, [1824])

In: Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 418, no. 213.

Original Combination: Nymphalis Myrto

Proposed to replace Papilio monima Stoll, 1782, erroneously though preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of monima.

=    modesta H. Bates, 1864

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(5): 113, no. 45.

Original Combination: Eunica Modesta

Type Locality: “Guatemala”; syntypes from “Centr. Valleys.”

Types: Syntypes (#Rh9308, 9475) in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1990), Bull. Allyn Mus. (131): figs. 136 ♂ D, 137 ♂ V, 138 ♀ D, 139 ♀ V.

=    fairchildi D. Bates, 1935

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 78(2): 177, no. 81.

Original Combination: Eunica pusilla fairchildi

Type Locality: “La Milpa, Cienfuegos Bay, Sta. Clara” [Cuba]

Types: Holotype (#16604) in MCZC.

=    petraea Fabricius, 1938

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 87-88, no. 14.

Original Combination: L[imenitis]. Petraea

Type Locality: “America meridionali”; suggested to be “probably from St. Croix, Virgin Islands” by F. Brown (1988), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(4): 441. [U. S. Virgin Islands]

Types: Syntype in ZMUC.

The placement of this name here remains tentative until the syntype is examined. Brown (1988), ibid., and Lamas et al. (2004), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 237, considered it a nomen dubium.

=    ‡”habanae” Seitz, 1915

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(202): pl. 100Ac, figs. [5] ♀ V, [6] ♂ D (1914); (203): 485.

Original Combination: [Eunica monima] habanae form nov.

Type Locality: “Cuba”; “Havana” implied from the formation of the name.

Types: Location of types not known.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

717.      Eunica tatila (Herrich-Schäffer, [1855])

a.   Eunica tatila tatila (Herrich-Schäffer, [1855])

Samml. neuer. Aussereurop. Schmett. 1(2): 54; 1(2)(4): pl. 17, figs. 69 ♂ D, 70 ♂ V, 71 ♀ D, 72 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Cybdelis Tatila

Type Locality: “Am Mer.” implied from the text, “Mexico” from the plate caption.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    caerula Godman & Salvin, 1877

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877(1): 64, no. 12.

Original Combination: Eunica Caerula

Type Locality: “Guatemala”; syntypes from “Rio Polochic.”

Types: Syntypes (#Rh9307) in NHMUK.

b.   Eunica tatila tatilista Kaye, 1926

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 73(3/4): 473-474, no. 22.

Original Combination: Eunica tatila tatilista

Type Locality: “Rae Town” [Jamaica]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Genus Myscelia E. Doubleday, [1845]

List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 88. Type-species: Papilio orsis Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 20, index, pl. 16, fig. 3, by designation of W. Barnes and Benjamin (1926), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 15.

      =    ‡Sagaritis Hübner, [1821]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [43]. Type-species: Sagaritis orseis Hübner, [1821], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [43], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 (= Papilio orsis Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 20, index, pl. 16, fig. 3), by monotypy. Preoccupied by Sagaritis Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billberg: 134.

718.      Myscelia ethusa (Doyère, [1840])

a.   Myscelia ethusa ethusa (Doyère, [1840])

In: Cuvier, Règne Animal. (3rd ed.) Ins. 2(10): pl. 138, figs. 3, 3b ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Cybdelis Ethusa

Type Locality: Not stated; “Mexico” implied by Jenkins (1984), Bull. Allyn Mus. (87): 41.

Types: Syntype in USNM.

=    rogenhoferi R. Felder, 1869

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 472, no. 22.

Original Combination: Myscelia Rogenhoferi

Type Locality: “Huahuapan” [Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca, Mexico]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

*719.    Myscelia cyananthe C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867

Reise Novara Zool. (3): 408-409, no. 619, pl. 53, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Myscelia cyananthe

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Holotype (#Rh9291) in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1984), Bull. Allyn Mus. (87): figs. 70 ♂ D, 71 ♂ V.

a.   Myscelia cyananthe skinneri Mengel, 1894

Entomol. News 5(3): 96.

Original Combination: Myscelia skinneri

Type Locality: “Bayemena, Sinoloa [sic], Mex.” [Sinaloa, Mexico]

Types: Lectotype in RPM, designated by Fox (1942), Read. Pub. Mus., Sci. Pubs. 4: pl. 1, fig. 1 ♂ D; “types” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 74, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Tribe Ageroniini E. Doubleday, 1847

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1: pl. 10; (8): 81 (as “Ageronidae”). Type-genus: Ageronia Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 42.

Genus Hamadryas Hübner, [1806]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [47]. Type-species: Papilio amphinome Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 779-780, no. 176, by monotypy.

      =    ‡Apatura [Illiger], [1807]

Allg. Lit.-Zeit. 2(303): 1181. Type-species: Papilio amphinome Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 779-780, no. 176, by monotypy. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232 suppressed this name and placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 37.

=    Ageronia Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 42. Type-species: Papilio chloe Stoll, [1787], Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (1): 22, pl. 5, figs. 1, 1a; (3): 382 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 104-105, no. 34.

      =    ‡Philocala Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 79. Type-species: Papilio amphinome Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 779-780, no. 176, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 248, no. 851. A junior objective synonym of Hamadryas.

=    Peridromia Lacordaire, 1833

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]2: 392. Type-species: Papilio arethusa Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(7): 122-123, pl. 77, figs. E, F; (8): 151 (index) (= Papilio laodamia Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 49, pl. 130, fig. A; (16): 149 (index); homonym), by designation of Lamas (1980), J. Lepid. Soc. 34(2): 85.

      =    ‡Peridromia Boisduval, [1836]

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 23 [= 7C], fig. 5. Type-species: Papilio arethusa Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(7): 122-123, pl. 77, figs. E, F; (8): 151 (index) (= Papilio laodamia Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 49, pl. 130, fig. A; (16): 149 (index); homonym), by monotypy. Preoccupied by Peridromia Lacordaire, 1833, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]2: 392.

=    Amphichlora C. Felder, 1861

Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. germ. Nat. Cur. 28(3): 19, under Ageronia, no. 37. Type-species: Papilio feronia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 473, no. 95, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 109-110, no. 63.

*720.    Hamadryas atlantis (H. Bates, 1864)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(5): 115-116, no. 50.

Original Combination: Ageronia Atlantis

Type Locality: “Guatemala, central valleys”; holotype from “Chuacús about 3,000 ft.”

Types: Holotype (#Rh9260) in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 45, figs. 43 ♀ D, 44 ♀ V.

a.   Hamadryas atlantis lelaps (Godman & Salvin, 1893)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 1(26): 270, no. 4.

Original Combination: Ageronia lelaps

Type Locality: “Mexico, Ventanas...State of Durango, Mexico, at an altitude of about 3000 feet”

Types: Holotype (#Rh9259) in NHMUK.

*721.    Hamadryas februa (Hübner, [1823])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [41], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Ageronia Februa

Type Locality: Not stated; listed as “Amer. Mer. Et Centr., Mexico” by W. F. Kirby (1908), in: P. Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett. 3(addit. notes): 31; suggested to be “Amazonas gebiet oder dem nördlichen Theil von Brasilien” by Fruhstorfer (1916), in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 539.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Garzón et al. (2018), J. Lepid. Soc. 72(1): 53-73, adjusted the taxonomy of this species.

=    atinia ([Fruhstorfer], 1914)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(192): pl. 105c, fig. [3] ♂ D (1914); (206): 540 (1916) (as Ageronia februa atinia).

Original Combination: [Ageronia februa] atinia

Type Locality: “süd brasilianische...Amazonasgebietes...Rio Grande do Sul und Sta. Catharina”

Types: Syntypes (15-108) in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 22, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Fruhstorfer is considered the author of the name, as given on the plate.

=    sabatia (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 540.

Original Combination: [Ageronia februa] sabatia

Type Locality: “Mato Grosso, Cuiabá” [Brazil]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    sellasia (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 540.

Original Combination: [Ageronia februa] sellasia

Type Locality: “Paraguay”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

‡”maina” Talbot, [1923]

Fruhstorfer Colln.: 54.

Original Combination: Ageronia ferox maina

Proposed without description or indication; a nomen nudum.

a.   Hamadryas februa ferentina (Godart, [1824])

Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 428, no. 248; cited Papilio feronia Stoll (1781), Uitl. Kapellen 4(31): 140, pl. 362, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (34): 249 (index).

Original Combination: Nymphalis Ferentina

Type Locality: “Indes Orientales” in error.

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Proposed for the figures in Stoll (1781), from “Indes Orientales.”

=    gudula ([Fruhstorfer], 1914)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(192): pl. 105d, fig. [4] ♂ D (1914); (206): 539 (1916) (as Ageronia februa gudula).

Original Combination: [Ageronia februa] gudula

Type Locality: “westliche Mexico”; a syntype from “Texas.”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK; figured in Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 24, figs. 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Fruhstorfer is considered the author of the name, as given on the plate.

=    sodalia (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 540.

Original Combination: [Ageronia februa] sodalia form nov.

Type Locality: “östlichen und südlichen Mexiko”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    hierone (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 540.

Original Combination: [Ageronia februa] hierone

Type Locality: “Halbinsel Yucatan” [Mexico]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    fundania (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 540.

Original Combination: [Ageronia februa] fundania

Type Locality: “Honduras”; further defined as “San Pedro Sula” by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 24.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 24, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V.

=    icilia (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 540.

Original Combination: [Ageronia februa] icilia

Type Locality: “Trinidad”; defined as “Trinidad, Belmont” by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 24.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

b.   Hamadryas februa ferox (Staudinger, 1886)

In: Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 1(1)(14): 127.

Original Combination: [Ageronia] ferox

Type Locality: “Caucathale (Columbien)”

Types: Holotype in ZMHB.

=    poseidon (Clark, 1905)

Psyche 12(1): 7, pl. 1, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Amphichlora poseidon

Type Locality: “Type locality, El Valle, Island of Margarita, Venezuela”

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

=    diasia (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 541.

Original Combination: [Ageronia ferox] diasia

Type Locality: “Porto Rico und Haiti”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly lost.

=    antillana (A. Hall, 1925)

Entomol. 58(8)[747]: 187, no. 72.

Original Combination: Ageronia februa antillana

Type Locality: “most wooded places up to 2000 feet” implied from the text, “Hispaniola” from the title of the paper; syntypes from “Puerto Plata, La Cumbra, 1600 ft.” and “Santo Domingo.” [Dominican Republic]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 32, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V, 23 ♀ D, 23 ♀ V.

722.      Hamadryas glauconome (H. Bates, 1864)

a.   Hamadryas glauconome glauconome (H. Bates, 1864)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(5): 114-115, no. 48.

Original Combination: Ageronia Glauconome

Type Locality: “Guatemala, interior”; syntype from “Verapaz.”

Types: Syntype (#Rh9258) in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 36, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon & Knudson (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(1): 5, 8, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V.

=    oenoe (Boisduval, 1870)

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 26-27.

Original Combination: Ageronia Oenoe

Type Locality: “Costa-Rica...Yukatan”; syntype from “Yukatan.” [Yucatán, Mexico]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    megala (Fruhstorfer, 1914)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(192): pl. 105b, fig. [5] ♀ D (actually a ♂) (1914) (as glauconome; (206): 540 (1916).

Original Combination: [Ageronia februa] megala

Type Locality: “südlichen Mexiko”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

‡”aenoe” (E. Doubleday, 1847)

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(8): 83.

Original Combination: Ag[eronia]. Ænoë

Proposed without description or indication; a nomen nudum.

b.   Hamadryas glauconome grisea Jenkins, 1983

Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 38-39, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V (holotype); 35 ♀ D, 36 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hamadryas glauconome grisea

Type Locality: “Mexico, ‘Sinaloa’, no specific locality”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

*723.    Hamadryas iphthime (H. Bates, 1864)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(5): 116, no. 51.

Original Combination: Ageronia Iphthime

Type Locality: “Guatemala; also New Granada”; lectotype from “Colombia.”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 79; figured by Neild (1996), Butterflies of Venezuela 1: pl. 15, fig. 707 ♂ D.

=    gervasia (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 543.

Original Combination: [Ageronia iphthime] gervasia

Type Locality: “Bahia angefangen, durch alle brasilianischen Provinzen bis und mit Rio grande do Sul vorkommen”; syntype from “Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul.”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK; one figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 71, figs. 89 ♂ D, 90 ♂ V.

=    aternia (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 543.

Original Combination: [Ageronia iphthime] aternia

Type Locality: “Bolivien”; syntype from “Bolivia, La Paz, Chimate.”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK; one figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 71, figs. 91 ♀ D, 92 ♀ V.

=    lindmani (Bryk, 1953)

Ark. Zool. (ns)5(1): 115, no. 259b.

Original Combination: [Peridromia epinome] ssp. lindmani

Type Locality: “Mato Grosso” [Brazil]

Types: Holotype in NHRS.

‡”itania” (Talbot, [1923])

Fruhstorfer Colln.: 54.

Original Combination: Ageronia ipthime [sic] itania

Proposed without description or indication; a nomen nudum.

a.   Hamadryas iphthime joannae Jenkins, 1983

Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 72-73, figs. 93 ♂ D, 94 ♂ V (holotype); 95 ♀ D, 96 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Hamadryas iphthime joannae

Type Locality: “Mexico, Oaxaca, Chiltepec”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

*724.    Hamadryas feronia (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10): 473, no. 95; cited Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 31, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis gemmata] Feronia

Type Locality: “India”; suggested to be “probably Guianas” by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 326.

Types: Type(s) apparently lost.

=    catablymata (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 542.

Original Combination: [Ageronia feronia] catablymata

Type Locality: “mittelbrasilianischen” [Central Brazil]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    nobilita (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 543.

Original Combination: [Ageronia feronia] nobilita

Type Locality: “Venezuela und Colombien...Panamá, Chiriqui...Venezuela”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK; one figured by Neild (1996), Butterflies of Venezuela 1: pl. 15, fig. 706 ♀ D.

Neild (1996), Butterflies of Venezuela 1: 85, treats this as a synonym of feronia.

=    obumbrata (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 542.

Original Combination: [Ageronia feronia] obumbrata

Type Locality: “Paraguay”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 58, figs. 69 ♂ D, 70 ♂ V.

=    peruviana (Bryk, 1953)

Ark. Zool. (ns)5(1): 114, no. 256.

Original Combination: Peridromia feronia ssp. peruviana

Type Locality: “Roque, SW Moyob” [Peru]

Types: Syntypes in NHRS.

a.   Hamadryas feronia farinulenta (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 542.

Original Combination: [Ageronia feronia] farinulenta

Type Locality: “Honduras”; syntypes from “Honduras, Cortés, San Pedro Sula” and “Mexico.”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 61, figs. 73 ♂ D, 74 ♂ V, 75 ♀ D, 76 ♀ V.

=    insularis (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 542.

Original Combination: [Ageronia feronia] insularis

Type Locality: “Insel Trinidad”; syntypes from “Trinidad, Belmont.”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

*725.    Hamadryas guatemalena (H. Bates, 1864)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(5): 115, no. 49.

Original Combination: Ageronia Guatemalena

Type Locality: “Guatemala, central valleys”

Types: Syntype (#Rh9261) in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 65, figs. 77 ♂ D, 78 ♂ V.

=    elata (Fruhstorfer, 1907)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(1): 16-17.

Original Combination: Ageronia guatemalena elata

Type Locality: “Espiritu-Santo” [Brazil]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 68, figs. 85 ♂ D, 86 ♂ V, 87 ♀ D, 88 ♀ V.

=    eupolema (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 542.

Original Combination: [Ageronia guatemalena] eupolema

Type Locality: “Halbinsel Yucatan to Panama”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

a.   Hamadryas guatemalena marmarice (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 542.

Original Combination: [Ageronia guatemalena] marmarice

Type Locality: “Orizaba and Guadelajara (Mexico)”; syntype from “Mexico, Veracruz, Orizaba.”

Types: Syntype (15-116) in NHMUK, figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 67, figs. 81 ♂ D, 82 ♂ V.

*726.    Hamadryas amphinome (Linnaeus, 1767)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 779-780, no. 176; cited Kleemann (1761), Beytr. Nat. Ins. 1: pl. 10, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, and Merian (1705), Ins. Surin.: pl. 8 D&V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis phalerata]. Amphinome

Type Locality: “America meridionali”; suggested to be “Surinam” by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 87.

Types: Types apparently lost.

=    morsina (Fruhstorfer, 1916)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(206): 544.

Original Combination: [Ageronia amphinome] morsina

Type Locality: “Colombien”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK; figured by Jenkins (1983), Bull. Allyn Mus. (81): 87, figs. 119 ♀ D, 120 ♀ V and by Neild (1996), Butterflies of Venezuela 1: pl. 15, fig. 714 ♂ D.

=    regina (Fruhstorfer, 1915)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(237): pl. 104b; 5(206): 544.

Original Combination: [Ageronia amphinome] regina

Type Locality: “Espiritu Santo”; syntypes from “Bahia and Espirito Santo.” [Brazil]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

This name was misspelled as “aegina” on page 544, but correctly on the plate and index; an incorrect original spelling.

=    ‡”nysa” (Oberthür, 1912)

Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: 311, pl. 99, fig. 953 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Ageronia Amphinome-Nysa

Type Locality: “Environs de Bogota, en Nouvelle-Grenade” [Columbia]

Types: Holotype (15-124) in NHMUK.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

‡”sairis” Talbot, [1923]

Fruhstorfer Colln.: 53.

Original Combination: Peridromia amphinome sairis

Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

a.   Hamadryas amphinome mexicana (Lucas, 1853)

Revue Mag. Zool. (2)5(7): 311-312.

Original Combination: Peridromia Mexicana

Type Locality: “Mexique”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably in MNHP.

Tribe Biblidini Boisduval, 1833

Genus Biblis [Fabricius], 1807

In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 281, no. 13. Type-species: Papilio biblis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 505, no. 261 (= Papilio hyperia Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(20): 74, pl. 236, figs. E, F; (24): 175 (index); homonym), by tautonymy. Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 35, fig. 38, determined that Vila Kirby, 1871 (and its synonyms) are synonyms of this genus. This arrangement awaits confirmation.

      =    ‡Zonaga Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 78. Type-species: Papilio biblis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 505, no. 261 (= Papilio hyperia Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(20): 74, pl. 236, figs. E, F; (24): 175 (index); homonym), by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Biblis [Fabricius], 1807.

727.      Biblis aganisa Boisduval, 1836

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 9 [=5B], fig. 7 ♂ V, explication plate.

Original Combination: Biblis Aganisa

Type Locality: “Java” in error. Godman and Salvin (1893), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 1(26): 276, stated that this was a transposition of “Mexique” as given for Melanitis ceryx, figured on the same plate, and more probably from “Java.”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 35, fig. 38, determined that aganisa is a distinct species. The names hyperia Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(20): 74, pl. 236, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (24): 175 (index), biblis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 505, no. 261 and thadana Godart, [1819], in: Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 326, no. 1, are removed from the catalogue.

=     (E. Doubleday, [1848])

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1: pl. 31, fig. 2 ♂ D [1848]; 2(45): 406 (1849).

Original Combination: Didonis Pasira

Type Locality: “Guiana”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

‡”quautemotzin” (Arias, 1968)

Exp. cient. españ. siglo XVIII, Exp. Bot. Nueva España: 395.

Original Combination: Papilio Quautemotzin

Proposed without a description; a nomen nudum.

‡”ququhtemotzin” (Arias, 1968)

Exp. cient. españ. siglo XVIII, Exp. Bot. Nueva España: pl. [109], figs. 5-6.

Original Combination: Miahuaxochitl Ququhtemotzin

Proposed without a description; a nomen nudum.

Genus Mestra Hübner, [1825]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [45]. Type-species: Mestra hypermnestra Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [45], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, by monotypy.

=    Cystineura Boisduval, 1836

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 9 [=5B], fig. 1. Type-species: Papilio hersilia Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins.: 265 (= Papilio dorcas Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 508, no. 275; subspecies), by monotypy.

728.      Mestra amymone (Ménétriés, 1857)

Enum. corp. anim. (2): 123-124, no. 1306, pl. 9, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Cystineura amymone

Type Locality: “Nicaragua”

Types: Syntypes in ZIN.

This taxon is considered a subspecies of Mestra dorcas Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 508, no. 275, by Lamas and Small (1992), in: Quintero and Aiello (Eds.), Ins. Panama Mesoamer.: 556, A. Warren, Vargas-Fernández, Luis-Martínez and Llorente-Bousquets (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 61 and Lamas et al. (2004), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 235

Tribe Eubagini Burmeister, 1878

Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 169 (as “Eubagidae”). Type-genus: Eubagis Boisduval, 1832, in: d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe 1(Lep): 70.

Genus Dynamine Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 41. Type-species: Papilio mylitta Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 107, pl. 253, figs. D, E; (24): 175 (index) (= Papilio postverta Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 109, pl. 254, f. C, D; (24): 176 (index); synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 160, no. 361.

=    Sironia Hübner, 1823

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 31. Type-species: Sironia tithia Hübner, 1823, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [68], figs. 391, 392; 31, no. 196, by monotypy.

=    Eubagis Boisduval, 1832

In: d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe 1(Lep): 70. Type-species: Papilio athemon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 157, by monotypy.

=    Arisba E. Doubleday, 1847

List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 2: 11. Type-species: Papilio agacles Dalman, 1823, Analecta Entomol.: 47, no. 19, by monotypy.

*729.    Dynamine postverta (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 109, pl. 254, f. C, D; (24): 176 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Gemm[ata]. Postverta

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

As first reviser, precedence was given to postverta over mylitta by Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 419, no. 218.

=    mylitta (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 107-108, pl. 253, figs. D, E; (24): 175 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Gemm[ata]. Mylitta

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    thoenii Anken, 1998

Facetta 1(15): 30, fig.

Original Combination: Dynamine mylitta thoenii

Type Locality: “Brazil, Minas Gerais, Pote”

Types: Holotype in Anken collection.

=    ‡”uniocellata” Bryk, 1953

Ark. Zool. (ns)5(1): 108-109, no. 241.

Original Combination: Dynamine mylitta fa. uniocellata

Type Locality: “Bahia, Iguassú” [Brazil]

Types: “Holotype” in NHRS.

a.   Dynamine postverta mexicana d’Almeida, 1952

Bol. Mus. Nac. (Zool.) (Rio de Janeiro) 114: 1, fig, 2 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Dynamine mylitta mexicana

Type Locality: “de Presidio, México” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype in UFPC.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2006), News Lepid. Soc. 48(1): 3, figs.

=    ‡”bipupillata” Röber, 1915

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5 5 (230): 507.

Original Combination: [Dynamine mylitta] ab. bipupillata

Type Locality: Not stated; listed as “[Honduras]” by Lamas et al. (2004), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 241.

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

730.      Dynamine dyonis Geyer, 1837

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: pl. [150], figs. 871 ♂ D, 872 ♂ V [1833]; 19, no. 436 (1837, name given).

Original Combination: Dynamine Dyonis

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Subfamily Cyrestinae Guenée, 1865

In: Vinson, Voy. Madagascar, Annexe F: 28 (as “Cyrestidae”). Type-genus: Cyrestis Boisduval, 1832, in: d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe 1(Lep): 117.

Tribe Cyrestini Guenée, 1865

Genus Marpesia Hübner, 1818

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 32. Type-species: Marpesia eleuchea Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [35], figs. 197, 198; 32, no. 99, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 212, no. 659.

=    Athena Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 36. Type-species: Papilio “thetis” (= thetys) Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins.: 264 (= Papilio petreus Cramer, 1776, Uitl. Kapellen 1(8): 138, pl. 87, figs. D, E; (8): 154 (index); homonym), by monotypy.

=    Euglyphus Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 80. Type-species: Papilio chiron Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 452, no. 40, by monotypy.

=    Marius Swainson, 1830

Zool. Illustr. (2)1(9): pl. 45, unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio marius Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 14, pl. 200, figs. D, E; (24): 175 (index) (= Papilio chiron Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 452, no. 40; synonym), by original designation.

      =    ‡Petreus Swainson, 1833

Zool. Illustr. (2)3(24): pl. 110, unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio thetys Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins.: 264 (= Papilio petreus Cramer, 1776, Uitl. Kapellen 1(8): 138, pl. 87, figs. D, E; (8): 154 (index); homonym), by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Athena.

=    Megalura Blanchard, 1840

In: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 446. Type-species: Nymphalis coresia Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 359, no. 31 (= Marpesia zerynthia Hübner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [51], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V; synonym), by original designation.

=    Tymetes Doyére, [1840]

In: Cuvier, Règne Animal. (3rd ed) Ins. 2(10): pl. 139, fig. 1. Type-species: Tymetes merops Doyère, [1840], in: Cuvier, Règne Animal. (3rd ed) Ins. 2(10): pl. 139, fig. 1, by monotypy.
This name was spelled “Timetes” by Scudder (1875), Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 237, 356, no. 37; an unjustified emendation.

      =    ‡Timetes E. Doubleday, [1845]

List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 87. Type-species: Nymphalis coresia Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 359 (= Marpesia zerynthia Hübner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [51], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V; synonym), by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(845): 223. A junior objective synonym of Megalura.

      =    ‡Timetes Boisduval, 1870

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 44. Type-species: Papilio marius Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 14, pl. 200, figs. D, F; (24): 175 (index) (= Papilio chiron Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 452, no. 40; synonym), by designation of Hemming (1939), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)8(7): 135. Preoccupied by Timetes E. Doubleday, 1845.

      =    ‡Eumargareta Grote, 1898

Can. Entomol. 30(9): 201, 202. Type-species: Nymphalis coresia Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 359 (= Marpesia zerynthia Hübner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [51], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Megalura Blanchard, 1840, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Megalura.

*731.    Marpesia zerynthia Hübner, [1823]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [51], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Marpesia Zerynthia

Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Mexico, Amer. Med. Et Centr.” by W. F. Kirby (1908), in: P. Wytsman, Fac. ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett. 3(addit. notes): 34.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    coresia (Godart, [1824])

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 359, no. 31.

Original Combination: Nymphalis Coresia

Type Locality: “Brasil”

Types: Syntype in MNHP.

=    sylla (Perty, 1833)

Delect. Anim. art. Bras. (3): 151, pl. 29, figs. 2, 2b.

Original Combination: Papilio Sylla

Type Locality: “Brasil” implied from the title of the work.

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

a.   Marpesia zerynthia dentigera (Fruhstorfer, 1907)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 238; cited Staudinger (1886), in: Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 1(14): 134; (2)(9/10): pl. 45, bottom row, last, and W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 21, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Megalura coresia] dentigera

Type Locality: “Colombien...Peru...Texas (Holland)”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK; one figured by Neild (1996), Butterflies of Venezuela 1: pl. 18, figs. 794 ♂ V, ♀D.

Neild (1996), Butterflies of Venezuela 1: 93, considered this species to be monotypic.

732.      Marpesia chiron (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 452, no. 40; cited Daubenton [1765], Miscellanea: pl. 71, figs. 2, 3.

Original Combination: P[apilio] E[ques]. A[chivus]. Chiron

Type Locality: “India”; suggested to be “Jamaica” by F. Brown (1972), in: F. Brown and Heineman, Jamaica Butterflies: 135-136.

Types: Lectotype in ZMUC, designated by Wetherbee (1991), Two Cent. Expl. Hispaniola Butterflies: 18.

This was spelled “chironias” by Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 47, representing either an unjustified emendation or an attempt to replace chiron.
The synonymy below follows Smith et al. (1994), Butterflies W. Ind. & Fla.: 71.

=    marius (Cramer, 1779)

Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 14, pl. 200, figs. D ♂ D, E ♂ V; (24): 175 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[uites]. Achiv[i]. Marius

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    chironides (Staudinger, 1886)

In: Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 1(14): 134.

Original Combination: M[egalura]. Chironides

Type Locality: “Cuba”

Types: Type(s) probably in ZMHB.

=    insularis (Fruhstorfer, 1907)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 237; cited Papilio marius (sensu Stoll [1790], Anhangs. Uitl. Kapellen: pl. 30, figs. 1, 1a).

Original Combination: [Megalura chiron Form] insularis

Type Locality: “Jamaica” implied from the citation to Stoll

Types: Proposed for the figures in Stoll; type(s) probably lost.

=    cyclops Fabricius, 1938

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 45, no. 94.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. A[chivus]. Cyclops

Type Locality: “Amboina”; suggested to be “Hispaniola” by F. Brown (1988), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(4): 436.

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

‡”axayacatl” (Arias, 1968)

Exp. cient. españ. siglo XVIII, Exp. Bot. Nueva España: 394, pl. [103], figs. 3, 4.

Original Combination: Papilio axayacatl

Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

733.      Marpesia petreus (Cramer, 1776)

a.   Marpesia petreus petreus (Cramer, 1776)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(8): 138, pl. 87, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; (8): 154 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[uites]. Achiv[i]. Petreus

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Syntypes in the NHMUK.

As indicated by Lamas et al. (2004), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 235, and Llorente-Bousquets et al. (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58 (4): 217, northern populations of this species currently lack a trinomial.

734.      Marpesia eleuchea Hübner, 1818

Minno et al. (2022), News Lepid. Soc. 64(4): 174-175, recorded the subspecies bahamensis from Coral Reef State Park, Key Largo, Florida. They cited the Anderson (1974), J. Lepid. Soc. 28(4): 357, report from Sugarloaf Key, Monroe County, Florida and gave reason to support its identification as subspecies eleuchea. This apparent “anomaly” is resolved by the fact that both occurrences are of rare strays.

a.   Marpesia eleuchea eleuchea Hübner, 1818

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 32, no. 99 (1818), pl. [35], figs. 197 ♀ D, 198 ♀ V [1818]; figured by Hübner [1823], Samml. Exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [50], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Marpesia Eleuchea

Type Locality: “der Insel Cuba, von Habana”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

b.   Marpesia eleuchea bahamensis Munroe, 1971

J. Lepid. Soc. 25(3): 188-189, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype), 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V (allotype).

Original Combination: Marpesia eleuchea bahamensis

Type Locality: “Nassau, Bahamas”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Subfamily Nymphalinae Rafinesque, 1815

Tribe Coeini Scudder, 1893

Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 27: 243 (as “Coenini”). Type-genus: Coea Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 48.

Genus Historis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 35. Type-species: Papilio odius Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 457, no. 60, by designation of W. Barnes and Benjamin (1926), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 16.

=    Coea Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 48. Type-species: Papilio acheronta Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 501-502, no. 249, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 144, no. 273.

=    Aganisthos Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835]

Hist. Lepid. Amér. sept. (22): 194. Type-species: Papilio orion Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 485, no. 185 (= Papilio odius Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 457, no. 60; homonym), by monotypy.

=    Megistanis E. Doubleday, 1845

List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 109. Type-species: Papilio cadmus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 33, pl. 22, figs. A, B; (8): 152 (index) (= Papilio acheronta Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 501-502, no. 249; subspecies), by monotypy.

      =    ‡Megistanis Boisduval, 1870

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 53. Type-species: Papilio pherecydes Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 80, pl. 330, figs. A, B; (34): 251 (index) (= Papilio acheronta Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 501-502, no. 249; synonym), by monotypy. Preoccupied by Megistanis E. Doubleday, [1845].

735.      Historis odius (Fabricius, 1775)

a.   Historis odius odius (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 457, no. 60.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques]. A[chivus]. Odius

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    ‡orion (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 485, no. 185.

Original Combination: Papilio D[anaus] F[estivusi]. Orion

Type Locality: “Surinami”

Types: Syntypes in HMUG and ZMUC.

Preoccupied by Papilio orion Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471-472, no. 65.

b.   Historis odius dious Lamas, 1995

Revta. Peru. Entomol. 37: 65, no. 15.

Original Combination: Historis odius dious

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio danae Cramer, 1775, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡danae (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(7): 131-132, pl. 84, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (8): 152 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phalerat[a]. Danae

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Lamas (1995), Revta. Peru. Entomol. 37: 66.

Preoccupied by Papilio danae Fabricius, 1775; Syst. Ent.: 476, no. 144.

736.      Historis acheronta (Fabricius, 1775)

a.   Historis acheronta acheronta (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 501-502, no. 249.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. P[halerata]. Acheronta

Type Locality: “Brasilia”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    pherecydes (Stoll, 1780)

Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 80, pl. 330, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (34): 251 (index).

Original Combination: Papilio E[ques]. A[chivi]. Pherecydes

Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Tribe Nymphalini Rafinesque, 1815

Genus Smyrna Hübner, [1823]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [65]. Type-species: Papilio blomfildia Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2: 84, by monotypy.

*737.    Smyrna blomfildia (Fabricius, 1781)

Spec. Ins. 2: 84, no. 370.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. G[emmata] Blomfildia

Type Locality: “Brasilia”

Types: Syntype probably lost.

=    proserpina (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 228, no. 713; cited Jones’ Icones 5, pl. 24, fig. 1.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. S[atyrus]. Proserpina

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    pluto (Westwood, 1851)

In: E. Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(44): 392, no. 54.

Original Combination: Satyrus Pluto

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Syntype(s) possibly in NHMUK.

a.   Smyrna blomfildia datis Fruhstorfer, 1908

Int. Entomol. Z. 1(42): 319.

Original Combination: Smyrna blomfildia datis

Type Locality: “West-Mexiko”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

738.      Smyrna karwinskii (Geyer, [1833])

In: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [14], 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Smyrna Karwinskii

Type Locality: “Mexico" (at foot of plate).

Types: Syntype probably lost.

Previous records of this species from the United States were substantiated by Glassberg (2014), Am. Butterflies 21(2): 40-41.

Genus Hypanartia Hübner, [1821]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [26]. Type-species: Hypanartia demonica Hübner, [1821], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [26], figs. 1, 2 (not 3, 4) (= Papilio lethe Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 80, no. 250; synonym), by monotypy.

      =    ‡Eurema E. Doubleday, 1845

List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 83. Type-species: Papilio lethe Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 80. Preoccupied by Eurema Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 96.

‡”Heurema” Herrich-Schäffer, 1865

Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(6): 89. Herrich-Schäffer mistakenly thought that Agassiz (1847), Nomencl. Zool. (4to ed.)(12)(index universalis): 181, had emended E. Doubleday’s Eurema, but Agassiz actually emended (unjustifiably) Hübner’s Eurema.

‡”Hybristis” Hübner, 1937

In: Hemming, Hübner 2: 129. Type-species: Vanessa zabulina Godart, 1819, Enc. Méth 9(1): (293), 301, no. 13. Proposed without a description; a nomen nudum.

739.      Hypanartia lethe (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 80, no. 250; cited Jones’ Icones 5: pl. 18, fig. 2; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [23], fig. 1 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. Lethe

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Syntype(s) possibly in MAMU.

=    demonica Hübner, [1821]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [26], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (not 3, 4).

Original Combination: Hypanartia Demonica

Type Locality: Not stated; listed as “Amer. mer. et centr.” by W. F. Kirby (1908), in: P. Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett. 3(addit. notes): 20.

Types: Lectotype is the specimen represented by plate [26], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, designated by Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (3): 98, and is probably lost.

Genus Aglais Dalman, 1816

K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 56. Type-species: Papilio urticae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 477, no. 114, by original designation.

      =    ‡Hamadryas Hübner, [1806]

Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio io Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 472, no. 88, by monotypy. The Tentamen was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 82.

=    Inachis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 37. Type-species: Papilio io Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 472, no. 88, by monotypy. Wahlberg and Nylin (2003), Cladistics 19(3): 216, 218, 221, 222, and Wahlberg et al. (2005), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 86(2): 238, 250, determined this synonymy.

=    Ichnusa Reuss, 1939

Entomol. Z. 53(1): 3. Type-species: Papilio ichnusa Bonelli, 1826, Memor. Accad. Sci., Torino 30: 174, 186, no. 1, pl. 2, fig. 2 (= Papilio ichnusa Hübner, [1824], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 170, fig. 840).

740.      Aglais milberti (Godart, 1819)

a.   Aglais milberti viola dos Passos, 1938

Can. Entomol. 70(4): 73, pl. 4, fig. 5 ♂ D (holotype), 6 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Aglais milberti] viola

Type Locality: “Doyles Station, Newfoundland” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Aglais milberti milberti (Godart, 1819)

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (293), 307-308, no. 25; figured by Boisduval and Le Conte [1835], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (17): pl. 50, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Vanessa Milberti

Type Locality: “Etats Unis d’Amerique”; defined as “neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pa.” by dos Passos (1938), Can. Entomol. 70(4): 72. [Pennsylvania]

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by dos Passos (1938), Can. Entomol. 70(4): pl. 4, fig. 1 ♂ D.

=    furcillata (Say, 1825)

Am. Entomol. 2: pl. 27, 2 unnumbered pages.

Original Combination: Vanessa Furcillata

Type Locality: “North-West Territory...vicinity of Fort William, an establishment of the Hudson Bay Fur Company” [Ontario]

Types: Type(s) apparently lost.

=    ‡”rothkei” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 286, no. 18, pl. B, figs. 18 ♂ D, 18b ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Aglais milberti tr. f. rothkei

Type Locality: “Scranton, Pa.” [Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Aglais milberti subpallida (Cockerell, 1889)

Entomol. 22(314): 85.

Original Combination: [Vanessa milberti] var. subpallida

Type Locality: “West Cliff” [Westcliffe, Custer County, Colorado]

Types: Holotype (#8683) in NHMUK; figured by dos Passos (1938), Can. Entomol. 70(4): pl. 4, fig. 3 ♂ D.

d.   Aglais milberti pullum (Austin, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (46): 578, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Nymphalis milberti pullum

Type Locality: “Arizona: Apache County; White Mountains, Ditch Camp”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

741.      Aglais io (Linnaeus, 1758)

a.   Aglais io io (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 472, no. 88; cited Linnaeus (1746), Fauna Svecica: 234-235, no. 776, among others.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis gemmatus] Io

Type Locality: not stated “Urtica, Humulo”; “Sweden” implied from the reference to Fauna Svecica.

Types: Type(s) apparently lost.

Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not listed. There have been repeated records of this species in Canada since 1997 and it seems established. The earlier records are summarized by Crolla (2006), News Lepid. Soc. 48(supplement S1): 77 and (2007), News Lepid. Soc. 49(supplement S1): 85.

=    ioides (Ochsenheimer, 1807)

Schmett. Europa 1: 109, under no. 3.

Original Combination: [Papilio Io] Ioides

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) apparently lost.

=    sardoa (Staudinger, 1871)

In: Staudinger and Wocke, Cat. Lepid. Europ. (2nd ed.): 16b.

Original Combination: [Vanessa Io] v. Sardoa

Type Locality: “Sard.” [Sardinia, Italy]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Genus Nymphalis Kluk, 1780

Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 86-89, no. 148. Type-species: Papilio polychloros Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 477, no. 113, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(845): 223. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 702. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 21, fig. 13, united Nymphalis, Aglais and Polygonia under Nymphalis as subgenera. Their arrangement was largely in accordance with Nylin et al. (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 137(4): 441-468 and Wahlberg & Nylin (2003), Cladistics 19(3): 213-223, but the latter deferred from uniting these three genera citing nomenclatorial stability. That treatment is adopted herein.

      =    ‡Scudderia Grote, 1873

Can. Entomol. 5(8): 144. Type-species: Papilio antiopa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 476-477, no. 112, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Scudderia Stål, 1873, Öfvers. K. VetenskAkad. Förh. 30: 41.

=    Euvanessa Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 1(3): 387. Type-species: Papilio antiopa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 476-477, no. 112, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Scudderia Grote, 1873, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

=    Roddia Korshunov, 1995

In: Korshunov & Gorbunov, Butterflies Asiatic Russia: 81-82. Type-species: Papilio l-album Esper, 1781, Die Schmett. 1(2)(2): pl. 62 (cont. 12), figs. 3a, 3b; (3): 69-71, by original designation. Wahlberg and Nylin (2003), Cladistics 19(3): 221-222, and Wahlberg et al. (2005), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 86(2): 235, 238, 250, determined this synonymy.

      =    ‡Antiopana Korb, 2005

Cat. Butterflies ex USSR: 72. Type-species: Papilio antiopa Linnaeus, 1758, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Euvanessa

*742.    Nymphalis l-album (Esper, 1781)

Die Schmett. 1(2)(2): pl. 62 (Cont. 12), figs. 3a ♂ D&V, 3b ♀ D&V; (3): 69-71; cited Papilio vau album [Denis & Schiffermüller] (1775), Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 176, no. 7.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phal[erata]. L album

Type Locality: “Ungarn und Oesterreich”; fig. 3 is from “der Gegend von Wien” [Vienna, Austria]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

=    ‡”vaualbum” ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) (emended)

Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 176, no. 7.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Vau album

Type Locality: “Wienergegend” implied from the title of the work. [Vienna, Austria]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Gillham (1956), Psyche 63(1): 28, Koçak (1981), Priamus 1(2): 77, note 73 and (1986), Priamus 4(1/2): 24, no. 618, demonstrated that this name, as proposed by [Denis & Schiffermüller], was not accompanied by a description, definition or indication, and proposed that Papilio l-album Esper, 1780, is the oldest available name for this taxon. See also Kudrna (1986), Butterflies Europ. 8, Section 4.5: 168, and Kudrna and Belicek (2005), Oedippus 23: 1-32). A petition was submitted to the I.C.Z.N. and acknowledgment of receipt was published in 2002, Bull. Zool. Nomen. 59(2): 69-70 (Case 3241). Subsequently, the case was closed in 2008, Bull. Zool. Nomen. 65(4): 329. In the absence of an active case or a ruling from the Commission that overturns some aspect of the Code for this name, it must be treated as a nomen nudum.

=    ‡”chelone” Schultz, 1903

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 15(2): 324-325.

Original Combination: Vanessa l-album aberr. chelone

Type Locality: “Oesterreich”

Types: Location of “type(s)” not known.

a.   Nymphalis l-album j-album (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

Hist. Lepid. Amér. sept. (17): pl. 50, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V; (21): 185-186.

Original Combination: V[anessa]. J Album

Type Locality: “environs de New-York, de Philadelphie et de New-Harmony-Indiana”

Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection, possibly in USNM or MNHP.

=    ‡”aureomarginata” (Cockerell, 1889)

Entomol. 22(311): 100; cited an unspecified Maynard reference. This is determined to be Maynard (1886), Butterflies N. England (ed. 1): 15, where Maynard described the suppression of the dorsal marginal pattern.

Original Combination: Grapta j-album aureomarginata

Type Locality: Not stated, “New England” implied from the title of Maynard’s work.

Types: “Holotype” may be in MCZC or lost.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

‡”pocahontas” Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 1(3): 379.

Original Combination: [Eugonia j-album] = Vanessa pocahontas Harr., manuscript

Proposed in the synonymy of j-album without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

b.   Nymphalis l-album watsoni (G. Hall, 1924)

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 32(2): 109, pl. 11, fig. 1 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Aglais j-album watsoni

Type Locality: “Sicamous, British Columbia”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

743.      Nymphalis californica (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Nymphalis californica californica (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 306, no. 51.

Original Combination: Vanessa Californica

Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 2400' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 18.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 19, figs. 105 ♂ D, 106 ♂ V.

=    herri W. D. Field, 1936

Entomol. News 47(5): 121-122.

Original Combination: Nymphalis californica new race herri

Type Locality: “Buckhorn Mountains, Washington” [Okanogan County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 262, determined this synonymy.

b.   Nymphalis californica timidar (J. Scott & Kondla, 2014)

Papilio (n.s.) 22: 55, figs. 3 (group), 4 ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Nymphalis californica timidar

Type Locality: “N of Apex Gulch near Indian Peak, Jefferson Co. Colorado” [Jefferson County]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

744.      Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)

a.   Nymphalis antiopa antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 476-477, no. 112; cited Linnaeus (1746), Fauna Svecica: 232, no. 772, among others.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis phalerata] Antiopa

Type Locality: “etiam in Americae”; “Sweden” implied from the reference to Fauna Svecica.

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 297.

=    pompadour (Pollich, 1781)

Bemerk. Khurpfälz, phys.-oekon. Ges. (1779): 258.

Original Combination: Papilio Pompadour

Type Locality: “Pfalz” [Germany]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    ‡morio (Retzius, 1783)

Gen. Spec. Ins.: 31, no. 9; cited Geer (1752), Mém. Hist. Ins. 1(1): 305, figs. 1-9, and Papilio atalanta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 476-477, no. 112.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Morio

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of types not known.

Preoccupied by Papilio morio Scopoli, 1763, Entomol. Carn.: 181-182, no. 464.

=    lintnerii (Fitch, 1857)

Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. 16(1856): 485, no. 211.

Original Combination: Vanessa Lintnerii

Type Locality: “New York”; holotype from “Schoharie, N. Y." [Schoharie County]

Types: Holotype in FMNH; purchased by Strecker (1900), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 23.

=    thomsonii (Butler, 1887)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)19(110): 104.

Original Combination: Vanessa Thomsonii

Type Locality: “British Honduras?”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    hyperborea (Seitz, 1913)

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(189): 457, pl. 93f, fig. [1] ♀ D.

Original Combination: Vanessa antiopa var. hyperborea

Type Locality: “allerhöchsten Norden, in Alaska”

Types: Holotype in SMF.

Shapiro (1981), J. Lepid. Soc. 35(2): 124-131, considered this a subspecies-level taxon, while Layberry, et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 203, treated this as a synonym of N. a. antiopa.

=    borealis (Wnukowsky, 1927)

Mitt. Münchn. Entomol. Ges. 17(7-12): 69, no. 2.

Original Combination: Vanessa (Euvanessa) antiopa borealis

Type Locality: “Siberia septentrionalis-orientalis (Jakutsk)” [Sakha Autonomous Republic, Russia]

Types: Syntypes in UTR.

=    bibla (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 112, no. 3.

Original Combination: V[anessa]. Bibla

Type Locality: “Pennsylvania”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    ‡”hygiaea” (Heydenreich, 1851)

Lepid. Europ. Cat. Meth. (Edit. 3): 7; cited Papilio antiopa (sensu Hübner [1836], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: fig. 993, sensu Herbst (1794), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 7: pl. 168, figs, 1, 2, sensu Esper (1777) Die Schmett. 1(1)(5): pl. 29, fig. 2, and sensu Freyer [1835], Neuer Beitr. Schmett. 2(25): pl. 145).

Original Combination: Vanessa [Antiopa] ab. Hygiaea

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Possible “syntype(s)” in NHMW and ZSM.

This name was mentioned by Heydenreich (1846), Verz. europ. Schmett. (ed. 2): 1 (as Vanessa antiopa v[ar]. hygiea), without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

=    ‡”betulae” (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 111, no. 2; cited Papilio antiopa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 476-477, no. 112.

Original Combination: V[anessa]. Betulae

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio antiopa Linnaeus, 1758, based on a larval foodplant; a junior objective synonym of antiopa.

=    ‡”obscura” (Cockerell, 1890)

Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 1(1): 14; cited the description of a specimen by Bunker (1876), Can. Entomol. 8(12): 240.

Original Combination: Vanessa antiopa [= var obscura]

Type Locality: “near Rochester, in New York State” [Monroe County]

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”hippolyta” (Lyman, 1898)

Can. Entomol. 30(3): 49, pl. 4, fig. 6 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Vanessa Antiopa] ab. Hippolyta

Type Locality: “Boundary Creek, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: “Holotype” in LEMQ.

=    ‡”grandis” (Ehrmann, 1900)

Can. Entomol. 32(11): 348.

Original Combination: Vanessa antiopa, Var. grandis ♀, nov. var.

Type Locality: “S. W. Penn’a.” [Pennsylvania]

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 5 ♀ D

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

Genus Polygonia Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 36. Type-species: Papilio c-aureum Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 477, no. 116, by designation of Scudder (1872) 4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 30. The arrangement of Polygonia taxa follows Weingartner et al. (2006), J. Evol. Biol. 19(2): 483-491.

=    Eugonia Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 36-37. Type-species: Papilio angelica Stoll, 1782, Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 204, pl. 388, figs. G, H; (34): 247 (index) (= Papilio c-aureum Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 477, no. 116; synonym), by designation of Grote (1873), Can. Entomol. 5(8): 144.

=    Comma Rennie, 1832

Conspectus Butterflies Moths: 8. Type-species: Papilio c-album Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 477, no. 115, by monotypy.

=    Grapta W. Kirby, 1837

In: Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 292. Type-species: Vanessa (Grapta) c-argenteum W. Kirby, 1837, in: Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 292, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7 (= Papilio progne Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(1): 9, pl. 5, figs. E, F; (8): 154 (index); synonym), by monotypy.

=    Kaniska Moore, [1899]

Lepid. Ind. 4(41): 91-92. Type-species: Papilio canace Linnaeus, 1763, in: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 23-24, no. 68, by original designation. Wahlberg and Nylin (2003), Cladistics 19(3): 221-222, and Wahlberg et al. (2005), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 86(2): 250, determined this synonymy.

745.      Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius, 1798)

Entomol. Syst. Suppl.: 424.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis] Interrogationis

Type Locality: “America boreali”

Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.

=    umbrosa (Lintner, 1869)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 313-316.

Original Combination: Grapta umbrosa

Type Locality: “Schoharie” [Schoharie County, New York]

Types: Syntypes may be in NYSM.

=    crameri (Scudder, 1870)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 276; cited Papilio c-aurem sensu Cramer (1775), Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): pl. 19, figs. E, F, and sensu J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 11.

Original Combination: G[rapta]. Crameri

Type Locality: Not stated; Cramer listed “Jamaïca” “Jamaïque” in error; “Georgia” implied from the Smith and Abbot citation.

Types: Type(s) should be in MCZC.

=    fabricii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 5-7; figured by W. H. Edwards [1872], Butterflies N. Am. 1(9): pl. Grapta 5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: G[rapta]. Fabricii

Type Locality: “West Virginia”; defined as “[Coalburgh,] West Virginia” by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 323. [Kanawha County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 325, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡tiliae (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 90, no. 8; cited Papilio interrogationis Fabricius, 1798, Entomol. Syst. Suppl.: 424.

Original Combination: C[ynthia]. Tiliae

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio interrogationis Fabricius, 1798, based on a larval foodplant illustrated by Smith and Abbot; a junior objective synonym of interrogationis.

746.      Polygonia comma (T. Harris, 1841)

Rep. Ins. Mass.: 221.

Original Combination: Vanessa Comma

Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the book; suggested to be “vicinity of Milton, Massachusetts” by by Calhoun (2009), J. Lepid. Soc. 63(3): 160. [Norfolk County]

Types: Lectotype (#26345) in MCZC, designated by Calhoun (2009), J. Lepid. Soc. 63(3): 160, figs. 3, ♂ D&V, 4 label.

=    dryas (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 17-18, no. 10; figured by W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. 1(8): pl. Grapta 3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Grapta Dryas

Type Locality: “Coalburgh, W. Va.” [Kanawha County, West Virginia]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 327, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

This name was employed by W. H. Edwards (1870), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 7, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

=    ‡”harrisii” (W. H. Edwards, 1873) (emended)

Can. Entomol. 5(10): 184; figured by W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. 1(8): pl. Grapta 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as Grapta comma).

Original Combination: [Grapta] comma var. Harisii [sic]

Type Locality: “Coalburgh” [Kanawha County, West Virginia]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 329, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant. The specific name is a patronym of [Thaddeus William] Harris as mentioned in the text, thus the emendation (Code Articles 19.2, 32.2.2, 33.2).

‡”umbrosa” J. Scott, 1984

J. Res. Lepid. 23(3): 208.

Original Combination: Polygonia comma summer form umbrosa

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

747.      Polygonia satyrus (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

a.   Polygonia satyrus satyrus (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 374-375; figured by W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. 1(10): pl. Grapta 6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Grapta Satyrus

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado”; defined as “vicinity of Empire, Clear Creek Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 330-331.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 331, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

=    chrysoptera W. G. Wright, 1905

Butterflies W. Coast: 56, no. 222; 172, no. 222, pl. 22, figs. 222 ♂ D (lectotype), 222b ♀ D, 222c ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Grapta] Chrysoptera]; Grapta Chrysoptera n. s.

Type Locality: “California” “Lake County, Cal....Mendocino County, Cal.”

Types: Lectotype (#4311) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 25.

=    ‡”hollandi” Gunder, 1927

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 26(2): 53; cited W. H. Edwards (1879), Butterflies N. Am. 2(8): pl. Grapta 3, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Polygonia satyrus marsayas nov. tr. f. hollandi

Type Locality: Not stated; “Navarro, Cal.”, implied by W. H. Edwards (1879), Butterflies N. Am. 2(8): [196].

Types: Holotype probably in CMNH, if it can be recognized. This name was proposed for figures 5 and 6 by W. H. Edwards (1879), ibid.

b.   Polygonia satyrus neomarsyas dos Passos, 1969

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 155-158, figs. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), 2 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Polygonia satyrus neomarsyas

Type Locality: “Salmon Meadows, Brewster, Washington” [Okanogan County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

=    transcanada J. Scott & Kondla, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 38, pl. 4, 6th row right ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Polygonia satyrus transcanada

Type Locality: “Temiscouata Co. Quebec”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

748.      Polygonia progne (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(1): 9, pl. 5, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (8): 154 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phalerat[a]. Progne

Type Locality: “Jamaica, envalt ook in Nieuw-Jork” “Jamaïque & à Nouvellle-York” [New York]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    c-argenteum (W. Kirby, 1837)

In: Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 292, no. (409), pl. 3, figs. 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Vanessa (Grapta) C. argenteum

Type Locality: “Lat. 54"; suggested to be “(Cumberland House?)” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 171.

Types: Holotype possibly in NHMUK.

=    ‡”martineae” Coleman, 1919

Entomol. News 30(4): 112-113, fig. ♀ D.

Original Combination: Polygonia progne ab. nov. martineae

Type Locality: “probably captured in Connecticut”

Types: “Holotype” (#5500) in PMNH.

‡”l-argenteum” Scudder, 1875

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 253, no. 79.

Original Combination: [Polygonia Progne] [form] l-argenteum

Proposed in the synonymy of progne without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

‡”umbrosa” J. Scott, 1984

J. Res. Lepid. 23(3): 208.

Original Combination: Polygonia progne summer form umbrosa

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

749.      Polygonia oreas (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

a.   Polygonia oreas oreas (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 373.

Original Combination: Grapta Oreas

Type Locality: “California”; suggested to be “mountains of northern California” by dos Passos and F. Brown (1967), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 354-355.

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 354-355, fig. 10 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 59, fig. 27 ♂ V.

b.   Polygonia oreas silenus (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 15, no. 7; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(2): pl. Grapta 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Grapta Silenus

Type Locality: “Oregon”; neotype from “Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon.”

Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and F. Brown (1967) in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 358, fig. 11 ♀ D&V.

c.   Polygonia oreas threatfuli C. Guppy & J. Shepard, 2001

Butterflies B. C.: 254-255, figs, ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Polygonia oreas threatfuli

Type Locality: “BC, Vernon, Kalamalka L. Prov. Park” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

d.   Polygonia oreas satellow J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 39, pl. 4, 6th row left ♂ D&V (holotype), pl. 5, 3rd row right ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Polygonia oreas satellow

Type Locality: “8 mi. NE Cedaredge, 7500', Delta Co. Colo., rearing lot W” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

e.   Polygonia oreas nigrozephyrus J. Scott, 1984

J. Res. Lepid. 23(3): 201-202, fig. 1, first row ♂♂, second row ♂♂ (last right holotype), 3rd row ♀♀, 4th row ♀♀, 5th row ♀♀, fig. 2 all the same V.

Original Combination: Polygonia progne nigrozephyrus

Type Locality: “Lump Gulch, Gilpin Co., Colorado”

Types: Holotype in UCMC.

750.      Polygonia gracilis (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

a.   Polygonia gracilis gracilis (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 8: 432-433.

Original Combination: Grapta gracilis

Type Locality: “Atlantic District (Mount Washington, N. H.!)” [Coos County, New Hampshire]

Types: Syntypes may be in NYSM or AMNH.

b.   Polygonia gracilis zephyrus (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 16, no. 8; figured by W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Grapta 6, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Grapta Zephyrus

Type Locality: “Virginia City...Colorado...Fort Simpson. Mckenzies River”; defined as “Virginia City, Storey County, Nevada” by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 347-[349].

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 350, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.

‡”thiodamas” Scudder, 1875

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 252, no. 75.

Original Combination: [Polygonia Zephyrus] (= thiodamas)

Proposed in the synonymy of zephyrus without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

751.      Polygonia haroldii (Dewitz, 1877)

Mitt. Münch. Ent. Ver. 1 : 89-90, pl. 2, fig. 6.

Original Combination: Grapta haroldii

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntypes probably in MNB.

Recorded from Texas by Hoyt (2013), Am. Butterflies 21(2): 42-43 and (2014), News Lepid. Soc. 56(1): 14-15, 33, 2 figs.

752.      Polygonia faunus (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

a.   Polygonia faunus smythi A. Clark, 1937

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 84(3013): 219, pl. 10, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Polygonia faunus smythi

Type Locality: “Mount Rogers (Balsam Mountain), Grayson County, Va., about 4,000 feet”

Types: Holotype (#51846) in USNM; figured by A. Clark and L. Clark (1951), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116(7): frtspc., figs. 3 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, pl. 5, figs. a ♂ D, b ♂ V.

b.   Polygonia faunus faunus (W. H. Edwards, 1862)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221, 222-223, no. 2; figured in W. H. Edwards (1870), Butterflies N. Am. 1(5): pl. Grapta 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Grapta Faunus

Type Locality: “Catskill Mountains, New York...Fort Simpson, at Albany River...Lake Winnipeg”; defined as “Hunter, Greene Co., New York” by dos Passos (1967), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 336.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and F. Brown, in: F. Brown, 1967, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 338, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.

‡”virescens” Scudder, 1875

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 252, no. 76.

Original Combination: [Polygonia Faunus] (= virescens)

This name was mentioned in the synonymy of faunus without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

c.   Polygonia faunus arcticus Leussler, 1935

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 30(2): 56-57, no. 32.

Original Combination: Polygonia faunus race arcticus

Type Locality: “base of Black Mountain, near Aklavik, N.W. Terr.” [Northwest Territories]

Types: Holotype in OSUC.

=    cenveray J. Scott & Kondla, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 40, pl. 4, 6th row center ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Polygonia faunus cenveray

Type Locality: “Halfmoon Park, Crazy Mts., Sweet Grass Co. Mont.” [Montana]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

d.   Polygonia faunus rusticus (W. H. Edwards, 1874)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(2): 107-108; figured by W. H. Edwards (1879), Butterflies N. Am. 2(8): pl. Grapta 3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Grapta Rusticus

Type Locality: “Big Trees, California, and on Vancouver's Island”; defined as “Big Trees, California”, by dos Passos (1967), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 341. [Calaveras County]

Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and F. Brown (1967), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 343-344, fig. 7 ♂ D&V.

=    silvius (W. H. Edwards, 1874)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(2): 108-109.

Original Combination: Grapta Silvius

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “Yosemite Valley, Yosemite Natl. Park, California” by dos Passos (1967), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 344.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 347, fig. 8 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 71, fig. 7 ♂D.

e.   Polygonia faunus fulvescens J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 139-140, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Polygonia faunus fulvescens

Type Locality: “California: San Mateo County; Pescadero Creek, 400' elevation, near Portola State Park”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

f.    Polygonia faunus hylas (W. H. Edwards, 1872)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, 68-69, no. 8; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(4): pl. Grapta 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Grapta Hylas

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “near Berthoud Pass, with little doubt on the southern slope” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 161; listed as “Berthoud Pass, Colorado” by dos Passos (1967), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 339. Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 26, determined this to be “northern slope of Berthoud Pass, Grand County, Colorado.”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 341, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”orpheus” Cross, 1936

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 12(4): 197.

Original Combination: Polygonia hylas orpheus n. form

Type Locality: “Deer Creek Canyon, near Denver, Colorado” [Douglas County]

Types: Location of "holotype" not known; a paratype in UCMC.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

‡”silvius” J. Scott, 1984

J. Res. Lepid. 23(3): 209.

Original Combination: Polygonia faunus hylas form silvius

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

Genus Vanessa [Fabricius], 1807

In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 281, no. 12. Type-species: Papilio atalanta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 478, no. 119, by designation of Latreille (1810), Consid. gén Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins.: 440, 354. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 156 placed Vanessa on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 601. This name was spelled “Phanessa” by Sodoffsky (1837), Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 10(6): 80, no. 4; an unjustified emendation.

      =    ‡Nymphalis Latreille, 1804

Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab): 184, no. 468, 199. Type species: Papilio atalanta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 478, no. 119, by designation of Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 316. Hemming considered that Latreille included one species but that was an error. Despite this, his selection of Papilio atalanta qualifies as a valid type species designation. Preoccupied by Nymphalis Kluk, 1780, Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 86.

=    Cynthia [Fabricius], 1807

In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 281, no. 11. Type-species: Papilio cardui Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 475, no. 107, by designation of Westwood (1840), Intro. Class. Ins. 2: 87. I.C.Z.N. Direction 4 placed Cynthia on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 805. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 156 gave Vanessa precedence over Cynthia. The validity of this name as a genus-level taxon is questionable, as demonstrated by occasional hybridization between taxa placed by W. D. Field (1971), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (84):1-105, in Vanessa and Cynthia (e.g., Dimock (1973), J. Lepid. Soc. 27(4): 278).

      =    ‡Pyrameis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 33. Type-species: Papilio atalanta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 478, no. 119, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 260, no. 924. A junior objective synonym of Vanessa.

      =    ‡Ammiralis Rennie, 1832

Conspectus Butterflies Moths: 10. Type-species: Papilio atalanta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 478, no. 119, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Vanessa.

      =    ‡Neopyrameis Scudder, 1889

Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 1(3): 434. Type-species: Papilio cardui Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 475, no. 107, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Cynthia.

      =    ‡Fieldia Niculescu, 1979

Revue vérviét. Hist. Nat. 36(1-3): 3. Type-species: Hamadryas carye Hübner, [1812] (as Vanessa carye), Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [45], figs. 1, 2, by original designation. Preoccupied by Fieldia Walcott, 1912, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 57(6): 188.

=    Neofieldia Özdikmen, 2008

Munis Ent. Zool. 3(1): 321. Type-species: Hamadryas carye Hübner, [1812] (as Vanessa carye), Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [45], figs. 1, 2, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Fieldia Niculescu, 1979, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

753.      Vanessa annabella (W. D. Field, 1971)

Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (84): 56-59, fig. 15 ♂ genitalia, fig. 31 ♀ genitalia, figs. 143 ♂ V, 144 ♂ D (holotype); 145 ♂ V, 146 ♂ D, 147 ♂ V, 148 ♂ D, 155 ♀ V, 156 ♀ D, 157 ♀ V, 158 ♀ D, 159 ♀ V, 160 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Cynthia annabella

Type Locality: “First valley W of Arroyo Verde Park, Ventura, Ventura Co., California”

Types: Holotype (#71044) in USNM.

Shapiro and Geiger (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(2): 81-92, demonstrated that V. annabella and V. carye Hübner, [1812], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [45], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, are both species-level taxa.

=    ‡”muelleri” (Letcher, 1898)

Entomol. News 9(2): 38, pl. 3, lower ♀ (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Pyrameis carye n. var. muelleri

Type Locality: “San Francisco, California” implied from the text. [San Francisco County]

Types: Location of holotype not known (may have been in CAS); figured by Gunder (1927), Entomol. News 38(9): pl. 9, lower, fig. 3 ♀ D&V.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”intermedia” F. Grinnell, 1918

Psyche 25(5): 111-112, pl. 4, fig. 6.

Original Combination: Vanessa caryae [sic] var. intermedia

Type Locality: “Berkeley...San Francisco” [California]

Types: Location of “type(s)” not known; “holotype” from San Francisco figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 44, 4 ♀ D.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”letcheri” F. Grinnell, 1918

Psyche 25(5): 112-113, pl. 4, fig. 8 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Vanessa caryae [sic] var. letcheri

Type Locality: “Castella, Shasta Co....Berkeley...Los Angeles...18th Street Square, San Francisco...Oakland” [California]

Types: Location of “syntypes” not known; “holotype” from “Castella, Shasta Co., Cal.”, figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 44, fig. 7 ♂ D.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”nivosa” (Gunder, 1927)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 26(2): 53.

Original Combination: Cynthia carye nov. tr. f. nivosa

Type Locality: “San Francisco” [San Francisco County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”schraderi” (Gunder, 1929)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): 9, pl. 17, ♂ D&V (“holotype”), 2 ♀♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Cynthia carye tr. f. schraderi

Type Locality: “Los Angeles, California” [Los Angeles County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

754.      Vanessa virginiensis (Drury, 1773)

Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 10-11, pl. 5, fig. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).

Original Combination: Papilio Cardui Virginiensis

Type Locality: “New York, Maryland, and Virginia”; defined as “Virginia” on the basis of its name by W. D. Field (1971), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (84): 49.

Types: Syntypes possibly in MAMU or lost.

=    huntera (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 499, no. 240.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. G[emmata]. Huntera

Type Locality: “Americae balsamita”

Types: Type(s) apparently lost.

=    iole (Cramer, 1775)

Uitl. Kapellen 1(1): 17-18, pl. 12, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V (as iole); (8): 153 (index, as jole); cited Papilio cardui virginiensis Drury (1773), Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: pl. 5, fig. 1, 1a.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Gemmat[a]. Iole

Type Locality: “Noord-America, te nieuw-Jork, Virginiën, Maryland en Jamaica” “l’Amerique septentrionale, à la Nouvelle York, à la Jamaïque”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    fulvia (Dodge, 1900)

Can. Entomol. 32(3): 92.

Original Combination: Pyrameis huntera var. fulvia

Type Locality: Not stated; holotype from “Louisiana, Pike County, Missouri.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 42, fig. 9 ♂ D, from “Louisiana, Mo.”

=    ‡gnaphalii (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 102, no. 63; cited Papilio cardui virginiensis Drury (1773), Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: pl. 5, fig. 1, 1a, Cramer (1775), Uitl. Kapellen 1(1): pl. 12, figs. E, F, pl. 5, fig. 1, and J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 9.

Original Combination: C[ynthia]. Gnaphalii

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio cardui virginiensis, based on a larval foodplant illustrated by Smith and Abbot; a junior objective synonym of virginiensis.

=    ‡”ahwashtee” C. Fox, 1921

Psyche 28(2): 45-46, pl. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Vanessa virginiensis var. ahwashtee

Type Locality: “Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California” [San Francisco County]

Types: “Holotype” in CAS; figured by Gunder (1927), Entomol. News 38(9): pl. 8, middle row, fig. 3 ♂ V.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”massachusettensis” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(7): 198, no. 10, pl. 5, fig. 10 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Vanessa virginiensis ab. ♂ massachusettensis

Type Locality: “Southampton, Massachusetts” [Hampshire County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured in J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 43, fig. 5 ♂ D.

=    ‡”simmsi” (Gunder, 1927)

Entomol. News 38(5): 133-134, no. 2, pl. 2, fig. 2 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Cynthia virginiensis simmsi ♀ nov. tr. form

Type Locality: “Montreal, Canada” [Quebec]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK; also figured by Gunder (1927), Entomol. News 38(9): pl. 8, upper half, fig. 4 ♀ V.

755.      Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 475, no. 107; cited Linnaeus (1764), Fauna Svecica (ed. 1): 235-236, no. 778, among others.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis gemmata] Cardui

Type Locality: “Europae, Africae”; defined as “Sweden” by W. D. Field (1971), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (84): 43, based on Linnaeus’ reference to Fauna Svecica.

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 308.

I C.Z.N Direction 4 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in zoology as name no. 259. Palaearctic infrasubspecific names are omitted from this synonymy.

=    belladonna Godart, [1821]

Hist. Nat. Lépid. Fr. 1: 102-104, pl. 14, fig. 2.

Original Combination: Papilio Bella-Donna

Type Locality: “Environs de Paris” from the title of the volume [France]

Types: Holotype possibly in MNHP.

=    elymi Rambur, 1829

Annls. Sci. Obser. 2(2): 256-257, pl. 5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Vanessa Elymi

Type Locality: “les bords de la Méditerranée, aux environs de Montpellier” [France]

Types: Holotype possibly in MNHP or lost.

=    pulchra Chou, Yuan, Yin, Zhan & Chen, 2002

Entomotaxonomia 24(1): 54, 58, figs. 15a ♂ D, 15b ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Vanessa pulchra

Type Locality: “Ganzi, Sichuan Province” [China]

Types: Holotype in Wu Naxing.

=    ‡”ate” (Strecker, 1878)

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 137, no. 272b.

Original Combination: [Pyrameis Cardui] ab. b. Ate

Type Locality: “Summit Co., Ohio”

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH; figured by Gunder (1927), Entomol. News 38(9): pl. 9, upper right, D&V.

=    ‡”minor” (Cockerell, 1890)

Can. Entomol. 22(3): 57.

Original Combination: Pyrameis cardui form minor

Type Locality: “Near Micawber Mine” [Custer County, Colorado]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

=    ‡”jacksoni” (A. Clark, 1932)

Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. (157): 88-89, pl. 8, figs. 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Pyrameis cardui] form jacksoni

Type Locality: “District of Columbia”; figure is from “Essex, Mass.” [Essex County, Massachusetts]

Types: No types specifically mentioned.

Earlier A. Clark (1927), Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 17(3): 127, mentioned this name as “Cynthia cardui jacksoni” with a “type locality” of “New England, California, Mongolia, France, etc.” Although a line of description was given, that name is here considered a nomen nudum.

*756.    Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 478, no. 119; cited Linnaeus (1764), Fauna Svecica (ed. 1): 235, no. 777, among others.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis phalerata]. Atalanta

Type Locality: not stated “in Urtica”; defined as “Sweden” by W. D. Field (1971), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (84): 15, based on Linnaeus’ reference to Fauna Svecica.

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 302.

I.C.Z.N. Direction 4 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 258.

=    amiralis Retzius, 1783

Gen. Spec. Ins.: 31, no. 10; cited Geer (1752), Mém. Hist. Ins.1(1): pl. 22, figs. 1-5, and Papilio atalanta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 478, no. 119.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Amiralis

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

a.   Vanessa atalanta rubria (Fruhstorfer, 1909)

Int. Entomol. Z. 3(17): 94.

Original Combination: Pyrameis atalanta rubria

Type Locality: “Mexiko, Nord-Amerika”; defined as “Mexico” by W. D. Field (1971), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (84): 16-17.

Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by W. D. Field (1971), ibid.

=    ‡”edwardsi” F. Grinnell, 1918

Psyche 25(5): 113-114, pl. 4, fig. 3.

Original Combination: Vanessa atalanta var. edwardsi

Type Locality: “Lagunitas, Marin Co....Buchanan and Washington Streets, San Francisco” [California]

Types: Location of “syntypes” not known; “holotype” from “San Francisco” figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 43, fig. 4 ♂ D, and Gunder (1927), Entomol. News 38(9): pl. 8, lower right, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant. It may represent a hybrid between Vanessa atalanta rubria and V. annabella.

757.      Vanessa tameamea Eschscholtz, 1821

In: Kotzebue, Entdeck. Reise Süd-See 3 (appendix [5]): 207, no. 8, pl. 5, figs. 8a ♂ D, 8b ♂ V.

Original Combination: Vanessa Tameamea

Type Locality: “Wahu, einer der Sandwichsinseln” [Oahu, Honolulu County, Hawaii]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

This name was spelled “tammeamea” by Eschscholtz on plate 5. As first reviser, Kirkaldy (1906), Entomol. 39(517): 138-139, chose the spelling as that given in the text (Code Article 24.2.3).

=    cordelia (E. Doubleday, 1847)

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(14): pl. 25, fig. 3 ♀(?) D; (24): 204, (1849, as a synonym of Pyrameis tammeamea).

Original Combination: Pyrameis Cordelia

Type Locality: “Sandwich Islands” [Hawaii]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Tribe Victorinini Scudder, 1893

Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 27: 236-237. Type-genus: Victorina Blanchard, 1840, in: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 447.

Genus Anartia Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 33. Type-species: Papilio jatrophae Linnaeus 1763, in: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 25, no. 73, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 111, no. 73.

=    Celoena Boisduval, 1870

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 38. Type-species: Papilio fatima Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 81, no. 252, by monotypy.

‡”Celaena” E. Doubleday, 1849

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(26): 214. Type-species: Papilio fatima Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 81, no. 252, by designation of Hemming (1941), J. Soc. Bibl. Nat. Hist. 1(11): 425-426. Proposed in synonymy; a nomen nudum.

=    Anartiella Fruhstorfer, 1907

Int. Entomol. Z. 1(16): 112. Type-species: Vanessa lytrea Godart, 1819, in: Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (291), 299, no. 7, by monotypy.

*758.    Anartia jatrophae (Linnaeus, 1763)

In: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 15, no. 73; cited Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 4. Often cited as Amoen. acad. 6: 408, no. 73, a later reprint.

Original Combination: Papilio Jatrophae N[ymphalis].

Type Locality: “Americes”; defined as “Surinam” by Munroe (1942), Am. Mus. Novit. (1179): 2.

Types: Lectotype in UUZM, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 339.

=    corona Gosse, 1880

Entomol. 13(209): 199, pl. 8, fig. 1.

Original Combination: Anartia corona

Type Locality: “near Asunción” [Paraguay]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    pallida Köhler, 1923

Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 18(12)(Sonderheft): 24, pl. 2, fig. 12.

Original Combination: [Anartia jatrophae] var. pallida

Type Locality: “Misiones” [Argentina]

Types: Syntype(s) in MLP.

=    ‡”margarita” Oberthür, 1896

Étud. Entomol. 20: 30, pl. 9, fig. 18.

Original Combination: [Anartia jatrophae] ab. margarita

Type Locality: “Brazil, Bahia”

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

a.   Anartia jatrophae guantanamo Munroe, 1942

Am. Mus. Novit. (1179): 2.

Original Combination: Anartia jatrophae guantanamo

Type Locality: “San Carlos Estate, Guantanamo, Oriente, Cuba”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Anartia jatrophae luteipicta Fruhstorfer, 1907

Int. Entomol. Z. 1(16): 112.

Original Combination: [Anartia] jatrophae luteipicta

Type Locality: “Honduras”; defined as “Honduras, Cortés, San Pedro Sula” by Lamas and Small (1992), in: Quintero & Aiello (eds.), Ins. Panama Mesoamer.: 563, list.

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

759.      Anartia fatima (Fabricius, 1793)

a.   Anartia fatima fatima (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 81, no. 252; cited Jones’ Icones 5: pl. 12, fig. 1; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [30], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis] Fatima

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

As originally proposed, this name is preoccupied by Papilio fatima Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 141-142, pl. 271, fig. A; (24): 174 (index). I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1339 exempted fatima Fabricius, 1793, from application of the Principle of Homonymy (Code Articles 52, 81.2). Some have considered this taxon to be a subspecies of A. amathea Linnaeus (1758), Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 478, no. 118. However, Davies et al. (1997), Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) Biol. Sci. 264(1383): 845-851, Dasmahapatra et al. (2002), Evolution 56(4): 741-753, and Blum et al. (2003), Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 26(1): 46-55, determined that fatima and amathea are species-level taxa.

=    venusta Fruhstorfer, 1907

Int. Entomol. Z. 1(16): 111.

Original Combination: [Anartia] fatima form venusta

Type Locality: “Mexiko...Guatemala”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    moreno Kruck, 1931

Entomol. Rdsch. 48(22): 234-235, fig. 1 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Anartia moreno

Type Locality: “Meimat, Mexiko-Süd, Dep. Oaxaca”

Types: Syntypes in Kruck collection; R. Fox (1942), Reading Pub. Mus. & Art Gallery, Sci. Pubs. No. 4: 18-19, pl. 1, figured one of two specimens cited in the original description, from “San Christobal, Dep’t Chiapas, Mex.”

=    ‡”albifasciata” Hoffmann, 1940

An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Méx. 11(1): 281, no. 2.

Original Combination: Anartia fatima forma albifasciata

Type Locality: “las regiones húmedas...Mexico”

Types: “Syntypes” in AMNH.

=    ‡”albifusa” Hoffmann, 1940

An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Méx. 11(1): 281-282, fig. 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Anartia fatima ab. albifusa

Type Locality: “Tierra Blanca, lugar situado en la tierra caliente del Estado de Veracruz” [Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”oscurata” R. de la Maza, 1976

Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 103; figured by R. de la Maza (1987), Marip. Méx.: pl. 3, fig. 9 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Anartia fatima ab. oscurata

Type Locality: “Cerro El Vigia, Veracruz, Mexico”

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

‡”kuhlweini” Geyer, 1833

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: 6, cited unpublished Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: figs. 813, 814, wherein Anartia fatima was employed.

Original Combination: Anartia Kulhweini

Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

760.      Anartia chrysopelea Hübner, [1831]

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [95], figs. 547 ♀ D, 548 ♀ V [1824]; 34, no. 274 ([1831], name given).

Original Combination: Anartia Chrysopelea

Type Locality: “Cuba”; defined as “Cuba, La Habana” by Silberglied et al. (1979), Psyche 86(2/3): 228.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Recorded from Key West, Monroe County, Florida, by Anderson (1974), J. Lepid. Soc. 28(4): 356, fig. 3.

=    eurytis Fruhstorfer, 1907

Int. Entomol. Z. 1(16): 112.

Original Combination: [Anartiella] lytrea eurytis

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Haiti?, Puerto Rico(?)” by Silberglied et al. (1979), Psyche 86(2/3): 228.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Genus Siproeta Hübner, [1823]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [48]. Type-species: Siproeta trayja Hübner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [48], figs. 1, 2, by monotypy. Zhang et alNapeocles Bates, 1864, is a synonym of this genus. This arrangement awaits confirmation.

=    Victorina Blanchard, 1840

In: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 447. Type-species: Papilio stelenes Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 39, by original designation.

=    Amphirene E. Doubleday, 1845

List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 86. Type-species: Vanessa epaphus Latreille, 1813, in: Humboldt & Bonpland, Voy. Rég. Équinox, Part 2 (Observ. Zool.) 2(9); 74-75, no. 119, pl. 35, figs. 3, 4, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 110.

      =    ‡Amphirene Boisduval, 1870

Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 43. Type-species: Vanessa epaphus Latreille, 1813, in: Humboldt & Bonpland, Voy. Rég. Équinox, Part 2 (Observ. Zool.) 2(9); 74-75, no. 119, pl. 35, figs. 3, 4, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Amphirene E. Doubleday, (1845), List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 86.

      =    ‡Aphnaea Capronnier, 1881

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 25: 101. Type-species: Papilio stelenes Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 39, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Victorina.

*761.    Siproeta stelenes (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 39; cited Petiver (1703), Gazophylacium: pl. 13, fig. 1 (as “Papilio Jamaicansis”), Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 2 (in error, actually Philaethria dido Linnaeus (1763), Cent. Ins. Rar.: 25, no. 74), and Sloane (1725), Voy. Isl. Mad. Barb. Nieves, St. Christ. Jam. 2: 217, pl. 239. figs. 9, 10; figured by Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 35, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Achivus] Stelenes

Type Locality: “America”; defined as “Jamaica” by W. Comstock (1944), Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 458, and R. Fox and A. Forbes (1971), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 43(8): 238.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 382.

=    jason (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485-486, no. 171.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. B[arbarus]. Jason

Type Locality: “Indiis”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

As indicated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 339, and Lamas et al. (2004), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 252, this name may best be treated as a nomen dubium. Its position in this synonymy is tentative.

=    lavinia (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 450, no. 32.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques]. A[chivus]. Lavinia

Type Locality: “America”; defined as “St. Croix, Virgin I. W. I.” by R. Fox and A. Forbes (1971), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 43(8): 238. [U. S. Virgin Islands]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    ‡dotata (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 15, no. 7; cited Papilio lavinia Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 22, no. 64, which is the same taxon as Papilio lavinia Fabricius, 1775, above.

Original Combination: U[rania]. Dotata

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio lavinia, and a junior objective synonym of that name.

a.   Siproeta stelenes biplagiata (Fruhstorfer, 1907)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(1): 13-14.

Original Combination: [Victorina] steneles biplagiata

Type Locality: “Texas, Honduras, S. Mexico”; lectotype from “San Pedro Sula, Honduras.”

Types: Lectotype (#Rh17076) in NHMUK, designated by R. Fox and A. Forbes (1971), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 43(8): 236.

=    pallida (Fruhstorfer, 1909)

Entomol. Z. 23(1): 228, fig. 3.

Original Combination: Victorina pallida

Fruhstorfer adopted Victorina steneles biplagiata forma pallida Fruhstorfer, 1907, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”pallida” (Fruhstorfer, 1907)

Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(1): 14.

Original Combination: [Victorina steneles biplagiata] forma pallida

Type Locality: “S. Mexico”

Types: “Holotype” (#Rh17074) in NHMUK.

=    insularis (W. Holland, 1916)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 10: 493-494, no. 16.

Original Combination: Victorina steneles var. insularis

Type Locality: “Isle of Pines, Cuba” from the title of the paper; lectotype from “Nueva Gerona/Isle of Pines.”

Types: Lectotype (#654) in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1971), in: R. Fox & A. Forbes, Ann. Carnegie Mus. 43(8): 237.

Smith et al. (1994), Butterflies W. Ind. & Fla.: 89, determined this synonymy.

=    ‡”stygiana” (Schaus, 1913)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1913(3): 348, pl. 51, fig. 6 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Victorina steneles ab. stygiana

Type Locality: “Avangarez” [Costa Rica]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

‡”claro” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 274, no. 176.

Original Combination: [Siproeta steneles] form claro

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”oscuro” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 274, no. 176.

Original Combination: [Siproeta steneles] form oscuro

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

762.      Siproeta epaphus (Latreille, 1813)

a.   Siproeta epaphus epaphus (Latreille, 1813)

In: Humboldt & Bonpland, Voy. Rég. Équinox, Part 2 (Obs. Zool.) 2(9): 74-75, no. 119, pl. 35, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Vanessa Epaphus

Type Locality: Not stated, suggested to be “Peru” by Lamas et al. (2004), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 252.

Types: Syntype in MNHP.

Recorded from Dona Ana County, New Mexico by S. Cary and R. Holland (1994), J. Res. Lepid. 31(1-2): 74, and several times from southern Texas subsequently.

‡”ficianus” Talbot, [1923]

Fruhstorfer Colln.: 52.

Original Combination: Amphirene epaphus ficianus

Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

Tribe Junoniini Reuter, 1896

Acta Soc. Sci. fenn. 22(1): 457, 554, 557. Type-genus: Junonia Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 34.

Genus Junonia Hübner, [1820]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 34. Type-species: Papilio lavinia Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 32, pl. 21, figs. C, D; (8): 153 (index) (= Papilio evarete Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 18, pl. 203, figs. C, D; (24): 174 (index); homonym), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 43. Wahlberg et al. (2005), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 86(2): 236, 239, 250, determined that Junonia and Precis Hübner, [1819], are distinct genus-level taxa. Recent publications by Lalonde et al. (2018), J. Lepid. Soc. 72(2): 97-116, Lalondeet al. (2018), Syst. Entomol. 44(3): 465-489 and Cong et al. (2020), Syst. Entomol. Early View: 1-35 introduced novel and compelling taxonomic arrangements of the genus Junonia. The last mentioned arrangement is adopted here.

=    Alcyoneis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 34-35. Type-species: Alcyoneis almane Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3): 35, no. 293 (= Papilio almana Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 472, no. 89; synonym), by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 197.

=    Aresta Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 79. Type-species: Papilio laomedia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 772, no. 176 (= Papilio atlites Linnaeus, 1763, in: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar: 24-25, no. 72; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875) Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 117, no. 113.

=    Kamilla Collins & Larsen, 1991

In: Larsen, Butterflies Kenya, Nat. Hist.: 444-445. Type-species: Papilio cymodoce Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 5, pl. 99, figs. G, H; (16): 148 (index), by original designation.

763.      Junonia coenia Hübner, [1822]

a.   Junonia coenia coenia Hübner, [1822]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [32], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Junonia Coenia

Type Locality: Not stated; listed as “Amer. Sept. et Centr., Venezuela”, by W. F. Kirby (1908), in: P. Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett. 3(addit. notes): 24; suggested to be “Cuba” by W. Comstock (1944), Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 453, Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 109, and Tilden (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 9(2): 104; suggested to be “United States” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 175.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    ‡antirrhini (Fabricius, 1938)

In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 94, no. 26; cited Papilio orythia Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 91, no. 284, and sensu J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 8.

Original Combination: C[ynthia]. Antirrhini

Proposed as a replacement name for coenia based on the name of a foodplant; a junior objective synonym of coenia.

=    ‡”weidenhammeri” Polacek, 1925

Maryland Acad. Sci. Bull. 6(3): 10-11, fig. A ♂ D, B ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Junonia Coenia [ab.] Weidenhammeri

Type Locality: “St. Peter's Cemetary in Baltimore” [Baltimore City, Maryland]

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

This taxon was redescribed by Polacek (1926), Bol. Soc. Colomb. Cienc. Nat. 15(85): 41-43, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V.

=    ‡”rubrosuffusa” (W. D. Field, 1936)

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 23-24.

Original Combination: Precis coena [sic] tr. f. rubrosuffusa

Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”rosa” (Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944)

Entomol. News 55(4): 91.

Original Combination: Precis coenia f. hiem. rosa

Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

‡”quinatzin” (Arias, 1968)

Exp. cient. españ. siglo XVIII, Exp. Bot. Nueva España: 395, pl. [106], figs. 5-6.

Original Combination: Papilio Quinatzin

Name proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

764.      Junonia grisea Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 512, figs. 51 ♂ D, 52 ♂ V (holotype); 53 ♀ D, 54 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Junonia coenia grisea

Type Locality: “California: Los Angeles County; South Pasadena, elevation 198 m”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

Lalonde & Marcus (2018), Syst. Entomol. 44(3): 465-489, treated this as a distinct taxon.

=    ‡”schraderi” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(7): 199, no. 11, pl. 5, fig. 11 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Junonia coenia ab. ♀ schraderi

Type Locality: “Los Angeles, California” [Los Angeles County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 43, figs. 10 ♀ D.

=    ‡”wilhelmi” Gunder, 1927

Entomol. News 38(5): 134-135, no. 4, pl. 2, fig. 4 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Junonia coenia wilhelmi ♂ nov. tr. form

Type Locality: “Los Angeles, California” [Los Angeles County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

765.      Junonia nigrosuffusa W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916

Can. Entomol. 48(7): 222.

Original Combination: Junonia coenia nigrosuffusa

Type Locality: “Palmerlee, Ariz....Huachuca Mts., Ariz....Babaquivera [sic] Mts., Pima Co., Arizona” [Baboquivari Mts.]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

=    melanina A. Hall, 1919

Entomol. 52(676): 196.

Original Combination: Junonia lavinia var. melanina

Type Locality: “Jalisco, W. Mexico, 5000 ft.”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

766.      Junonia stemosa Grishin, 2020

In: Cong et al., Syst. Entomol. Early View: 16, figs. 8NGV-5578 ♂ (holotype), 9, 16.

Original Combination: Junonia stemosa

Type Locality: “U.S.A.: Texas, Cameron County, South Padre Island, N end of the city, E of SH100, GPS: 26.15501, -97.17254"

Types: Holotype in USMN.

767.      Junonia zonalis C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867

a.   Junonia zonalis zonalis C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867

Reise Novara Zool. (3): 399-400, no. 593; cited Junonia lavinia var. occidentalis C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862, Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 6(4): 110 (part).

Original Combination: Junonia zonalis

Type Locality: “Nova Grenada: Bogotá...Cuba...Porto-Rico”; lectotype from “Cuba”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Neild (2008), Butterflies of Venezuela 2: 248-249.

Proposed for Junonia lavinia var. occidentalis C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 (in part).

768.      Junonia neildi Brévignon, 2004

Original Combination: Junonia genoveva neildi

C. Brévignon (2009), Lambillionea 109(1)(1): 6, elevated this taxon to the species-level.

a.   Junonia neildi neildi Brévignon, 2004

Lambillionea 104(1)(1): 72-73, fig. 1 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (allotype), 17 ♀ live photograph, 18 last instar larva, 19 pupa, 20 pupa.

Original Combination: Junonia genoveva neildi

Type Locality: “Port-Louis, Guadeloupe”

Types: Holotype in L & C Brévignon collection.

b.   Junonia neildi varia Grishin, 2020

In: Cong et al., Syst. Entomol. Early View: 23, figs. 13, 14NVG-6810 ♂ D&V (holotype), 16.

Original Combination: Junonia neildi varia

Type Locality: “U.S.A.: Texas, Aransas County, Rockport, Goose Island State Park, Goose Island, GPS: 28.12535, -96.98178"

Types: Holotype in USMN.

Genus Hypolimnas Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 45. Type-species: Papilio pipleis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 476, no. 108 (= Papilio pandarus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 461, no. 17; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 194, no. 554.

=    Esoptria Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 45-46. Type-species: Papilio bolina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 479, no. 124, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 168, no. 406.

      =    ‡Diadema Boisduval, 1832

In: d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe 1(Lépid): 135. Type-species: Papilio bolina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 479, no. 124, by designation of Blanchard (1840), in: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 451. Preoccupied by Diadema G. Gray, 1825, Ann. Phil. 26: 426 and a junior objective synonym of Esoptria.

=    Euralia Westwood, 1850

In: E. Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(35): 281. Type-species: Papilio dubius Palisot de Beauvois, 1830, Ins. Afr. Amér.: 238, pl. 6, figs. A, Aa (= Diadema anthedon E. Doubleday, 1845, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]16(104): 181; homonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 173, no. 437.

=    Eucalia C. Felder, 1861

Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. germ. Nat. Cur. 28(3): 25, under Diadema, no. 57. Type-species: Diadema anthedon E. Doubleday, 1845, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]16(104): 181, by designation of Hemming (1939), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)8(7): 134.

769.      Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764)

Mus. Lud. Ulr. [1]: 264, no. 83.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. F[estivus]. Misippus

Type Locality: “America” ; suggested to be “Java” by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 350. [Indonesia]

Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 350.

The entirely Old World synonymy for this species was provided by Lamas et al. (2004), Atlas of Neotrop. Lepid. Chklst: Part 4A: 251.

Tribe Melitaeini Newman, [1870]

Ill. Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts: 39 (as “Melitaeidae”). Type-genus: Melitaea [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284. Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 432, fig. 45, treated Melitaeini with only two subtribes. That arrangement is adopted herein.

Subtribe Euphydryina Higgins, 1976

Ent. Gaz. 29(3): 109 (as “Euphadryini”). Type-genus: Euphydryas Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 48.

Genus Euphydryas Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 48. Type-species: Papilio phaeton Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 42-43, pl. 21, figs. 3, 4; 2: index, by original designation. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 700.

Subgenus Hypodryas Higgins, 1978

Entomol. Gaz. 29(3): 110. figs. 1-3. Type-species: Papilio maturna Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 280, by original designation. Lastukhin (2008), Sci. Wks. St. Nat. Res. "Prisursky" 19: 47-63, describes several 'sectio' that would be placed here. Korb & Bolshakov (2010), Eversmannia 21-22: 30-36, discuss and refute this paper. These taxa are included with the caveat that 'sectio' have no status in zoological nomenclature and they are probably nomina nuda.

      =    ‡Lemonias Hübner, [1806]

Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio maturna Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 480, no. 136, by monotypy. The Tentamen was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 79.

=    Neodryas Lastukhin, 2008

Sci. Wks. St. Nat. Res. "Prisursky" 19: 47, 48. Type species: Melitaea gillettii (as Euphydryas gillettii) W. Barnes, 1897, Can. Entomol. 29(2): 40-41, by original designation.

=    Cryodryas Lastukhin, 2008

Sci. Wks. St. Nat. Res. "Prisursky" 19: 47, 48. Type species: Melitaea iduna (as Hypodryas iduna) Dalman, 1816, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 75, by original designation.

770.      Euphydryas gillettii (W. Barnes, 1897)

Can. Entomol. 29(2): 40-41.

Original Combination: Melitaea Gillettii

Type Locality: “Yellowstone Park, Wyoming”

Types: Syntypes in USNM; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 12, ♂ D&V, and by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 22 ♀ D (actually a ♂).

=    glacialis (Skinner, 1921)

Entomol. News 32(3): 89.

Original Combination: Melitaea glacialis

Type Locality: “Two Medicine Lake, Glacier National Park, Montana” [Glacier County]

Types: Syntype (#7022) in CMNH.

=    ‡”herri” Gunder, 1929

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): 8.

Original Combination: Euphydryas gilletti tr. f. herri

Type Locality: “Martina, near Stark, Missoula County, Montana”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

Subgenus Euphydryas Scudder, 1872

=    Occidryas Higgins, 1978

Sci. Wks. St. Nat. Res. "Prisursky" 19: 47, 48. Type species: Melitaea editha (as Occidryas editha) Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 304-305, no. 47, by original designation.

=    Anthodryas Lastukhin, 2008

Entomol. Gaz. 29(3): 112, figs. 6-12. Type-species: Melitaea anicia E. Doubleday, 1847, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(12): pl. 23, fig. 2; (21): 179, no. 6, by original designation.

771.      Euphydryas editha (Boisduval, 1852)

editha group Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 189.

a.   Euphydryas editha taylori (W. H. Edwards, 1888)

Can. Entomol. 20(5): 82-83.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. Taylori

Type Locality: “Victoria” implied from the text; lectotype from “Vanc. Isd.” [Vancouver Island, British Columbia]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 376, fig. 6 ♂ D&V; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 11 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”victoriae” Gunder, 1926

Entomol. News 37(1): 4-5, no. 6, pl. 1, fig. 6 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas taylori ab. ♀ victoriae

Type Locality: “Victoria, British Columbia, Canada” [Vancouver Island]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”barnesi” Gunder, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 164, pl. A, figs. 8 ♂ D, 8a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas taylori tr. f. barnesi

Type Locality: “Victoria, B. C.” [Vancouver Island, British Columbia]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

b.   Euphydryas editha editha (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 304-305, no. 47; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 259, figs. 2171 ♂ D&V, 2172 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Melitaea Editha

Type Locality: “les montagnes”; refined to “dans les bois montueux” by Boisduval (1868), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 19, no. 48; suggested to be “foothills S edge of San Joaquin Valley, California” by Bauer (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 190; redefined as “Twin Peaks, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 17.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 18, figs. 96 ♂ D, 97 ♂ V.

=    bayensis Sternitzky, 1937

Can. Entomol. 69(9): 204-205.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha var. bayensis

Type Locality: “Hillsborough, San Mateo Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in CAS.

=    ‡”sternitzkyi” Gunder, 1929

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): 6-7.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha race baroni tr. f. sternitzkyi

Type Locality: “Hillsboro, near San Mateo, San Mateo County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Euphydryas editha insularis T. Emmel & J. Emmel, 1974

J. Res. Lepid. 13(2): 131-134, fig. 1a ♂ D (holotype), 1b ♀ D, 1c ♂ V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha insularis

Type Locality: “California, Santa Barbara County, Santa Rosa Island”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Euphydryas editha quino (Behr, 1863)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 90, no. 3.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. Quino

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “near San Diego” from the description; neotype from “San Diego, San Diego Co., California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 101, figs. 40 ♂ D, 41 ♂ V.

=    augusta (W. H. Edwards, 1890)

Can. Entomol. 22(2): 21-23.

Original Combination: Melitaea Augusta

Type Locality: “vicinity of San Bernardino” [San Bernardino County, California]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 371, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

=    wrighti Gunder, 1929

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): 5, pl. 9 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha race wrighti

Type Locality: “San Diego, California” [San Diego County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”fieldi” Gunder, 1924

Entomol. News 35(5): 155, pl. 2, fig. E ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha ab. ♂ fieldi

Type Locality: “San Diego, San Diego County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 34, fig. 16 ♂ D.

=    ‡”thornei” Gunder, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 129.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha wrighti tr. f. thornei

Type Locality: “Chula Vista, San Diego, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”rubyae” Hower, 1935

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 11(2): 82.

Original Combination: Euphydryas quino rubyae new tr. f.

Type Locality: “Dana Point, Orange County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in Hower collection, possibly in NHMLA or SDMC.

nubigena group Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 193.

e.   Euphydryas editha augustina (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 54, no. 170; 154, no. 170, pl. 19, figs. 170 ♂ D, 170a ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: [Melitaea Augusta var.] Augustina; Melitaea Augustina n. v.

Type Locality: “Southern California” “S. B. Mts.” [San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino-Riverside counties]

Types: Holotype (#4295) in CAS.

f.    Euphydryas editha ehrlichi Baughman & Murphy, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (29): 398, figs. ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha ehrlichi

Type Locality: “California, San Bernardino Co.; Ord Mts. at NW end of San Bernardino Mountains, W of Victorville, 4400-4520 feet”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

g.   Euphydryas editha nubigena (Behr, 1863)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 91, no. 5.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. nubigena

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “at the headwaters of the Tuolumne River and beyond, up to elevations of 11,500 feet” from the description; neotype from “west end of Dana Plateau, 11,000-11,400' elevation, above Tioga Pass, Mono County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 101, figs. 43 ♂ D, 44 ♂ V.

=    ‡”tiogaensis” Gunder, 1929

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): 6.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha race nubigena tr. f. tiogaensis

Type Locality: “Tioga Pass in Yosemite National Park, California”

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 35, fig. 6 ♀ D.

This name was misspelled “tiogoensis” in the systematic list on plate 16; an incorrect original spelling.

=    ‡”boharti” Gunder, 1929

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): 6.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha race nubigena tr. f. boharti

Type Locality: “Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

h.   Euphydryas editha tahoensis Austin & Murphy, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (30): 408-409, figs. 9 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V (holotype); 10 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha tahoensis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Carson Range, Tahoe Meadows, 2590 m, T17N R18E S36 on USGS Mt. Rose, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

i.    Euphydryas editha aurilacus Gunder, 1928

Pan.-Pac. Entomol. 5(2): 49, pl. 2, fig. B ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V; also figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 10 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas aurilacus

Type Locality: “near Gold Lake Camp, Gold Lake, Sierra County, California”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”foxi” Gunder, 1924

Entomol. News 35(5): 155, pl. 2, fig. D ♂ D.

Original Combination: Euphydryas rubicunda ab. ♂ foxi

Type Locality: “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 34, fig. 17 ♂ D.

=    ‡”albiradiata” Gunder, 1926

Entomol. News 37(1): 3-4, no. 4, pl. 1, fig. 4 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas rubicunda ab. ♂ albiradiata

Type Locality: “Loyalton, Sierra County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

j.    Euphydryas editha lawrencei Gunder, 1931

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 47.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha race lawrencei

Type Locality: “Near timber line on trail between Diamond Lake (Camp) and summit of Mt. Thielsen (9000 ft.), Douglas Co., Oregon”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    remingtoni Burdick, 1959

Lepid. News 12(5/6): 168-169.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha remingtoni

Type Locality: “Mt. Theilsen [sic], Douglas Co., Oregon” [Mt. Thielsen]

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

=    ‡”thielsenensis” Gunder, 1931

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 48.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha race lawrencei tr. f. thielsenensis

Type Locality: “Timber line, on Mt. Thielsen, Douglas Co., Oregon”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”diamondensis” Gunder, 1931

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 48.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha race lawrencei tr. f. diamondensis

Type Locality: “Timber line, on Mt. Thielsen, Douglas Co., Oregon”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

k.   Euphydryas editha colonia (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 55, no. 180; 158, no. 180, pl. 20, figs. 180 ♂ D, 180a ♂ V (lectotype), 180b.

Original Combination: [Melitaea] Colonia; Melitaea Colonia n. s.

Type Locality: “Northern Oregon” “Mt. Hood, Oregon” [Hood River-Clackamas counties]

Types: Lectotype (#4300) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1985), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 21; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 11 ♂ D&V.

baroni group Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 190.

l.    Euphydryas editha rubicunda (Hy. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 52.

Original Combination: Melitaea rubicunda n. var. [of quino]

Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada...from 2500 feet to 7000 feet”; defined as “Mariposa Co., California” by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): 6, caption to fig. 15.

Types: Syntypes in AMNH.

=    ‡”cottlei” Gunder, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 164, pl. A, figs. 7 ♂ D, 7a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas rubicunda tr. f. cottlei

Type Locality: “Lower Yosemite Valley, Calif.” [Mariposa County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

m.  Euphydryas editha baroni (W. H. Edwards, 1879)

Can. Entomol. 11(7): 129-131; figured by W. H. Edwards (1887), Butterflies N. Am. 3(3): pl. Melitaea 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Melitaea Baroni

Type Locality: “Mendocino, Cal.” [Mendocino County, California]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 374, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.

The original description is of the larva; the lectotype is an adult from this brood.

=    ‡baroni (Hy. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 52.

Original Combination: Melitaea baroni

Type Locality: “McCloud fishing station, Shasta Co., Cal.” [California]

Types: Syntypes in AMNH.

Preoccupied by Melitaea baroni W. H. Edwards, 1879, Can. Entomol. 11(7): 129-131.

=    ‡”gunni” Gunder, 1929 (emended)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): 6.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha race baroni tr. f. dunni

Type Locality: “Mendocino County, California”

Types: “Holotype” (#34998) in AMNH.

This taxon was named for Norman R. Gunn, not “Dunn” as stated in the text. Murphy (1983), J. Res. Lepid. 21(3): 197-198, suggested that this name belongs either here or under E. e. luestherae.

n.   Euphydryas editha karinae Baughman & Murphy, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (29): 399, figs. 3 ♂ D (holotype), 4 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha karinae

Type Locality: “California, Mendocino Co., Monkey Rock, 1.5 mi. N of Hull Mountains, 6353 feet”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

o.   Euphydryas editha luestherae Murphy & P. Ehrlich, 1980

J. Lepid. Soc. 34(3): 317-318.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha luestherae

Type Locality: “California, Stanislaus Co., Del Puerto Canyon, 22 mi W of Patterson”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”mirabilis” (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 55, no. 184; 160, no. 184, pl. 20, figs. 184 ♂ D, 184a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Melitaea Hoffmanni var.] Mirabilis; Melitaea Mirabilis n. v.

Type Locality: “Lake County, California”

Types: “Holotype” (#4304) in CAS.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

p.   Euphydryas editha monoensis Gunder, 1928

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 5(2): 49, pl. 2, fig. A ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V; also figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 9 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas monoensis

Type Locality: “Rush Creek (below Farmington's ranch), near Mono Lake, Mono Co., California”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    fridayi Gunder, 1931

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 47.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha race fridayi

Type Locality: “Near auto road left between June and Silver Lakes, Mono Co., California”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”rubrosuffusa” J. A. Comstock, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 32; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 34, fig. 15 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas rubicunda ab. rubrosuffusa

Type Locality: “Mammoth, Mono Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA (Malcolm collection).

q.   Euphydryas editha edithana (Strand, 1915)

Arch. Naturgesch. (A)80(11): 155.

Original Combination: [Lemonias rubicunda] event. edithana

Type Locality: “Lassen Co.” “Klamath Co.”; defined as “flats SE of Ash Creek, Ash Valley, 14 miles SE of Adin, 5,000' elevation” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (10): 123. [Lassen County, California]

Types: Lectotype in SDEI, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies(10: 123, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 10 ♂ D&V.

r.    Euphydryas editha bingi Baughman & Murphy, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (29): 399-400, figs. 5 ♂ D (holotype), 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha bingi

Type Locality: “California: Modoc Co., Warner Mts., Emerson Peak. Elevation 8200 ft.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

This name was unjustifiably emended to “bingorum” by Lamas (1999), Lepid. News 1999(2): 8.

s.   Euphydryas editha mattooni Austin & Murphy, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (30): 411, figs. 29 ♂ D, 31 ♂ V (holotype); 30 ♀ D, 32 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha mattooni

Type Locality: “California: Modoc County; Fort Bidwell to Adel Road at Gravel Pit Road, 9.4 road miles north of Fort Bidwell in Surprise Valley, 1707 m, T47N R23E S24"

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

This name was unjustifiably emended to “mattoonorum” by Lamas (1999), Lepid. News 1999(2): 8.

t.    Euphydryas editha owyheensis Austin & Murphy, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (30): 410, figs. 25 ♂ D, 27 ♂ V (holotype); 26 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha owyheensis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Owyhee River Valley, Wildhorse Crossing Campground, 1950 m, T44N R54E (unsectioned) on USGS Wild Horse, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

u.   Euphydryas editha lehmani Gunder, 1929

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): 7, pl. 12, ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha race lehmani

Type Locality: “Lehman Caves Resort, Mount Wheeler, White Pine County, Nevada”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    koreti Murphy & P. Ehrlich, 1984

J. Res. Lepid. 22(4): 257, 259, fig. 2 ♂ D (holotype), ♀ D.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha koreti

Type Locality: “Nevada, White Pine County, Ridge south of Bald Mtn.”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

The status of this taxon was discussed by Britten et al. (1995), J. Res. Lepid. 31(3/4): 278-286.

=    ‡”caverna” Gunder, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 129.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha lehmani tr. f. caverna

Type Locality: “Mt. Wheeler, White Pine Co., Nevada”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

v.   Euphydryas editha gunnisonensis F. Brown, [1971]

J. Res. Lepid. 9(1): 21-22, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha gunnisonensis

Type Locality: “Owl Creek Pass road 2 miles east of Colo. 550, near Ridgeway, Ouray County, Colorado, 7000 feet above sea level”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

w.  Euphydryas editha alebarki Ferris, [1971]

J. Res. Lepid. 9(1): 17-20, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas editha alebarki

Type Locality: “Medicine Bow N. F., about 10 miles S. W. of Encampment on Battle Lake Road, Sierra Madre mountains, 8600', Carbon Co., Wyoming”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

x.   Euphydryas editha montanus McDunnough, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(10): 249.

Original Combination: [Euphydryas hutchinsi] [varietal or high altitude race] montanus

Type Locality: “upper slopes Mt. Washburn, Yellowstone National Park at about 10,000 ft. altitude” [Wyoming]

Types: Holotype (#2877) in CNC; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 12 ♂ D&V.

y.   Euphydryas editha hutchinsi McDunnough, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(10): 248-249.

Original Combination: Euphydryas hutchinsi

Type Locality: “Milligan Canyon, Jefferson Co., Mont.” [Montana]

Types: Holotype (#2876) in CNC; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 12 ♂ D&V.

z.   Euphydryas editha beani (Skinner, 1897)

Can. Entomol. 29(6): 155.

Original Combination: Melitaea Beani

Type Locality: “high elevations near Laggan, Alberta”; defined as “vicinity of...Lake Louise, Banff National Park, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 40.

Types: Syntypes (#7016) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 18, fig. 13 ♂ D.

=    ‡”blackmorei” Gunder, 1926

Entomol. News 37(1): 2, no. 1, pl. 1, fig. 1 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas nubigena var. beani ab. ♂ blackmorei

Type Locality: “Mt. Cheam, British Columbia, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

772.      Euphydryas phaeton (Drury, 1773)

a.   Euphydryas phaeton phaeton (Drury, 1773)

Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 42-43, pl. 21, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).

Original Combination: Papilio Phaeton

Type Locality: “New York”

Types: Type(s) lost.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 104.

=    phaetaena (Hübner, [1819])

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4): 228, no. 221; cited “Fabr. Syst. Pap. 167, Cram. 193. C. D.”

Original Combination: Melitaea Phaëtaena

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

This name is probably a misspelling, but the references by Hübner make this unclear.

=    borealis F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940

Bull. Penn. Acad. Sci. 14: 140.

Original Combination: Euphydryas phaëton borealis

Type Locality: “Lincoln, Maine” [Penobscot County]

Types: Holotype in CNC.

=    clarki Pavulaan, 2021

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(10): 10.

Original Combination: Euphydryas phaeton clarki

Proposed as a replacement name for Melitaea phaeton schausi Clark, 1927, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡”schausi” (A. Clark, 1927)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71(2683): 1-2, pl. 1, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V; pl. 3, figs. 17-24; pl. 4, figs. 25-32; pl. 5, figs. 33-40.

Original Combination: Melitaea phaëton schausi

Type Locality: Not stated; syntypes from “Cabin John, Maryland.” [Montgomery County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

Preoccupied by Melitaea schausi Godman & Salvin, 1901, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(163): 676-677.

=    ‡”superba” (Strecker, 1878)

Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 125, no. 249.

Original Combination: [Melitaea Phaeton] ab. a. ♂ Superba

Type Locality: “Long Island, New York”

Types: “Holotype” in FMNH; figured by Gunder (1927), Entomol. News 38(9): pl. 6, upper half, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”phaethusa” (Hulst, 1881)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(9): 77, no. 6, pl., fig. no. 6 ♂ (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea Phaethusa aber. nov.

Type Locality: “just outside the city line of Brooklyn, at east Williamsburgh” [Long Island, New York]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 1 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”streckeri” (Ellsworth, 1902)

Entomol. News 13(4): 104.

Original Combination: [Melitaea phaeton aberration or variety] Melitaea streckeri

Type Locality: “Vestal, N. Y.” [Broome County, New York]

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

Although this name was proposed as a binomen, this taxon was clearly defined as an individual variant in the text. It is considered unavailable.

=    ‡”magnifica” (A. Clark, 1927)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71(2683): 7, pl. 2, figs. 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V, 11 ♀ D (“type”), 12 ♀ V (“type”).

Original Combination: Melitaea phaëton ab. magnifica

Type Locality: “Cabin John, Maryland” [Montgomery County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

b.   Euphydryas phaeton ozarkae Masters, 1968

Entomol. News 79(4): 87-89, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V, 9 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Euphydryas phaeton ozarkae

Type Locality: “Ridge north of Lynch Hollow, near county road F, Camden county, Missouri”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

The status of this taxon relative to E. p. phaeton was examined by Vawter & Wright, 1986, J. Res. Lepid. 25(1): 25-29.

773.      Euphydryas chalcedona (E. Doubleday, 1847)

The separation of E. chalcedona, E. colon and E. anicia follows J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (72): 828.

a.   Euphydryas chalcedona klotsi dos Passos, 1938

Can. Entomol. 70(10): 199-200, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona klotsi

Type Locality: “Roosevelt Lake, Ariz.” [Gila County, Arizona]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”venusta” Gunder, 1932

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 127.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia race hermosa tr. f. venusta

Type Locality: “Cottonwood Canyon, above Roosevelt Camp, Roosevelt Dam, Arizona” [Gila County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

b.   Euphydryas chalcedona kingstonensis T. Emmel & J. Emmel, 1973

J. Res. Lepid. 11(3): 141-143, fig. 1, upper, ♂ D (holotype), ♀ D.

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona kingstonensis

Type Locality: “California, San Bernardino County, rocky canyon 3/4 air mile SE of Horse Thief Springs, 4400-4800', Kingston Range”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Euphydryas chalcedona corralensis T. Emmel & J. Emmel, 1973

J. Res. Lepid. 11(3): 143-144, fig. 1, lower, ♂ D (holotype), ♀ D.

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona corralensis

Type Locality: “California, San Bernardino County, Rock Corral”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

d.   Euphydryas chalcedona hennei J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 4.

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona hennei

Type Locality: “San Diego Co. Calif....Box Can.” [California]

Types: Holotype in EMEC.

=    ‡”hennei” Gunder, 1932

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 126.

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona race quino tr. f. hennei

Type Locality: “Chino Canyon, Palm Springs, California” [Riverside County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

e.   Euphydryas chalcedona sierra (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 54, no. 163; 152, no. 163, pl. 18, figs. 163 ♂ D (lectotype), 163b ♀ D, 163c ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Melitaea] Sierra; Melitaea Sierra n. s.

Type Locality: “Central California Mountains” “Sierra Nevadas”

Types: Lectotype (#4293) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1985), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 23; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 3 ♂ D&V.

=    irelandi Gunder, 1929

Can. Entomol. 61(2): 44-45.

Original Combination: Euphydryas irelandi

Type Locality: “trail near Alta Peak, Sequoia Nat. Park, Calif.” [Tulare County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 8 ♂ D&V.

J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (72): 828, treated this as a subspecies-level taxon.

=    ‡”magdelenae” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(7): 197, no. 8, pl. 5, fig. 8 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas sierra ab. ♂ magdelenae

Type Locality: “Glen Alpine Creek, El Dorado County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”umbrobasana” J. A. Comstock, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 31; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 35, fig. 5 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas sierra [ab.] umbrobasana

Type Locality: “Lake Tahoe region”

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

f.    Euphydryas chalcedona olancha (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 54, no. 160; 150, no. 160, pl. 18 figs. 160 ♂ D (lectotype), 160b ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Melitaea] Olancha; Melitaea Olancha n. s.

Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada” “Olancha Peak, Cal.” [Tulare-Inyo counties, California]

Types: Lectotype (#4291) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1985), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 19; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 4 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”malcolmi” Gunder, 1927

Entomol. News 38(5): 134, no. 3, pl. 2, fig. 3 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona race olancha malcolmi ♀ nov. tr. form

Type Locality: “Casa Diablo, Mono County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”georgei” Gunder, 1928

Entomol. News 39(10): 306, pl. 14, figs. D ♂ D (“holotype”), DD 3 ♀♀ D ; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 4 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona olancha forma georgei

Type Locality: “Casa Diablo Hills, Mono County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

g.   Euphydryas chalcedona macglashanii (Rivers, 1888)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2)1(7): 103-105.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. Macglashanii

Type Locality: “neighborhood of Truckee...California” [Nevada County]

Types: Location of type(s) not known; supposedly figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 1 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”truckeensis” Gunder, 1928

Entomol. News 39(10): 305-306, pl. 14, figs. B ♂ D (“holotype”), BB 3 ♀ D; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 3 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona race mcglashanii f. truckeensis

Type Locality: “Truckee, Calif.” [Nevada County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”hilli” Gunder, 1928

Entomol. News 39(10): 306, pl. 14, fig. C ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona race mcglashanii forma transit. hilli

Type Locality: “Auburn, California (near Truckee)” [Placer County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    sinecat J. Scott, 2008

Papilio (n.s.) 18: 32-34, pl 3, third row left ♂ D, third row right ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona sinecat

Type Locality: “Pine Hill, El Dorado Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

h.   Euphydryas chalcedona dwinellei (Hy. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 51-52.

Original Combination: Melitaea dwinnellei n. var. [of chalcedon]

Type Locality: “McCloud fishing station, Shasta Co., Cal.” [California]

Types: Syntypes in AMNH; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 1 ♂ D&V.

=    sperryi F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1945

Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci. 19: 39.

Original Combination: Euphydryas colon sperryi

Type Locality: “Bartle, California” [Lumber Camp, Siskiyou County]

Types: Holotype probably in CMNH.

Bauer, (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 176, treated this as a synonym of dwinellei. This treatment is adopted here.

i.    Euphydryas chalcedona trinitina Baughman & Murphy, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (29): 400, figs. 7 ♂ D (holotype), 8 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona trinitina

Type Locality: “California, Siskiyou Co.-Trinity Co. Line; on Sawtooth Ridge in the Trinity Alps, south of Caribou Lake, 7300-7840 feet”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

j.    Euphydryas chalcedona chalcedona (E. Doubleday, 1847)

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(12): pl. 23, fig. 1 ♀ D; (21): 180, no. 5 (1848).

Original Combination: Melitaea Chalcedona

Type Locality: “Haiti” in error; corrected to “Californie” by Boisduval (1852), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 303-304, no. 46; suggested to be “from the neighborhood of San Francisco” by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 85.

Types: Syntype(s) in NHMUK; figured by Gunder (1928), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 5(1): pl. 1 ♀ D&V, and (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 1 ♀ D&V.

=    cooperi (Behr, 1863)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 90, no. 2.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. Cooperi

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “near Clear Lake...Mount Tamal Pais” from the description; neotype from “Mount Tamalpais, Marin County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 101, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♂ V.

=    ‡”fusimacula” (W. Barnes, 1900)

Can. Entomol. 32(2): 42.

Original Combination: Melitaea Chalcedon, ab. fusimacula

Type Locality: “California”

Types: Syntype in USNM; figured by Gunder (1927), Entomol. News 38(9): pl. 7, upper half, fig. 4 ♀ D&V.

=    ‡”mariana” (W. Barnes, 1900)

Can. Entomol. 32(2): 42, 43.

Original Combination: Melitaea Chalcedon, ab. Mariana

Type Locality: “California”

Types: Syntype in USNM; figured by Gunder (1927), Entomol. News 38(9): pl. 7, lower half, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”grundeli” (Coolidge, 1908)

Can. Entomol. 40(11): 42.

Original Combination: Lemonias chalcedona aberr. Grundeli

Type Locality: “Cathran Gulch, Wright's Station, Calif.” [Santa Clara County, California]

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

=    ‡”lorquini” (Oberthür, 1914)

Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): 76, pl. 259, fig. 2170 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Melitaea Chalcedona] ab. Lorquini

Type Locality: Not stated, “Californie” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”omniluteofuscus” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(7): 195-196, no. 4, pl. 5, fig. 4 ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona ab. ♀ omniluteofuscus

Type Locality: “Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”hemiluteofuscus” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(7): 196, no. 5, pl. 5, fig. 5 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona ab. ♂ hemiluteofuscus

Type Locality: “Altruas [sic], Modoc County, California” [Alturas]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”suprafusa” J. A. Comstock, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 30; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 32, fig. 9 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona ab. suprafusa

Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Calif.” [Los Angeles County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

=    ‡”supranigrella” J. A. Comstock, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 30; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 32, fig. 8 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona ab. supranigrella

Type Locality: “Mt. Wilson, Calif.” [San Bernardino County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

=    ‡”hemimelanica” J. A. Comstock, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 30, 31; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 32, fig. 11 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona ab. hemimelanica

Type Locality: “Sulphur Mountain Springs, Ventura County, Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

=    ‡”fusisecunda” J. A. Comstock, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 30, 31; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 32, fig. 12 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona ab. fusisecunda

Type Locality: “Mt. Wilson, Calif.” [San Bernardino County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

774.      Euphydryas colon (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

a.   Euphydryas colon colon (W. H. Edwards, 1881)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(9): 80, no. 8. Redescribed by W. H. Edwards (1881), Papilio 1(4): 43, 45-46, no. 3.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. Colon

Type Locality: “Mount Hood, Oregon”; corrected to “on the sides of the hills which line the banks of the Columbia river, in W. Washington Territory and Oregon, being especially common near Kalama” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43, and “the bluffs of the Columbia River, at Kalama, and other points in Western Washington Territory” by Tepper (1883), Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 5(10): 81; defined as “Kalama, Cowlitz, County, Washington” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 361.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. M. Brown, 1966, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 92(3): 363, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland, 1898, Butterfly Book: pl. 16, fig. 5 ♂ D. Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 2 ♂ D&V, figured a male “type” but that specimen was not identified as a syntype by F. Brown (1966).

=    perdiccas (W. H. Edwards, 1881) (emended)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(9): 80, no. 9; redescribed by W. H. Edwards (1881), Papilio 1(4): 43, 44-45, no. 2.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. Perdiceas

Type Locality: “Mt. Hood, Idaho”; corrected to “the small prairies numerous near Puget Sound, Washington Territory. It was abundant near Tenino” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43, and “the little prairies, of which there are a good many in Western Washington Territory, near the coast...Tenino near prairies” by Tepper (1883), Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 5(10): 81; subsequently defined as “Tenino, Thurston County, Washington” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 364. All of these Washington localities are in error, as there are no historic or modern records of E. colon from the Puget Sound region. C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 308, suggested that the type locality be changed to “Kalama, Cowlitz Co., Wash.” thereby making perdiccas a synonym of colon. I accept the type locality as that originally given, “Mt. Hood”, which still renders the taxon a synonym of E. c. colon (see A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 246). [Hood River-Clackamas counties, Oregon]

Types: Lectotype designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 366, fig. 2 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 57, figs. 2 ♂ D (lectotype), 3 ♂ D (paralectotype), and Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 2 ♂ D&V.

The spelling of this name was corrected to perdiccas by W. H. Edwards (1881), Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(11): 97, footnote (Code Articles 33.2.1, 33.2.3.1).

=    ‡”mcdunnoughi” Gunder, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 163-164, pl. A, figs. 6 ♂ D, 6a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas colon tr. f. mcdunnoughi

Type Locality: “Corvallis, Oregon” [Benton County]

Types: “Holotype” in CNC.

This name was spelled “macdunnoughi” by dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (1): 86; an unjustified emendation.

=    ‡”fenderi” Gunder, 1932

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 125.

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona race colon tr. f. fenderi

Type Locality: “near McMinnville, Yamhill County, Oregon”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”bakeri” Fender, 1945

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 40(2): 54.

Original Combination: Euphydryas colon ab. bakeri

Type Locality: “Elk Lake, Santiam Nat. Forest, Oregon” [Marion County]

Types: “Holotype” in Fender collection, possibly in OSAC or lost.

b.   Euphydryas colon svihlae Pelham, 2008

J. Res. Lepid. 40: 167-168.

Original Combination: Euphydryas colon svihlae

Pelham adopted Euphydryas chalcedona race perdiceas tr. f. svihlae Gunder, 1932 to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”svihlae” Gunder, 1932

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 126.

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona race perdiceas tr. f. svihlae

Type Locality: “Hurricane Hill, Olympic Mountains, Washington” [Clallam County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Euphydryas colon wallacensis Gunder, 1928

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 5(2): 50, pl. 2, fig. C ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 2 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas wallacensis

Type Locality: “Wallace, Idaho” [Shoshone County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”huellemanni” J. A. Comstock, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 32; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 33, fig. 5 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas colon ab. huellemanni

Type Locality: “Wallace, Idaho” [Shoshone County]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

=    ‡”idahoensis” Gunder, 1929

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): 3.

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona race wallacensis tr. f. idahoensis

Type Locality: “Wallace, Idaho” [Shoshone County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

d.   Euphydryas colon nevadensis Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 181, no. 3e, pl. 42, fig. 8 ♀ D, pl. 45, fig. 11 ♂ D&V (lectotype).

Original Combination: [Euphydryas colon] nevadensis

Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Wildhorse Camp, ten miles south of Mountain City, Elko county, Nevada”

Types: Lectotype in Bauer collection, designated by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 167, note 529.

e.   Euphydryas colon paradoxa McDunnough, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(7): 159, fig. 4 ♂ valve.

Original Combination: [Euphydryas] perdiccas race paradoxa

Type Locality: “Seton Lake, Lillooet, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype (#2512) in CNC; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 2 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”nigrisupernipennis” Gunder, 1926

Entomol. News 37(1): 4, no. 5, pl. 1, fig. 5 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas perdiccas ab. ♂ nigrisupernipennis

Type Locality: “Chilcotin, British Columbia, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

775.      Euphydryas anicia (E. Doubleday, 1847)

anicia group Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 182.

a.   Euphydryas anicia helvia (Scudder, 1869)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 12: 405.

Original Combination: Melitaea Helvia

Type Locality: “upper end of the Ramparts...cañons, commencing two hundred miles below Fort Yukon, where the river is narrow, deep and swift, running for one hundred and fifty miles between high mountains” [Yukon River, Alaska]

Types: Type(s) destroyed in 1871 Chicago fire.

b.   Euphydryas anicia anicia (E. Doubleday, 1847)

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(12): pl. 23, fig. 2 ♂ D; 1(21): 179, no. 6 (1848).

Original Combination: Melitaea Anicia

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, N. America”; defined as “Rock Lake, Alberta (53^o 27'N, 118^o 16'W)”, by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 40-41.

Types: Lectotype (#45-136) in NHMUK, designated by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 40-41; figured by J. Scott (2014), Papilio (n.s.) 22: figs. B1, B2.

=    ‡”mayi” Gunder, 1932

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 126-127.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia tr. f. mayi

Type Locality: “Banff, Alberta, Canada”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

c.   Euphydryas anicia howlandi D. Stallings & Turner, 1947

Can. Entomol. 78(7/8): 137.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia howlandi

Type Locality: “Polaris, Montana” [Beaverhead County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

eurytion group Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 184.

d.   Euphydryas anicia hopfingeri Gunder, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 128.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia race hopfingeri

Type Locality: “Black Canyon, Methow Valley, Okanogan Co., Washington”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”andersoni” (Gunder, 1934)

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 128-129.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia hopfingeri tr. f. andersoni

Type Locality: “Black Canyon, near Brewster, Okanogan Co., Washington”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

e.   Euphydryas anicia effi D. Stallings & Turner, 1945

J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 18(2): 82-83.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia effi

Type Locality: “Corral Creek, Ketchum, Idaho...Elevation 6200' to 7500'” [Blaine County]

Types: Holotype and allotype in PMNH.

f.    Euphydryas anicia windi Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 283.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia race windi

Type Locality: “Timber Island, Teton Mts., Teton County, Wyoming”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

g.   Euphydryas anicia maria (Skinner, 1899)

Can. Entomol. 31(1): 12.

Original Combination: Melitaea Maria

Type Locality: “Park City, Utah” [Summit County]

Types: Syntypes (#7018) in CMNH; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 6 ♂ D&V, and by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 10 ♂ V.

=    ‡”skinneri” Gunder, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 164-165, pl. A, figs. 9 ♂ D, 9a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas maria tr. f. skinneri

Type Locality: “Eureka, Utah” [Juab County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”spaldingi” Gunder, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 165, pl. A, figs. 10 ♀ D, 10a ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas maria tr. f. spaldingi

Type Locality: “Stockton, Utah” [Tooele County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

h.   Euphydryas anicia brucei (W. H. Edwards, 1888)

Can. Entomol. 20(5): 81-82, no. 1.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. Brucei

Type Locality: “only on high mountain tops (in Colorado)...on the Snowy range at not lower than 12,000 feet...Montana, Washington Terr., and British America, in the Rocky Mts.”; defined as “above treeline at the head of Hall Valley, Park County, Colorado” or “Whale Mine, Hall Valley, Park County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 366-367.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 368, fig. 3 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 59, fig. 3 ♂ D (lectotype), 4 ♀ D (paralectotype).

=    ‡”melanodisca” (J. A. Comstock, 1918)

Lepidopterist 2(5): 34-35, pl. 6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Melitaea anicia anicia] Melanodisca aberr. nov.

Type Locality: “Hall Valley, Colorado, at an elevation of about 10,000 feet” [Park County]

Types: Syntype in NHMLA.

i.    Euphydryas anicia eurytion (Mead, [1876])

Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): 759.

Original Combination: Melitaea Eurytion

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Twin Lakes, California Gulch, Fairplay and probably Kenosha. Probably not at Turkey Creek Junction”, by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 160; suggested to be “South Park, Park Co., Colorado” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 164; subsequently defined as “South Park, probably near Fairplay, Park Co., Colo.” by J. Scott et al. (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 31. Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 29, designates a lectotype and, on the basis of that specimen, determined the type locality as “the vicinity of Kenosha House, 2.16 km (1.34 mi) north of the summit of Kenosha Pass, Park County, Colorado.”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 29, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V (Code Article 74.7) ; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 57, fig. 15 ♂ D and J. Scott et al. (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: pl. 5, 1st row ♂ D&V.

=    carolae T. Emmel & L. N. Harris, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (32): 433-434, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia carolae

Type Locality: “Colorado: Park County, 1.3 miles south of Fairplay, 9860 ft. elevation, 2.1 miles west of jct. of Hwy. 285 and National Forest access Fourmile Creek Road, on (north side) Fourmile Creek Road which starts 0.3 miles south of Hwy. 285 x Hwy. 9 jct.”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

=    ‡”rubrolimbata” (J. A. Comstock, 1918)

Lepidopterist 2(5): 36-37, pl. 6, fig. 4 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Melitaea anicia capella] Rubrolimbata aberr. nov.

Type Locality: “South Park, Colorado” [Park County]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

j.    Euphydryas anicia wecoeut M. Fisher, Spomer & J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 31-32, pl. 5, 4th row left, center ♂ D&V (holotype), 5th row left ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia wecoeut

Type Locality: “Coal Mine Point, Black Ridge, 7500', Mesa Co., Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

k.   Euphydryas anicia alena W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 93, no. 219.1.

Original Combination: Euphydryas alena

Type Locality: “So. Utah”; suggested to be “summit Brian Head, Iron Co. Utah” by J. Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 31.

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 7 ♂ D&V, and J. Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: pl. 5; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 57, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♀ D.

l.    Euphydryas anicia magdalena W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 71-72, pl. 11, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♂ V, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Euphydryas magdalena

Type Locality: “White Mtns., Ariz.” [Arizona]

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 7 ♂ D&V, and J. Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: pl. 5; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, figs. 23 ♂ D, 24 ♀ D.

m.  Euphydryas anicia hermosa (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 55, no. 179; 157-158, no. 179, pl. 19, figs. 179 ♂ D (lectotype), 179b ♀ D, 179c ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Melitaea] Hermosa; Melitaea Hermosa n. s.

Type Locality: “Southern Arizona”

Types: Lectotype (#4298) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1985), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 21; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 8 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”duncani” Gunder, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 129.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia wheeleri tr. f. duncani

Type Locality: “Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona” [Pima County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

Austin (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(4): 243, placed this taxon here.

capella group Ferris & R. Holland, 1980

Bull. Allyn Mus. (57): 1.

n.   Euphydryas anicia chuskae (Ferris & R. Holland, 1980)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (57): 2-3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Occidryas anicia chuskae

Type Locality: “open clearings along an Inidian [sic] Reservation road, 3-5 miles above (NNW) Toadlena, Chuska Mtns., ca. 7700" (2348m), San Juan Co., New Mexico”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

o.   Euphydryas anicia carmentis W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 93, no. 220.1.

Original Combination: Euphydryas carmentis

Type Locality: “Pagosa Springs, Colo.” [Archuleta County, Colorado]

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 7 ♂ D&V; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♀ D.

=    ‡”charlotteae” Gunder, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 165, pl. B, figs. 11 ♀ D, 11a ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas carmentis tr. f. charlotteae

Type Locality: “Pagosa Springs, Archuleta Co., Colorado”

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

p.   Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti (Ferris & R. Holland, 1980)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (57): 3, 5, 7, 8, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype); 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Occidryas anicia cloudcrofti

Type Locality: “Pines Campground, 2 mi NE of Cloudcroft, Sacremento [sic] Mtns., 8600' (2623m), Otero Co., New Mexico” [Sacramento Mountains]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

q.   Euphydryas anicia capella (W. Barnes, 1897)

Can. Entomol. 29(2): 41.

Original Combination: Melitaea nubigena, var.capella

Type Locality: “Around Manitou and Denver”; defined as “Manitou Springs, El Paso Co., Colorado” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 164.

Types: Syntypes in USNM; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 6 ♂ D&V, and by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 57, figs. 18 ♂ D, 19 ♀ D.

=    ‡”oslari” Gunder, 1925

Entomol. News 36(7): 196-197, no. 7, pl. 5, fig. 7 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia var. capella ab. ♂ oslari

Type Locality: “Platte Canyon, Colorado” [Jefferson-Douglas counties]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

bernadetta group Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 186-187.

r.    Euphydryas anicia bernadetta Leussler, 1920

Entomol. News 31(4): 102-103.

Original Combination: Euphydryas bernadetta

Type Locality: “Monroe Canyon, near Harrison, Sioux County, Nebraska”

Types: Syntypes in OSUC; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 6 ♂ D&V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 57, fig. 14 ♂ D.

The treatment of bernadetta as a species-level taxon (e.g., Kohler and Kondla (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 30, and J. Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 30, 32-35) is premature and not well supported; a detailed investigation is needed.

=    rorina J. Scott & M. Fisher, 2008

Papilio (n.s.) 18: 32, pl 3, top row left ♂ D, top row right ♂ V (holotype), second row left ♀ D, second row right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas bernadetta rorina

Type Locality: “Beaver Creek, 3 air mi. SSW Hot Sulfer Springs, Grand Co. Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

=    ‡”leussleri” Gunder, 1927

Entomol. News 38(5): 136, no. 8, pl. 2, fig. 8 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas bernadetta leussleri ♂ nov. tr. form

Type Locality: “near Harrison, Sioux County, Nebraska”

Types: “Holotype” in OSUC.

=    ‡”belli” Gunder, 1929

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): 4-5.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia race bernadetta tr. f. belli

Type Locality: “Harrison, Sioux Co., Nebraska”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

s.   Euphydryas anicia veazieae Fender & Jewett, 1953

Wasmann J. Biol. 11(1): 117-119.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia veazieae

Type Locality: “Jackass Mountains, Harney County, Oregon”

Types: Syntypes in Fender and Jewett collections, possibly in OSAC or lost; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 39, figs. 15 ♂ D&V, 18 ♀ D.

=    wenatchee J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 30, pl. 4, 4th row center ♂ D&V (holotype)

Original Combination: Euphydryas bernadetta wenatchee

Type Locality: “8 mi N Kittitas, 1/4 mi above Colockum Pass Road, ~1000' altitude, Kittitas Co., Wash., a rocky ridge under powerlines in sage-steppe above Ponderosa Pine belt” [Washington]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

t.    Euphydryas anicia bakeri D. Stallings & Turner, 1945

J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 18(2): 82.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia bakeri

Type Locality: “Cave Creek, Durkee, Oregon...Elevation 2640'” [Baker County]

Types: Holotype and allotype in PMNH.

u.   Euphydryas anicia macyi Fender & Jewett, 1953

Wasmann J. Biol. 11(1): 115-117.

Original Combination: Euphydryas anicia macyi

Type Locality: “Wildhorse Creek, Alvord Basin, Harney County, Oregon”

Types: Holotype in Fender collection, possibly in OSAC or lost.

wheeleri group Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 188.

v.   Euphydryas anicia wheeleri (Hy. Edwards, 1881)

Papilio 1(4): 52-53.

Original Combination: Melitaea wheeleri n. var [of anicia]

Type Locality: “Southern Nevada”; defined as “mouth of Meadow Canyon, Toquima Range, Nye County, Nevada” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 635.

Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 635; figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 8 ♂ D&V.

w.  Euphydryas anicia morandi Gunder, 1928

Entomol. News 39(10): 304-305, pl. 14, figs. A ♂ D (holotype), AA ♀ D, ♂&♀ V figured by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 8 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Euphydryas morandi

Type Locality: “Kyle Canyon only at 10,500 to 11,000 feet on Mt. Charleston Peak in Spring Mountain, Clark County, Nevada”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 57, fig. 22 ♂ D (holotype), 23 ♀ D (paralectotype), and by Gunder (1929), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(1): pl. 8 ♂ D&V.

x.   Euphydryas anicia variicolor Baughman & Murphy, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (29): 400-401, fig. 9 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Euphydryas chalcedona variicolor

Type Locality: “California, Mono Co., ridge south of Sonora Pass in the Sierra Nevada, 9600 feet”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

This taxon was placed here by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (72): 828.

Subtribe Melitaeina Newman, [1870]

Ill. Nat. Hist. Brit. Butts: 39 (as “Melitaeidae”). Type-genus: Melitaea [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284. Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 432, fig. 45, treated Melitaeini with only two subtribes. That arrangement is adopted herein.

Genus Poladryas Bauer, 1961

In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 109, 130. Type-species: Melitaea pola Boisduval, 1869, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 56, no. 44, by original designation. Bauer misidentified Melitaea arachne W. H. Edwards, 1869, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 372, as pola, as determined by F. Brown (1965), J. Lepid. Soc. 19(4): 206-207, fig. 2, and J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 32, figs. 243 ♂ D, 244 ♂ V. This is a case of a misidentified type species. The type-species is Melitaea arachne W. H. Edwards, 1869, as designated by Pelham (2008), J. Res. Lepid. 40: 370 (under Code Article 70.3).

776.      Poladryas minuta (W. H. Edwards, 1861)

a.   Poladryas minuta minuta (W. H. Edwards, 1861)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 161, no. 2.

Original Combination: Melitaea minuta

Type Locality: “Texas”; neotype from “Comfort, Texas.” [Kendall County]

Types: Type(s) lost; neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 417, fig. 20, ♂ D&V; figured by Mead [1876], Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): pl. 36, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 58, fig. 12 ♂ V.

=    approximata (Strecker, 1900)

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 23.

Original Combination: Melitaea Approximata

Type Locality: “Texas”

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

777.      Poladryas arachne (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

a.   Poladryas arachne arachne (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 372.

Original Combination: Melitaea Arachne

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “vicinity of Golden, Jefferson County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 411.

Types: Holotype in FMNH, figured by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 412, fig. 19 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”gunderiae” (W. Holland, 1930)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 156; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 58, fig. 10 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea arachne ab. gunderiae

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Colorado” by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 128.

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.

b.   Poladryas arachne gilensis (W. Holland, 1930)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 156; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 58, fig. 18 ♀ D (holotype, not ♂ as stated).

Original Combination: Melitaea gilensis

Type Locality: “Wheeler Expedition...Ft. Gila...southern Arizona”; defined as “Along the west fork of the Gila River in Catron Co., New Mexico” by Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 42.

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

c.   Poladryas arachne expedita Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (46): 575-576, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Poladryas arachne expedita

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Nevada State Route 160, 1.0 road mile west of Mountain Springs Summit, 1800 m, T22S R58E S19 on USGS Mt. Springs, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

d.   Poladryas arachne nympha (W. H. Edwards, 1884)

Papilio 4(3): 53-54.

Original Combination: Melitaea Nympha

Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Fort Grant, Graham County, Arizona” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 418.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 419, fig. 21 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 16, fig. 21 ♂ D.

Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (46): 576, determined this arrangement.

=    ‡”skinneri” (Oberthür, 1923)

Étud. Lépid. Comp. 20: 303, pl. 564, fig. 4859 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea Arachne Aberr. Skinneri

Type Locality: “Fort Wingate” [McKinley County, New Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”polingi” (Gunder, 1926)

Entomol. News 37(1): 2-3, no. 2, pl. 1, fig. 2 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea pola var. arachne ab. ♂ polingi

Type Locality: “White Mts., Arizona”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

e.   Poladryas arachne monache (J. A. Comstock, 1918)

Lepidopterist 2(9/10): 71-73; (11) figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V; figured by Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 38, figs. 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Melitaea monache

Type Locality: “8500 to 9000 feet elevation, in the Monache Meadows of Tulare County, California”

Types: Syntypes in NHMLA.

Genus Chlosyne Butler, 1870

Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 38, no. 37. Type-species: Papilio janais Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist., 3: 22, index, pl. 17, figs. 5, 6, as replacement name. Proposed to replace Synchloe E. Doubleday, (1844), preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8). The synonymy for this genus follows Wahlberg and Zimmerman (2000), Cladistics 16(4): 347-363.

      =    ‡Morpheis Geyer, [1833]

In: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl [5], figs. 1-4. Type-species: Morpheis ehrenbergii Geyer, [1833], in: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett., 3: pl [5], figs. 1-4, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Morpheis Hübner, [1820], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3): 196.

      =    ‡Synchloe E. Doubleday, 1844

List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 76. Type-species: Papilio janais Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 22, index, pl. 17, figs. 5, 6, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 141, no. 253. Preoccupied by Synchloe Hübner, (1818), Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 26.

      =    ‡Coatlantona W. F. Kirby, 1871

Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 178. Type-species: Papilio janais Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 22, index, pl. 17, figs. 5, 6, as replacement name. Proposed to replace Synchloe E. Doubleday, 1844, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8). A junior objective synonym of Chlosyne Butler, 1870.

=    Anemeca W. F. Kirby, 1871

Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 179. Type-species: Morpheis ehrenbergii Geyer, [1833], in: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl [5], figs. 1-4, as replacement name. Proposed to replace Morpheis Geyer, [1833], in: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl [5], figs. 1-4, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

=    Charidryas Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 47. Type-species: Melitaea nycteis E. Doubleday, 1847, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1)12): pl. 23, fig. 3; (21): 181, no. 23 (1848), by original designation.

      =    ‡Limnaecia Scudder, 1872

4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 47. Type-species: Melitaea harrisii Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 167-168, no. 36, by original designation. Preoccupied by Limnaecia Stainton, 1851, Suppl. Cat. Brit. Pteroph.: 4.

=    Thessalia Scudder, 1875

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 238, 265, no. 49. Type-species: Melitaea leanira C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 4(4): 106, no. 64, by original designation.

778.      Chlosyne janais (Drury, 1782)

a.   Chlosyne janais janais (Drury, 1782)

Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 22, index, pl. 17, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Papilio Janais

Type Locality: “Sierra Leone” in error.

Types: Type(s) lost.

779.      Chlosyne definita (E. Aaron, 1885)

a.   Chlosyne definita definita (E. Aaron, 1885)

Papilio 4(9/10): 176-177.

Original Combination: Melitaea Definita

Type Locality: “Inland from Corpus Christi” [Nueces County, Texas]

Types: Syntypes in CMNH, FMNH, DMNS, and ANSP (#7755); figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, figs. 14 ♂ D, 15 ♂ V.

As first revisers, W. Barnes and McDunnough (1917), Check List Lepid. Bor. Am.: 9, no. 239, gave definita priority over albiplaga.

=    albiplaga (E. Aaron, 1885)

Papilio 4(9/10): 175-176.

Original Combination: Melitaea Albiplaga

Type Locality: “Gulf region near Corpus Christi” [Nueces County, Texas]

Types: Holotype (#7756) in ANSP.

=    schausi (Godman & Salvin, 1901)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(163): 676-677, no. 4; 3(166): pl. 108, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Melitaea schausi

Type Locality: “Mexico, Paso de San Juan in Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

b.   Chlosyne definita anastasia (Hemming, 1934)

Stylops 3(9): 193.

Original Combination: Melitaea anastasia

Proposed to replace Melitaea beckeri Godman & Salvin, 1901, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡beckeri (Godman & Salvin, 1901)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(163): 676, no. 3; 3(166): pl. 108, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Melitaea beckeri

Type Locality: “Mexico, Durango city” [Durango]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Preoccupied by Melitaea artemis var. beckeri Herrich-Schäffer, 1851, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 6: 1.

*780.    Chlosyne endeis (Godman & Salvin, 1894)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)14(80): 97, no. 5; figured by Godman and Salvin (1901), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(166): pl. 108, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Synchloë endeis

Type Locality: “Sierra Madre de Tepic, Western Mexico” [Nayarit]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”pardelina” Higgins, 1960

Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 112(14): 420.

Original Combination: Chlosyne endeis form pardelina

Type Locality: “La Gloria, S of Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico, 3300'”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

781.      Chlosyne melitaeoides (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867)

Reise Novara Zool. (3): 396, no. 586.

Original Combination: Synchloe melitaeoides

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

R. Kendall and McGuire (1984), Bull. Allyn Mus. (86): 28-29, figs. 28, 29, ♂&♀, D&V, detailed the occurrence of this taxon in Texas.

782.      Chlosyne eumeda (Godman & Salvin, 1894)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)14(80): 96, no. 2; figured by Godman and Salvin (1901), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(166): pl. 108, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Synchloë eumeda

Type Locality: “Mochitlan in the State of Guerrero, Western Mexico”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Lamas (1999), Revta Peru Entomol. 41: 41.

=    dryope (Godman & Salvin, 1894)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)14(80): 96-97, no. 2; figured by Godman and Salvin (1901), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(166): pl. 108, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Synchloë dryope

Type Locality: “State of Jalisco, Western Mexico”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    fasciata Röber, 1914

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(187): pl. 91g, fig. [5] ♂ D; (192): 452.

Original Combination: Chlosyne fasciata

Type Locality: “Mexico (Guerrero)”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Lamas (1999), Revta Peru Entomol. 41: 41.

*783.    Chlosyne rosita A. Hall, 1924

Entomol. 57(738): 241, no. 1, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chlosyne rosita

Type Locality: “Western Guatemala, Moran, 3700 ft....Palin, 3500 ft....Escuintla, 2000 ft.”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

a.   Chlosyne rosita browni Bauer, 1960

J. Lepid. Soc. 14(2): 150-151, figs. 1a, 1b ♀ D&V, 2a, 2b ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Chlosyne rosita browni

Type Locality: “El Salto, 1,600 feet elevation, San Luis Potosi, Mexico”

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

b.   Chlosyne rosita montana A. Hall, 1924

Entomol. 57(738): 241-242, no. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Chlosyne lacinia montana

Type Locality: “Mexico, Mt. Popocatepetl, 10,000 ft.” [Mt. Popocatépetl, Mexico/Puebla states]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

*784.    Chlosyne theona (Ménétriés, 1855)

Enum. corp. anim. (1): 86-87, no. 444, pl. 2, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Melitaea theona

Type Locality: “Nicaragua”

Types: Type(s) possibly lost; Austin and M. Smith (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (28): 360, determined that there are no syntypes at ZIN.

a.   Chlosyne theona thekla (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 191, no. 4.

Original Combination: Melitaea Thekla

Type Locality: “Southern California”; corrected to “vicinity of old Fort Lowell, near Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 392-394.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 395, fig. 13 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”benjamini” (Gunder, 1928)

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 166, pl. B, figs. 15 ♂ D, 15a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea (Lemonias) theona race thekla tr. f. benjamini

Type Locality: “So. Arizona”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

b.   Chlosyne theona bollii (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

Field & Forest 3(6): 101-102.

Original Combination: Melitaea Bollii

Type Locality: “San Antonio, Texas” [Bexar County]

Types: Holotype (#7757) in CMNH, figured by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 397, fig. 13 ♂ D&V.

*785.    Chlosyne chinatiensis (Tinkham, 1944)

Can. Entomol. 76(1): 12-13, no. 8, fig. 1 ♂ (left half) V, (right half) D (holotype), 2 (left half) V, (right half) D.

Original Combination: Melitaea chinatiensis

Type Locality: “Chinati Mountains, 4500 feet elevation, Presidio Co., Texas”

Types: Holotype lost or destroyed; neotype in CAS, designated (as lectotype) by Austin and M. Smith (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (28): 369 (Code Article 72.4.5).

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 27, fig. 22, confirmed that chinatiensis is species distinct from theona.

786.      Chlosyne cyneas (Godman & Salvin, 1878)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878(1): 269, no. 12; figured by Godman and Salvin (1882), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(21): pl. 21, figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Phyciodes cyneas

Type Locality: “Mexico, mountains of Oaxaca”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”infrequens” (Gunder, 1928)

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 166, pl. B, figs. 14 ♂ D, 14a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea (Lemonias) cyneas tr. f. infrequens

Type Locality: “Huachuca Mts., Ariz.” [Cochise County, Arizona]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

787.      Chlosyne fulvia (W. H. Edwards, 1879)

Can. Entomol. 11(6): 117-118.

Original Combination: Melitaea Fulvia

Type Locality: “Western Texas”; defined as “grasslands adjacent to the Wichita River...Archer County, Texas” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 390-391.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 391, fig. 12 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 131, pl. 59, fig. 6 ♂ V.

=    ‡”sinefascia” (R. Williams, 1914)

Entomol. News 25(6): 265, no. 6.

Original Combination: Melitaea fulvia sinefascia n. aberr.

Type Locality: “Jamez [sic] Mountains, New Mexico” implied from the title of the paper. [Jemez Mountains, Sandoval County]

Types: “Holotype” (#7167) in CMNH.

788.      Chlosyne coronado (M. Smith & Brock, 1988)

Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 26, fig. 21, determined that coronado is a species distinct from fulvia and gave precedence to coronado over pariaensis as first revisers.

a.   Chlosyne coronado pariaensis (M. Smith & Brock, 1988)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (118): 10-12, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♀ D, 29 ♂ D, 30 ♀ D, 31 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Thessalia fulvia pariaensis

Type Locality: “Utah, Kane County, the Cockscomb Ridge, ca. 61 road km east of Kanab”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Chlosyne coronado coronado (M. Smith & Brock, 1988)

Bull. Allyn Mus. (118): 6-8, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Thessalia fulvia coronado

Type Locality: “Arizona: Pima County, summit of Redington Pass, 20 km ENE of Tucson, Santa Catalina Mts.”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

789.      Chlosyne leanira (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860)

a.   Chlosyne leanira oregonensis Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 166-167, no. 16a, pl. 40, fig. 17 ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: [Chlosyne (Thessalia) leanira] oregonensis

Type Locality: Not specifically stated; holotype from “Mt. Ashland, Loop Road, Jackson Co., Ore.” [Oregon]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

b.   Chlosyne leanira leanira (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860)

Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 4(4): 106, no. 64; figured by C. Felder and R. Felder (1867), Reise Novara Zool. (3): pl. 50, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Melitaea leanira

Type Locality: “Californien”; suggested to be “vic. San Francisco, California” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 153; corrected to “Hwy 70 at Chambers Creek, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 1850' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 89.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 89, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V.

=    daviesi (Wind, 1947)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 23(4): 171.

Original Combination: Melitaea leanira daviesi

Type Locality: “Strawberry Lake, Tuolumne County, California, el. 5500 ft.”

Types: Holotype in CAS.

c.   Chlosyne leanira obsoleta (Hy. Edwards, 1877)                                       ✝

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 171.

Original Combination: Melitaea Leanira Var. Obsoleta

Type Locality: “Near San Rafael, in Marin County” [California]

Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by Austin and M. Smith (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (26): 336.

=    leona (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 55, no. 186; 160, no. 186, pl. 20, figs. 186, 186b ♀ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: [Melitaea] Leona; Melitaea Leona n. v.

Type Locality: “Southern California” “San Rafael, Cali.” [Marin County]

Types: Holotype (#4305) in CAS.

d.   Chlosyne leanira nebularum (Austin & M. Smith, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (26): 335, figs. 7 ♂ D, 15 ♂ V (holotype); 8 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thessalia leanira nebularum

Type Locality: “California: Santa Cruz County; Highland Way, 3 to 4 road miles southeast of the Soquel to San Jose road”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Chlosyne leanira elegans (Priestaf & J. Emmel, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (26): 327-328, 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thessalia leanira elegans

Type Locality: “California: San Luis Obispo County; Oso Flaco Sand Dunes, in the vicinity of Oso Flaco Lake”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

f.    Chlosyne leanira wrightii (W. H. Edwards, 1886)

Can. Entomol. 18(4): 64-65, no. 3.

Original Combination: Melitaea Wrightii

Type Locality: “San Bernardino” [San Bernardino County, California]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 389, fig. 11 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 17, figs. 9 ♂ D (lectotype), 10 ♀ V (paralectotype).

=    cerrita (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 55, no. 189; 161, no. 189, pl. 20, figs. 189, 189a ♂ D&V (lectotype), 189b ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Melitaea] Cerrita; Melitaea Cerrita n. s.

Type Locality: “Southern California”; suggested to be “Little Mountain, several miles to the north of San Bernardino” by Coolidge (1911), Psyche 18(1): 33.[San Bernardino County, California]

Types: Lectotype (#4306) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1985), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 22.

Austin and Murphy [1989], J. Res. Lepid. 26(1-4): 280-281, determined this synonymy.

=    pelona (Gunder, 1930)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 29(2): 61, no. 71.

Original Combination: Melitaea wrightii form pelona

Type Locality: “Mint Canyon” [Sierra Pelona Valley, Los Angeles County, California]

Types: Holotype possibly in NHMLA; figured by Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 39, fig. 16 ♀ V.

=    ‡”carolynae” (Gunder, 1926)

Entomol. News 37(1): 3, no. 3, pl. 1, fig. 3 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea wrighti ab. ♂ carolynae

Type Locality: “Mint Canyon, Los Angeles County, California” [Sierra Pelona Valley]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

g.   Chlosyne leanira alma (Strecker, [1878])

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (15): 135, pl. 15 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Melitaea Alma

Type Locality: “Arizona...S. Utah”; defined as “vic. St. George, Washington Co., Utah” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 153; redefined as “northwestern Mohave County” by Austin and M. Smith (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (27): 340. Lectotype is labeled “Arizona.”

Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Austin and M. Smith (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (27): 340.

=    ‡”koebelei” (Gunder, 1927)

Entomol. News 38(5): 136, no. 7, pl. 2, fig. 7 ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Lemonias alma koebelei ♀ nov. tr. form

Type Locality: “Argus Mts., Inyo County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in CAS.

h.   Chlosyne leanira basinensis (Austin & M. Smith, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (27): 341-342, figs. 53 ♂ D, 59 ♂ V (holotype); 54 ♀ D, 60 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thessalia leanira basinensis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lyon County; Sweetwater Mountains, Nevada State Route 338, 1.0 miles northeast of the California state line, 1825 m, T7N R25E S26 on USGS Bridgeport, Calif.-Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

i.    Chlosyne leanira flavodorsalis (Austin & M. Smith, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (27): 342-343, figs. 55 ♂ D, 61 ♂ V (holotype); 56 ♀ D, 62 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Thessalia leanira flavodorsalis

Type Locality: “Utah: San Juan County; Comb Ridge, 4 road miles west of Bluff on U.S. highway 163"

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

790.      Chlosyne californica (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 56, no. 212; 170, no. 212, pl. 21, figs. 212 ♂ D, 212a ♂ D (lectotype), 212b ♀ D, 212bb ♀ D, 212c ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Synchloe] Californica; Synchloe Californica n. s.

Type Locality: “Colorado Desert of Southeast. Cal.” [San Bernardino County, California]

Types: Lectotype (#4309) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 24.

=    ‡”chinoi” Gunder, 1924

Entomol. News 35(5): 157, pl. 2, fig. I ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Chlosyne california ab. ♀ chinoi

Type Locality: “Palm Springs (Chino Canyon), Riverside County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 38, fig. 15 ♀ D.

*791.    Chlosyne lacinia (Geyer, 1837)

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: pl. [155], figs. 899 ♂ D, 900 ♂ V [1836]; 25, no. 450 (1837, name given).

Original Combination: Araschnia Lacinia

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    tellias (H. Bates, 1864)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(4): 84-85, no. 42.

Original Combination: Synchloe tellias

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    quehtala (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 248, no. 24.

Original Combination: Synchloë quehtala

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    ardema (Reakirt, [1867])

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 336, no. 39.

Original Combination: Synchloë ardema

Type Locality: “Mexico, (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    misera (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 471-472, no. 21.

Original Combination: Synchloë misera

Type Locality: “Huahuapan” [Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca, Mexico]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    pretona (Boisduval, 1870)

Lepid. Guat.: 37-38.

Original Combination: Synchloe Pretona

Type Locality: “Guatemala”

Types: Syntype in USNM.

=    adelina (Staudinger, 1876)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25: 102, no. 12.

Original Combination: Synchloë Adelina

Type Locality: “Panamá als Chiriqui”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    ‡”indigens” Higgins, 1961

Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 112(14): 408 (b); cited Godman and Salvin (1882), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(17): pl.19, fig. 14 ♀ D, 15 ♀ V (as lacinia).

Original Combination: [Chlosyne lacinia lacinia] form indigens

Type Locality: “Costa Rica: Escazu”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

a.   Chlosyne lacinia crocale (W. H. Edwards, 1874)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(1): 17; figured by Mead [1876], Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): pl. 37, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Synchloe Crocale

Type Locality: “White Mtns, Arizona”; suggested to be “country directly northeast of old Camp Apache, now Fort Apache, in the extreme southeastern corner of Navajo County and in extreme southwestern Apache County, Arizona” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 407.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 409, fig. 18 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”rufescens” (W. H. Edwards, 1893)

Can. Entomol. 25(11): 287.

Original Combination: [Synchloe crocale] aberration rufescens

Type Locality: “Juarey [sic], Mexico (across the river opposite El Paso)” [Cuidad Juarez, Chihuahua]

Types: “Type(s)” may not have existed.

Cockerell (1894), Can. Entomol. 26(1): 30, redescribed Synchloe lacinia ab. rufescens from “Juarez (not Juarey), Mexico.”

=    ‡”rufa” (T. Cockerell, 1893)

In: W. H. Edwards, Can. Entomol. 25(11): 286.

Original Combination: [Synchloe Lacinia] form rufa

Type Locality: “Las Cruces, New Mexico” [Dona Ana County]

Types: “Type(s)” probably never existed.

Described as a color form of the larva.

=    ‡”bicolor” (T. Cockerell, 1893)

In: W. H. Edwards, Can. Entomol. 25(11): 287.

Original Combination: [Synchloe Lacinia] form bicolor

Type Locality: “Las Cruces, New Mexico” [Dona Ana County]

Types: “Type(s)” probably never existed.

Described as a color form of the larva.

=    ‡”nigra” (T. Cockerell, 1893)

In: W. H. Edwards, Can. Entomol. 25(11): 287.

Original Combination: [Synchloe Lacinia] form nigra

Type Locality: “Las Cruces, New Mexico” [Don Ana County]

Types: “Type(s)” probably never existed.

Described as a color form of the larva.

=    ‡”nigrescens” (W. H. Edwards, 1893)

Can. Entomol. 25(11): 287.

Original Combination: [Synchloe Crocale] ab. nigrescens

Type Locality: “Juarey [sic], Mexico (across the river opposite El Paso)” [Cuidad Juarez, Chihuahua]

Types: “Type(s)” may not have existed.

=    ‡”inghami” Gunder, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 167, pl. B, figs. 20 ♂ D, 20a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Chlosyne lacinia race rufescens tr. f. inghami

Type Locality: “Mesa, Ariz.” [Mariposa County, Arizona]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”flavida” Higgins, 1960

Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 112(14): 409.

Original Combination: Chlosyne lacinia form flavida

Proposed to replace Synchloe crocale aberration rufescens W. H. Edwards, 1893, Can. Entomol. 25(11): 287, but that is an infrasubspecific name, not subject to homonymy (Code Article 1.3.4).

b.   Chlosyne lacinia adjutrix Scudder, 1875

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 269, no. 183.

Original Combination: [Chlosyne] Adjutrix

Type Locality: “Texas”

Types: Holotype probably in MCZC.

792.      Chlosyne gorgone (Hübner, [1810])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [41], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (not figs. 3, 4).

Original Combination: Dryas Gorgone

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Burke Co., in southern Georgia” by W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 156; neotype from “Burke Co., GA, River Road.”

Types: Type(s) probably lost. Neotype, also apparently lost was in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (1998), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(2): 5, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡ismeria (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])

Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept.(19): 168-169; (16): pl. 46, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V, 3 larva, 4 pupa.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. Ismeria

Type Locality: “Caroline et la Géorgie”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing; the specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. Gatrelle (1998), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(2): 1-8, and Gatrelle (2003), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(4): 1-9, claimed to have rediscovered this taxon, believed it conspecific with Chlosyne nycteis (E. Doubleday, [1847]), and treated it as the senior synonym of that name. He also designated a neotype of ismeria; it is a specimen of C. nycteis.

This taxon was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 2160. For details on this synonymy, see Calhoun (2003), J. Lepid. Soc. 57(3): 204-219, (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 143-168, (2005), J. Lepid. Soc. 59(3): 172-173, and Calhoun et al. (2005), Bull. Zool. Nomen. 62(2): 79-83.

=    carlota (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 141; cited Melitaea nycteis (sensu W. H. Edwards (1861), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 161, no. 3).

Original Combination: Eresia Carlota

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory”; suggested to be “Illinois, Missouri” by W. H. Edwards (1861) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 161, no. 3 but the lectotype is from “Colorado.” Calhoun (2011), J. Lepid. Soc. 65(3): 165, suggests “Front Range foothills of Jefferson County, Colorado, west of Denver” based on Reakirt’s itinerary.

Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Calhoun (2011), J. Lepid. Soc. 65(3): 165, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 3 labels.

Calhoun (2011), J. Lepid. Soc. 65(3): 162-166, discussed this name at length and suggests this synonymy.

=    ‡”nigra” (M. Cary, 1901)

Can. Entomol. 33(11): 307-308.

Original Combination: Phyciodes ismeria, ab. nigra

Type Locality: “bottom of Monroe Canon” [Sioux County, Nebraska]

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

793.      Chlosyne nycteis (E. Doubleday, 1847)

a.   Chlosyne nycteis pastoron Pelham, 2008

J. Res. Lepid. 40: 375.

Original Combination: Chlosyne ismeria pastoron

Proposed as a replacement name for Chlosyne ismeria obsoleta Gatrelle, 2003, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡obsoleta Gatrelle, 2003

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(4): 10, figs. 17 D, 18 V (holotype); 19 D, 20 V, 21 D, 22 V, 23 D, 24 V.

Original Combination: Chlosyne ismeria obsoleta

Type Locality: “North Carolina: Macon County, Jones Knob 4200'”

Types: Holotype in MGCL collection.

Preoccupied by Melitaea Leanira var. obsoleta Hy. Edwards, 1877, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 171, currently in Chlosyne.

b.   Chlosyne nycteis nycteis (E. Doubleday, 1847)

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(12): pl. 23, fig. 3 ♀ D; (21): 181, no. 23 (1848).

Original Combination: Melitaea Nycteis

Type Locality: “United States (Middle States)”; suggested to be “Vicinity of Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio” by Calhoun (2011), J. Lepid. Soc. 65(3): 185.

Types: Lectotype (#Rh8433) in NHMUK, designated by Calhoun (2011), J. Lepid. Soc. 65(3): 185, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V, 4 labels.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 2160 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology.

=    oenone (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 166, no. 35.

Original Combination: Melitaea Oenone

Type Locality: “Lenox and Williamstown, Mass....Norway, Me.” [Berkshire County, Massachusetts; Oxford County, Maine]

Types: Syntypes possibly in MCZC.

=    ‡”millburni” (C. Rummel, 1926)

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 21(5): 203.

Original Combination: Phyciodes nycteis ab. millburni

Type Locality: “Millburn, N. J.” [Union County, New Jersey]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”lacteus” (Gunder, 1928)

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 166, pl. B, figs. 16 ♂ D, 16a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Phyciodes nycteis tr. f. lacteus

Type Locality: “near St. Louis, Mo.” [St. Louis County, Missouri]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”greyi” (W. D. Field, 1934)

Can. Entomol. 66(11): 256.

Original Combination: Phyciodes nycteis tr. f. greyi

Type Locality: “north west edge of city limits of Lawrence” [Douglas County, Kansas]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

c.   Chlosyne nycteis reversa (F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940)

Can. Entomol. 72(4): 83.

Original Combination: Phyciodes nycteis reversa

Type Locality: “Riding Mtns., Manitoba”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

d.   Chlosyne nycteis drusius (W. H. Edwards, 1884)

Papilio 4(3): 57.

Original Combination: Phyciodes Nycteis var. Drusius

Type Locality: “Colorado and Arizona”; defined as “Turkey Creek Junction, Jefferson County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 401-402; refined to “within several kilometers north of Bradford Junction (“Turkey Creek Junction,” within the present-day town of Conifer), Jefferson County, Colorado“ by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 29.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 402, fig. 15 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”hewitsoni” (W. D. Field, 1936)

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 23.

Original Combination: Phyciodes nycteis race drusius tr. f. hewitsoni

Type Locality: “Greaterville, Arizona” [Pima County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

794.      Chlosyne harrisii (Scudder, 1863)

a.   Chlosyne harrisii harrisii (Scudder, 1863)

Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 167-168, no. 36.

Original Combination: Melitaea Harrisii

Type Locality: “Norway, Maine...Pittsfield, N. H....Sutton and Princeton, Mass.” [Oxford County, Maine, Merrimack County, New Hampshire, Worcester County, Massachusetts]

Types: Syntype (#26344) in MCZC.

b.   Chlosyne harrisii albimontana (Avinoff, 1930)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 163-164, no. 2, pl. 6, figs. 8 ♂ D (holotype), 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Melitaea harrisii albimontana

Type Locality: “White Mtns.” [New Hampshire]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 59, fig. 11 ♂ D.

c.   Chlosyne harrisii liggetti (Avinoff, 1930)

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 161-162, no. 1, pl. 6, figs. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ V, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Melitaea harrisii liggeti

Type Locality: “Cook Forest...Slippery Rock, Pa.” [Clarion County, Pennsylvania]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 59, fig. 12 ♂ D (holotype), 13 ♀ D (paratype).

d.   Chlosyne harrisii hanhami (Fletcher, 1903)

Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 208-210, unnumbered pl., fig. ♂ D, ♀ V.

Original Combination: Phyciodes hanhami

Type Locality: “Manitoba (Eastern, Central and Southern), Minnesota...Winnipeg...at Bird's Hill...Brandon...Rounthwaite, Man....Aweme, Man.”; stated to be “Manitoba and Minnesota” by Fletcher (1904), Can. Entomol. 36(5): 122, fig. ♂ D, ♀ V.

Types: Syntypes in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 74, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♀ D.

This taxon was redescribed by Fletcher (1904), Can. Entomol. 36(5): 122, fig. ♂ D, ♀ V.

795.      Chlosyne hoffmanni (Behr, 1863)

a.   Chlosyne hoffmanni hoffmanni (Behr, 1863)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 88, 89, no. 4.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. Hoffmanni

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “peculiar to the higher regions of California” from the description; neotype from “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 99, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V.

=    helcita (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 55-56, no. 43; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 261, figs. 2186 ♂ D&V, 2187 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Melitaea Helcita

Type Locality: “dans les contrées du Sud” in error; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 32.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 32, figs. 240 ♂ D, 241 ♂ V.

=    ‡”abnorma” (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 55, no. 183; 160, no. 183, pl. 20, figs. 183, 183b ♀ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Melitaea Hoffmanni var.] Abnorma; Melitaea Abnorma n. v.

Type Locality: “Sierra Nevadas, 7,000 ft., Calif.”; “Truckee, Cal.” [Nevada County, California]

Types: “Holotype” (#4303) in CAS.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

=    ‡”hollandae” (Gunder, 1928)

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 166, pl. B, figs. 13 ♀ D, 13a ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea (Lemonias) hoffmanni tr. f. hollandae

Type Locality: “Summit, California” [Placer County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 17, fig. 14 ♀ D.

b.   Chlosyne hoffmanni segregata (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 72-73, pl. 11, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D (holotype), 10 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Melitaea hoffmanni segregata

Type Locality: “Crater Lake, Oregon, 6500 ft.” [Klamath County]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book:figs. 28 ♂ D, 29 ♀ D.

=    bridgei (J. A. Comstock, 1924)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23(6): 173-174; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 37, fig. 9 ♂ D (holotype), 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D (as Melitaea hoffmanni segregata).

Original Combination: Melitaea Bridgei

Type Locality: “Crater Lake, Oregon” [Klamath County]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Chlosyne hoffmanni manchada Bauer, 1960

J. Lepid. Soc. 13(4): 208-210, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Chlosyne hoffmanni manchada

Type Locality: “1,600 feet elevation in Tumwater Canyon, Drury, Chelan Co., Washington”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

796.      Chlosyne acastus (W. H. Edwards, 1874)

a.   Chlosyne acastus sabina (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 55, no. 181; 159, no. 181, pl .20, fig. 181 ♀ D (holotype).

Original Combination: [Melitaea] Sabina; Melitaea Sabina n. s.

Type Locality: “Catalina Mountains of Arizona”; Sabino Canyon implied from the formation of the name. [Pima County]

Types: Holotype (#4302) in CAS.

J. A. Comstock (1920), Southwest Sci. Bull. [1]: 30-32, pl. [1], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, redescribed and figured this taxon.

b.   Chlosyne acastus neumoegeni (Skinner, 1895)

Entomol. News 6(4): 113.

Original Combination: Melitaea neumoegeni

Type Locality: “Utah”; syntype from “Virgin River Valley, Washington Co., Utah.”

Types: Syntype (#7019) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 16 ♂ V.

=    ‡”fridayi” (Gunder, 1932)

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 283.

Original Combination: Melitaea neumoegeni tr. f. fridayi

Type Locality: “Little Rock, Los Angeles Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”boharti” (Gunder, 1933)

Can. Entomol. 65(8): 173.

Original Combination: Melitaea neumoegeni tr. f. boharti

Type Locality: “Little Rock, Los Angeles Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Chlosyne acastus acastus (W. H. Edwards, 1874) (1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(1): 16-17.

Original Combination: Melitaea Acastus

Type Locality: “Montana...Nevada...Southern Utah”; defined as “Provo Canyon, Utah County, Utah” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 402-403.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 404, fig. 16 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 16, fig. 11 ♂ D.

d.   Chlosyne acastus arkanyon M. Fisher & J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 37-38, pl. 6, 1st row left ♂ D, 2nd row left ♂ V (holotype), 1st row center ♀ D, 2nd row center ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chlosyne sterope (acastus) arkanyon

Type Locality: “Poncha Creek, along Hwy. 285, south of Poncha Springs, 7800 ft., Chaffee Co. Colorado”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

e.   Chlosyne acastus vallismortis (J. Johnson, 1938) (emended)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(1): 18-20.

Original Combination: Melitaea palla vallis-mortis

Type Locality: “Tuber Canyon Spring in the Panamint Mountains...Tuber Canyon, Panamint Mountains, elevation 8,000 feet, Death Valley National Monument, California” [Inyo County]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 141, placed this taxon here.

f.    Chlosyne acastus robusta Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (46): 576, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chlosyne acastus robusta

Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Kyle Canyon Campground, 2072 m, T19S R57E S28 on USGS Charleston Peak, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

g.   Chlosyne acastus waucoba J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 142-143, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chlosyne (Charidryas) acastus waucoba

Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; one half air mile north of Cerro Gordo (town), Inyo Mountains, 8100' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    ‡”pearlae” (Gunder, 1926)

Entomol. News 37(1): 5, no. 7, pl. 1, fig. 7 ♀ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Melitaea acastus ab. ♀ pearlae

Type Locality: “Casa Diablo Hills, Mono County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

h.   Chlosyne acastus dorothyi Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. America: 157, no. 5a, pl. 40, figs. 9 ♀ D&V, 12 ♂ D&V (lectotype; as Chlosyne palla sterope).

Original Combination: [Chlosyne (Charidryas) acastus] dorothyi

Type Locality: “Burnt and Snake River Canyons, Oregon”, lectotype from “Durkee, Oregon.” [Baker County]

Types: Lectotype said to be in NHMLA, designated by Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 44.

797.      Chlosyne gabbii (Behr, 1863)

a.   Chlosyne gabbii gabbii (Behr, 1863)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 88, 89, no. 3.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. Gabbii

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “the mountains near Los Angeles” from the description; neotype from “La Tuna Canyon, Verdugo Mountains, Los Angeles County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 99, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V.

=    pola (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 56, no. 44.

Original Combination: Melitaea Pola

Type Locality: “Sonora”; suggested to be “somewhere from Los Angeles southward into extreme northern Baja California” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 273; defined as “La Tuna Canyon, 1,200' elev., Verdugo Mts., Los Angeles County, California” by Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 32.

Types: Holotype in CMNH, as determined by F. Brown (1965), J. Lepid. Soc. 19(4): 206-207, fig. 2 ♂ D&V; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 32, figs. 243 ♂ D, 244 ♂ V.

Boisduval loaned the holotype to W. H. Edwards, but died before it could be returned. The subsequent figure of a specimen of Poladryas arachne by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 261, fig. 2188, and designation of that figure as the type of “pola” by W. Barnes and McDunnough, (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 92, contributed to the general acceptance of this name as a senior synonym of arachne (e.g., dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (1): 85, and Bauer (1961), in: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 130). F. Brown (1965), J. Lepid. Soc. 19(4): 206-207, detailed the particulars of this confusion and figured the holotype of pola, justifying its placement in the synonymy of C. gabbii.

=    sonorae (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 56-57, no. 45; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 261, figs. 2189 ♂ D&V, 2190 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Melitaea Sonorae

Type Locality: “De la Sonora”; suggested to be “somewhere from Los Angeles southward into extreme northern Baja California” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 273; stated to be “vic. Los Angeles, California” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 157; further defined as “La Tuna Canyon, 1,200' elev., Verdugo Mts., Los Angeles County, California” by Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 32.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 32, figs. 246 ♂ D, 247 ♂ V.

=    ‡”pasadenae” (Gunder, 1924)

Entomol. News 35(5): 155, pl. 2, fig. C ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Euphydryas gabbi ab. ♂ pasadenae

Type Locality: “Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 36, fig. 4 ♂ D.

=    ‡”gunderi” (J. A. Comstock, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 33; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 36, fig. 6 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea gabbii ab. gunderi

Type Locality: “San Fernando, Calif.” [Los Angeles County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

=    ‡”newcombi” (J. A. Comstock, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 33; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 36, fig. 5 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea gabbii ab. newcombi

Type Locality: “Pasadena, Calif.” [Los Angeles County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

b.   Chlosyne gabbii atrifasciata Hawks & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (25): 322-323, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chlosyne (Charidryas) gabbii atrifasciata

Type Locality: “California: Santa Barbara County, Santa Cruz Island; La Cascada”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

798.      Chlosyne palla (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Chlosyne palla eremita (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 55, no. 178; 157, no. 178, pl. 19, figs. 178 ♀ D (lectotype), 178b ♀ D, 178c ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Melitaea] Eremita; Melitaea Eremita n. s.

Type Locality: “Lake County, California”; defined as “San Rafael, Marin County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 141, but the original citation is adequate. Populations in Lake County are phenotypically like those in Marin County.

Types: Lectotype (#4296) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 21.

J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 141, and A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 227, discussed the status of this taxon.

=    ‡”hemifusa” (Gunn, 1930)

Entomol. News 41(1): 17.

Original Combination: Melitaea palla ab. hemifusa

Type Locality: “Cazadero, Sonoma County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in CIS.

b.   Chlosyne palla sterope (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 190-191, no. 3.

Original Combination: Melitaea Sterope

Type Locality: “Oregon”; defined as “Tygh Valley, Wasco county, Oregon” by Bauer (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 157.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 407, fig. 17 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 124, pl. 58, fig. 23 ♀ D.

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 21, fig. 24, determined that sterope is a subspecies of palla, not acastus. That treatment is adopted herein.

=    hewesi (Leussler, 1931)

Entomol. News 42(1): 12.

Original Combination: Melitaea hewesi

Type Locality: “Tygh, Oregon, about 25 miles south of the Columbia River near the Dalles in Sherman [sic] County” [Tygh Valley, Wasco County]

Types: Holotype probably in OSUC.

Gunder (1934), Can. Entomol. 66(6): 130, was the first to recognize that hewesi is a synonym of sterope.

=    ‡”hopfingeri” Gunder, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 129-130.

Original Combination: Melitaea sterope tr. f. hopfingeri

Type Locality: “Aster Island (Columbia River) near Brewster, Okanogan Co., Washington”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Chlosyne palla blackmorei Pelham, 2008

J. Res. Lepid. 40: 381-382.

Original Combination: Chlosyne palla blackmorei

Pelham adopted Melitaea palla ab. blackmorei Gunder, 1926 to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”blackmorei” (Gunder, 1926)

Entomol. News 37(1): 6, no. 8, pl. 1, fig. 8 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea palla ab. ♀ blackmorei

Type Locality: “Lytton, British Columbia, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

d.   Chlosyne palla palla (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 305, no. 48; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 259, figs. 2173 ♂ D&V, 2174 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Melitaea palla

Type Locality: “Dans une grande partie de la Californie”; defined as “vic. San Francisco, California” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 156; corrected to “Hwy. 70 at Chambers Creek, ca. 6 rd. Mi SW of Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 1850' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 18.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 18, figs. 99 ♂ D, 100 ♂ V.

=    ‡”wardi” (Oberthür, 1914)

Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): 79, pl. 259, fig. 2175 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Melitaea Palla] aberration Wardi

Type Locality: Not stated; “Californie” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: “Holotype” in USNM; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 27, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”stygiana” (J. A. Comstock, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 32; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 36, fig. 19 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea palla ab. stygiana

Type Locality: “Willow Ranch, Modoc County, Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

e.   Chlosyne palla altasierra J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 140-141, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chlosyne (Charidryas) palla altasierra

Type Locality: “California: El Dorado County; Fallen Leaf Lake; elevation ca. 6400'”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

Before its description, this taxon had been known as “C. palla whitneyi” (e.g., Bauer (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 155, and L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 156).

=    ‡”vanduzeei” (Gunder, 1928)

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 165, pl. B, figs. 12 ♂ V, 12a ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Melitaea (Lemonias) palla race whitneyi tr. f. vanduzeei

Type Locality: “Portola, Calif.” [Plumas County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in CAS.

f.    Chlosyne palla australomontana J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 141-142, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chlosyne (Charidryas) palla australomontana

Type Locality: “California: Tulare County, Kennedy Meadows Road, 16-20 mi. W. of Hwy. 395"

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

g.   Chlosyne palla flavula (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 73-74, pl. 11, figs. 14 ♂ D, 15 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Melitaea flavula

Type Locality: “Glenwood Spgs., Colo....Hall Valley, Colo.”; defined as “Glenwood Springs, Colorado” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 157. [Garfield County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 25 ♂ D.

Zhang et al. (2023), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 11(1): 9, fig. 5, sequenced a syntype of flavula and determined it is a species distinct from palla. I defer from adopting that treatment here as further research is ongoing.

h.   Chlosyne palla calydon (W. Holland, 1931)

Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 125, pl. 58, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D (syntypes).

Original Combination: Melitaea calydon

Type Locality: “Turkey Creek Junction, Colorado” defined as “vicinity of Bradford Junction (“Turkey Creek Junction,” within the present-day town of Conifer), Jefferson County, Colorado” by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 29.

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

This name was listed but not described by Mead [1876], Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): 760, and Strecker (1878), Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 126; on both occasions it is a nomen nudum.

799.      Chlosyne whitneyi (Behr, 1863)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 88-89, no. 2.

Original Combination: Melitaea Whitneyi

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “the headwaters of the Tuolumne River...in the elevated and uninhabited regions” from the description; neotype from “north slope of Mt. Dana, at lower end of Glacier Canyon, 11,000' elevation, Mono County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 98, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V.

This name had long been used for the high-elevation populations of C. palla in the Sierra Nevada, now called C. p. altasierra J. Emmel, T. Emmel and Mattoon (1998) (e.g., Bauer (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 155, and L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 156). The original description, locality and habitat of whitneyi suggested that it is a senior synonym of malcolmi; the designated neotype confirms this.

=    malcolmi (J. A. Comstock, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 33; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 36, figs. 10 ♂ D (holotype), 11 ♀ D, 12 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Melitaea malcolmi

Type Locality: “Near Mammoth Camp, Mono County, Calif.” [California]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

800.      Chlosyne damoetas (Skinner, 1902)

a.   Chlosyne damoetas damoetas (Skinner, 1902)

Entomol. News 13(10): 304-305.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. damoetas

Type Locality: “South Park...Williams River Range...Hall Valley”; determined to be “alpine or near-timberline talus on the Flat Tops in Garfield Co. Colorado” by J. Scott (2014), Papilio (New Series) 22: 30 [Garfield County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by J. Scott (2014), Papilio (n.s.) 22: 30, fig. 1 right ♂ D.

b.   Chlosyne damoetas windriver J. Scott, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 11: 3, fig. 5 ♂ D (holotype), 6 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Chlosyne whitneyi windriver

Type Locality: “Near Bears Ears Mountain, 11,000', Wind River Mts., Wyo.” [Fremont County, Wyoming]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

c.   Chlosyne damoetas altalus J. Scott, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 11: 3, fig. 3 ♂ D (holotype), 4 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Chlosyne whitneyi altalus

Type Locality: “Nigel Pass” [Alberta]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”damoetella” (McDunnough, 1927)

Can. Entomol. 59(7): 160.

Original Combination: [Melitaea damoetas] ab. damoetella

Type Locality: “Mount McLean” [vic. Lillooet, British Columbia]

Types: “Holotype” (#2433) in CNC.

Genus Microtia H. Bates, 1864

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(4): 83. Type-species: Microtia elva H. Bates, 1864, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(4): 83, no. 39, by original designation. Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 43, fig. 45, determined the following synonymy confirming Kons (2000), Univ. Florida Dissert, Wahlberg et al (2005),, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 86(2): 227-251 and Wahlberg & Freitas, (2007), Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 44(3): 1257-1272 and Long et al.(2014), Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 79: 69-81.

=    Texola Higgins, 1959

Lepid. News 12(5-6): 161, figs. 1b, 2b ♂ genitalia, 3b palp, 4b FW veination (dymas), 5b FW (dymas). Type-species: Eresia elada Hewitson, 1868, Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(66): [33], pl. Eresia VII, figs. 54, 55, by original designation.

=    Dymasia Higgins, 1960

Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 112(14): 455-456. Type-species: Melitaea dymas W. H. Edwards, 1877, Can. Entomol. 9(6): 190-191, by original designation.

*801.    Microtia elada (Hewitson, 1868)

Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(66): [33], pl. Eresia VII, figs. 54 ♀ D, 55 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Eresia Elada

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    callina (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 54, no. 39.

Original Combination: Melitaea Callina

Type Locality: “dans la Sonora, nous avons reçu du Mexique plusiers individus de cette même espece”; lectotype is labeled, probably erroneously, “Sonora.”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Higgins (1960), Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 112(14): 452-453; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 59, fig. 21 ♂ D. F. Brown (1965), J. Lepid. Soc. 19(4): fig. 4 ♂ D&V, and J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 31, figs. 231 ♂ D, 232 ♂ V.

J. Emmel et al. (1998), ibid., discussed this taxon and the uncertainty about its type locality. The lectotype was loaned to W. H. Edwards by Boisduval, but Boisduval died before it could be returned. The subsequent figure of a specimen of Texola elada ulrica by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 260, fig. 2185 ♂ D&V, and designation of that figure as the “type” of callina by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 92, confused the issue; F. Brown (1965), J. Lepid. Soc. 19(4): 207-211, detailed this confusion. The actual type locality remains unknown; there currently are no populations of Texola in Lorquin’s “Sonora” (the vicinity of Los Angeles, California).

=    socia (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 470-471, no. 18.

Original Combination: Eresia socia

Type Locality: not stated; “Mexico” implied from the title of the paper.

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

a.   Microtia elada ulrica (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

Can. Entomol. 9(10): 189-190.

Original Combination: Melitaea ulrica

Type Locality: “San Antonio, Texas” [Bexar County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Higgins (1960), Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 112(14): 454; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 132, pl. 17, fig. 2 ♂ D, and by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 383, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.

802.      Microtia perse (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Papilio 2(8): 136.

Original Combination: Melitaea Perse

Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 386-387, fig. 10 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 132, pl. 16, fig. 19 ♂ D.

Treated as a species-level taxon based on personal communications with Nick Grishin, Charles Bordelon and Jim Brock.

‡”suffusa” Ottolengui, 1895

Entomol. News 6(7): 217.

Original Combination: Melitaea perse var. suffusa

This name was listed as a Neumoegen “type”, but without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

803.      Microtia dymas (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

a.   Microtia dymas dymas (W. H. Edwards, 1877)

Can. Entomol. 9(10): 190-191.

Original Combination: Melitaea dymas

Type Locality: “San Antonio, Texas” [Bexar County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Higgins, 1969, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 112(14): 457-458; figured by F. Brown, 1966, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 92(3): 381, fig. 7 ♀ D&V.

=    larunda (Strecker, [1878])

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 130.

Original Combination: Melitaea Larunda

Type Locality: Not stated; “vicinity of New Braunfels and San Antonio, Southwestern Texas” implied from introductory text. [Comal and Bexar counties]

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

=    senrabii (W. Barnes, 1900)

Can. Entomol. 32(2): 42, 43.

Original Combination: Melitaea Senrabii

Type Locality: “Corpus Christi, Texas” [Nueces County]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

b.   Microtia dymas chara (W. H. Edwards, [1884])

Can. Entomol. 15(11): 209-210.

Original Combination: Melitaea Chara

Type Locality: “South Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 380.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 382, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.

c.   Microtia dymas imperialis (Bauer, 1959)

Lepid. News 12(3/4): 98; figured in Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 1, figs. 18 ♂ D, 19 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Microtia dymas imperialis

Type Locality: “Palm Springs, Riverside Co., California”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    ‡”jacintoi” (Gunder, 1924)

Entomol. News 35(5): 154, pl. 2, fig. B ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea chara ab. ♂ jacintoi

Type Locality: “Palm Springs, Riverside County, California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 37, fig. 12 ♂ D.

=    ‡”nitela” (J. A. Comstock, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 33; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 37, fig. 13 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Melitaea chara ab. nitela

Type Locality: “Near Palm Springs, Coachella Valley, Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA.

804.      Microtia elva H. Bates, 1864

a.   Microtia elva elva H. Bates, 1864

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(4): 83, no. 39.

Original Combination: Microtia elva

Type Locality: “Guatemala, interior; also Nicaragua”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

Genus Tegosa Higgins, 1981

Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43(3): 84, 121, figs. 325-363 ♂ and ♀ genitalia, palps. Type-species: Acraea claudina Eschscholtz, 1821, in: Kotzebue, Endeck. Reise Süd-See 3 (appendix 5): 212, pl. [8], figs. 18a, 18b, by original designation.

805.      Tegosa luka (Higgins, 1981)

Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43(3): 126-127, figs. 87 ♂ D&V, 353 ♂ genitalia dorsal, 354 ♂ genitalia dorsal.

Original Combination: Tegosa anieta luka

Type Locality: “Mexico: Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

This butterfly (as Phyciodes anieta) was first recorded for the region by Stanford and Opler (1993), Atlas W. USA Butterflies: 213 and corroborated by Neck (1998), Field Guide Butterflies Texas: 129. Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc.(3): 46, detailed a specimen (as Tegosa anieta luka) in the NHMLA collection. Austin and T. Emmel (1996), Trop. Lepid. 7(2): 137, treated this as a species-level taxon.

Genus Anthanassa Scudder, 1875

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 239, 268, no. 54. Type-species: Melitaea texana W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 81, no. 5, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 839; the same Opinion placed Anthanassa on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1780.

=    Tritanassa W. Forbes, 1945

Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 24: 171. Type-species: Eresia drusilla C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(4): 103-104, no. 79, by original designation.

806.      Anthanassa texana (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

a.   Anthanassa texana texana (W. H. Edwards, 1863)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, 81, no. 5.

Original Combination: Melitaea Texana

Type Locality: “Texas”; probable holotype is from “Neu Braunfels, Comal Co., Texas.”

Types: Probable holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 18, fig. 9 ♂ V, and F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): fig. 22 ♂ D&V.

I.C.Z.N. Opinion 839 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 2226.

=    smerdis (Hewitson, 1864)

Ill. exot. Butterflies 3(50): [21], pl. Eresia V, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Eresia Smerdis

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Lectotype (#Rh8497) in NHMUK, designated by Higgins (1981), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43(3): 100.

b.   Anthanassa texana seminole (Skinner, 1911)

Entomol. News 22(9): 412.

Original Combination: Eresia texana seminole

Type Locality: “Bainbridge, Georgia” [Decatur County]

Types: Syntypes (#7023) in CMNH.

Opler and Krizek (1984), Butterflies East Great Plains: 143-144, Watts and Habeck (1991), Trop. Lepid. 2(2): 103-106, and Ross [2005], Holarct. Lepid. 9(1-2): 1-30, suggested that this may be a species-level taxon, as it was treated by Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 46.

807.      Anthanassa ptolyca (H. Bates, 1864)

a.   Anthanassa ptolyca ptolyca (H. Bates, 1864)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(4): 81, no. 34.

Original Combination: Melitaea Ptolyca

Type Locality: “Central Valleys of Guatemala”; lectotype from “Guatemala: Chisoy Valley.”

Types: Lectotype (#Rh8448) in NHMUK, designated by Higgins (1981), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43(3): 97; figured by Godman and Salvin (1882), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(21): pl. 21, figs. 32 ♂ D, 33 ♂ V.

808.      Anthanassa frisia (Poey, 1832)

a.   Anthanassa frisia frisia (Poey, 1832)

Cent. Lépid. Cuba (1): [5-6], [no. 2]; pl. [2], figs. [1] ♀ V, [2] ♀ D, [3] ♂ V.

Original Combination: Melitea [sic] Frisia

Type Locality: “Cuba...côte du Nord”

Types: Syntype (#7799) in ANSP.

=    gyges (Hewitson, 1864)

Ill. exot. Butterflies 3(50): [24], pl. Eresia VI, figs. 45 ♂ D, 46 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Eresia Gyges

Type Locality: “Jamaica”

Types: Lectotype (#Rh8498) in NHMUK, designated by Higgins (1981), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43(3): 105.

809.      Anthanassa tulcis (H. Bates, 1864)

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(4): 82, no. 37.

Original Combination: Melitaea Tulcis

Type Locality: “Guatemala, interior”; lectotype from “Guatemala: Central Valleys.”

Types: Lectotype (#Rh8513) in NHMUK, designated by Higgins (1981), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43(3): 105.

=    genigueh (Reakirt, [1866])

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 5(2): 225, no. 3.

Original Combination: Eresia Genigueh

Type Locality: “Los Angelos, Cal'a.” in error.

Types: Syntypes possibly in FMNH.

=    archesilea (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 471, no. 19.

Original Combination: Eresia Archesilea

Type Locality: “Cordoba” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Syntypes in NHMW.

=    punctata (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 191-192, no. 5.

Original Combination: Eresia Punctata

Type Locality: “Southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Arizona” or “Northern Mexico” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 424-427. [Tucson is in Pima County]

Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 17, fig. 39 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 425, fig. 23 ♂ D&V.

=    carrera (A. Hall, 1917)

Entomol. 50(650): 162.

Original Combination: Phyciodes carrera

Type Locality: “Amatitlan, Guatemala. 4000 ft.”

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by Higgins (1981), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43(3): 97.

810.      Anthanassa argentea (Godman & Salvin, 1882)

Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Rhop. 1(18): 207, no. 37.

Original Combination: Phyciodes argentea

Type Locality: “Guatemala, Polochic valley...Choctum...Nicaragua, Chontales”; lectotype from “Choctum, Guatemala.”

Types: Lectotype (#Rh8468) in NHMUK, designated by Higgins (1981), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43(3): 102.

This species was recorded from Texas by Chuah and Cushing (1995), Trop. Lepid. 6(1): 43, figs. 2, 2a, and Bordelon and Knudson (2000), News Lepid. Soc. 42(1): 7, 19, pl. 1 figs. 4a ♂ D, 4b ♀ D, where the earliest record was determined as from 1994 from Relampago, Texas. The specimens were lost.

Genus Phyciodes Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 29. Type-species: Papilio cocyta Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 7, pl. 101, figs. A, B; (16): 148 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 46. The arrangement of species in this genus follows Wahlberg et al. (2003), Syst. Entomol. 28(2): 257-273.

811.      Phyciodes tharos (Drury, 1773)

a.   Phyciodes tharos tharos (Drury, 1773)

Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 43-44, pl. 21, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).

Original Combination: [Papilio Dan. Fest.] Tharos

Type Locality: “New York”; neotype from “Van Courtlandt Park, New York City.” [Bronx County]

Types: Type(s) may be in MAMU, but are probably lost. Neotype in AMNH, designated by J. Scott (1994), Papilio (n.s.) 7: 28, fig. 90 ♂ D.

=    euclea (Bergsträsser, [1780])

Nom. Ins. 4: 23-24, pl. 79, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Papilio] Euclea

Type Locality: “England”; stated to be “North America” by Higgins (1981), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43(3): 85; neotype from “New York City and vicinity.” [New York]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost. Neotype in AMNH, designated by J. Scott (1994), Papilio (n.s.) 7: 28, fig. 97 ♂ D.

=    tharossa (Godart, 1819)

In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (256), 289-290, no. 61; cited Papilio cocyta Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): pl. 101, figs. A, B, C; (16): 148 (index), Papilio tharos Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 43-44, pl. 21, figs. 5, 6, and Papilio euclea (sensu Herbst (1780), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 10: pl. 274, figs. 9, 10).

Original Combination: Argynnis Tharossa

Type Locality: “l’Amérique septentrionale, & particulièrement dans l’Etat de New York”

Types: Syntype in RSM. Grimshaw (1897), Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 39, part I(1): 4, noted a “type” in the Dufresne collection in Edinburgh.

This name might represent an unjustified emendation of tharos Drury, [1773].

=    distincta Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 144, no. 6b.

Original Combination: [Phyciodes (Phyciodes) tharos] distincta

Type Locality: “Calexico, Imperial County, California”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    packardii Saunders, 1868

In: Packard, Guide Study Ins.: 256-257.

Original Combination: Melitaea Packardii

Type Locality: “near Grimsby, Ontario County, Canada”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in CNC; figured by W. H. Edwards (1878), Butterflies N. Am. 2(7): pl. Phyciodes 1, 11 ♀ V var. D, 12 ♂ V var. D.

b.   Phyciodes tharos riocolorado J. Scott, 1992

Papilio (n.s.) 6: 58; figured by J. Scott (1994), Papilio (n.s.) 7: figs. 1 dorsal view of gnathos and tegumen, 18 anterior edge of juxta, 23 right lateral view of papilla analis, 26 ductus bursa and bursa copulatrix, 82 ♂ V, 83 ♂ D, 84 ♀ D, 85 ♀ V.

Original Combination: P[hyciodes] tharos riocolorado

Type Locality: “wetland at Moab, Grand Co., Utah”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

812.      Phyciodes incognitus Gatrelle, 2004

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(8): 17-18, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6 (left larval head capsules), 10, 14 (mature larva), 27 ♂ V, 28 ♀ V, 30 ♂ D (holotype), 31 ♀ D, 32 ♂ D&V, 33 ♀ D&V, 35 ♂ V (holotype), 36 ♀ V, 38 ♂ D&V, G, H, J, K ♂ genitalia, N, O, P (pupa).

Original Combination: Phyciodes incognitus

Type Locality: “Georgia: Union County, Duncan Ridge Road”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 21-23, fig. 26, elevated incognitus to species-level.

813.      Phyciodes cocyta (Cramer, 1777)

a.   Phyciodes cocyta cocyta (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 7, pl. 101, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V (fig. C ♀ V is not the same species); (16): 148 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phaler[ata]. Cocyta

Type Locality: Not stated for figs. A and B, “Surinamen” “Suriname” for fig. C; neotype from “Black Rock, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia.”

Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by J. Scott (1994), Papilio (n.s.) 7: 36, fig. 111 ♂ D.

=    ‡morpheus (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 530, no. 370.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Morpheus

Type Locality: “America boreali”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Preoccupied by Papilio morpheus Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisich. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471, no. 64. Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 155-156, no. 479, cited this name in association with Papilio cocyta Cramer, 1777.

=    arctica dos Passos, 1935

Can. Entomol. 67(4): 87.

Original Combination: Phyciodes tharos arctica

Type Locality: “Port au Port, Table Mountain, Newfoundland” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Phyciodes cocyta selenis (W. Kirby, 1837)

In: Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 289, no. (404).

Original Combination: Melitaea Selenis

Type Locality: “North America”; defined as “Cumberland House Sask.” by J. Scott (1994), Papilio (n.s.) 7: 35; neotype from “Grosky Rd., The Pas, Manitoba.”

Types: Neotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 13: 15; figured by J. Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: pl. 5, 4th row right ♂ D, 5th row right ♂ V.

=    marcia (W. H. Edwards, 1868)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(2): 207-208.

Original Combination: Melitaea Marcia

Type Locality: “New York to Louisiana...Kanawha River, W. Va.”; defined as “Hunter, Greene Co., New York” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 432; lectotype from “Coalburgh, Kanawha Valley, West Virginia.” [Kanawha County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Gatrelle (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(8): 9, fig. 43 ♂ D&V. A previous “lectotype” designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 433, fig. 25 ♂ D&V, is invalid since it is not a syntype (Code Article 74.2).

=    ‡”reaghi” Reiff, 1913

Entomol. News 24(7): 305, pl. 10, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Phyciodes tharos form nov. reaghi

Type Locality: “Franklin, Mass.” [Norfolk County, Massacusetts]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”herse” G. Hall, 1924

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 32(2): 110.

Original Combination: Phyciodes tharos pascoensis form vern. herse

Type Locality: “Taft, British Columbia”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”nigrescens” G. Hall, 1924

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 32(2): 111.

Original Combination: Phyciodes tharos pascoensis f. ab. nigrescens

Type Locality: “Taft, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”dyari” Gunder, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 167, pl. B, fig. 18 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Phyciodes tharos tr. f. dyari

Type Locality: “Webster, N. H.” [Merrimack County, New Hampshire]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

=    ‡”mcdunnoughi” Gunder, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 167, pl. B, figs. 19 ♀ D, 19a ♀ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Phyciodes campestris tr. f. mcdunnoughi

Type Locality: “Olds ?, T. N. W.” [Alberta]

Types: “Holotype” in CNC.

dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (1): 82, spelled this name macdunnoughi, representing an unjustified emendation.

c.   Phyciodes cocyta pascoensis W. G. Wright, 1905

Butterflies W. Coast: 55, no. 198; 165, no. 198, pl. 21, figs. 198 ♂ D (lectotype), 198a ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Phyciodes Nycteis var.] Pascoensis; Phyciodes Pascoensis n. s.

Type Locality: “Eastern Oregon”; “Pasco, Franklin County, Washington” implied from the formation of the name.

Types: Lectotype (#4308) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 23.

d.   Phyciodes cocyta arenacolor Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (46): 577, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Phyciodes pascoensis arenacolor

Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Steptoe Valley, Warm Springs, 1798 m, T21N R63E S25 on USGS Monte Neva Hot Springs, Nev. quadrangle, 7.5' series”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Phyciodes cocyta apache J. Scott & Opler, 2017

Papilio (n.s.) 26: 18, figs. 17, 18, ♂ D&V (holotype), 19, 20 (paratypes).

Original Combination: Phyciodes cocyta apache

Type Locality: “near Nelson Can., High Rolls, west slope Sacramento Mts., Otero Co., New Mexico”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

814.      Phyciodes diminutor J. Scott, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 10: 13-14, figs. 5 ♂ D (holotype), 6 ♀ D, 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ D, 10 ♀ D, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♂ D, 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ D, 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ D, 17 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Phyciodes (Phyciodes) cocyta diminutor

Type Locality: “NE Conger, Freeborn County Minnesota”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 21-23, fig. 26, elevated diminutor to species-level.

815.      Phyciodes anasazi J. Scott, 1994

Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 21-23, fig. 26, elevated anasazi to species-level, treating apsaalooke as a subspecies as first revisers.

a.   Phyciodes anasazi anasazi J. Scott, 1994

Papilio (n.s.) 7: 61-63, no. 6D, figs. 161 ♂ V, 162 ♂ D, 163 ♀ D, 164 ♀ V, 165 ♂ V, 166 ♂ D, 167 ♀ D, 168 ♀ V, 169 ♂ V, 170 ♂ D, 171 ♀ D, 172 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Phyciodes (Phyciodes) batesii anasazi

Type Locality: “near Gateway, Mesa Co. Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

b.   Phyciodes anasazi apsaalooke J. Scott, 1994

Papilio (n.s.) 7: 56-58, no. 6C, figs. 19 ventral view of saccus, 149 ♂ V, 150 ♂ D, 151 ♀ D, 152 ♀ V, 153 ♂ V, 154 ♂ D, 155 ♀ D, 156 ♀ V, 157 ♂ V, 158 ♂ D, 159 ♀ D, 160 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Phyciodes (Phyciodes) batesii apsaalooke

Type Locality: “W Hidden Basin Cgd., Bighorn Co. Wyo.” [Wyoming]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

816.      Phyciodes orantain J. Scott, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 10: 8-10, no. 4C, figs. 1 antennal club, 3 ♂ D (holotype), 4 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Phyciodes (Phyciodes) tharos orantain

Type Locality: “Barr Lake, Adams County Colorado (the privately-owned cattle pastures and ditches below the dam of this reservoir)”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Zhang et al .(2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 21-23, fig. 26, elevated orantain to species-level.

817.      Phyciodes batesii (Reakirt, [1866])

a.   Phyciodes batesii lakota J. Scott, 1994

Papilio (n.s.) 7: 50-52, no. 6B, figs. 137 ♂ V, 138 ♂ D, 139 ♀ D, 140 ♀ V, 141 ♂ V, 142 ♂ D, 143 ♀ D, 144 ♀ V, 145 ♂ V, 146 ♂ D, 147 ♀ D, 148 ♀ V, 173 ♂ V, 174 ♂ V, 175 ♂ V, 176 ♂ D, 177 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Phyciodes (Phyciodes) batesii lakota

Type Locality: “Pine Ridge, Sioux Co. Neb.” [Nebraska]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

b.   Phyciodes batesii saskatchewan J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 13: 22-23; figured by J. Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 6th row right ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Phyciodes batesii saskatchewan

Type Locality: “Halfway Lake (N of Edmonton near Clyde) Alberta”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”harperi” Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 283-284.

Original Combination: Phyciodes batesii tr. f. harperi

Type Locality: “McCreary, Manitoba, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

c.   Phyciodes batesii batesii (Reakirt, [1866])

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 5(2): 226, no. 4.

Original Combination: Eresia Batesii

Type Locality: “Winchester, Va.; Gloucester, N. J.” Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 100, stated that the type locality is “Gloucester, New Jersey”; corrected to “Winchester Va.” by J. Scott (1994), Papilio (n.s.) 7: 44, since the only extant syntype is from Winchester. [Frederick County, Virginia]

Types: Syntype in FMNH, figured by Gatrelle (1998), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(3): fig. 14 ♂ D&V.

d.   Phyciodes batesii maconensis Gatrelle, 1998

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(3): 4-5, figs. 11 ♂ D&V (holotype), 12 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Phyciodes batesii maconensis

Type Locality: “Jones Knob, 4100', Macon County, North Carolina”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

818.      Phyciodes pulchella (Boisduval, 1852)

The use of this name over campestris (Behr, 1863) and pratensis (Behr, 1863), follows J. Scott (1994), Papilio (n.s.) 7: 65-73, reiterated by Kondla and C. Guppy (2002), J. Lepid. Soc. 56(3): 171-172. While the various aspects of the applicability of this name were discussed by these authors, some dispute the issue (e.g., Layberry, et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 191).

a.   Phyciodes pulchella tutchone J. Scott, 1994

Papilio (n.s.) 7: 75, no. 7B, figs. 189 ♂ D, 190 ♂ D, 191 ♂ V, 192 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Phyciodes (Phyciodes) pulchella tutchone

Type Locality: “Nickel Creek, 4000 feet, SW Yukon”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

b.   Phyciodes pulchella owimba J. Scott, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 10: 26-27, figs. 36 ♂ D (holotype), 37 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Phyciodes (Phyciodes) pulchella owimba

Type Locality: “Pattee Canyon, 3500', Missoula County, Montana”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

c.   Phyciodes pulchella pulchella (Boisduval, 1852)

Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 306, no. 49.

Original Combination: Melitaea pulchella

Type Locality: “dans une grande partie de la Californie”; redefined as “dans le centre de la Californie” by Boisduval (1868), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 20, no. 50; defined as “San Francisco, California” by J. Scott (1994), Papilio (n.s.) 7: 73. [San Francisco County]

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 18, figs. 102 ♂ D, 103 ♂ V. This specimen was earlier designated as neotype by J. Scott (1994), Papilio (n.s.) 7: 72, figs. 179 ♂ D, 180 ♂ V, but it appears to be a syntype.

=    pratensis (Behr, 1863)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 86, no. 4.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. pratensis

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “on grassy hillsides...in some localities near San Francisco” from the description; neotype from “Old Cemetery, San Francisco, San Francisco County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 99, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V.

=    campestris (Behr, 1863)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 86, no. 3.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. campestris

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “especially on marshy places...peculiar to the lower regions” from the description; neotype from “Old Cemetery, San Francisco, San Francisco County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 100, figs. 28 ♀ D, 29 ♀ V.

As first reviser, precedence was given to pratensis over campestris by W. H. Edwards (1872), Synop. N. A. Butterflies: 18, no. 15.

d.   Phyciodes pulchella deltarufa J. Scott, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 10: 25-26, no. 7B, figs. 34 ♂ D (holotype), 35 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Phyciodes (Phyciodes) pulchella deltarufa

Type Locality: “Willow Slough just north of Davis, Yolo County California”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

e.   Phyciodes pulchella montana (Behr, 1863)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 85-86, no. 1.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. montana

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “in the neighborhood of Los Angeles...at the headwaters of the Tuolumne River...from Yosemite Valley” from the description; neotype from “Tuolumne Meadows, Tuolumne County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in NHMLA, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 100, figs. 31 ♂ D, 32 ♂ V.

=    orsa (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 55, no. 41; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 259, fig. 2178 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 2179 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Melitaea Orsa

Type Locality: “Interieur de la Californie”; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 32.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 32, figs. 237 ♂ D, 238 ♂ V. A “lectotype” in NHMUK, designated by Higgins (1981), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43(3): 88, could not be located by J. Emmel et al. (1998), ibid., and is probably not a syntype (Code Article 74.2).

f.    Phyciodes pulchella vallis Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (61):740-741, figs. 1 second row left ♂ D, 2 second row left ♂ V (holotype), 1 second row right ♀ D, 2 second row right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Phyciodes pulchellus vallis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lyon County; Sweetwater Mountains, Nevada state route 338, Garden Canyon, 1820 m, T9N R24E S36 on USGS Pine Grove Hills, Nev. and Desert Creek Peak, Nev. 15' quadrangles”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

g.   Phyciodes pulchella inornatus Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (61): 739, figs. 1 top left ♂ D, 2 top left ♂ V (holotype); 1 top right ♀ D, 2 top right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Phyciodes pulchellus inornatus

Type Locality: “Nevada: Pershing County; Sonoma Range, Clearwater Canyon, Clear Creek, 2.9 road miles east of Grass Valley Road, 1500 m, T33N R38E S13 on USGS Leach Hot Springs, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

h.   Phyciodes pulchella shoshoni J. Scott, 1994

Papilio (n.s.) 7: 76, no. 7D, figs. 193 ♂ V, 194 ♂ D, 195 ♀ D, 196 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Phyciodes (Phyciodes) pulchella shoshoni

Type Locality: “along Humboldt River near Battle Mtn., Elko Co., Nev.” [Nevada]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

i.    Phyciodes pulchella camillus W. H. Edwards, 1871

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 268-269, no. 4.

Original Combination: Phyciodes Camillus

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Fairplay, Park County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 451; redefined as “vicinity of Kenosha House, about 2.16 km (1.34 mi) north of the summit of Kenosha Pass, Park County, Colorado” by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 30.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 453, fig. 30 ♂ D&V.

=    emissa W. H. Edwards, 1871

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 269-270, no. 5.

Original Combination: Phyciodes Emissa

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Denver, Denver County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entmol. Soc. 92(3): 451; further defined as “Denver, along Cherry Creek, Denver County, Colorado” by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 30.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 455, fig. 31 ♀ D&V.

=    sacramento J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 13: 27; figured by J. Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: pl 4, 3rd row right ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Phyciodes pulchella sacramento

Type Locality: “1 mi. E Cloudcroft, Sacramento Mts., Otero Co. New Mex.” [New Mexico]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Scott & Opler (2017), Papilio (n.s.) 26: 20, synonyized this taxon as treated.

=    ‡”rohweri” T. Cockerell, 1913

Entomol. 46(606): 308, fig. 1 (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Phyciodes camillus] Ab. rohweri

Type Locality: “North Boulder Creek, Boulder County, Colorado, in the Canadian Zone”

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”tristis” T. Cockerell, 1913

Entomol. 46(606): 308, fig. 2 (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Phyciodes camillus] Ab. tristis

Type Locality: “Jim Creek, Boulder County, Colorado”

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

=    ‡”jemezensis” Brehme, 1913

Entomol. News 24(5): 194, pl. 7, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Phyciodes picta ab. jemezensis

Type Locality: “Jemez Springs, New Mexico” [Sandoval County]

Types: Location of “holotype” not known, possibly in USNM.

819.      Phyciodes orseis W. H. Edwards, 1871

a.   Phyciodes orseis orseis W. H. Edwards, 1871

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 206, no. 2.

Original Combination: Phyciodes Orseis

Type Locality: “Mt. St. Helena, Napa Co., California”

Types: Lectotype (#4482) in AMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 450, fig. 29 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡”edwardsi” Gunder, 1927

Entomol. News 38(5): 135, no. 5, pl. 2, fig. 5 ♀ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Phyciodes orseis edwardsi ♀ nov. tr. form

Type Locality: “California”

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH (USNM stated in original description).

b.   Phyciodes orseis herlani Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 148, no. 10b, pl. 45, figs. 9 ♂ D&V (holotype), 10 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: [Phyciodes (Phyciodes) orseis] herlani

Type Locality: “Glenbrook Creek, Douglas County, Nevada, at an elevation of about 7000 feet”

Types: Holotype in Bauer collection; a paratype in NVMC.

820.      Phyciodes pallida (W. H. Edwards, 1864)

a.   Phyciodes pallida pallida (W. H. Edwards, 1864)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, 505, no. 6.

Original Combination: Melitaea Pallida

Type Locality: “Texas. Kansas”; neotype from “Flagstaff Mt., Boulder Colo.” [Boulder County, Colorado]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 448, fig. 28 ♀ D&V.

=    mata (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 142.

Original Combination: Eresia mata

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr.”; defined as “Flagstaff Mt., Boulder Colo.” by J. Scott (1994), Papilio (n.s.) 7: 11. [Boulder County]

Types: Holotype in FMNH; figured by Strecker (1874), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (8): pl. 8, fig. 11 ♀ D&V.

b.   Phyciodes pallida barnesi Skinner, 1897

Can. Entomol. 29(6): 155.

Original Combination: Phyciodes Barnesi

Type Locality: “Glenwood Springs, Colo.” [Garfield County, Colorado]

Types: Syntypes (#7037) in CMNH, one figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: 156, pl. 18, fig. 5 ♂ D.

821.      Phyciodes mylitta (W. H. Edwards, 1861)

a.   Phyciodes mylitta mylitta (W. H. Edwards, 1861)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160-161, no. 1.

Original Combination: Melitaea mylitta

Type Locality: “Texas; Kansas; California”; neotype from “Stanyan Hill, San Francisco, California.” [San Francisco County]

Types: Neotype in CAS, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 442, fig. 27 ♂ D&V.

=    ‡collina (Behr, 1863)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 86, no. 2.

Original Combination: M[elitaea]. collina

Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “in the vicinity of San Francisco, and the hills of Contra Costa, especially on the grassy valleys, along creeks, and on hillsides” from the description; neotype from “Presidio, San Francisco, San Francisco County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 100-101, figs. 34 ♂ D, 35 ♂ V.

Preoccupied by Melitaea collina Lederer, 1861, Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 5(5): 148, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5.

=    epula (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 55, no. 40.

Original Combination: Melitaea Epula

Type Locality: “De l’Interieur de la Californie”; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 31.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 31, figs. 234 ♀ D, 235 ♀ V. Higgins (1981), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43(3): 88, designated a lectotype in the in NHMUK. Presumably, this was the specimen figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): 80, pl. 259, fig. 2176 ♂ D&V, and is not a syntype (Code Article 74.2).

=    ‡”collinsi” Gunder, 1930

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 29(2): 62, no. 75.

Original Combination: Phyciodes mylitta tr. f. collinsi

Type Locality: “Collins Ranch, Voltair, California” [San Joaquin County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 39, fig. 16 ♂ D.

=    ‡”macyi” Fender, 1930

Entomol. News 41(6): 182.

Original Combination: Phyciodes mylitta n. aberr. macyi

Type Locality: “McMinnville, Oregon” [Yamhill County]

Types: Location of “holotype” not known.

b.   Phyciodes mylitta arizonensis Bauer, 1975

In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 149-150, no 12b, pl. 43, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: [Phyciodes (Phyciodes) mylitta] arizonensis

Type Locality: Not stated; figured syntype from “Hannagan Meadows, White Mts., Greenlee Co., Ariz.” [Arizona]

Types: Syntypes in Bauer collection.

822.      Phyciodes phaon (W. H. Edwards, 1864)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, 505-506, no. 7; figured by W. H. Edwards (1878), Butterflies N. Am. 2(7): pl. Phyciodes 2, figs. 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ V, 16 ♂ D&V, 17 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Melitaea Phaon

Type Locality: “St. Simons Island, Georgia; Northern Georgia”; neotype from “San Simon Island, Glynn Co., Georgia.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 437, fig. 26 ♂ D&V.

This taxon was figured by Hübner, [1810], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [41], figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as gorgone).

=    ‡”” W. H. Edwards, 1878

Butterflies N. Am. 2(7): [179], pl. Phyciodes 2, figs. 14 ♂ V winter form, 15 ♀ V winter form.

Original Combination: [Phyciodes Phaon] form Hiemalis

=    ‡”” W. H. Edwards, 1878

Butterflies N. Am. 2(7): [179-180], pl. Phyciodes 2, figs. 16 ♂ D&V, 17 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: [Phyciodes Phaon] form Aestiva

The two names listed above were proposed in an informal manner with no type data. F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 437, did not detail these names in his study of W. H. Edwards’ types.

=    ‡”” (Gunder, 1928)

Can. Entomol. 60(7): 167, pl. B, figs. 17 ♂ D, 17a ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Phyciodes gorgone tr. f. nox

Type Locality: “Brownsville, Texas” [Cameron County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

823.      Phyciodes jalapeno J. Scott, 1998

Papilio (n.s.) 10: 30, figs. 40 ♂ D (holotype), 41 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Phyciodes (Phyciodes) phaon jalapeno

Type Locality: “Mesa, Maricopa County Arizona”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 20, fig. 25, elevated jalapeno to species-level.

=    ‡”thornei” Gunder, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(6): 130-131.

Original Combination: Phyciodes gorgone tr. f. thornei

Type Locality: “Chula Vista, San Diego Co., Calif.” [California]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

824.      Phyciodes pallescens (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 469-470, no 16.

Original Combination: Eresia pallescens

Type Locality: "Puebla" [Mexico]

Types: Syntypes in NHMW and NHMUK; figured in: Seitz, Grosschmett. Erde 5(187): pl. 89f ♂ D.

Recorded from the United States by Stanford (2007), News Lepid. Soc. 49(4):116, 117, 2 photos, and McDermott (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(4): 117, 125, 4 figs.

825.      Phyciodes picta (W. H. Edwards, 1865)

a.   Phyciodes picta picta (W. H. Edwards, 1865)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, no. 1.

Original Combination: Melitaea picta

Type Locality: “Nebraska Territory”; defined as “North Platte, Lincoln County, Nebraska” by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 455.

Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 457, fig. 32 ♂ D&V.

b.   Phyciodes picta canace W. H. Edwards, 1871

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 206-207, no. 3.

Original Combination: Phyciodes Canace

Type Locality: “Southern California”; corrected to “Arizona” by W. H. Edwards (1882), Papilio 2(2): 22; neotype from “vicinity of Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 461, fig. 33 ♂ D&V.

826.      Phyciodes graphica (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 470, no. 17.

Original Combination: Eresia graphica

Type Locality: “Huahuapan” [Haujauapan de León, Oaxaca, Mexico]

Types: Syntypes possibly in NHMW.

=    vesta (W. H. Edwards, 1869)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 371-372; figured by W. H. Edwards (1878), Butterflies N. Am. 2(7): pl. Phyciodes 2, figs. 18 ♂ V winter form, 19 ♀ D&V winter form, 20 ♂ D&V summer form, 21 ♀ V summer form.

Original Combination: Melitaea Vesta

Type Locality: “Texas”; neotype from “New Braunfels, Comal Co., Texas.”

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 463, fig. 34 ♂ D&V.

=    boucardi Godman & Salvin, 1878

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878(1): 268, no. 9; discussed and figured by Godman and Salvin, 1882, Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Rhop. 1(18): 194; 3(19): pl. 21, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Phyciodes boucardi

Type Locality: “Mexico, Putla” [Oaxaca]

Types: Holotype (#Rh8438) in NHMUK.

=    vestalis A. Hall, 1929

Bull. Hill. Mus. 3(1)(Suppl.): 52, (b).

Original Combination: P[hyciodes]. vesta vestalis

Type Locality: “Guatemala, Menocal (4,800 feet), Pamplona (5,200 feet), Moran (4,000 feet), Amatiblan (3,800 feet).”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”hiemalis” W. H. Edwards, 1878

Butterflies N. Am. 2(7): [181], pl. Phyciodes 2 figs. 18 ♂ D&V, 19 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Phyciodes Vesta] form Hiemalis

=    ‡”aestiva” W. H. Edwards, 1878

Butterflies N. Am. 2(7): [182], pl. Phyciodes 2 figs. 20 ♂ D&V, 21 ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Phyciodes Vesta] form Aestiva

The two names listed above were proposed in an informal manner, with no type data. F. Brown (1966), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 92(3): 463, did not detail these names in his study of W. H. Edwards’ types.

Subfamily Charaxinae Guenée, 1865

In: Vinson, Voy. Madag. Annex F: 28 (as “Charaxidae”). Type-genus: Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816, Schmett. Europa 4: 18. Opinion 577 placed Charaxes on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1386. The same Opinion placed Charaxinae Doherty, 1886, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal 55, Pt. II(2): 109, on the Official List of Family-group Names in Zoology as name no. 284, Charaxeidi Wheeler, 1903, Butterflies Switz.: 99, 149, and Charaxidinae Aurivillius, 1911, in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 13(107): 122 (as incorrect subsequent spellings) on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as names no. 321 and 322, respectively. The family-group as proposed by Guenée antedates Doherty's name and requires an application to the I.C.Z.N. to correct the Official List.

Tribe Preponini Rydon, 1971

Entomol. Rec. 83(8): 232; (10): 310 (as "Preponinae"); (10): 313 (as "Preponini"), 314 (as "Preponina"). Type-genus: Prepona Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 7 [=3B].

Genus Archaeoprepona Fruhstorfer, 1915

Entomol. Rundsch 32 (8): 45. Type-species: Papilio demophon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 464, no. 36, by original designation.

      =    ‡Pseudoprepona Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entomol. 2(suppl. 1): vii. Type-species: Papilio demophon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 464, no. 36, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Archaeoprepona Fruhstorfer, 1915.

*827.    Archaeoprepona demophon (Linnaeus, 1758)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 464, no. 36; figured by Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 35, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Achivus] Demophon

Type Locality: "Indiis"

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    luctuosus (Walch, 1775)

Naturforscher 7: 113, pl. 1, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Papilio eques] Luctuosus

Type Locality: “Ostindien”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    sysiphus (Cramer, [1777])

Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): 96-97, pl. 158, fig. C ♂ V; (16): 151 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phalerat[a]. Sysiphus

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

a.   Archaeoprepona demophon centralis (Fruhstorfer, 1905)

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 17(2): 284, 297.

Original Combination: Prepona demophon centralis

Type Locality: “Honduras”

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in ZMHB or NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon (2008), News Lepid. Soc. 50(suppl. S1): 91.

Genus Prepona Boisduval, 1836

Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 7 [=3B]. Type-species: Nymphalis demodice Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (343), 408, no. 193 (= Potamis laertes Hübner, [1811], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [70]; subspecies).

      =    ‡Morpho Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4): 49. Type-species: Morpho omphale Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4): 49 (= Potamis laertes Hübner, [1811], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [70]; synonym), by designation of Hemming (1943), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)12(2): 28. Preoccupied by Morpho [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 280, no. 5.

828.      Prepona laertes (Hübner, [1811])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [70], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Potamis laertes

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    omphale (Hübner, [1819])

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4): 49, no. 454.

Original Combination: Morpho omphale

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

=    pallidior Fruhstorfer, 1904

Insektenbörse 21(16): 126.

Original Combination: Prepona laertes pallidior

Type Locality: "Paraguay"

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

a.   Prepona laertes octavia Fruhstorfer, 1905

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 17(2): 290.

Original Combination: Prepona omphale octavia

Type Locality: “Honduras”, a syntype from San Pedro Sula.

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Recorded from Florida by Hayden (2013), Tri-ology 52(4): 1, 5, 6, 10, figs.

=    amesia Fruhstorfer, 1905

Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 17(2): 290.

Original Combination: Prepona omphale amesia

Type Locality: “Andenländer”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    naranjensis Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 7, pl. 2, fig. 1.

Original Combination: Prepona joiceyi naranjensis

Type Locality: “El Naranjo, Guatemala”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    apollinari Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 7.

Original Combination: Prepona pseudojoiceyi apollinari

Type Locality: “Muzo, Columbia”

Types: Location of types not known.

=    fonquerniei Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 7.

Original Combination: Prepona pseudojoiceyi fonquerniei

Type Locality: “El Naranjo, Guatemala”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    hondurensis Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 7.

Original Combination: Prepona pseudojoiceyi hondurensis

Type Locality: “Honduras San Pedro Sula”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    draudti Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 7.

Original Combination: Prepona pseudojoiceyi draudti

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    subdives Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 9.

Original Combination: Prepona omphale subdives

Type Locality: “Muzo, Honda, Villavicencio, Fusagasuga, Guaicaramo and Bogota”; holotype from Muzo, Columbia.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    caucensis Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 10, pl. 3, figs. 3, 4.

Original Combination: Prepona omphale caucensis

Type Locality: “Pereira (Cauca) Colombie”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    aquacensis Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 10.

Original Combination: Prepona omphale aquacensis

Type Locality: “Rio Aguacatal Colomb. West. Cord. 2000m”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    guatemalensis Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 11, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ,11, 12, 13.

Original Combination: Prepona omphale guatemalensis

Type Locality: “Guazacapan, Guatemala”, but stated by Lichy (1933), Novit. Entom. 3: 26 to be El Naranjo, Dept. Quezaltenango, Guatemala, 820 m. d'alt.

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    panamensis Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 11.

Original Combination: Prepona omphale panamensis

Type Locality: “Lino Panama 800m”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    schausi Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 11.

Original Combination: Prepona omphale schausi

Type Locality: “Quirigua, Gua.”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    lichyi Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 14.

Original Combination: Prepona pseudomphale lichyi

Type Locality: “Guazacapan, Guatemala”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

=    subomphale Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 16, pl. 2, fig. 2.

Original Combination: Prepona subomphale

Type Locality: “Guatemala”, ♀ paratypee from Guazacapan, Guatemala.

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”subamesia” Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 10.

Original Combination: Prepona omphale subdives ab. subamesia

Type Locality: “Muzo Colombie”

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

=    ‡”reducta” Le Moult, 1932

Novit. Entom. (Suppl. 1): 10.

Original Combination: Prepona omphale subdives ab. reducta

Type Locality: “Muzo Colombie”

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

Tribe Anaeini Reuter, 1896

Acta Soc. Sci. fenn. 22(1): 515, 555, 557 (as “Anaeidi”). Type-genus: Anaea Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 48.

Genus Memphis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 48. Type-species: Papilio odilia Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 79, pl. 329, figs. C, D; (34): 251 (index) (= Papilio polycarmes Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol. 484, no. 181), by original designation. As first reviser, W. F. Kirby (1871), Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 276, accorded precedence to Anaea over Memphis.

      =    ‡Corycia Hübner, [1825]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [55]. Type-species: Corycia appias Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [55], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Corycia Hübner, [1823], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 265.

=    Cymatogramma E. Doubleday, [1849]

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 49, fig. 4; 2(38): 315-316 (Westwood, 1850). Type-species: Cymatogramma echemus E. Doubleday, [1849], in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (2): pl. 49, fig. 4; (2)(38): 316, no. 1 (Westwood, 1850), by monotypy.

=    Euschatzia Grote, 1898

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 37(157): 39. Type-species: Papilio morvus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 484, no. 184, by original designation.

=    Rydonia Salazar-Escobar & Constantino-Chuaire, 2001

Lambillionea 101(2, suppl. 3) : 359, figs. 5A-B, 10. Type species: Paphia pasibula E. Doubleday, [1849], in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 50, fig. 3 [1849]; (38): 319, no. 26 (Westwood, 1850), by original designation.

=    Annagrapha Salazar-Escobar & Constantino-Chuaire, 2001

Lambillionea 101(2, suppl. 3) : 359, figs. 6A-B, 11. Type-species: Paphia aureola H. Bates, 1866, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 3(31): 152, no. 108, by original designation.

verticordia group W. Comstock, 1961

Butterflies Am. Tropics: 81.

829.      Memphis echemus (E. Doubleday, [1849])

a.   Memphis echemus echemus (E. Doubleday, [1849])

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1: pl. 49, fig. 4 ♂ D; 2(38): 316, no. 1 (Westwood, 1850).

Original Combination: Cymatogramma Echemus

Type Locality: “Honduras” in error; suggested to be “Cuba” by F. Johnson and W. Comstock (1941), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 49(4): 329.

Types: Syntype (#10364) in NHMUK.

The arrangement presented follows Smith et al. (1994), Butterflies W. Ind. & Fla.: 68-69. The singe record of this species from the United States (R. Kendall and Mcguire (1984), Bull. Allyn Mus. (86): 38-39, figs. 36 ♀ D, 36a ♀ V) apparently represents a rare stray or human-assisted import.

=    poeyi (Lucas, 1857)

In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 562-563.

Original Combination: Megalura Poeyi

Type Locality: “environs de la Havane” [Cuba]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in MNHP.

=    ‡”aguayoi” S. Torre, 1951

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 53(6): 336-337, fig. 1 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Anaea echemus form aguayoi

Type Locality: “Ciudamar, Santiago de Cuba, Oriente” [Cuba]

Types: “Holotype” (#3345) in IZAC.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as a seasonal form.

arginussa group W. Comstock, 1961

Butterflies Am. Tropics: 87.

830.      Memphis pithyusa (R. Felder, 1869)

a.   Memphis pithyusa pithyusa (R. Felder, 1869)

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 473-474, no. 27.

Original Combination: Nymphalis Pithyusa

Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

=    ‡”daguana” (Bargmann, 1929)

Entomol. Anz. (Wien) 9(55): 34.

Original Combination: Memphis pithyusa forma daguana

Type Locality: Not stated; “Rio Dagua, Colombia” implied from the formation of the name.

Types: Location of “type(s)” not known.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

polycarmes group W. Comstock, 1961

Butterflies Am. Tropics: 107.

831.      Memphis forreri (Godman & Salvin, 1893)

Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 1(31): 350, no. 25; 2(166): 698; 3(31): pl. 34, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Anaea forreri

Type Locality: “Mexico, Presidio near Mazatlan” [Sinaloa]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

Recorded from Texas by Bordelon (2008), News Lepid. Soc. 50(suppl. S1): 91.

Genus Anaea Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 48. Type-species: Papilio troglodyta Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 502, no. 250, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 111, no. 71. Zhang et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 29, fig. 31, determined that Fountainea is a subgenus of this genus. That treatnent is adopted herein.

Subgenus Anaea Hübner, [1819]

      =    ‡Pyrrhanaea Röber, [1888]

In: Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 2(4): 170, pl. 28. Type-species: Papilio troglodyta Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 502, no. 250, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Anaea Hübner, [1819].

*832.    Anaea troglodyta (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 502, no. 250.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. P[halerata]. Troglodyta

Type Locality: “America”; defined as “Hispaniola” by F. Johnson and W. Comstock (1961), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 49(4): 312.

Types: Lectotype in ZMUC, designated by Wetherbee (1991), Two Cent. Expl. Hispaniola Butterflies: 14.

a.   Anaea troglodyta floridalis F. Johnson & W. Comstock, 1941

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 49(4): 307-308, figs. 10, 11 ♂ genitalia; cited Anaea portia (sensu Röber (1916), in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(255): pl. 117d).

Original Combination: Anaea aidea floridalis

Type Locality: “Florida...Florida City” [Miami-Dade County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”floraesta” F. Johnson & W. Comstock, 1941

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 49(4): 309.

Original Combination: Anaea aidea floridalis summer form floraesta

Type Locality: “Florida...Brickell Hammock, Miami” [Miami-Dade County]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

833.      Anaea aidea (Guérin-Méneville, [1844])

Icon. Règne Anim. Cuvier 3: 478.

Original Combination: Nymphalis (Thymetes?) Aidea

Type Locality: “baie de Campéche, ou elle a été prise par M Perbosc á plus d'une lieue en mer, sur son bâtiment” The Bay of Campéche abuts the states of Veracruz, Tabasco and Campeche. [Mexico]

Types: Syntype(s) possibly in MNHP or NHMUK.

=    morrisonii (W. H. Edwards, 1883)

Can. Entomol. 15(2): 35-36.

Original Combination: Paphia Morrisonii

Type Locality: “Western Texas...Mt. Graham, Arizona”; lectotype from “Mount Graham, Cochise County [sic], Arizona.” [Graham County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Johnson and W. Comstock (1961), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 49(4): 306-307; figured by F. Brown (1967), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 93(3): 391, fig. 23 ♀ D&V.

=    appiciata Röber, 1916

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(248): 582.

Original Combination: [Anaea troglodyta] appiciata

Type Locality: “Mexiko”

Types: Lectotype in SMF, designated by Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta Lepid. 23(92): 354.

834.      Anaea andria Scudder, 1875

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 248, no. 59; cited Paphia glycerium (sensu C. Riley (1877), Am. Entomol. 2(4): 121-123, figs. 82 ♂ D, fig. 83 ♀ D, and W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](7): pl. Paphia 1, figs. 1-6).

Original Combination: [Anaea] Andria

Type Locality: “Mississippi Valley, westward to Great Plains; Texas”; C. Riley (1877) ibid., noted “Missouri, Texas, and Illinois,” and derived material for rearing and description from “Woodburn, Ills...Sedalia, Mo.”; W. H. Edwards (1871), stated “prairies of Illinois, Missouri, Kansas and Texas...Sedalia, Mo.”; F. Johnson and W. Comstock (1941), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 49(4): 393, suggested that W. H. Edward’s figures are probably from “Illinois or Missouri.”

Types: Syntypes may be in CMNH (W. H. Edwards collection), but might be lost.

=    ops (H. Druce, 1877)

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877(3): 633.

Original Combination: Paphia ops

Type Locality: “Texas”

Types: Syntype (#10370) in NHMUK.

Described in text as a “form of P. aidea,” but clearly proposed as “sp. n.”

=    ‡”andriaesta” F. Johnson & W. Comstock, 1941

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 49(4): 303-304.

Original Combination: Anaea andria summer form andriaesta

Type Locality: “Alexandria, Louisiana” [Rapides Parish]

Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.

‡”morrisonii” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 253, no. 136.

Original Combination: [Anaea andria] fall...form morrisonii

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

Subgenus Fountainea Rydon, 1971

Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 83(11): 339. Type-species: Anaea phidile Geyer, 1837, in: Hübner Zutr. Samml. Exot. Schmett. 5: pl. [156], figs. 905, 906; 27, no. 453, by original designation.

835.      Anaea glycerium (E. Doubleday, [1849])

a.   Anaea glycerium glycerium (E. Doubleday, [1849])

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 50, fig. 1 ♂ D; 2(38): 319, no, 10 (Westwood, 1850).

Original Combination: Paphia Glycerium

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype (#10714) in NHMUK.

Subfamily Satyrinae Boisduval, [1833]

Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(12): 128 (as “Satyrides”). Type-genus: Satyrus Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins.: 355, 440. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Satyridae on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 226; the same Direction placed Satyrides on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 264. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 142 placed Satyrus on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 596. The family-group name Hipparchiinae Swainson, 1820, Zool. Illustr. [1]1(1): pl. 11, unnumbered text, is senior to Satyrinae. Code Article 23.2 clearly states that if the application of the Principle of Priority disturbs stability or universality and causes confusion that existing usage is to be maintained. The long and consistent use of Satyridae overwhelms priority, and the traditional listing is maintained.

Tribe Satyrini Boisduval, [1833] (1820)

Subtribe Coenonymphina Tutt, 1896

Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 7(12): 301 (as “Coenonymphidi”). Type-genus: Coenonympha Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 65.

Genus Coenonympha Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 65. Type-species: Papilio geticus Esper, 1789, Die Schmett. 1(Suppl.)(1)(3/4): 51-52; (5/6): pl. 102 (Cont. 57), fig. 2 (= Papilio oedippus Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2: 31, no. 335), by designation of Butler (1868), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 4(45): 194.

=    Chortobius [Dunning & Pickard], [1859]

Accentuated List Brit. Lepid.: 5. Type-species: Papilio pamphilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed 10) 1: 472, no. 86, by designation of Hemming (1934), Gen. Names Holarct. Butterflies 1: 44.

      =    ‡Chortobius H. Doubleday, 1859

Zool. syn. List Brit. Butterflies (ed. 2): 2. Type-species: Papilio pamphilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed 10) 1: 472, no. 86, by designation of Moore [1893], Lepid. Ind. 2(14): 51, 52. Preoccupied by Chortobius [Dunning & Pickard], [1859].

=    Sicca Verity, 1953

Farfalle diurn. Ital. 5: 83. Type-species: Papilio dorus Esper, 1782, Die Schmett. 1(2)(5): 130-131, pl. 78 (Cont. 63), fig. 1, by original designation.

=    Disommata Korb & Bolshakov, 2011

Eversmannia 27/28: 17-18. Type-species: Coenonympha nolckeni Ershov, 1874, Mém. Soc. Amis Sci. Nat. Moscou 11(2): 23, pl. 2, fig. 17, by original designation.

836.      Coenonympha haydenii (W. H. Edwards, 1872)

In: Hayden, Geol. Surv. Montana: 467; figured by W. H. Edwards (1888), Butterflies N. Am. 3(5): pl. Erebia 1, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Erebia Haydenii

Type Locality: “Yellowstone”; further defined as “Yellowstone Lake” by W. H. Edwards (1874), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(1): 19. [Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 351, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.

837.      Coenonympha tullia (Müller, 1764)

Fauna Ins. Fridrichsdal.: 36, no. 332.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymphalis Tullia

Type Locality: “In agris.”; “Fridrichsdal” implied from the title of the work. [Zeeland, Denmark]

Types: Location of types not known, possibly lost.

Kodandaramaiah & Wahlberg (2009), Syst. Entomol. 34(2): 315-323 and Kodandaramaiah, et al. (2018), Syst. Entomol. 43(4): 798-809, fig.1, gave evidence that some New World populations in the tullia complex represented a distinct species. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 22, fig. 14, resolved this further and that treatment is adopted.

=    tiphon (Rottemburg, 1775)

Naturforscher 6: 15-16, no. 1.

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Tiphon

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    davus Fabricius, [1777]

Gen. Ins.: 259.

Original Combination: Papilio D[anaus]. F[estivus]. Davus

Type Locality: “Hamburgi...Kilonii”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    philoxenus Esper, 1780

Die Schmett. 1(2)(1): 25-26, pl. 54 (Cont. 4), fig. 3 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. Pl[ebejus]. Rur[alis]. Philoxenus

Type Locality: “Schweden...Deutschland...von Bayreuth..von Frankfurth...Oesterreich”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    timanica Sedykh, 1977

Geogr. Aspect. Conserv. Flora Faun. NE Europ. USSR: 102, no. 70.

Original Combination: C[oenonympha tullia]. timanica

Type Locality: “environs of Ukhta” [Komi Autonomous Republic, Russia]

Types: Syntypes in ZIN.

a.   Coenonympha tullia yukonensis W. Holland, 1900

Entomol. News 11(3): 386-387, no. 16; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 60, fig. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♀ V.

Original Combination: C[oenonympha] kodiak var. yukonensis

Type Locality: “Dawson, Yukon Territory...Eagle City, Alaska...American Creek”

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

D. Davenport (1941), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 87(4): 255-256, suggested that this may be a synonym of C. t. mixturata.

b.   Coenonympha tullia mixturata Alpheraky, 1897

In: Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 9: 326-327, pl. 14, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Coenonympha Tiphon Var. Mixturata

Type Locality: “Kamtschatka” [Kamchatka Oblast, Koryakia Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Syntypes probably in ZIN.

c.   Coenonympha tullia kodiak W. H. Edwards, 1869

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 375.

Original Combination: Caenonympha [sic] Kodiak

Type Locality: “Kodiak” [Alaska]

Types: Holotype lost; neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1965), Entomol. News 76(3): 83; figured by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 339, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.

*838.    Coenonympha california Westwood, [1851]

a.   Coenonympha california nipisiquit McDunnough, 1939

Can. Entomol. 71(12): 266.

Original Combination: Coenonympha inornata nipisiquit var. nov.

Type Locality: “Bathurst, N. B.” [New Brunswick]

Types: Holotype (#4967) in CNC.

Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 217, suggested that this is a species-level taxon, a conclusion subsequently supported by R. Webster (1999), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(4): 345-355.

b.   Coenonympha california mcisaaci dos Passos, 1935

Can. Entomol. 67(4): 83-84.

Original Combination: Coenonympha inornata mcisaaci

Type Locality: “Doyles Station, Newfoundland” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype in AMNH; possible syntype figured by D. Davenport (1941), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 87(4): pl. 8, fig. 35, left row ♂ D, ♀ D, ♂ V.

Spelled “macisaaci” by dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (1): 101; this is an unjustified emendation.

c.   Coenonympha california inornata W. H. Edwards, 1861

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 163, no. 6.

Original Combination: Coenonympha inornata

Type Locality: “Lake Winnipeg”; suggested to be “somewhere along the lower reaches of the Saskatchewan River” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 340.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 340, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.

=    quebecensis W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no. 104a.

Original Combination: Coenonympha inornata race quebecensis

Type Locality: “Chelsea, Ottawa Co., Que.” [Quebec]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

=    heinemani F. Brown, [1959]

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 66(1/2): 67-68, pl. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♂ V, 8 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Coenonympha nipisiquit heinemani

Type Locality: “Grindstone Island, Clayton, Jefferson Co., New York”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Layberry, et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 215-216, determined this synonymy.

d.   Coenonympha california benjamini McDunnough, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(11): 272-273.

Original Combination: [Coenonympha inornata] benjamini

Type Locality: “Waterton Lakes, Alta.” [Alberta]

Types: Holotype (#2888) in CNC; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 60, fig. 19 ♂ V, 20 ♀ D.

=    bottineauensis F. Chermock, Simmons & P. Chermock, 1963

In: Knudson and Post, North Dakota Insects 2: 23.

Original Combination: Coenonympha tullia bottineauensis

Type Locality: “just east of Bottineau...North Dakota” [Bottineau County]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Coenonympha california mackenziei D. Davenport, 1936

Can. Entomol. 68(4): 79.

Original Combination: Coenonympha tiphon mackenziei

Type Locality: “Nyarling River, Mackenzie Dist[rict]”; defined as “the Nyarling River, 0.8 km from its confluence with the Little Buffalo River, Northwest Territories, (60^o 40' N, 113^o 25' W)”, by Kondla (1995), Blue Jay 53(4): 228.

Types: Holotype (#4066) in CNC; possible paratype figured by D. Davenport (1941), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 87(4): pl. 10, fig. 38, lower right ♂ V.

f.    Coenonympha california insulana McDunnough, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(11): 273.

Original Combination: [Coenonympha inornata] insulana

Type Locality: “Victoria, B. C.” [Vancouver Island, British Columbia]

Types: Holotype (#2889) in CNC; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 60, figs. 23 ♀ D, 24 ♂ V.

g.   Coenonympha california yontocket Porter & Mattoon, 1989

J. Lepid. Soc. 43(3): 231-232, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V (holotype); 2a ♀ D, 2b ♀ V, 3a ♂ V, 3b ♂ V.

Original Combination: Coenonympha tullia yontocket

Type Locality: “California, Del Norte Co., 4 km W Fort Dick”

Types: Holotype in Bohart Collection (UCDC).

h.   Coenonympha california california Westwood, [1851]

In: E. Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 67, fig. [1851]; (43): 398, no. 15 (1851).

Original Combination: Coenonympha California

Type Locality: “California”; suggested to be “vic. San Francisco” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 194. [San Francisco County]

Types: Syntype (#3532) in NHMUK.

=    galactinus (Boisduval, 1852)

Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 309-310, no. 61.

Original Combination: Satyrus galactinus

Type Locality: “les montagnes du nord”, defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 19.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 19, figs. 117 ♂ D, 118 ♂ V.

=    ceres Butler, 1866

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 3(28): 78, no. 5.

Original Combination: Coenonympha ceres

Type Locality: “California”

Types: Syntype inf NHMUK.

=    pulla Hy. Edwards, 1881

Papilio 1(4): 51.

Original Combination: Coenonympha californica n. var. pulla

Type Locality: “San Mateo Co., Cal.” [California]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

i.    Coenonympha california eryngii Hy. Edwards, 1877

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 172.

Original Combination: Coenonympha Eryngii n. var

Type Locality: “Soda Springs, Siskiyou Co., Cal.”, but holotype is from “Mt. Shasta.” [California]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

=    ‡”siskiyouensis” J. A. Comstock, 1925

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 62-63 figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 18, figs. 11 ♂ D (“holotype”), 12 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Coenonympha california form siskiyouensis

Type Locality: “Mt. Shasta, Calif.” [Siskiyou County, California]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMLA;.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as a seasonal form.

j.    Coenonympha california eunomia Dornfeld, 1967

J. Lepid. Soc. 21(1): 3-5.

Original Combination: Coenonympha tullia eunomia

Dornfeld adopted Coenonympha ampelos form eunomia W. D. Field, 1937, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).

=    ‡”eunomia” W. D. Field, 1937

Can. Entomol. 69(11): 249-250.

Original Combination: [Coenonympha ampelos] form eunomia

Type Locality: “Wilhoit, Oregon” [Clackamas County]

Types: “Holotype” (#34795) in USNM.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an infrasubspecific form.

k.   Coenonympha california columbiana McDunnough, 1928

Can. Entomol. 60(11): 273-274.

Original Combination: [Coenonympha inornata] columbiana

Type Locality: “Aspen Grove, B. C.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype (#2890) in CNC; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 60, figs. 17 ♀ D, 18 ♂ D.

l.    Coenonympha california ampelos W. H. Edwards, 1871

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 213, no. 15.

Original Combination: Coenonympha Ampelos

Type Locality: “Oregon”; defined as “southeastern Oregon near the California border” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 342; suggested to be “probably near Goose Lake, Lake County, Oregon” by Austin and R. Gray (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 590.

Types: Lectotype in CNC, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 342, fig. 5 ♀ D&V.

=    sweadneri R. Chermock & F. Chermock, 1941

Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci. 15: 52.

Original Combination: Coenonympha Sweadneri

Type Locality: “Pine Creek, Shoshone Co., Idaho”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

m.  Coenonympha california mono Burdick, 1942

Can. Entomol. 74(1): 2-3, fig. ♂ V.

Original Combination: Coenonympha ampelos mono race nov.

Type Locality: “Bridgeport, Mono Co., California”

Types: Holotype (#5223) in CNC.

n.   Coenonympha california elko W. H. Edwards, 1881

Can. Entomol. 13(3): 57-58.

Original Combination: Coenonympha Elko

Type Locality: “Elko, Nev.” [Elko County, Nevada]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 345, fig. 6 ♂ D&V; “syntypes” figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 25, figs. 25 ♀ V, 26 ♂ D.

o.   Coenonympha california pseudobrenda Austin & R. Gray, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (47): 588, figs. 17 ♂ D (holotype), 19 ♂ D, 27 ♂ V, 18 ♀ D, 25 ♂ V (holotype), 26 ♀ V, 20 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Coenonympha tullia pseudobrenda

Type Locality: “Nevada: Lincoln County; Wilson Creek Range, road towards Wilson Peak from Atlanta Road, 9.6 road miles south of Atlanta Road, 2470 m, T5N R68E S22 on USGS Trail Canyon 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

p.   Coenonympha california ochracea W. H. Edwards, 1861

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 163 no. 7.

Original Combination: Coenonympha ochracea

Type Locality: “Lake Winnipeg; California; Kansas”; neotype from “Turkey Creek, Jefferson Co., Colo, 8000 ft.” [Colorado]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1963), Entomol. News 74(8): 218; figured by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): fig. 8 ♂ D&V.

=    brenda W. H. Edwards, 1869

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 375-376.

Original Combination: Caenonympha [sic] Brenda

Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Cala.”; suggested to be “Utah or Nevada” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 345, but see below.

Types: Types apparently lost. The “lectotype” in FMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 347, fig. 7 ♂ D&V, is not a syntype (Code Article 74.2).

Austin and R. Gray (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 588-589, discussed the “lectotype”, compared it with the original description of brenda, and determined that it does not represent what Edwards described. J. Scott et al (2014), Papilio (n.s.) 22: 8-16, determine that the lectotype represents a population from NW Colorado and is a synonym of ochracea.

=    phantasma Burdick, 1956

Lepid. News 10(3/4): 81-83, fig. center ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Coenonympha inornata phantasma

Type Locality: “Eldora, Boulder Co., Colo.” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

=    ‡”albescens” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 22.

Original Combination: Coenonympha ochracea tr. f. albescens

Type Locality: “Albany Co., Wyoming”

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

q.   Coenonympha california subfusca W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 90, no. 106a.

Original Combination: Coenonympha ochracea race subfusca

Type Locality: “White Mts., Arizona”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

r.    Coenonympha california furcae W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 90, no. 106.1.

Original Combination: Coenonympha furcae

Type Locality: “Grand Canyon, Arizona” [Coconino County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Subtribe Lethina Reuter, 1896

Acta Soc. Sci. fenn. 22(1): 344 (as “Lethidi”). Type-genus: Lethe Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 56.

Genus Lethe Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 56. Type-species: Papilio europa Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 500-501, no. 247, by monotypy. The use of Lethe over Satyrodes and Enodia follows R. Chermock (1947), Entomol. News 58(2): 29-35, Lesse (1957), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Fr. 125: 80-82, and J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 233-236.

Subgenus Enodia Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 61. Type-species: Oreas andromacha Hübner, [1809], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [89], figs. 1, 2 (= Papilio portlandia Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2: 82, no. 363; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 26.

839.      Lethe portlandia (Fabricius, 1781)

a.   Lethe portlandia floralae J. Heitzman & dos Passos, 1974

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 100(1): 67-71, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype); 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Lethe portlandia floralae

Type Locality: “Rock Springs, Orange Co., Florida”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

b.   Lethe portlandia portlandia (Fabricius, 1781)

Spec. Ins. 2: 82, no. 363.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. G[emmata] Portlandia

Type Locality: “America meridionali”; suggested to be “Georgia” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 79, no. 2, and L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 189.

Types: Neotype in HMUG, designated by J. R. Heitzman and dos Passos (1974), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 100(1): 57, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.

=    ‡andromacha (Hübner, [1809])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [89], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Oreas Andromacha

Type Locality: Not stated. The neotype of andromacha is also the neotype of portlandia.

Types: Neotype in HMUG, designated by J. R. Heitzman and dos Passos (1974), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 100(1): 58, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.

A junior objective synonym of portlandia.

=    ‡androcardia Hübner, 1821

Index exot. Lepid.: [1].

Original Combination: Enodia Androcardia

Proposed as a replacement name for andromacha Hübner, [1809], erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of andromacha and portlandia.

c.   Lethe portlandia missarkae J. Heitzman & dos Passos, 1974

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 100(1): 71-75, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V (holotype); 13 ♀ D, 14 ♀ V, fig. 19 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Lethe portlandia missarkae

Type Locality: “five miles south of Fayetteville, Washington County, Arkansas, along the west fork of Little Arkansas White River, one mile east of Fayetteville Airport (or) 4.7 air miles south of the junction of U.S. Highways 71 and 62 (35^o 59' 30" N,. 94^o 10' W.), elevation 1800'”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

840.      Lethe anthedon (A. Clark, 1936)

a.   Lethe anthedon anthedon (A. Clark, 1936)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 85(2983): 255, pl. 22, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Enodia portlandia anthedon

Type Locality: “Lava, Sullivan County, N. Y.” [New York]

Types: Holotype (#51137) in USNM; figured by A. Clark and L. Clark (1951), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116(7): pl. 7, figs. g ♂ D, h ♂ V, and J. Heitzman and dos Passos (1974), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 100(1): figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V.

b.   Lethe anthedon borealis (A. Clark, 1936)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 85: 255.

Original Combination: Enodia portlandia borealis

Type Locality: “Hymers, Ontario”

Types: Holotype (#51138) in USNM; figured by J. Heitzman and dos Passos (1974), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 100(1): figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V.

The status of this taxon was recently studied by Grkovich and Pavulaan (2003), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(5): 1-15.

841.      Lethe creola (Skinner, 1897)

Entomol. News 8(10): 236.

Original Combination: Debis creola

Type Locality: “Opelousas, La.” [Evangeline Parish, Louisiana]

Types: Lectotype (#7039) in AMNH, designated by Irwin (1970), J. Lepid. Soc. 24(2): 144, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Subgenus Satyrodes Scudder, 1875

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 235, 242, no. 6. Type-species: Papilio eurydice Linnaeus, (1763), in: Johansson, Cent. Inst. Rar.: 23, no. 65, by original designation.

      =    ‡Argus Scopoli, 1777

Intro. Hist. Nat.: 432, no. 172. Type-species: Papilio eurydice Linnaeus, (1763), in: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 23, no. 65, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 27. Preoccupied by Argus Bohadsch, 1761, De quibusdam anim. marinis...Liber: 56. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 429 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 733.

842.      Lethe eurydice (Linnaeus, 1763)

a.   Lethe eurydice eurydice (Linnaeus, 1763)

In: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 23, no. 65; usually cited as from Amoen. acad. 6: 406, no. 65, a subsequent reprint.

Original Combination: Papilio Eurydice D[anaus].

Type Locality: “Philadelphia”; neotype from “Morris Arboretum, Philadelphia Co., Pennsylvania.”

Types: Type(s) considered lost; neotype in USNM, designated by Cardé et al. (1970), Psyche 77(1): 74, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

=    ‡canthus (Linnaeus, 1767)

Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 768, no. 129; cited Papilio eurydice Linnaeus (1763), Amoen. acad. 6: 406, no. 65.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus Festivus]. Canthus

Type Locality: “America septentrionali”

Types: The type is the same as for eurydice.

Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio eurydice Linnaeus, 1763, erroneously thought preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Papilio eurydice.

=    transmontana (Gosse, 1840)

Can. Nat.: 246 (fig.), 247.

Original Combination: Hipparchia Transmontana

Type Locality: “beyond the Rocky Mountains”; implied to be “Compton, Quebec” from the text; defined as “Compton, in Lower Canada” by Gosse (1841), Entomol. 1(9): 138; subsequently defined as “within 3 miles of Compton in the county of Sherbrooke (now the county of Compton), Lower Canada, about 45^o 15' Lat. and 72^o W. Long” by W. D. Field (1936), J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 22. [Quebec]

Types: Type(s) apparently lost.

Considered a nomen nudum by W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 167, footnote, and Cardé et al. (1970), Psyche 77(1): 77-78, but the brief description was accompanied by a figure which is a valid indication (Code Article 74.2).

=    boisduvalii (T. Harris, 1862) (emended)

Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 305-306, fig. 128 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Hipparchia Boisduvallii

Type Locality: “northwestern parts of this State”; “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition of the book.

Types: Probable syntype in MCZC.

This name is emended since Bosiduval's name is properly spelled in the text.

=    ‡”boweri” F. Chermock, 1927

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(2): 119.

Original Combination: Satyrodes canthus ab. boweri

Type Locality: “Port Hope, Ontario, Canada”

Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.

=    ‡”rawsoni” W. D. Field, 1936

J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 22.

Original Combination: Satyrodes eurydice race transmontana female f. rawsoni

Type Locality: “Bloomfield, Michigan” [Bloomfield Hills, Oakland County]

Types: “Holotype” in USNM.

b.   Lethe eurydice fumosus (Leussler, 1916)

Entomol. News 27(3): 99-100, pl. iv, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrodes canthus n. v. fumosus

Type Locality: “Sarpy County, Nebraska, a few miles south of Omaha”

Types: Holotype in OSUC; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 63, fig. 11 ♂ D; a “cotype” figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (in NHMLA).

843.      Lethe appalachia R. Chermock, 1947

a.   Lethe appalachia appalachia R. Chermock, 1947

Entomol. News 58(2): 33-34.

Original Combination: Lethe (Enodia) eurydice appalachia

Type Locality: “Conestee Falls, near Brevard, North Carolina” [Transylvania County]

Types: Holotype in UANH, figured by Calhoun (2015), News Lepid. Soc. 57(2): fig. 8 ♂D.

b.   Lethe appalachia leeuwi Gatrelle & Arbogast, 1974

J. Lepid. Soc. 28(4): 359, 361, figs. 5 ♂ D (holotype), 6 ♀ D, 7 ♂ V (holotype), 8 ♀ V, 9/12 ♂ D&V, 10/13 ♂ D&V, 11/14 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Lethe appalachia leeuwi

Type Locality: “Wakelee, Cass Co., Michigan”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Subtribe Euptychiina Reuter, 1896

Acta Soc. Sci. fenn. 22(1): 367 (as “Euptychiidi”). Type-genus: Euptychia Hübner, [1818], Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 20.

Genus Cyllopsis R. Felder, 1869

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 474. Type-species: Cyllopsis hedemanni R. Felder, 1869, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 474, no. 29, by monotypy.

*844.    Cyllopsis pyracmon (Butler, [1867])

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866(3): 499-500, no. 118; figured by Butler (1867), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867(1): pl. 11, fig. 10 ♂ V .

Original Combination: Euptychia pyracmon

Type Locality: “Oajaca (Mexico)” [Oaxaca]

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

a.   Cyllopsis pyracmon henshawi (W. H. Edwards, 1876)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 205; figured by W. H. Edwards (1887), Butterflies N. Am. 3(2): pl. Neonympha 1, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V; a mixed series (see C. pertepida dorothea below).

Original Combination: Euptychia Henshawi

Type Locality: “Arizona and New Mexico”; lectotype from “Ariz^a”; suggested to be “vicinity of Camp Lowell” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 331. [Pima County, Arizona]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Nabokov (1943), Psyche 49(3/4): 79; figured by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): fig. 1 ♀ D&V.

=    nabokovi L. Miller, 1974

Bull. Allyn Mus. (20): 48-50, figs. 106 ♂ D, 107 ♂ V (holotype); 108 ♀ D, 109 ♀ V, 110 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Cyllopsis pyracmon nabokovi

Type Locality: “Arizona: Cochise Co.: Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mtns.”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

*845.    Cyllopsis pertepida (Dyar, 1912)

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 42(1885): 39.

Original Combination: Euptychia pertepida

Type Locality: “Mexico City, Mexico” [Distrito Federal]

Types: Lectotype (#13852) in USNM, designated by L. Miller (1974), Bull. Allyn Mus. (20): 81.

a.   Cyllopsis pertepida dorothea (Nabokov, 1943)

Psyche 49(3/4): 61, 62-66, fig. 2, venation; cited W. H. Edwards (1888), Butterflies N. Am. 3(2): pl. Neonympha 1, mixed series (see C. p. henshawi above), and W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book, pl. 25, fig. 8 ♂ D; both as henshawi.

Original Combination: Neonympha dorothea/Neonympha dorothea dorothea

Type Locality: “Grand Cañon, Ariz., South Rim” [Coconino County, Arizona]

Types: Holotype in MCZC.

=    edwardsi (Nabokov, 1943)

Psyche 49(3/4): 66-67.

Original Combination: Neonympha dorothea edwardsi

Type Locality: “Gila Co., Arizona”

Types: Holotype in MCZC.

b.   Cyllopsis pertepida maniola (Nabokov, 1943)

Psyche 49(3/4): 62, 68-69, fig. 1, venation; cited W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: pl. 25, figs. 266 ♂ D, 266b ♀ D, 266c ♂ V (as henshawi).

Original Combination: Neonympha maniola

Type Locality: “Cochise Co., Arizona”

Types: Holotype in MCZC.

c.   Cyllopsis pertepida avicula (Nabokov, 1943)

Psyche 49(3/4): 67-68.

Original Combination: Neonympha dorothea avicula

Type Locality: “Fort Davis, Texas” [Jeff Davis County]

Types: Holotype in MCZC.

=    texana (Wind, 1946)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 22(1): 27.

Original Combination: Neonympha henshawi texana

Type Locality: “Marfa-Alpine, Texas” [Presidio-Brewster counties]

Types: Holotype in CAS.

846.      Cyllopsis gemma (Hübner, 1818)

a.   Cyllopsis gemma gemma (Hübner, 1818) (1793)

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [2]. figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V [1809]; 8, no. 4 (1818, name given).

Original Combination: Neonympha Gemma

Type Locality: “Georgien”

Types: Type(s) probably lost

This taxon was described earlier by Hübner (1808), Erste Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett.: 3, [8], nos. 7, 8 (as Oreas gemma), but that work was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 789.

=    cornelius (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 220-221, no. 689; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 49, fig. 2.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. S[atyrus]. Cornelius

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

This name is a nomen oblitum.

b.   Cyllopsis gemma freemani (D. Stallings & Turner, 1947)

Can. Entomol. 78(7/8): 136.

Original Combination: Neonympha gemma freemani

Type Locality: “Pharr, Texas” [Hidalgo County]

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

=    ‡”inductura” (D. Stallings & Turner, 1947)

Can. Entomol. 78(7/8): 136.

Original Combination: Neonympha gemma freemani form hiemalis inductura

Type Locality: “Pharr, Texas” [Hidalgo County]

Types: “Holotype” in PMNH.

Genus Paramacera Butler, 1868

Entomol. Mon. Mag. 4(45): 194. Type-species: Neonympha xicaque Reakirt, [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4/5): 336-337, no. 40, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 240, no. 805.

      =    ‡Paramecera Butler, 1868

Cat. diurn. Lepid. Sat. Brit. Mus.: 98. Type-species: Neonympha xicaque Reakirt, [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4/5): 336-337, no. 40, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Paramacera Butler, 1868.

*847.    Paramacera allyni L. Miller, 1972

Bull. Allyn Mus. (8): 13-15, figs. 24 ♂ D, 25 ♂ V (holotype); 26 ♀ D, 27 ♀ V, 28 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Paramacera allyni

Type Locality: “U. S. A.: Arizona: Cochise Co.: Barfoot Park, 8000', Chiracahua Mtns.”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 24, fig. 30, confirmed allyni as a species distinct from xicaque Reakirt, [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4/5): 336-337, no. 40. That name and it’s synonmys epinephele C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867, Reise Novara Zool. (3): 476, no. 817. and conhiera Butler, 1868, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 4(45): 194, are deleted from the catalogue.

Genus Cissia E. Doubleday, 1848

List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. Append.: 33. Type-species: Papilio clarissa Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(25): 10, pl. 293, figs. D ♂ D, E ♂ V (= Papilio penelope Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 493, no. 217; synonym), by monotypy. Zacca et al. (2018), Arthr. Syst. Phyl. 76(2): 349-376, removed rubricata from Megisto and placed it here.

=    Argyreuptychia Forster, 1964

Veröff. zool. Staatssamml. München 8: 123, figs. 140144. Type-species: Papilio penelope Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 493, no. 217, by original designation.

=    Vareuptychia Forster, 1964

Veröff. zool. Staatssamml. München 8: 125 (in foot-note), figs. 145, 146. Type-species: Euptychia similis Butler, 1867 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866(3): 463, by original designation.

848.      Cissia rubricata (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

a.   Cissia rubricata rubricata (W. H. Edwards, 1871)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 212-213, no. 14.

Original Combination: Euptychia Rubricata

Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas”; neotype from “Waco Texas.” [McLennan County]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964),Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 335, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.

b.   Cissia rubricata smithorum (Wind, 1946)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 22(1): 26.

Original Combination: Megisto rubricata smithorum

Type Locality: “Marfa-Alpine, Texas” [Presidio-Brewster counties]

Types: Holotype in CAS.

849.      Cissia cheneyorum (R. Chermock, 1949)

Can. Entomol. 80(6): 172-173.

Original Combination: Euptychia rubricata cheneyorum

Type Locality: “Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Pima Co., Arizona, elevation 5800 feet”

Types: Holotype in UANH, figured by Calhoun (2015), News Lepid. Soc. 57(2): fig. 9 ♂D.

Zhang et al (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 25, fig. 31, treated this taxon as a species distinct from rubricata.

Genus Megisto Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 54. Type-species: Papilio eurytus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 487, no. 194 (= Papilio cymela, Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 55, pl. 132, figs. C, D; (16): 148 (index); synonym), by designation of Butler (1868), Cat. diurn. Lepid. Sat. Brit. Mus.: 14.

=    Palaeonympha Butler, 1871

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1871(3): 401. Type-species: Palaeonympha opalina Butler, 1871, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1871(3): 401, by original designation. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 22-23, figs., 15, 16, treat Palaeonympha as a subgenus of Megisto but provided evidence that it is no more than a synonym.

850.      Megisto cymela (Cramer, 1777)

a.   Megisto cymela cymela (Cramer, 1777)

Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 55, pl. 132, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; (16): 148 (index).

Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Gemm[ata] Cymela

Type Locality: “Kaap de Goede Hoop” “Cap de bonne Esperance” in error; neotype from “Jacksonboro, Colleton County, South Carolina.”

Types: Type(s) probably lost; neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2005), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 6(5): 3, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.

=    ‡eurytus (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 487, no. 194.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. F[estivus]. Eurytus

Type Locality: “Iamaica” This locality was probably reversed with that of the taxon that preceded it (Papilio zangis, no. 193, from “Carolina”), since that taxon is only known from Jamaica. Defined as “Goose Creek, Berkeley County, South Carolina” by Gatrelle (2005), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 6(5): 2.

Types: Lectotype (#127231) in HMUG, designated by Gatrelle (2005), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 6(5): 2, figs. 1♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

Preoccupied by Papilio eurytus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 487, no. 180.
The names “eurytris” Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 157, no. 485, “eurithris” Fabricius (1796), Index alph.: 122, and “eurythris” Fabricius (1797), Epitome entomol: 135, are incorrect subsequent spellings of eurytus.

b.   Megisto cymela viola (Maynard, 1891)

Butterflies N. England (ed. 2): 71, pl. 10, fig. 11 ♂ V; figured by Maynard (1891), Manual N. Am. Butterflies: fig. 36b.

Original Combination: Neonympha eurytris viola

Type Locality: “Enterprise, Florida” [Volusia County]

Types: Holotype in MCZC.

This taxon has been treated as distinct species by Oliver (1982), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(2): 153, Opler and Krizek (1984), Butterflies East Great Plains: 185, and Opler (1992), Field Guide E. Butterflies: 212. Catling and Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(1): 27, determined this taxon to be a subspecies of M. cymela occurring in peninsular Florida.

Genus Hermeuptychia Forster, 1964

Veröff. zool. Staatssamml. München 8: 87-89, figs. 60-67. Type-species: Papilio hermes Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 487, no. 195, by original designation. Cong & Grishin (2014), ZooKeys 379: 43-91 revised this genus for the United States.

851.      Hermeuptychia sosybius (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 219, no. 684; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 52, fig. 2.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. S[atyrus]. Sosybius

Type Locality: Not stated; neotype from ‘USA: Georgia: Chatham Co., Savannah.’

Types: Type(s) probably lost; neotype in USNM, designated by Grishin in: Cong & Grishin (2014), ZooKeys 379: 58, figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂V.

=    cantheus (Godart, 1819)

Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 465, 493-494, no. 56.

Original Combination: Satyrus Cantheus

Type Locality: “l’Amérique septentrionale“; neotype from “USA: Florida: Pinellas Co., St. Petersburg.”

Types: Type(s) considered lost; neotype in USNM, designated by Cong et al. (2021), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(7): 15, figs. 31 ♂ D, 32 ♂ V.

Considered by some to be an incorrect subsequent spelling of canthus Linnaeus, 1767 (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 240, note 620), but possibly a nomen dubium in Euptychiina as considered by Cardé et al. (1970), Psyche 77(1): 76.

=    kappeli Anken, 1993

Entomol. Z. 103(22): 418-419, figs. 2a ♂ D, 2b ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Hermeuptychia hermes kappeli

Type Locality: “Lake Okeechobee (Nord), Florida, U. S. A.”

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured in Cong & Grishin (2014), ZooKeys 379: figs. 12 ♂ D, 13 ♂ V.

852.      Hermeuptychia hermybius (Grishin, 2014)

In: Cong & Grishin, ZooKeys 379: 68-73, figs. 48 ♂ D, 49 ♂ V (holotype), 50 ♀ V, 51 ♀ V, 52 ♂ V, 53 ♂ V, 54 ♂ D, 55 ♂ V, 56 ♂ V, 57 ♀ V, 58 ♂V, 59 ♀ V, 60b, 60e, 60h, 60k, ♂ genitalia, 61b mounted male dorsoposterior abdomen, 62a-m ♂ genitalia lateral, 64q–z ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Hermeuptychia hermybius

Type Locality: “USA: Texas: Cameron County, east of Brownsville”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

853.      Hermeuptychia intricata (Grishin, 2014)

In: Cong & Grishin, ZooKeys 379: 61-66, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V (holotype), 24 ♀ V, 25 ♀ V, 26 ♀ D, 27 ♀ V, 28 ♂ D, 29 ♂ V, 30 ♀ D, 31 ♀ V, 32 ♂V, 33 ♀ V, 34 ♂ V, 35 ♂ V, 40 ♂ V, 41 ♂ V, 42 ♂ V, 43 ♂ V; 60c, 60f, 60i,, 60l ♂ genitalia, 61a mounted male dorsoposterior abdomen, 62n ♂male genitalia lateral, 64i-p ♀ genitalia.

Original Combination: Hermeuptychia intricata

Type Locality: “USA: Texas: Fort Bend Co., Brazos Bend State Park, near Hale Lake, latitude 29°22'48.27", longitude -95°35'05.02", elevation 16 m”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Genus Neonympha Hübner, 1818

Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 8, no. 4. Type-species: Papilio areolatus J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 25, pl. 13, by designation of Hemming (1937), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)6(8): 150.

854.      Neonympha areolatus (J. E. Smith, 1797)

Calhoun (2018), News Lepid. Soc. 60(4): 159-163, presented compelling evidence that Neonympha helicta in the sense of Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(8): 1-8, is a misrepresentation of Hübner’s figures. Under these circumstances, there is no exceptional need to designate a neotype of Papilio areolatus per ICZN Code Art. 75.2 and 75.3, pending additional research.

a.   Neonympha areolatus areolatus (J. E. Smith, 1797)

In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 25-26, pl. 13, figs. ♂ D, ♀ D, ♀ V, larva, pupa.

Original Combination: Papilio Areolatus

Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from notes to the original drawing by John Abbot; neotype (possibly invalid) from “Pine Barrens Road, Chatham County, Georgia.”

Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost.

=    ‡phocion (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 218-219, no. 683.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. S[atyrus]. Phocion

Type Locality: Not stated; indirectly suggested to be “Georgia, United States” by Butler [1867], Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866(3): 499, no. 117; neotype (possibly invalid) from “vicinity of Aiken State Park, Aiken County, South Carolina.”

Types: Syntype in NHMUK.

Preoccupied by Papilio phocion Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2: 138.

=    helicta (Hübner, [1808])

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [95], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Oreas Helicta

Type Locality: Type Locality: Not stated; indirectly suggested to be “Georgia, United States” by Butler [1867], Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866(3): 499, no. 117; neotype (possibly invalid) from “vicinity of Aiken State Park, Aiken County, South Carolina.”

Types: Type probably lost. Purported neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(8): 2, fig. 4 ♂ V, possibly invalid per ICZN Code Art. 75.2.

b.   Neonympha areolatus septentrionalis W. T. Davis, 1924

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 32(2): 107, pl. 10, fig. 4 ♂ D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: [Neonympha areolata] [var. or race] septentrionalis

Type Locality: “Lakehurst, N. J.” [Ocean County, New Jersey]

Types: Holotype probably in SIIS.

c.   Neonympha areolatus dadeensis Gatrelle, 1999

Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(8): 7, figs. 6 ♂ V (holotype), 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Neonympha helicta dadeensis

Type Locality: “Carde Sound Road, Dade County, Florida” [Miami-Dade County]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

855.      Neonympha mitchellii French, 1889

a.   Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii French, 1889

Can. Entomol. 21(2): 25-27.

Original Combination: Neonympha Mitchellii

Type Locality: “Cass County, Michigan...upland dry meadows, about ten miles from the Indiana line”

Types: Type(s) apparently lost; figured by [Skinner] (1892), Entomol. News 3(3): 49, pl. 2, figs. ♂ D, 12 ♀ V. Neotype in MSU, designated by Hamm (2008), Great Lakes Entomol. 40(3/4): 202.

b.   Neonympha mitchellii francisci Parshall & Kral, 1989

J. Lepid. Soc. 43(2): 115-117, figs. 2a ♀ V, 2b ♂ V (holotype), 2f ♂ VHW.

Original Combination: Neonympha mitchellii francisci

Type Locality: “Fort Bragg, North Carolina” [Cumberland County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Subtribe Gyrocheilina Grishin, 2021

In: Zhang et al.,. Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 31, fig. 33. Type-genus: Gyrocheilus Butler, 1867,Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)20(118): 267, fig. 3.

Genus Gyrocheilus Butler, 1867

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)20(118): 267, fig. 3. Type-species: Pronophila patrobas Hewitson, 1862, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (3)1(1): 16, pl. 6, figs. 40, 41, by original designation.

*856.    Gyrocheilus patrobas (Hewitson, 1862)

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (3)1(1): 16, no. 38, pl. 6, figs. 40 ♂ D, 41 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Pronophila Patrobas

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK.

a.   Gyrocheilus patrobas tritonia W. H. Edwards, 1874

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(1): 18; figured by W. H. Edwards (1889), Butterflies N. Am. 3(7): pl. Gyrocheilus 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Geirochilus [sic] Tritonia

Type Locality: “White Mountains, Arizona”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 410, fig. 34, ♂ D&V.

Subtribe Cercyonina Verity, 1953

Farfalle diurne Ital. 5: 227. Type-genus: Cercyonis Scudder, 1875, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2(4): 235, 241, no. 5.

Genus Cercyonis Scudder, 1875

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 235, 241, no. 5. Type-species: Papilio alope Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 229, no. 715 (= Papilio pegala Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 494, no. 223; subspecies), by original designation. Zhang et al. (2020), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(7): 23-24, fig. 18, claim that Hyponephele Muschamp, 1915, Ent. Rec. 27 : 156, is a subgenus of Cercyonis. This awaits confirmation from Old World researchers.

857.      Cercyonis pegala (Fabricius, 1775)

Calhoun (2016), J. Lepid. Soc. 70(1): 20-46, thoroughly examines the eastern subspecific taxa of this species. The following arrangement reflects his conclusions.

Calhoun (2016), J. Lepid. Soc. 70(1): 20-46, thoroughly examined the eastern subspecific taxa of this species. The following arrangement reflects his conclusions.

a.   Cercyonis pegala pegala (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 494, no. 223.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. G[emmata]. Pegala

Type Locality: “America”; defined as “vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina” by F. Brown [1966], J. Res. Lepid. 4(2): 134-135.

Types: Lectotype in HMUG, designated by F. Brown [1966], J. Res. Lepid. 4(2): 134-135, fig. 1 left ♂ D&V.

=    carolina (F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1942)

Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci 16: 59.

Original Combination: Cercyonis alope carolina new race

Type Locality: “Conestee Falls, N. C.” [Transylvania County, North Carolina]

Types: Holotype in UANH; figured by Calhoun (2016), J. Lepid. Soc. 70(1): fig. 32 ♂ D&V.

=    abbotti F. Brown, 1969

Entomol. News 80(7): 194-195, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), 2 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis pegala abbotti

Type Locality: “Chipley/Florida” [Washington County]

Types: Holotype (#8992) in CMNH.

Sourakov (1995), Holarct. Lepid. 2(1): 8, determined this synonymy.

b.   Cercyonis pegala alope (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 229, no. 715; cited Jones’ Icones 4: pl. 12, fig. 1. This figure was reproduced by Calhoun (2016), J. Lepid. Soc. 70(1): fig. 26.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. S[atyrus]. Alope

Type Locality: “India”; corrected to “Burke-Screven-Bulloch counties region of Georgia” by F. Brown [1966], J. Res. Lepid. 4(2): 136-137. This was redefined as “vicinity of New York, New York” by Calhoun (2016), J. Lepid. Soc. 70(1): 35.

Types: Lectotype is the figure in Jones’ Icones, designated by Calhoun (2016), J. Lepid. Soc. 70(1): 36 (Code Article 74.4).

=    maritima (W. H. Edwards, 1880)

Can. Entomol. 12(2): 23; figured by W. H. Edwards (1882), Butterflies N. Am. 2(10): pl. Satyrus 1, figs. 6 ♂ D.

Original Combination: [Satyrus Alope] variety Maritima (but under Satyrus Nephele)

Type Locality: “Martha's Vineyard”; further defined as “Oak Bluffs” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 374. [Dukes County, Massachusetts]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 376, fig. 18 ♂ D&V; figured by Calhoun (2016), J. Lepid. Soc. 70(1): fig. 18 ♂ D&V.

=    ochracea (F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1942)

Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci 16: 59.

Original Combination: Cercyonis alope ochracea new form

Type Locality: “Washington Park, Providence, Rhode Island” [Providence County]

Types: Holotype in UANH; figured by Calhoun (2016), J. Lepid. Soc. 70(1): fig. 19 ♂ D&V.

The title of the paper treated “two subspecies” thus indicating that this taxon was treated as a subspecies.

=    agawamensis Arey & Grkovich, 2014

Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(8): 4-7, Figs. 1 ♀D&V (Holotype), 2 ♂ D&V, 8 ♀ D&V, 10 ♂ D&V, 11 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis pegala agawamensis

Type Locality: “Estuarine salt marsh (open), Boston Road, Newbury (Parker River watershed), Essex Co., Massachusetts”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

c.   Cercyonis pegala texana (W. H. Edwards, 1880)

Can. Entomol. 12(2): 24; figured by W. H. Edwards (1882), Butterflies N. Am. 2(10): pl. Satyrus 2, figs. 7 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: [Satyrus Alope] var. Texana

Type Locality: “Texas”; defined as “Bastrop, Bastrop Co., Texas” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 374.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 374, fig. 17 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 188, pl. 63, fig. 21 ♀ V.

d.   Cercyonis pegala nephele (W. Kirby, 1837)

In: Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 297, no. (415).

Original Combination: Hipparchia Nephele

Type Locality: “Canada”; defined as “the area at the extreme western end of North Channel, Lake Huron...bounded by the meridians 45^o 56'-46^o 20' N/83^o 19'-84^o 06' W in Ontario, Canada” by F. Brown (1966), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 73(4): 240-242.

Types: Type(s) possibly in NHMUK.

=    olympus (W. H. Edwards, 1880)

Can. Entomol. 12(2): 31; figured by W. H. Edwards (1882), Butterflies N. Am. 2(10): pl. Satyrus 3, figs. 5 ♂ D&V, 6 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: [Satyrus Nephele] variety Olympus

Type Locality: “somewhere between New York and Illinois...to and on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains”; defined as “Chicago, Illinois” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 376, 378. [Cook County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 378, fig. 19 ♂ D&V.

=    borealis F. Chermock, 1929

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 21.

Original Combination: Cercyonis (Satyrus) pegala race borealis

Type Locality: “Trumbull Co., Ohio”

Types: Holotype in MGCL; figured by Calhoun (2016), J. Lepid. Soc. 70(1): fig. 33 ♀ D&V.

e.   Cercyonis pegala ino G. Hall, 1924

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 32(2): 109-110, pl. 11, figs. 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis alope ino

Type Locality: “Calgary, Alberta”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Sourakov (1995), Holarct. Lepid. 2(1): fig. 2, 1st row, 2nd row D&V.

f.    Cercyonis pegala incana (W. H. Edwards, 1880)

Can. Entomol. 12(5): 91-92.

Original Combination: [Satyrus Ariane] incana

Type Locality: “Olympia, Washington Territory” [Thurston County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 381, fig. 21 ♂ D&V.

C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 325, determined this arrangement.

g.   Cercyonis pegala boopis (Behr, 1864)

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(11): 164.

Original Combination: Satyrus Boopis

Type Locality: “Contra Costa” “California” implied from title of paper; neotype from “Point Richmond, Conta Costa County, California.”

Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 102, figs. 46 ♂ D, 47♂ V.

=    baroni (W. H. Edwards, 1880)

Can. Entomol. 12(5): 90-91.

Original Combination: [Satyrus Ariane] Baroni

Type Locality: “various localities in Northern California”; defined as “Mendocino County, California” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 380.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 379, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.

h.   Cercyonis pegala ariane (Boisduval, 1852)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 307-308, no. 58; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 260, figs. 2180 ♂ D&V, 2181 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Satyrus Ariane

Type Locality: “dans les forêts”; stated to be “dans les endroits rocailleux des montagnes” by Boisduval (1869), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 62, no. 61; defined as “Tuolumne County, California” by F. Brown [1966], J. Res. Lepid. 4(2): 139; corrected to “Meadow Valley Rd., 2 miles S. of Spanish Ranch, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 19.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by F. Brown [1966], J. Res. Lepid. 4(2): 141, fig. 2 ♂ D&V; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): figs. 108 ♂ D, 109 ♂ V.

i.    Cercyonis pegala australosierra J. Emmel, T. Emmel & K. Davenport, 2008

Bull. Allyn Mus. (157): 2-4, figs. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), 2 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis pegala australosierra

Type Locality: “California: Tulare County; north end of Linns Valley, west-southwest of Posey, ca. 3250 feet elevation, S35, T24S, R30E”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

j.    Cercyonis pegala gabbii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 193, no. 7.

Original Combination: Satyrus Gabbii

Type Locality: “Oregon”; suggested to be “Lake Co., Oregon” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 382-383; further defined as “Goose Lake, Lake County, Oregon” by Austin (1992), Bull. Allyn Mus. (135): 8.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 384, fig. 22 ♀ D&V.

k.   Cercyonis pegala carsonensis Austin, 1992

Bull. Allyn Mus. (135): 10-11, figs. 69 ♂ D (holotype), 70 ♀ D, 81 ♂ V (holotype), 82 ♀ V, 93-112 ♂&♀, D&V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis pegala carsonensis

Type Locality: “Nevada: Douglas County; Carson River Valley, Scossa Ranch, Nevada State Route 206, 3.6 miles south of Nevada State Route 207, 1463m, T12N R19E S26 on USGS Freel Peak, Calif.-Nev. 15' quadrangle. The area is a lush, marsh area at the base of the Carson Range”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

l.    Cercyonis pegala walkerensis Austin, 1992

Bull. Allyn Mus. (135): 18-19, figs. 79 ♂ D (holotype), 80 ♀ D, 91 ♂ V (holotype), 92 ♀ V, 193-212 ♂&♀, D&V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis pegala walkerensis

Type Locality: “California: Mono County; Huntoon Valley, Swanger Creek, U.S. highway 395, Huntoon Camp, 5.4 road miles northwest of Bridgeport, 2048 m on USGS Fales Hot Springs, Calif.-Nev. 15' Quadrangle. This is a damp to grassy area along a creek lined with willows”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

m.  Cercyonis pegala wheeleri (W. H. Edwards, 1873)                                       ✝

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 343; figured by Mead [1876], Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): pl. 38, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, and W. H. Edwards (1877), Butterflies N. Am. 2(6): pl. Satyrus 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrus Wheeleri

Type Locality: “between the Cascade and Rocky Mountains...precise locality not indicated”; incorrectly suggested to be either “St. George, Utah” or “Cottonwood Springs, Nevada”, by F. Brown [1958], J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 65(3/4): 228; stated as “nr. Owens Lake, Inyo Co., California” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 387.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 387, fig. 23 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 190, pl. 63, fig. 16 ♀ V.

=    hoffmani (Strecker, 1873)

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (4): 31, pl. 4 ♀ D&V; (8): 66, pl. 8, fig. 12 ♂ D&V (1874).

Original Combination: Satyrus Hoffmani

Type Locality: “Owens Lake, Nevada [sic]”; part of the same type lot as wheeleri. [Inyo County, California]

Types: Lectotype in MGCL, designated by Austin (1992), Bull. Allyn Mus. (135): 6, figs. 21 ♂ D, 27 ♂ V.

n.   Cercyonis pegala paucilineatus Austin, 1992

Bull. Allyn Mus. (135): 12-13, figs. 71 ♂ D (holotype), 72 ♀ D, 83 ♂ V (holotype), 84 ♀ V, 113-132 ♂&♀, D&V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis pegala paucilineatus

Type Locality: “Nevada: Humboldt County; Quin River Valley, U.S. route 95, 3.8 miles south of Orovada, 1304m, T42N R37E S15 on USGS Orovada, Nev. 15' quadrangle. This is a low, somewhat wet, grassy area east of the Quinn River channel and adjacent to cultivated fields”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

o.   Cercyonis pegala pluvialis Austin, 1992

Bull. Allyn Mus. (135): 14-16, figs. 75 ♂ D (holotype), 76 ♀ D, 87 ♂ V (holotype), 88 ♀ V, 153-172 ♂&♀, D&V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis pegala pluvialis

Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; White River Valley, 1 mile north of Nye County line, 1676m, T10N R61E S11 on USGS Moorman Spring NE, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle. This is a narrow marshy area in the channel of the pluvial White River”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

p.   Cercyonis pegala paludum Austin, 1992

Bull. Allyn Mus. (135): 16-18, figs. 77 ♂ D (holotype), 78 ♀ D, 89 ♂ V (holotype), 90 ♀ V, 173-192 ♂&♀, D&V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis pegala paludum

Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Pleasant Valley, Nevada State Route 227, 3.7-4.0 miles west of Lamoille Canyon Road, 1719m, T33N R57E S21 on USGS Lee, Nev. 15' quadrangle. The area is a wet grassy meadow along a stream lined with willow”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

q.   Cercyonis pegala stephensi (W. G. Wright, 1905)

Butterflies W. Coast: 58, no. 249; 184, no. 249, pl. 23, figs. 249 ♀ [not ♂] D, 249b ♀ [not ♂] D (lectotype), 249c ♀ V.

Original Combination: [Satyrus] Stephensi; Satyrus Stephensi n. s.

Type Locality: “Northeastern Cal.; Nevada; Ore.” “Northeastern California”; defined as “the valley some miles south of the southernmost Alkali Lake, in Modoc Co.” by J. A. Comstock (1924), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23(1): 16; further defined as “between Lake City and Cedarville, Surprise Valley, Modoc County, California” by Austin (1992), Bull. Allyn Mus. (135): 9.

Types: Lectotype (#4314) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 26.

=    blanca T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1972

J. Lepid. Soc. 26(3): 141-142, figs. 2 ♂ D (holotype), 3 ♀ D, 5 ♂ V (holotype), 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis pegala blanca

Type Locality: “Nevada, Hwy. 140 at Dufurrena Ranch--Chas. Sheldon Antelope Range, T45N, R26E, Humboldt County”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

r.    Cercyonis pegala utahensis Austin, 1992

Bull. Allyn Mus. (135): 13-14, figs. 73 ♂ D (holotype), 74 ♀ D, 85 ♂ (holotype), 86 ♀ V, 133-152 ♂&♀, D&V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis pegala utahensis

Type Locality: “Utah: Utah County; Benjamin, vicinity of 7300S at 2610W, 1390m, on the farm of Joel M. Johnson of Payson, Utah. Types were taken here in a grassy area along a small stream, in an orchard and in a grassy field”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

858.      Cercyonis meadii (W. H. Edwards, 1872)

a.   Cercyonis meadii meadii (W. H. Edwards, 1872)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, 70, no. 10; figured by W. H. Edwards (1891), Butterflies N. Am. 3(11): pl. Satyrus 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Erebia Meadii

Type Locality: “Bailey's Ranch, in the South Park, Colorado, about 45 miles from Denver” [Bailey, Park County]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 372, fig. 16 ♀ D&V.

b.   Cercyonis meadii alamosa T. Emmel & J. Emmel, 1969

J. Lepid. Soc. 23(3): 161-163, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Cercyonis meadii alamosa

Type Locality: “Colorado, San Luis Valley, 7.0 miles north of junction of Highway 17 & Highway 112, on Highway 17, Saguache County, 7539' elevation”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA.

c.   Cercyonis meadii melania (Wind, 1946)

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 22(1): 25-26.

Original Combination: Minois meadii melania

Type Locality: “Marfa-Alpine, Texas” [Presidio-Brewster counties]

Types: Holotype in CAS.

d.   Cercyonis meadii mexicana (R. Chermock, 1949)

Can. Entomol. 80(6): 172.

Original Combination: Cercyonis meadi [sic] mexicana

Type Locality: “Chihuahua, Mexico”; defined as “head of the Rio Piedras Verdes, in Chihuahua, at an elevation of from 7,100 to 7,300 feet...in the Sierra Madre region” by Clench (1965), Entomol. News 76(6): 158, who quoted W. Holland (1900), Entomol. News 10(11): 332-333, from the description of Argynnis nitocris var. coerulescens.

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

859.      Cercyonis sthenele (Boisduval, 1852)

a.   Cercyonis sthenele masoni Cross, 1937

Proc. Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. 16(1): 9-10, fig., D&V (holotype).

Original Combination: Cercyonis masoni

Type Locality: “’Black Ridge Breaks’...Mesa County” [Colorado]

Types: Holotype in DMNS.

b.   Cercyonis sthenele damei (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)

Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 90, no. 113.1.

Original Combination: Cercyonis damei

Type Locality: “Grand Canyon, Arizona” [Coconino County]

Types: Holotype in USNM.

Zhang et al. (2023), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 11(1): 10, fig. 6, sequenced the holotype of damei and determined it to represent the species sthenele. It is removed to that species as a valid subspecies and its previous synonym, mexicana, is treated as a valid subspecies of meadii.

c.   Cercyonis sthenele paulus (W. H. Edwards, 1879)

Can. Entomol. 11(3): 50-51.

Original Combination: Satyrus Paulus

Type Locality: “Nevada” implied from the title of paper; neotype from “vic. Virginia City, Storey Co., Nevada.”

Types: Neotype designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 365, fig. 13 ♂ D&V.

d.   Cercyonis sthenele sineocellata Austin & J. Emmel, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 514-515, figs. 63 ♂ D, 64 ♂ V (holotype); 65 ♀ D, 66 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis sthenele sineocellata

Type Locality: “Oregon: Lake County; west side of Crump Lake, 8.2 road miles north of Adel”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Cercyonis sthenele behrii (F. Grinnell, 1905)

Entomol. News 16(2): 33-34.

Original Combination: Satyrus behrii

Type Locality: “Mt. Tamalpais, Marin Co., California. Right across the bay from San Francisco”; neotype from “Pan Toll Camp, Mt. Tamalpais, Marin County, California.”

Types: Type destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in NHMLA, designated by T. Emmel and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (8): 118, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

f.    Cercyonis sthenele sthenele (Boisduval, 1852)                                       ✝

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 308-309, no. 59; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 260, figs. 2182 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 2183 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Satyrus Sthenele

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “San Franciso” by F. Brown [1966], J. Res. Lepid. 4(2): 141; further defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 19.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by F. Brown [1966], J. Res. Lepid. 4(2): 141, fig. 3 ♀ D&V; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): figs. 114 ♂ D, 115 ♂ V.

860.      Cercyonis hypoleuca (Hawks & J. Emmel, 1998)

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (25): 321-322, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis sthenele hypoleuca

Type Locality: “USA, California, Santa Barbara County, Santa Cruz Island, Canada Sauces Oeste”

Types: Holotype in PMNH.

Zhang et al. (2023), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 11(1): 10, fig. 6, determined that hypoglauca is a species distinct from sthenele. That treatment s provisionally accepted herein.

861.      Cercyonis silvestris (W. H. Edwards, 1861)

Zhang et al. (2022), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 10(7): 24, fig 28, determined that silvestris is a species distinct from sthenele with incognita is a subspecies of it.

a.   Cercyonis silvestris silvestris (W. H. Edwards, 1861)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 162-163, no. 5; figured by W. H. Edwards (1895), Butterflies N. Am. 3(16): pl. Satyrus 3, figs. 5 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Satyrus Silvestris

Type Locality: “California”; defined as “two air miles southwest of Pulga, north Fork Feather River Canyon, Butte County, California” by T. Emmel and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (9): 121.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 362, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.

=    okius (Oberthür, 1914)

Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): 79, pl. 260, figs. 2184 ♂ D&V; cited Boisduval (1852), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 307.

Original Combination: [Satyrus Ariane] Okius

Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the citation of Boisduval’s paper.

Types: Holotype in USNM.

This taxon seems best placed here for the present, but it may be a senior synonym of C. s. sineocellata.

b.   Cercyonis silvestris incognita J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 2012

Bull. Allyn Mus. (163): 2-5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis incognita

Type Locality: “California: Mendocino County; along USFS Road M1, 0.6-2.0 road miles N. Of jct. Road M61, near W. End of Bald Mtn. Ridge, 5600-6200 ft. elev,; S5, T20N, R10W, & S32, T21N, R10W”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

862.      Cercyonis oetus (Boisduval, 1869)

a.   Cercyonis oetus charon (W. H. Edwards, 1872)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, 69, no. 9; figured by W. H. Edwards (1895), Butterflies N. Am. 3(16): pl. Satyrus 3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrus Charon

Type Locality: “near the Twin Lakes, in Upper Arkansas Valley, (elevation 8000 feet)...throughout the entire Park and mountain country” [Colorado]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 368, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; paralectotypes figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 26, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♀ D and (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 63, figs. 24 ♀ V, 25 ♂ D.

b.   Cercyonis oetus phocus (W. H. Edwards, 1874)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(1): 14-15.

Original Combination: Satyrus Phocus

Type Locality: “Lake Labache [sic], British Columbia” [Lake La Hache]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 370 fig. 15 ♂ D&V.

c.   Cercyonis oetus oetus (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 63, no. 62; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 264, figs. 2203 ♂ D&V, 2204 ♀ D&V (lectotype).

Original Combination: Satyrus Oetus

Type Locality: “dans les lieux rocailleux des montagnes”; defined as “west slope of Mt. Judah, south-southeast of Donner Pass, Placer County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 35.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by F. Brown [1966], J. Res. Lepid. 4(2): 142-143, fig. 4 ♀ D&V; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): figs. 267 ♀ D, 268 ♀ V.

d.   Cercyonis oetus pallescens T. Emmel & J. Emmel, 1971

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 47(2): 155-157.

Original Combination: Cercyonis oetus pallescens

Type Locality: “Reese River Valley, 4 road miles northeast of Reese River crossing on Nevada Highway 2 [now 722], 5,700 ft. elevation, westsouthwest Austin, southwest corner of T. 19 north, R. 43 east, Lander County, Nevada”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

e.   Cercyonis oetus alkalorum Austin, 1998

Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (46): 579, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Cercyonis oetus alkalorum

Type Locality: “Nevada: Nye County; Big Smoky Valley, north end of Alkali Flat, Northumberland Mine Road, 1.5-1.7 road miles east of Nevada State Route 376, 1676 m, T14N F43E S1 on USGS Millett Ranch, Nev. 15' quadrangle”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Subtribe Erebiina Tutt, 1896

Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 7(12): 301 (as “Erebiinae” “Erebiidi”). Type-genus: Erebia Dalman, 1816, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 58. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 506 placed Erebiinae on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 215. This entry was not specifically mentioned in I.C.Z.N. Opinion 506, however it is senior to the entry in that Opinion: Tutt (1896), Brit. Butterflies: 87, 402. An application must be made to the I.C.Z.N. to correct the Official List and Index (Code Article 79.5).

Genus Erebia Dalman, 1816

K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 58. Type-species: Papilio ligea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 473, no. 97, by original designation. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 506 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1255.

Subgenus Erebia Dalman, 1816

      =    ‡Epigea Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 62. Type-species: Papilio ligea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 473, no. 97, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 198. A junior objective synonym of Erebia. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 506 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1143.

=    Syngea Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 62. Type-species: Papilio pronoe Esper, 1780, Die Schmett. 1(2)(1): 23-24, pl. 54 (Cont. 4), fig. 1, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 198.

=    Phorcis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 62. Type-species: Phorcis epistygne Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4): 62, no. 591, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 198.

=    Marica Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 63. Type-species: Papilio stygne Ochsenheimer, 1807, Schmett. Europa 1(1): 276, no. 52 (= Papilio meolans Prunner, 1798, Lepid. Pedemont.: 71; synonym), by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 198.

=    Gorgo Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 64. Type-species: Papilio ceto Hübner, [1804], Samml. Europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 112, figs. 578, 579 (= Papilio alberganus Prunner, 1798, Lepid. Pedemont.: 71; synonym), by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 198.

      =    ‡Oreina Westwood, 1841

In: Brit. Butterflies Transf. (ed. 1): 76. Type-species: Papilio cassiope Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2: 42, no. 417, by designation of Butler (1868), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 4(45): 194. Preoccupied by Oreina Chevrolet, 1835, in: Dejean, Cat. Coléopt. (ed. 2): 402.

=    Medusia Verity, 1953

Le Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 5: 179. Type-species: Papilio medusa [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 167, no. 10, by original designation.

=    Triariia Verity, 1953

Le Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 5: 186. Type-species: Papilio triarius Prunner, 1798, Lepid. Pedemont.: 70, by original designation.

=    Truncaefalcia Verity, 1953

Le Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 5: 188. Type-species: Papilio aethiops Esper, 1777, Die Schmett. 1(1)(5): pl. 25 (Supp. 1), fig. 3; (9): 312-313, by original designation.

      =    ‡Simplicia Verity, 1953

Le Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 5: 194. Type-species: Papilio epiphron Knoch, 1783, Beitr. Insektengesch. 3: 131-132, no. 3, pl. 6, fig. 7, by original designation. Preoccupied by Simplicia Guenée, 1854, Spec. gén. Lépid. 8: 51.

=    Simplospinosia Verity, 1957

Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 69(10): 225. Type-species: Papilio epiphron Knoch, 1783, Beitr. Insektengesch. 3: 131-132, no. 3, pl. 6, fig. 7, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Simplicia Verity, 1953, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).

pluto group B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 247.

863.      Erebia callias W. H. Edwards, 1871

a.   Erebia callias callias W. H. Edwards, 1871

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 274, no. 15.

Original Combination: Erebia Callias

Type Locality: “Colorado”; suggested to be “Mosquito Pass” and probably “Mt. Elbert and LaPlata Peak just to the south of it” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 161; further defined as “[Mosquito Pass, Park Co.]” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 199.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 408, fig. 33 ♂ D&V.

‡”sinocho” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.

Original Combination: Erebia callias form sinocho

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”brucei” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 246, no. 123.

Original Combination: [Erebia callias] form brucei

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum. This is a case of Scott proposing a “form” name to correspond with an already named “form” of another species.

alberganus group B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 217.

*864.    Erebia pawloskii Ménétriés, 1859

Bull. class. phys. math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg (ser. 2)17(416/32): 498-499, no. 14.

Original Combination: Erebia Pawloskii

Type Locality: “près de la rivière Grande Sibagli” [in Basin of the Ugur River, a tributary of the Aldan River, Sakha Republic, Russia]

Types: Type(s) probably in ZIN.

There have been various misspellings of this name but the original orthography must stand even though it is obvious that the name is a patronym of Pavlovsk. This species in North America was formerly but incorrectly called Erebia theano (Tauscher, 1806) by most previous authors. Various Russian researchers (e.g., Gorbunov (2001), Butterflies Russia Class.: 255) have shown that E. pawloskii and E. theano are distinct species-level taxa, and that E. pawloskii is the North American taxon.

=    herzi Christoph, 1889

Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 23(1/2): 299, no. 2.

Original Combination: Erebia Herzi

Type Locality: “Mittleres Lena-Gebiet...mittleren Lena” [Sakha Republic, Russia]

Types: Syntypes possibly in NHMUK.

=    sajana Staudinger, 1895

Deut. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 7(2): 244-246.

Original Combination: Er[ebia]. Pawloskyi [sic] var. Sajana

Type Locality: “Ost-Sajan Gebiet...Munku Sardyk-Gebirge” [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]

Types: Type(s) probably at ZMHB.

=    ‡”ultima” B. Warren, 1931

Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 43(11): 171; figured by B. Warren (1936), Monogr. Erebia: pl. 83, figs. 1154 ♂ D, 1155, 1161 ♂ V, 1162.

Original Combination: E[rebia]. theano ssp. pawloskii ab. ultima

Type Locality: “E. Sajan mountains”; “holotype” from “Tunkun Mountains, Irkutsk” [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

=    ‡”penultima” B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 239.

Original Combination: Erebia theano pawloskii ab. penultima

Type Locality: Not stated.

Types: “Holotype” presumably in NHMUK.

=    ‡”aequalis” B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 239, pl. 83, figs. 1152 ♂ D, 1153 ♂ V (holotype); 1160.

Original Combination: Erebia theano pawloskii f. aequalis

Type Locality: Not stated in text; “holotype” from “East Sayan Mountains.” [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

a.   Erebia pawloskii alaskensis W. Holland, 1900

Entomol. News 11(3): 387, no. 20; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 61, fig. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ V.

Original Combination: E[rebia]. sofia var. alaskensis

Type Locality: “Eagle City, Alaska...American Creek, Alaska”

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

b.   Erebia pawloskii canadensis B. Warren, 1931

Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 43(11): 172.

Original Combination: [Erebia theano] canadensis

Proposed to replace Erebia sofia Strecker, 1880, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡sofia Strecker, 1880

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(5): 35.

Original Combination: Erebia Sofia

Type Locality: “a considerable distance above Fort Churchill on west coast of Hudson's Bay” implied from the description of Colias hela.

Types: Holotype in FMNH.

Preoccupied by Papilio sophia Quensel, 1802, in: Acerbi, Trav. North Cape 2: 254.

=    ‡”churchillensis” B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 387-388.

Original Combination: Erebia theano canadensis ♀ f. churchillensis

Type Locality: “Fort Churchill” [Manitoba]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

c.   Erebia pawloskii ethela W. H. Edwards, 1891

Can. Entomol. 23(2): 31.

Original Combination: Erebia Ethela

Type Locality: “Yellowstone Park”; lectotype from “Trout Creek, Yellowstone National Park.” [Wyoming]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 402-403, fig. 31 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 61, fig. 10 ♂ V (lectotype), 11 ♀ V (paralectotype).

d.   Erebia pawloskii demmia B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 235-236.

Original Combination: E[rebia]. theano demmia

Type Locality: “San Juan Mountains of Colorado: north Ridge Chicago Basin Trail, La Plata Co., and South Ridge of same, both at altitudes of 12,500 ft.; somewhat lower in the Chicago Basin at 12,000 ft.; on the Chicago Basin Trail between 10,700 and 11,000 ft.; the Columbine Pass at 12,500 ft., and one female from the Treasure Mountain. Mineral Co., at 12,000 ft.”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

865.      Erebia lafontainei Troubridge & Philip, 1983

J. Res. Lepid. 21(2): 130-133, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V, 35a ♂ V, b ♀ V, 48a-d, ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Erebia lafontainei

Type Locality: “Yukon: St. Elias Mts., Mt. Decoeli, 1300m”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 245-246, no. 121, considered lafontainei to be the North American representative of E. kozhantshikovi Sheljuzhko, 1925, Entomol. Anz. 5(2): 9-10, no. 3, without justification.

866.      Erebia youngi W. Holland, 1900

J. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 245, no. 120, considered E. youngi to be the North American representative of E. dabanensis Ershov, 1872, Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 8(4): 315-316, no. 2. Troubridge and Philip (1983), J. Res. Lepid. 21(2): 107-146, detailed reasons for considering them separate species, and Belik and Zamolodchikov (2002), Nota Lepid. 25(1): 61-78, corroborated the species-level status of E. youngi.

a.   Erebia youngi herscheli Leussler, 1935

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 30(2): 51, no. 20.

Original Combination: Erebia herscheli

Type Locality: “Herschel Island” [Beaufort Sea, Yukon]

Types: Holotype in OSUC.

b.   Erebia youngi youngi W. Holland, 1900

Entomol. News 11(3): 388, no. 21; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 61, fig. 28 ♂ D (lectotype), 29 ♀ D, 30 ♀ V.

Original Combination: E[rebia]. youngi

Type Locality: “mountains between Forty-Mile and Mission Creeks, N. E. Alaska”; lectotype from “Mts. near Mission Creek.”

Types: Lectoype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos (1972), Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 84(10): 239, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia.

c.   Erebia youngi rileyi dos Passos, 1947

Am. Mus. Novit. (1348): 3-4.

Original Combination: Erebia youngi rileyi

Type Locality: “McKinley Park, Alaska”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Troubridge and Philip (1983), J. Res. Lepid. 21(2): figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 46c ♂ genitalia.

867.      Erebia occulta Roos & Kimmich, 1983

a.   Erebia occulta occulta Roos & Kimmich, 1983

Entomol. Z. 93(6): 69-75, figs. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), fig. 4a ♂ genitalia, fig. 5a ♂ valve.

Original Combination: Erebia occulta

Type Locality: “Kanada, Yukon, Dempster Highway km 150”

Types: Holotype in Kimmich, Siepe and Roos collection.

Korshunov and Gorbunov (1995), Butterflies Asiatic Russia: 128, no. 268, noted that this taxon is a species distinct from E. anyuica Kurentsov, 1966, with both taxa occurring in the Far East (Magadan). This situation was detailed by Belik and Zamolodchikov (2002), Nota Lepid. 25(1): 61-78 and further defined by Dubatolov [2003], Euroasian Entomol. J. 1(2): 143-146.

=    phellea Philip & Troubridge, 1983

J. Res. Lepid. 21(2): 118-123, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V, 29 ♂ V, 30 ♀ V, 31 ♂ V, 37a ♂ V, b ♀ V, 50a-d ♂ genitalia, 51a-c ♂ genitalia (c holotype), 52-55 ♂ valvae.

Original Combination: Erebia phellea

Type Locality: “Alaska: Seward Peninsula, km 66-68 Council Rd., 9-11 km NNE of Solomon (64.63N, 164.37W), 60-80 m”

Types: Holotype in USNM.

medusa group B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 182.

868.      Erebia epipsodea Butler, 1868

The synonymy below follows Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 227.

a.   Erebia epipsodea brucei Elwes, 1889

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1889(2): 326, 334-335.

Original Combination: [Erebia epipsodea] ? var. brucei

Type Locality: “Summit County, Colorado, 12,000 ped...Cashier Valley, Summit County [sic], Colorado, at 12,000 feet” [Park County]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

=    ‡rhodia W. H. Edwards, 1871

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 273-274, no. 14; figured by W. H. Edwards (1890), Butterflies N. Am. 3(9): pl. Erebia 3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ D (as epipsodea).

Original Combination: Erebia Rhodia

Type Locality: “Colorado”; suggested to be “Fairplay” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 161. [Park County]; defined as “along Beaver Creek, east/northeast of Fairplay, Park County, Colorado” by Calhoun (2015), J. Lepid. Soc. 69(1): 30.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 406, fig. 32 ♂ D&V.

This name is a secondary homonym of Melampias rhodia Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 63, no. 611, which currently is a synonym of Erebia epiphron aetherius (Esper, 1805) Die Schmett. 1(suppl.)(2)(11): pl. 122, fig. 3, 4.

b.   Erebia epipsodea epipsodea Butler, 1868

Cat. Sat. Brit. Mus.: 80, pl. 2, fig. 9 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Erebia Epipsodea

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; suggested to be “vic. Banff, Alberta” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 199; defined as “Rock Lake, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 40.

Types: Syntypes (#3582) in NHMUK; one figured by Ehrlich (1955), Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 37(1)(6): figs. 1A ♂ D, 1B ♂ V.

=    hopfingeri P. Ehrlich, 1954

J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 27(2): 80; figured by Ehrlich (1955), Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 37(1)(6): figs. 2E ♂ D, 3E ♂ V (holotype); 2D ♀ D, 3D ♀ V.

Original Combination: Erebia epipsodea hopfingeri

Type Locality: “Black Canyon 1000 feet, South of Methow, Okanogan County, Washington”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

c.   Erebia epipsodea sineocellata Skinner, 1889 (emended)

Can. Entomol. 21(12): 239.

Original Combination: Erebia sine-ocellata

Type Locality: “Fort Qu'Appelle...(thirty miles north of an old Hudson Bay Post called Fort Qu'Apelle)” [Saskatchewan]

Types: Syntype (#7042) in CMNH.

This name was available as originally described, not infrasubspecific as sometimes considered (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 199).

=    freemani P. Ehrlich, 1954

J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 27(2): 80; figured by Ehrlich (1955), Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 37(1)(6): figs. 2G ♂ D, 3G ♂ V (holotype); 2H ♀ D, 3H ♀ V.

Original Combination: Erebia epipsodea freemani

Type Locality: “Lloydminster, Alberta”; defined as “the vicinity of Rivercourse, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 40.

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

d.   Erebia epipsodea remingtoni P. Ehrlich, 1952

Entomol. News 63(9): 225-229.

Original Combination: Erebia epipsodea remingtoni

Type Locality: “Dawson, Yukon Territory”

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 61, figs. 24 ♀ D (paratype) 27 ♂ V (holotype).

vidleri group B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 128.

869.      Erebia vidleri Elwes, 1898

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1898(2): 179, no. 2, 195; ♂ genitalia figured by Chapman (1898), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1898(2): pl. 5, figs. 4a, 4b, 4c.

Original Combination: Erebia vidleri

Type Locality: “the mountains above Seton Lake, near Lilloet [sic] on the Fraser river, British Columbia” [Lillooet]

Types: Holotype (#3554) in NHMUK.

Subgenus Magda Grishin, 2021

In: Zhang et al.. Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 9(3): 33, fig. 34. Type-species: Erebia magdalena Strecker, 1880, Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(5): 25, by original designation.

magdalena group B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 175; revised by Hilchie (1990), Quaest. Entomol. 26(4): 673.

*870.    Erebia disa (Thunberg, 1791)

Diss. Ins. Svecica (2): 37, pl. 2, figs. 6, [6a] ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Papilio Disa P[apilio]. n[ymphalis]. g[emmata].

Type Locality: “in Lapponia”; defined as “Sweden: Lappland” by Karsholt and Nielsen (1986), Entomol. Scand. 16(4): 443.

Types: Lectotype at UUZM, designated by Karsholt and Nielsen (1986), Entomol. Scand. 16(4): 443, fig. 3 ♀ D.

=    gesion (Quensel, 1791)

K. Vetensk. Akad. Nya Handl. 12(3): 270-272, no. 2, pl. 9, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V; cited Ernst (1780), Pap. Europ.: pl. 65, fig. 42.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. G[emmata]. Gesion

Type Locality: “In Lapponia Tornoensi maxime boreali ad Enontåkis”

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

=    griela (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 236, no. 737.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. S[atyrus]. Griela

Type Locality: “Lapponiae summis alpibus” [Lapland, Norway and Sweden]

Types: Syntype in ZMUC.

=    stheno (Hübner, [1804])

Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 109, figs. 561 ♀ D, 562 ♀ V [1804]; 38, no. 62 [1806].

Original Combination: [Papilio] Stheno

Type Locality: ‘Alpen Lapplands’.

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

a.   Erebia disa steckeri W. Holland, 1930

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 56(3): 153; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 61, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Erebia steckeri

Type Locality: “Kuskoquim River, Alaska...at the Moravian Mission”; suggested to be “Bethel, about 20 miles up the Kuskoquim River at the inland edge of the coastal tundra” by dos Passos (1949), Am. Mus. Novit. (1389): 11-12.

Types: Syntypes in CMNH; one figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 16, fig. 13 ♂ D&V.

b.   Erebia disa subarctica McDunnough, 1937

Can. Entomol. 69(1): 16-17.

Original Combination: Erebia disa var. subarctica

Type Locality: “Mackenzie Delta, N. W. T.” [Northwest Territories]

Types: Holotype (#4118) in CNC.

871.      Erebia mancinus E. Doubleday, [1849]

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1: pl. 64, fig. 2; 2(43): 380, no. 58 (Westwood, 1850).

Original Combination: Erebia Mancinus

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; defined as “Rock Lake, Alberta (53^o 27'N, 118^o 16'W)” by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 40-41.

Types: Lectotype (#3581) in NHMUK, designated by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 42, figs. 3♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 221, elevated this taxon to the species-level, based on wing and genitalic characters.

triarius group B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 153.

872.      Erebia rossii (J. Curtis, 1835)

a.   Erebia rossii ornata Leussler, 1935

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 30(2): 50, no. 18.

Original Combination: Erebia rossii race ornata

Type Locality: “Churchill...Churchill region of the Hudson Bay country” [west shore of Hudson Bay, 58^o N, Manitoba]

Types: Holotype in OSUC; paratypes figured by dos Passos (1949), Am. Mus. Novit. (1389): figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

b.   Erebia rossii rossii (J. Curtis, 1835)

In: Ross, Voy. Search Northwest Pass., Appendix: lxvii, no. 12, pl. A, fig. 7 ♂ V.

Original Combination: [Hipparchia] Rossii

Type Locality: “Arctic Regions”; determined from itineraries in vol. 1 and a copy of a letter from John Ross in vol. 2, Addenda: 732-735, to be the area bounded by 69.30 ^o-70.9^o N Lat. and 91.52^o-93.0^oW Long, in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]

Types: Syntypes in USNM.

‡”anocellus” J. Scott, 1981

Papilio (n.s.) 1: 4.

Original Combination: Erebia rossii form anocellus

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.

‡”brucei” J. Scott, 1986

Butterflies N. Am.: 243, no. 113.

Original Combination: Erebia rossii form brucei

Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum. This is a case of J. Scott proposing a “form” name to correspond with an already named “form” of another species.

c.   Erebia rossii gabrieli dos Passos, 1949

Am. Mus. Novit. (1389): 12-16, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V; 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V (holotype); 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V, 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V, 25 ♀ D, 26 ♀ V, 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Erebia rossii gabrieli

Type Locality: “Mount McKinley Park, 3500 feet, Alaska”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

d.   Erebia rossii kuskoquima W. Holland, 1931

Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 203, pl. 61, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♀ D, 23 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Erebia rossi [sic] Var. kuskoquima

Type Locality: “Kuskoquim Valley”; defined as “Bethel, about 20 miles up the Kuskoquim River at the inland edge of the coastal tundra” by dos Passos (1949), Am. Mus. Novit. (1389): 11-12.

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

magdalena group B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 175; revised by Hilchie (1990), Quaest. Entomol. 26(4): 673.

873.      Erebia magdalena Strecker, 1880

a.   Erebia magdalena magdalena Strecker, 1880

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(5): 25.

Original Combination: Erebia Magdalena

Type Locality: “some almost inaccessible place on the mountains near Georgetown, Colorado” [Clear Creek County]

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

b.   Erebia magdalena hilchie Kemal & Koçak, 2007

Centre Entomol. Stud. Ankara. Misc. Pap. (137): 1.

Original Combination: Erebia magdalena ssp. hilchie

Proposed as a replacement name for Erebia magdalena saxicola Hilchie, 1990, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).

=    ‡saxicola Hilchie, 1990

Quaest. Entomol. 26(4): 684, figs. 1 ♀ VHW surface, 2 ♂ VHW surface, 4 ♀ live photograph, 31 ♂ genitalia, 32, 32a ♂ valve, 33, 33a ♂ valve, 41 antennal club (many life history figures).

Original Combination: Erebia magdalena saxicola

Type Locality: “Adams Lookout, Alberta Forestry Service, Wilmore Wilderness Park, 43 km southeast of Grande Cache, Alberta, Canada”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

Preoccupied by Erebia saxicola Oberthür,1876, Etüd. Entomol. 2: 32, pl. 4, fig.1.

874.      Erebia mackinleyensis Gunder, 1932

Can. Entomol. 64(12): 278.

Original Combination: Erebia mackinleyensis

Type Locality: “Sable Pass, Mckinley National Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Hilchie (1990), Quaest. Entomol. 26(4): 673, considered this a species-level taxon.

875.      Erebia fasciata Butler, 1868

a.   Erebia fasciata fasciata Butler, 1868

Cat. Sat. Brit. Mus.: 92, pl. 2, fig. 8 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Erebia Fasciata

Type Locality: “Arctic America”; defined as “Winter Cove, Cambridge Bay” by Elwes (1898), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1898(2): 183. [Northwest Territories]

Types: Syntypes in NHMUK and CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 61, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ V and B. Warren (1936), Monogr. Erebia: pl. 76, figs. 995 ♂ D, 1001 ♂ V.

=    ‡”suffusa” B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 180, genitalia pl. 35, fig. 329, pl. 77, fig. 1006 ♂ V (lectotype).

Original Combination: [Erebia fasciata fasciata] ab. suffusa

Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “lectotype” from “Bernhard Harbour, north coast, North-West Territories.”

Types: “Lectotype” in CNC, designated (as holotype) by McDunnough (1937), Can. Entomol. 69(1): 17.

b.   Erebia fasciata avinoffi W. Holland, 1930

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 56(3): 151-152; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 61, fig. 7 ♀ V (holotype), 8 ♂ D (paratype), 9 ♀ V (paratype).

Original Combination: Erebia avinoffi

Type Locality: “Kotzebue Sound, Alaska”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

edda group B. Warren, 1936

Monogr. Erebia: 198.

876.      Erebia discoidalis (W. Kirby, 1837)

Belik (2019), Eversmannia 58: 3-10, treated Old World populations of this species as a distinct species rendering the New World discoidalis monotypic.

=    mcdunnoughi dos Passos, 1940

Am. Mus. Novit. (1053): 1-2.

Original Combination: Erebia discoidalis mcdunnoughi

Type Locality: “White Horse, Alaska [sic]” [Whitehorse, Yukon]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Spelled “macdunnougi” by dos Passos (1958), Proc. Int. Congr. Entomol. 10(Montreal 1956)1: 678; this is an unjustified emendation.

Subtribe Satyrina Boisduval, [1833] (1820)

Genus Oeneis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 58. Type-species: Papilio norna Thunberg, 1791, Ins. Suec. (2): 36-37, pl. 2, fig. 11, by designation of Butler (1868), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 4(45): 196. Kleckova et al. (2015), Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 92: 255-265, determined that Neominois is a synonym of Oeneis. Zhang et al. (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(2): 5, fig. 6, and Lukhtanov & Dubatolov (2020), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 190(3): 1036-1053 determined this synonymy.

Subgenus Davidina Oberthür, 1879

Étud. Entomol. 4: 19, pl. 2, fig. 1. Type-species: Davidina armandi Oberthür, 1879, Étud. Entomol. 4: 19, pl. 2, fig. 1.

      =    ‡Leechia Röber, 1907

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 1(12): 43. Type-species: Leechia alticola Röber, 1907, in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 1(12): 43, pl. 19b. Preoccupied by Leechia South, 1901, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1901(4): 400 and Leechia Tutt, 1907, Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142.

=    Sinosatyrus Lee, 1988

Chinese Science Bull. 33(4): 320. Type-species: Sinosatyrus beijingensis Lee, 1988.

=    Protoeneis Gorbunov, 2001

Butterflies Russia, Class.: 226, 227 key, 228 diagnosis. Type-species: Chionobas nanna Ménétriés, 1858, Bull. class. phys. math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg (ser. 2)17(12-14, nos. 396-398): col. 216, no. 15, by original designation.

877.      Oeneis uhleri (Reakirt, 1866)

a.   Oeneis uhleri uhleri (Reakirt, 1866)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1]) 143-145.

Original Combination: Chionobas Uhleri

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr.”; suggested to be “the grassy parts that crown the Front Range west of Denver (Bergen Park, etc.)” by F. Brown (1953), Am. Mus. Novit. (1625): 1; further defined as “vic. Georgetown, Clear Creek Co., Colorado” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 201.

Types: Syntypes in FMNH.

=    ‡”obscura” (W. H. Edwards, 1892)

Butterflies N. Am. 3(13): [294], pl. Chionobas 3, fig. 5 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Chionobas Uhleri var. Obscura

Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Clear Creek Canyon, Jefferson Co., Colorado...6,000 ft. above sea level” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 395.

Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): fig. 27 ♂ D&V.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

b.   Oeneis uhleri reinthali F. Brown, 1953

Am. Mus. Novit. (1625): 21-25, fig. 6D ♂ genitalia, figs. 7G ♂ D (holotype), 7H ♀ D, 8G ♂ V (holotype), 8H ♀ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis uhleri reinthali

Type Locality: “near Gothic, Colorado” [Gunnison County]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

c.   Oeneis uhleri varuna (W. H. Edwards, 1882)

Can. Entomol. 14(1): 2-5; figured by W. H. Edwards (1892), Butterflies N. Am. 3(12): pl. Chionobas 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♂ D, and (1897), 3(17): [389-393], pl. Chionobas 13, fig. 1 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chionobas Varuna

Type Locality: “Dacotah Terr....on the plains, elevation about 1,200 feet”

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 394, fig. 26 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 62, figs. 13 ♂ D (lectotype), 14 ♀ D (paralectotype).

=    ‡”dennisi” Gunder, 1927

Can. Entomol. 59(12): 285-286, no. 17, pl. B, figs. 17 ♂ D, 17b ♂ V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Oeneis uhleri race varuna tr. f. dennisi

Type Locality: “Beulah, Man., Can.” [Manitoba]

Types: “Holotype” in CNC.

d.   Oeneis uhleri cairnesi Gibson, 1920

Rept. Can. Arctic Exped. 3(i): 15i, pl. 1, fig. 6 ♂ genitalia; pl. 2, fig. 7 ♂ V (holotype), 8 ♀ V; pl. 4, fig. 6 ♂ D (holotype).

Original Combination: Oeneis cairnesi

Type Locality: “White river district, Yukon Territory, lat. 61^o55', long. 141^o”

Types: Holotype (#834) in CNC; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 20 ♂ V.

=    kluanensis M. Hassler, 2002

In: Hassler and Feil, Nachrichtenbl. Entomol. Ver. Apollo, n. f. 22(4): 199, figs. 4 ♂ D, 19 ♂ V, 31 ♂ genitalia (holotype); 5 ♂ D, 20 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 21 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis nanna kluanensis

Type Locality: “SW-Yukon, NW Burwash Landing, Quill Creek Area, 800-1200m altitude”

Types: Holotype in SMF.

e.   Oeneis uhleri nahanni Dyar, 1904

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 6(3): 142.

Original Combination: Oeneis nahanni

Type Locality: “Nahanni Mts., Mackenzie, 2500'”; defined as “Lone Mountain (Mount Tha-on-tha), about 62^o 11'N, 123^o 16'W Nahanni Range, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories” by Kondla (1995), Blue Jay 53(4): 227, corrected to 62^o 11'N, 123^o 20'W by C. guppy (pers. comm.).

Types: Holotype (#8047) in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, figs. 11 ♂ D, 11a ♂ V.

Subgenus Neominois Scudder, 1875

Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 237, 241, no. 2. Type-species: Satyrus ridingsii W. H. Edwards, 1865, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201-202, by original designation.

878.      Oeneis ridingsii (W. H. Edwards, 1865)

a.   Oeneis ridingsii minimus Austin, 1986

Bull. Allyn Mus. (107): 14-16, figs. 4a D, 4b V (holotype bottom left).

Original Combination: Neominois ridingsii minimus

Type Locality: “Canada: Sakatchewan: Moose Jaw, north side of city, 50 24' N,105 30' W”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

b.   Oeneis ridingsii wyomingo (J. Scott, 1998)

Papilio (n.s.) 11: 1-2, fig. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Hipparchia (Neominois) ridingsii wyomingo

Type Locality: “6 miles WNW Midwest, along I-25, Natrona Co. Wyo.” [Wyoming]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

c.   Oeneis ridingsii ridingsii (W. H. Edwards, 1865)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201-201, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1893), Butterflies N. Am. 3(14): pl. Neominois 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Satyrus Ridingsii

Type Locality: “Burlington, Boulder Co., Colorado Territory” [now Longmont]; neotype from “Loveland, Colo.” [Larimer County, Colorado]

Types: Neotype in MGCL, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 357, fig. 10 ♀ D&V.

d.   Oeneis ridingsii curicata M Fisher, J. Scott & Garhart, 2008

Papilio (n.s.) 18: 21-22, pl 1, third row left ♂ D, third row center ♂ V (holotype), fourth row right ♀ D, second row left ♂ D&V, second row center ♂ D&V, second row right ♀ V.

Original Combination: Neominois ridingsii curicata

Type Locality: “Colorado: Gunnison Co., Bid Mesa, 1 mi. S. hwy 50 off CR 31 and SR 149, 7800 ft.”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

e.   Oeneis ridingsii coloalbiterra Garhart & M. Fisher, 2008

Papilio (n.s.) 18: 15-16, pl 1, top row left ♂ D, top row center ♂ V (holotype), fourth row right ♀ D, fourth row center ♀ V.

Original Combination: Neominois ridingsii coloalbiterra

Type Locality: “Colorado: Garfield Co., CR 215, Parachute Creek, approx. 8 miles north of Parachute, Roan Cliffs, 6000 ft.”

Types: Holotype in CSUC.

f.    Oeneis ridingsii neomexicanus Austin, 1986

Bull. Allyn Mus. (107): 16-19, figs. 5a D, 5b V (holotype top left).

Original Combination: Neominois ridingsii neomexicanus

Type Locality: “New Mexico: Cibola County; Cibola National Forest, Zuni Mountains, Bluewater Canyon, 7800'”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

g.   Oeneis ridingsii stretchii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 192-193, no. 6.

Original Combination: Chionobas Stretchii

Type Locality: “Nevada”; neotype from “Mt. Jefferson. Nye Co., Nevada.”

Types: Types destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 358-359, fig. 11 ♂ D&V. Burdick (1942), Can. Entomol. 74(11): 205, designated “neotypes.” This designation was not in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.

=    dionysus Scudder, 1878

Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr. 4(1)(10): 254.

Original Combination: Neominois dionysus

Type Locality: “Juniper Mountains...Mount Trumbull”; defined as “the wooded portion of Hurricane Ridge east of the L. A. Iverson Ranch about 5 miles north of Trumbull P. O., Mohave Co. Arizona” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(2): 133-134.

Types: Syntypes (#1624) in MCZC.

=    ashtaroth (Strecker, [1878])

Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 129.

Original Combination: Satyrus Ashtaroth

Type Locality: “Arizona”

Types: Holotype in FMNH.

h.   Oeneis ridingsii pallidus Austin, 1986

Bull. Allyn Mus. (107): 10-14, figs. 3a D, 3b V (holotype top left).

Original Combination: Neominois ridingsii pallidus

Type Locality: “Nevada: Mineral County; Alkali Valley, Larkin Dry Lake Road, 4.8 road miles north of Nevada State Route 359 (formerly State Route 31), 7000', R28E, T4N, S12 on Aurora Nev.-Calif., 15' quadrangle. The area is a sandy flat valley”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Subgenus Oeneis Hübner, [1819]

=    Chionobas Boisduval, [1833]

Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(18): 182. Type-species: Papilio aello Hübner, [1804], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 102, figs. 519, 520, 521 (= Papilio glacialis Moll, 1785, in: Schrank and Moll, Naturh. Briefe Oesterreich 1: 102; synonym), by designation of Blanchard (1840), in: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 457.

polixenes group Gorbunov, 2001

Butterflies Russia Class.: 227, 234.

*879.    Oeneis jutta (Hübner, [1806])

Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 120, figs. 614 ♀ D, 615 ♀ V; 25, no. 16.

Original Combination: [Papilio] Jutta

Type Locality: “Lappland”, probably in error. [Lapland, Norway and Sweden]

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Various Palaearctic “forms” and “aberrations” are not listed in this synonymy.

=    timanica Sedykh, 1977

Geogr. Aspect. Conserv. Flora Faun. NE Europ. USSR: 103-104, no. 76.

Original Combination: Oeneis jutta timanica

Type Locality: “environs of Ukhta” [Komi Autonomous Republic, Russia]

Types: Syntypes in the ZIN.

a.   Oeneis jutta balder (Guérin-Méneville, [1832])

Icon. Règne Anim. Cuvier 2(18): pl. 80, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V, 1b head, 1c antenna, 1d club of antenna [1832]; 3: 487 [1844].

Original Combination: Satyrus Balder

Type Locality: “Cap-Nord” in error. [Finmark, Norway] Defined as “Nain, Labrador” by Pelham (2008), J. Res. Lepid. 40: 419. [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Possible syntype in USNM.

Guérin-Méneville described this taxon from Boisduval’s collection. Boisduval [1834], Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. (19): 189-190, no. 4; (20): pl. 39, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, redescribed this taxon, giving the type locality as “au Cap-Nord, au Groenland et en Island...Nayn, dans l'Amerique hyperboréennes.” Since no populations of O. jutta are known to occur in northern Lapland, Greenland or Iceland, the type locality is defined as above.

=    balderi Geyer, 1837

In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: pl. [169], figs. 981 ♂ D, 982 ♂ V [1836]; 43, no. 491 (1837, name given).

Original Combination: Eumenis Balderi

Type Locality: “Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.

There is nothing in the original description indicating that this is a misspelling or emendation of Satyrus balder Guérin-Ménéville, [1832]. It is retained as an available name.

b.   Oeneis jutta terraenovae dos Passos, 1935 (emended)

Can. Entomol. 67(4): 84-85.

Original Combination: Oeneis jutta terrae-novae

Type Locality: “Doyles Station, Newfoundland” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

c.   Oeneis jutta ascerta Masters & Sorensen, 1968

Entomol. News 79(3): 80-82, figs. 1 ♂ genitalia, 2 top row left ♂ D&V (holotype), right D&V.

Original Combination: Oeneis jutta ascerta

Type Locality: “West White Pine Truck Trail, Solana State Forest, Aitkin County, Minnesota”

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

d.   Oeneis jutta ridingiana F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940

Can. Entomol. 72(4): 82.

Original Combination: Oeneis jutta ridingiana

Type Locality: “Riding Mountains, Manitoba”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

e.   Oeneis jutta harperi dos Passos, [1977]

J. Res. Lepid. 15(4): 213.

Original Combination: Oeneis jutta harperi

Type Locality: “Gillam, Manitoba”

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

Name offered to validate Oeneis jutta harperi Wyatt, 1965, Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 50[76](5): 70-71, where it is a nomen nudum. Masters (1969), Bull. Assn. Minn. Entomol. 3(2): 23-24, tried to do the same thing, but listed the name in synonymy.

f.    Oeneis jutta leussleri Bryant, 1935

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 30(3): 115, no. 11.

Original Combination: Oeneis jutta leussleri

Type Locality: “Base of Black Mountain” as stated by Bryant (1935), Bull. Brooklyn Entomlo. Soc. 30(1): 7, 8 and “Base Camp” as stated by Leussler and Bryant (1935), Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 30(2): 46. This was interpreted to be “Thirty miles southwest of Aklavik and immediately west of the Mackenzie Delta...area immediately adjacent to the escarpment” by Pelham (2008), J. Res. Lepid. 40: 420. [Northwest Territories]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

g.   Oeneis jutta alaskensis W. Holland, 1900

Entomol. News 11(3): 389, no. 23; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 62, figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♀ D.

Original Combination: O[eneis]. jutta var. alaskensis

Type Locality: “mountains between Forty-Mile and Mission Creeks, N. E. Alaska...American Creek, Alaska”

Types: Syntypes in CMNH; figured by Masters and Sorensen (1968), Entomol. News 79(3): fig. 2 third row, third from left ♂ D.

h.   Oeneis jutta chermocki Wyatt, 1965

Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 50[76](5): 69-70, pl. 8, figs. 3 ♂ D, 3a ♂ V (holotype); 4 ♀ D, 4a ♀ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis jutta chermocki

Type Locality: “Banff, Alberta, Kanada, 1360 m”

Types: Holotype in LNKD.

i.    Oeneis jutta reducta McDunnough, 1929

Can. Entomol. 61(5): 105.

Original Combination: Oeneis jutta reducta

Type Locality: “Upper Gallatin Canyon, Mont.” [Gallatin County, Montana]

Types: Holotype (#2955) in CNC.

880.      Oeneis melissa (Fabricius, 1775)

a.   Oeneis melissa semidea (Say, 1828)

Am. Entomol. 3: pl. 50, 3 unnumbered pages.

Original Combination: Hipparchia Semidea

Type Locality: “bald summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire “ [Coos County]

Types: Lectotype (#7000) in ANSP (Peale collection), designated by Fox (1939), Entomol. News 50(8): 215; figured by F. Brown (1974), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 126(5): fig. 1 ♀ D&V.

=    ‡”nigra” (W. H. Edwards, 1894)

Butterflies N. Am. 3(15): [350], pl. Chionobas 9, fig. 8 ♂ VHW.

Original Combination: [Chionobas Semidea] var. Nigra

Type Locality: “New Hampshire”; further defined as “Mount Washington, N. H.” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 402. [Coos County, New Hampshire]

Types: “Lectotype” in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 402, fig. 30 ♂ D&V.

The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.

‡”eritiosa” (Boisduval, [1834])

Icon. Hist. Lépid. 1(20): 197, under the discussion of Chionobas also.

Original Combination: [Chionobas] Eritiosa

Type Locality: “dans les montagnes calcaires de New-Hampshire” [White Mountains, New Hampshire]

Types: Location of “type(s)” not known, possibly never existed; a nomen nudum.

b.   Oeneis melissa melissa (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 513, no. 298.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. P[halerata]. Melissa

Type Locality: “insula Terre nueve Americae”; neotype from “Nain, Labrador.”[Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Type(s) apparently lost; neotype in CNC, designated by C. Guppy (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(3): 6, fig. 5 ♀ D&V.

C. Guppy determined that a neotype selected by V. Lukhtanov and Eitschberger (2002), Butterflies World, Suppl. 4: 4, 1d and figured by V. Lukhtanov and Eitschberger (2000), Butterflies World Part. 11: pl. 1, fig. 10 ♂ D, pl. 2, fig. 10 ♂ V violated Code Articles 75.1, 75.2, 75.3.4 and designated a new one.

c.   Oeneis melissa semplei W. Holland, 1930

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20(1): 50-51; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 63, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis semplei

Type Locality: “western coast of Labrador, at the point where the Little Cape Jones River discharges into Hudson Bay” [Nord-du-Québec,Quebec]

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

d.   Oeneis melissa assimilis Butler, 1868

Cat. Sat. Brit. Mus.: 163, no. 13, pl. 2, fig. 10 ♀ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Oeneis Assimilis

Type Locality: “Repulse Bay” [Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada]

Types: Holotype (♀ #3824) in NHMUK.

=    arctica Gibson, 1920

Rept. Can. Arctic Exped. 3(i): 13i, pl. 1, fig. 4 ♂ genitalia, pl. 2, fig. 4 ♂ V, pl. 4, fig. 4 ♂ D (holotype); figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 72, fig. 5 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis semidea var. arctica

Type Locality: “Bernard Harbour, Northwest Territories” [Nunavut]

Types: Holotype (#835) in CNC.

=    simulans Gibson, 1920

Rept. Can. Arctic Exped. 3(i): 14i, pl. 1, fig. 7 ♂ genitalia, pl. 2, fig. 5 ♂ V (holotype); figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 19 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis simulans

Type Locality: “Bernard Harbour, Northwest Territories” [Nunavut]

Types: Holotype (#854) in CNC.

e.   Oeneis melissa gibsoni W. Holland, 1930

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20: 51; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 63, figs. 9 ♀ V, 10 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis gibsoni

Type Locality: “in the Kuskokwim Valley”; suggested to be “Bethel, about 20 miles up the Kuskoquim River at the inland edge of the coastal tundra” by dos Passos (1949), Am. Mus. Novit. (1389): 11-12. [Alaska]

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

f.    Oeneis melissa atlinensis C. Guppy & J. Shepard, 2001

Butterflies B. C.: 348-349, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Oeneis melissa atlinensis

Type Locality: “BC, Atlin, Mt. Vaughan, el. 5,200+ ft.” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype in RBCM.

g.   Oeneis melissa beanii Elwes & J. Edwards, 1893

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1893(4): 464, 476-477; 481, key; pl. 15, fig. 8 valve, fig. 11 hind tibia ♀.

Original Combination: [Oeneis] Beanii

Type Locality: “Laggan...at 8-9000 ft. elevation”; defined as “vicinity of...Lake Louise, Banff National Park, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 40.

Types: Holotype (#3825) in NHMUK.

h.   Oeneis melissa lucilla W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918

Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 69-70, pl. 11, figs. 16 ♂ D (holotype), 17 ♂ V, 18 ♂ D, pl. 25, fig. 5 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Oeneis lucilla

Type Locality: “Hall Valley, Colo.” [Park County, Colorado]

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 6, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.

881.      Oeneis philipi Troubridge, 1988

Can. Entomol. 120(7): 684-686, figs. 1A ♂ D, 1B ♂ V (holotype); 1C ♀ D, 2D, ♀ D, 9D-F (ovum micropyle), figs. 12, 13A larval head capsules, fig. 14A, 14B ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Oeneis philipi

Type Locality: “Canada, Yukon Territory, km 1 Dempster Highway at Klondike River, 460 m”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

Lafontaine (1998), in: Layberry et al., Butterflies Can.: 236, suggested that the North American taxon philipi is a synonym of O. rosovi Kurentsov, 1970, Butterflies Far East USSR: 49, key, figure 42(1), 50, fig. 44(6) ♂ genitalia, 73. However, since there are two syntypes of that taxon extant, and V. Lukhtanov (1989), Vestnik Zool. 1989(2): 33-34, considered them to represent two different species, I defer from accepting this synonymy until a lectotype has been designated.

‡”lafontainei” Kral, 1987

News Lepid. Soc. 1987(6): 86.

Original Combination: Oeneis polixenes yukonensis form “lafontainei”

This name was given in a sales advertisement; a nomen nudum.

882.      Oeneis polixenes (Fabricius, 1775)

a.   Oeneis polixenes katahdin (Newcomb, 1901)

Entomol. News 12(7): 206; (8): 225-231, pl. 8, 2 ♂ D, 1 ♂ V, 2 ♀ D, 1 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chionobas katahdin

Type Locality: “Mt. Katahdin”; further defined by Newcomb (1901), Entomol. News 12(8): 226, as “Mt. Katahdin, Maine, at an elevation of 4250 to 5000 ft. above the sea-level.” [Piscataquis County, Maine]

Types: Lectotype (#7783) in ANSP, designated by Fox (1939), Entomol. News 50(8): 213-214; paralectotypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 62, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D.

b.   Oeneis polixenes polixenes (Fabricius, 1775)

Syst. Entomol.: 484, no. 180.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. F[estivus]. Polixenes

Type Locality: “America boreali”; suggested to be “Labrador” by Troubridge and Parshall (1988), Can. Entomol. 120(7): 679; further suggested to be “Nain, Labrador” by C. Guppy (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(3): 3. [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Lectotype (#5035) in NHMUK, designated by C. Guppy (2019), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 8(3): 7, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

=    oeno (Boisduval, [1834])

Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. (20): 195-196, no. 7, pl. 39, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chionobas Oeno

Type Locality: “dans la Laponie russe,” a single female “du nord de la Sibérie” (from Escholtz), and two specimens “au Labrador” (from Sommer). The lectotype is from “Labrador.” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Lectotype is the male (from Labrador) figured by Boisduval, designated by V. Lukhtanov and Eitschberger (2001), Butterflies World, Suppl. 4: 11, 9d, note 1.

c.   Oeneis polixenes subhyalina (J. Curtis, 1835)

In: Ross, Voy. Search Northwest Pass., Appendix: lxviii, no. 13.

Original Combination: [Hipparchia] Subhyalina

Type Locality: “Arctic Regions”; determined from itineraries in vol. 1 and a copy of a letter from John Ross in vol. 2, Addenda: 732-735, to be the area bounded by 69.30 ^o-70.9^o N Lat. and 91.52^o-93.0^oW Long, in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]

Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. America: pl. 7, figs. 13 ♂ D&V.

=    peartiae (W. H. Edwards, 1897)

Butterflies N. Am. 3(17): [407-408], pl. Chionobas 14, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chionobas Peartiae

Type Locality: “Winter Cove, Cambridge Bay, Victoria Land, lat. 69^o, long. 106^o” [[Kitikmeot, Nunavut]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 62, fig. 21 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): fig. 29 ♂ D&V.

N. Riley and Gabriel (1924), Cat. Type Spec. Lepid. Rhop Brit. Mus. 1: 44, listed three syntypes (#3821 ♀ #3822 ♀ #3823 ♂); #3823 is a “pseudotype”, the others are paratypes. See F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 400.

d.   Oeneis polixenes beringianus Kurentsov, 1970

Butterflies Far East USSR: 49, fig. 41(1) ♂ genitalia, 68, fig. 68(1) map, 73.

Original Combination: O[eneis]. p[olyxenes]. beringianus

Type Locality: “in montane tundra of the Chukotka Peninsula” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: One syntype in the DSM from “E. Chukotka, Chaplina village, Hot Springs landmark”; 16 other syntypes in the IPBV, registered by Azarova (1986), Syst. Ecol. Lepid. Far East USSR: 124, no. 18; a lectotype may be selected from any of these.

=    tschukotkensis Kurentsov, 1970

Butterflies Far East USSR: 66, fig. 64(2) range map 74, fig. 39(5) ♂ genitalia (as simulans).

Original Combination: Oeneis simulans tschukotkensis

Type Locality: “montane tundra of Chukotka (Chaplina Springs)” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Syntypes in the IPBV, registered by Azarova (1986), Syst. Ecol. Lepid. Far East USSR: 124, no. 21.

=    luteus Troubridge & Parshall, 1988

Can. Entomol. 120(7): 682-683, figs. 7A ♂ D, 7B ♂ V, 7C ♀ D, 7D ♀ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis polixenes luteus

Type Locality: “Canada, British Columbia, Pink Mountain”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

This synonymy follows Layberry, et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 235, and personal communications with Troubridge.

e.   Oeneis polixenes woodi Troubridge & Parshall, 1988

Can. Entomol. 120(7): 683-684, figs. 8A ♂ D, 8B ♂ V, 8C ♀ D, 8D ♀ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis polixenes woodi

Type Locality: “Canada, Yukon Territory, Herschel Island”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

f.    Oeneis polixenes yukonensis Gibson, 1920

Rept. Can. Arctic Exped. 3(i): 15i-16i, pl. 1, fig. 8 ♂ genitalia, pl. 2, fig. 9 ♂ V (holotype), 10 ♀ D; pl. 4, fig. 3 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Oeneis brucei var. yukonensis

Type Locality: “Klutlan glacier, Yukon Territory, elevation 8,200 feet”

Types: Holotype (#836) in CNC.

g.   Oeneis polixenes brucei (W. H. Edwards, 1891)

Can. Entomol. 23(2): 33; figured by W. H. Edwards (1892), Butterflies N. Am. 3(13): pl. Chionobas 6, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chionobas Brucei

Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Vicinity of Bullion and Hayden Mountains in Hall Valley, Park Co., Colorado; 12,000 feet above sea level and higher” by F. Brown (1964), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 395-397.

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. M. Brown, 1964, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 90(4): 400-401, fig. 28 ♂ D&V.

Troubridge and Parshall (1988), Can. Entomol. 120(7): 683, suggested that brucei, yukonensis and woodi may together represent a species-level taxon.

hora group Gorbunov, 2001

Butterflies Russia Class.: 226.

*883.    Oeneis alpina Kurentsov, 1970

Butterflies Far East USSR: 49, fig. 42(2) ♂ D&V (holotype); 50, key, fig. 44(1) ♂ genitalia; 74.

Original Combination: Oeneis alpina

Type Locality: “balds of the Omsukchan range (an eastern spur of Kolymsk range)” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Holotype in the IPBV, registered by Azarova (1986), Syst. Ecol. Lepid. Far East USSR: 124, no. 20.

=    ostracon Korb, 1996

Vestn. Zool. 1996(4/5): 101.

Original Combination: Oeneis excubitor ostracon

Type Locality: “Magadan oblast, Palatka” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]

Types: Holotype in ZIN.

Gorbunov (2001), Butterflies Russia Class.: 237, noted that this taxon might be a synonym of O. m. magna Graeser, 1888. It is placed here provisionally until this possibility is investigated.

a.   Oeneis alpina excubitor Troubridge, Philip, J. Scott & J. Shepard, 1982

Can. Entomol. 114(10): 881-882, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ D, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♂ genitalia.

Original Combination: Oeneis excubitor

Type Locality: “Yukon: Mt. Chambers, Ogilvie Mts., hilltop 4 km E., 1400 m”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

bore group Gorbunov, 2001

Butterflies Russia Class.: 226.

*884.    Oeneis bore (Schneider, 1792)

Neu. Mag. Liebhaber Entomol. 4: 415, 445 (1792); 5: 585 (1794).

Original Combination: Pap [ilio]. Bore

Type Locality: “Nord-Lappländische Falter”

Types: Type(s) probably lost.

Heppner (1981), Arch. Nat. Hist. 10(2): 251-254 detailed the date of Esper’s description of Papilio bore as 1789. Lamas (2013), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 41(162): 207-211, demonstrated that this date is incorrect and Schneider is the author of this name.

=    ‡norna (Quensel, 1791)

K. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 1791, 12(3): 274, no. 4, pl. 10, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V

Original Combination: P[apilio]: N[ymphalis]: G[emmata]. Norna

Type Locality: “Lapponiæ borealioris” [Lappi, Finland]

Types: Location of type(s) not known.

Preoccupied by Papilio norna Thunberg, 1791, Ins. Svec. (2): 36, pl. [5], fig. 11 (10 Dec 1791). (Code Article 58.1).

=    fortunatus (Fabricius, 1793)

Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 214, no. 670.

Original Combination: P[apilio]. S[atyrus]. Fortunatus

Type Locality: “Lapponia” [Lapland, Norway and Sweden]

Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.

E. Doubleday (1844), List Spec. Lepid. Ins. Coll. Brit. Mus. 1: 123, was the first to consider this name a synonym of O. bore.

=    crambis (Freyer, [1844])

Neuer Beitr. Schmett. 5(74): 99-100, no. 783, pl. 440, figs. 3 ♂ D&V, 4 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Hipparchia Crambis

Type Locality: “Lappland” [Lapland, Norway and Sweden]

Types: There may be syntypes in NHMUK or ZSM, or they may be lost.

This name has been employed in different ways in the past, but it is clear from the figures, type locality, description, and Freyer’s comparison with bore that this name belongs here.

a.   Oeneis bore taygete Geyer, [1830]

In: Hübner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. 3: [60-61], [pl. 17], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis Taygete

Type Locality: “Labrador”; neotype from “Hopedale, Labrador, latitude 53^oN.” [Newfoundland and Labrador]

Types: Type(s) probably lost; neotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos (1949), Am. Mus. Novit. (1399): 6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.

=    bootes (Boisduval, [1834])

Icon. Hist. Lépid. 1(19): 191-192, no. 5, pl. 37, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chionobas Bootes

Type Locality: “Cap-Nord...Kamtschatka...Groenland et au Labrador”; defined as “Hopedale, Labrador” by dos Passos (1949), Am. Mus. Nov. No. 1399: 7.

Types: Type(s) probably lost; the lectotype is the male specimen represented by Boisduval’s figure 4, designated by dos Passos (1949), Am. Mus. Novit. (1399): 7.

dos Passos (1949), Am. Mus. Novit. (1399): 4, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, figured a probable syntype from the USNM. This specimen, without locality label, differs from the figures given by Boisduval. The original localities given by Boisduval are diverse (no Oeneis are known to occur in Greenland), and dos Passos thought it wise to designate the “type” as the specimen represented by Boisduval's figure, since it closely resembles specimens from Labrador.

b.   Oeneis bore gaspeensis dos Passos, 1949

Am. Mus. Novit. (1399): 8-12, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis taygete gaspeensis

Type Locality: “Mt. Albert...at about 3000 feet” [Gaspé National Park, Quebec]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

c.   Oeneis bore hanburyi Watkins, 1928

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)1(5): 617.

Original Combination: Oeneis bore hanburyi

Type Locality: “on the Canadian Arctic coast about Coronation Gulf...Grays Bay” [Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut]

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

d.   Oeneis bore mckinleyensis dos Passos, 1949

Am. Mus. Novit. (1389): 2-8, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5-8 ♂, 9-10 ♀.

Original Combination: Oeneis mckinleyensis

Type Locality: “McKinley Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

Spelled “mackinleyensis” by dos Passos (1958), Proc. Int. Congr. Entomol. 10(Montreal 1956)1: 674; an unjustified emendation.

e.   Oeneis bore fordi dos Passos, 1949

Am. Mus. Novit. (1399): 12-16, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis taygete fordi

Type Locality: “Kuskoquim River, Alaska”; suggested to be “Bethel, about 20 miles up the Kuskoquim River at the inland edge of the coastal tundra” by dos Passos (1949), Am. Mus. Novit. (1389): 11-12.

Types: Holotype in CMNH.

f.    Oeneis bore edwardsi dos Passos, 1949

Am. Mus. Novit. (1399): 16-20, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis taygete edwardsi

Type Locality: “San Juan Mountains, Hinsdale Co., Colorado”; further defined as “Hinsdale Co.: Rio Grande Pyramid, 12,000 ft.” by F. M. Brown (1954), Proc. Denver Mus. Nat. Hist. 3: 28.

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

885.      Oeneis chryxus (E. Doubleday, [1849])

a.   Oeneis chryxus strigulosa McDunnough, 1934

Can. Entomol. 66(4): 86.

Original Combination: Oeneis chryxus strigulosa

Type Locality: “Gull Lake, (Raggedy Cr.) near Minden, Ont.” [Haliburton County, Ontario]

Types: Holotype (#3732) in CNC.

b.   Oeneis chryxus calais (Scudder, 1865)

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 5(2): 7-10, no. 3, fig.

Original Combination: Chionobas calais

Type Locality: “Albany River, Hudson's Bay”; corrected to “Rupert House, Hudson's Bay” by W. H. Edwards (1883), Can. Entomol. 15(3): 44, no. 9. A. Clark (1932), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 81(11)(2934): 1-2, corroborated the type locality as stated by W. H. Edwards. [Nord-du-Québec, Quebec, Canada]

Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. H. Edwards (1892), Butterflies N. Am. 3(13): pl. Chionobas 2, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 62, fig. ♀ D.

c.   Oeneis chryxus caryi Dyar, 1904

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 6(3): 142.

Original Combination: Oeneis caryi

Type Locality: “Smith Landing, Athabasca”; defined as “vicinity of latitude 59^o 54'N, longitude 111^o 40'W near the west side of the Slave River, Alberta” by Kondla (1995), Alberta Naturalist 25(4): 75. [NE Alberta]

Types: Holotype (#8046) in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, figs. 10 ♂ D, 10a ♂ V, and Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 8, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.

d.   Oeneis chryxus altacordillera J. Scott, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 14-15, pl. 4 5th row left ♂ D&V (holotype), 5th row center left ♂ D, 5th row center right ♂ D.

Original Combination: Oeneis calais altacordillera

Type Locality: “Colorado: Sangre de Cristo Mts.: Baldy Peak 12,500', Custer Co.”

Types: Holotype in NHMUK.

e.   Oeneis chryxus chryxus (E. Doubleday, [1849])

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1: pl. 64, fig. 1 ♂ D (holotype) [1849]; 2(43): 383, no. 13 (Westwood, 1851).

Original Combination: Chionobas Chryxus

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; defined as “vicinity of Rock Lake, Alberta (53^o 27'N, 118^o 16'W)” by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 40-41.

Types: Holotype by monotypy, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 2434.

f.    Oeneis chryxus socorro R. Holland, 2010

J. Lepid. Soc. 64(3): 164, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V (holotype), 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis chryxus socorro

Type Locality: “Beartrap Campground, ca. 2 mi. W of Mt. Withington, San Mateo Mts., Socorro County, New Mexico”

Types: Holotype in CNC.

g.   Oeneis chryxus valerata Burdick, 1958

Lepid. News 11(1-3): 23-26, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia, fig. 3 (left row, top to bottom) 1st ♂ D, 2nd ♂ V (holotype); 3rd ♀ D, 4th ♀ V.

Original Combination: Oeneis chryxus valerata

Type Locality: “Hurricane Ridge, Clallam Co., Washington”

Types: Holotype in NHMLA; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 8, figs. 4 ♂ D&V.

h.   Oeneis chryxus ivallda (Mead, 1878)

Can. Entomol. 10(10): 196-198.

Original Combination: Chionobas Ivallda

Type Locality: “Summit... Freel's Peak and Tallac Mountain...within a few miles of Lake Tahoe, near the boundary line between California and Nevada” [Placer County, California]

Types: Syntypes in CMNH; figured in Holland, 1898, Butterfly Book: pl. 27, figs. 9 ♂ D, and Holland, 1931, Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 62, fig. 4 ♀ D.

Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 3: 60, 98, discussed the wing pigment chemistry of ivallda and chryxus, and concluded that ivallda is conspecific with chryxus. Porter and Shapiro [1991], J. Res. Lepid. 28(4): 263-276, presented electrophoretic evidence corroborating this conclusion.

i.    Oeneis chryxus stanislaus Hovanitz, 1937

Entomol. News 48(8): 228-230.

Original Combination: Oeneis chryxus stanislaus

Type Locality: “Deadman Creek, tributary of the Middle Fork Stanislaus River, border of Tuolumne Co. and Alpine Co. California. Elevation 8400 ft.” [Sonora Pass, Alpine County]

Types: Holotype in CAS.

886.      Oeneis tanana A. Warren & Nakahara, 2016

J. Res. Lepid. 49:4-5; figs. 1a ♂ D&V, 1b ♂ D&V, 1c ♂ D&V (holotype), 1d ♂ D&V, 1e ♂ D&V, 1f ♂ D&V, 1h ♀ D&V, 1i ♀ D&V, 1j ♀ D&V, 1k ♀ D&V, 1l ♀ D&V, 3a wing venation, 3b ♂ foreleg, 3c ♀ foreleg, 3 d ♂ labial palp, 3e ♀ labial palp, 4a-c ♂ genitalia, 4d-h ♀ genitalia, 6a-c ♂ valves.

Original Combination: Oeneis tanana

Type Locality: “AK: Tanana Valley, 5 mi. s. of Tok, Tok cutoff at Butch-Kuth rd.” [Alaska]

Types: Holotype in MGCL.

887.      Oeneis alberta Elwes, 1893

a.   Oeneis alberta alberta Elwes, 1893

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1893(4): 461, 467-468.

Original Combination: [Oeneis] Alberta

Type Locality: “near Calgary”; defined as “Fish Creek Provincial Park, about one mile west of the Bow River, Calgary, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 39.

Types: Holotype (#3844) in NHMUK.

b.   Oeneis alberta ojibwe J. Scott & Kondla, 2006

Papilio (n.s.) 12: 13-14.

Original Combination: Oeneis alberta ojibwe

Type Locality: “Pine Ridge, Man.” [Manitoba]

Types: Holotype in CNC; figured by Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: pl. 19, fig. 19 ♂ D&V.

c.   Oeneis alberta oslari Skinner, 1911

Entomol. News 22(5): 220.

Original Combination: Oeneis alberta oslari

Type Locality: “Deer Creek Canyon, Colorado” [S of Morrison, Jefferson County] This is apparently in error; specimens almost certainly came from South Park, Park County as suggested by Pelham (2008), J. Res. Lepid. 40: 424.

Types: Syntype (#7040) in CMNH.

d.   Oeneis alberta capulinensis F. Brown, 1970

J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 78(3): 137-138, fig. 2, 2 ♂ D&V.

Original Combination: Oeneis alberta capulinensis

Type Locality: “Outer slope of north rim of the crater, Capulin Mountain, Union County, New Mexico, 8,200 feet above sea level”

Types: Holotype in AMNH.

e.   Oeneis alberta daura (Strecker, 1894)

Can. Entomol. 26(8): 225.

Original Combination: Chionobas daura

Type Locality: “Mt. Graham, Arizona” [Graham County]

Types: Holotype in FMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 20 ♀ D, 20a ♀ V.

888.      Oeneis nevadensis (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867)

a.   Oeneis nevadensis gigas Butler, 1868

Cat. Sat. Brit. Mus.: 161-162, no. 6, pl. 2, fig. 2 ♂ V (holotype).

Original Combination: Oeneis Gigas

Type Locality: “Vancouver's Island” [British Columbia]

Types: Holotype (#3846) in NHMUK.

b.   Oeneis nevadensis nevadensis (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867)

Reise Novara Zool. (3): 489-490, no. 845, pl. 69, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.

Original Combination: Chionobas nevadensis

Type Locality: “California: Sierra Nevada”; defined as “Little Volcano Mountain, ca. 7 air miles southeast of Quincy, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 88.

Types: Lectotype in NHMUK, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 88. figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V.

This name was listed, but not described, by Behr (1864), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(11): 163; it is a nomen nudum.

=    californica (Boisduval, 1869)

Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 62, no. 60.

Original Combination: Chionobas californica

Type Locality: “dans les hautes montagnes à la limite des neiges”; defined as “Little Volcano Mountain, ca. 7 air miles southeast of Quincy, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 34.

Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 34, figs. 264 ♂ D, 265 ♂ V.

c.   Oeneis nevadensis iduna (W. H. Edwards, 1874)

Butterflies N. Am. 2(1): [275-277], pl. Chionobas 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chionobas Iduna

Type Locality: “Mendocino County” [California]

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964),Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 392, fig. 25 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 62, figs. 6 ♂ V.

889.      Oeneis macounii (W. H. Edwards, 1885)

Canadian Entomol. 17(4): 74-75; figured by W. H. Edwards (1893), Butterflies N. Am. 3(14): pl. Chionobas 10, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.

Original Combination: Chionobas Macounii

Type Locality: “Lake Nepigon” [Nipigon, Ontario].

Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1964),Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 90(4): 390, fig. 24 ♂ D&V.

Tribe Morphini Newman, 1834

Entomol. Magaz. 2(4): 379, 381 (as “Morphites”). Type-genus: Morpho [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 280, no. 5. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 137 placed Morpho on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 564. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Morphidae Westwood, (1851), in: E. Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(38): 332, on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 225; I.C.Z.N. Direction 113 corrected the entry in the Official List as above; the same Direction placed Morphites Newman, 1834, and Morphoidae Agassiz, 1847, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as names no. 493 and 494, respectively.

Subtribe Morphina Newman, 1834

Genus Morpho [Fabricius], 1807

In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 280. Type-species: Papilio achilles Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 463-464, no. 32, by designation of Westwood (1851), in: E. Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(40): 341. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 137 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 564.

      =    ‡Heliornis Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 79. Type-species: Papilio achilles Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 463-464, no. 32, by designation of Hemming (1934), Entomol. 67(849): 37. A junior objective synonym of Morpho [Fabricius], 1807.

      =    ‡Brassolis [Illiger], 1807

Allg. Lit.-Zeit. 2(303): 1181. Type-species: Potamis leonte Hübner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [79], figs. 1, 2 (= Papilio achilles Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 463-464, no. 32), by designation of Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (4): 122. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 38.

      =    ‡Potamis Hübner, [1807]

Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [79]. Type-species: Potamis leonte Hübner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [79], figs. 1, 2 (= Papilio achilles Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 463-464, no. 32), by monotypy. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 137 gave precedence to Morpho [Fabricius], 1807, over Potamis Hübner, [1807]. I.C.Z.N. Direction 4 suppressed the name Potamis for the purposes of priority, but not homonymy, and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 212.

=    Megamede Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 50. Type-species: Papilio rhetenor Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 22-23, pl. 15, figs. A, B; (8): 154 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 213, no. 662.

=    Leonte Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 52. Type-species: Potamis leonte Hübner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [79], figs. 1, 2 (= Papilio achilles Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 463-464, no. 32), by tautonymy.

=    Iphimedeia Fruhstorfer, 1912

In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(152): 335. Type-species: Papilio hercules Dalman, 1823, Analecta Entomol.: 40, no. 6, by designation of Hemming (1943), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)12(2): 25.

=    Iphixibia Le Moult & Réal, 1962

Les Morpho D'Amerique, Part I: 29, 30, 164. Type-species: Papilio anaxibia Esper, 1801, Ausl. Schmett. (15/16): 223-224, pl. 50, fig. 1, by original designation.

=    Cytheritis Le Moult & Réal, 1962

Les Morpho D'Amerique, Part I: 29, 30, 165. Type-species: Leonte portis Hübner, [1821], Samml. exot. Schmett 2: pl. [77], figs. 1, 2 by original designation.

      =    ‡Cypritis Le Moult & Réal, 1962

Les Morpho D'Amerique, Part I: 29, 31, 178. Type-species: Papilio rhetenor Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 22-23, pl. 15, figs. A, B; (8): 154 (index), by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Megamede Hübner, [1819].

=    Pessonia Le Moult & Réal, 1962

Les Morpho D'Amerique, Part I: 29, 31, 187. Type-species: Papilio catenarius Perry, 1811, Arcana 2: pl. [60], by original designation.

=    Balachowskyna Le Moult & Réal, 1962

Les Morpho D'Amerique, Part I: 30, 31, 178. Type-species: Morpho aurora Westwood, 1851, in: E. Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(40): 339 (nota), by original designation.

=    Grasseia Le Moult & Réal, 1962

Les Morpho D'Amerique, Part I: 30, 31, 190. Type-species: Papilio menelaus Linnaeus, 1759, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 461, no. 19, by original designation.

=    Schwartzia Blandin, 1988

Gen. Morpho 1: 31. Type-species: Papilio hecuba Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 534, by original designation.

‡”Zeuxidion” Le Moult & Réal, 1962

Les Morpho D'Amerique, Part I: 174.

890.      Morpho polyphemus Westwood, 1850

a.   Morpho polyphemus polyphemus Westwood, [1850]

In: E. Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 55, fig. 1 ♂ D; (40): 339, no. 6 (1851).

Original Combination: Morpho Polyphemus

Type Locality: “Mexico”

Types: Syntype (#5035) in NHMUK.

=    ‡”selene” Le Moult & Réal, 1962

Morpho Amerique: 187.

Original Combination: [Morpho (Pessonia) polyphemus] forme selene

Type Locality: not stated, “Mexico” implied.

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

=    ‡”psukhe” Le Moult & Réal, 1962

Morpho Amerique: 187.

Original Combination: [Morpho (Pessonia) polyphemus] forme psukhe

Type Locality: “Guerrero” [Mexico]

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.

=    ‡”chromomene” Le Moult & Réal, 1962

Morpho Amerique: 188.

Original Combination: [Morpho (Pessonia) polyphemus] forme chromomene

Type Locality: not stated, “Mexico” implied.

Types: “Holotype” in NHMUK.