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A CATALOGUE
OF THE
BUTTERFLIES OF THE UNITED STATES
AND
CANADA
WITH A COMPLETE BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF THE
DESCRIPTIVE AND SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE
by
Jonathan P. Pelham
Research Associate
McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity
Florida Museum of Natural History
University of Florida, P. O. Box 112710
Gainesville, FL 32611-2710.
Curatorial Associate of Lepidoptera
Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
University of Washington, Box 353010
Seattle, WA 98195 3010
Revised 20 March, 2013
Catalog Format
The systematic arrangement of the catalogue is intuitive once a few principles are stated. Each species entry is numbered sequentially; genera and subgenera are not numbered.Subspecific entries for each species are indented once, and are preceded by lower-case Roman letters in alphabetical sequence. Dates in brackets indicate that these have been subsequently determined from sources external to the original document. Misspellings are generally excluded except where they have been widely used or misinterpreted. All nomina nuda are included in the body of the catalogue for completeness. Annotations may be included under each entry when appropriate. Alternate taxonomic arrangements are included in many cases. Synonyms are listed under each valid name.
Genus-level synonymies
The synonyms of a genus are arranged so that:
= subjective synonyms
are not indented, are preceded by an “=” symbol, and are italicized.
= ‡permanently invalid synonyms
(e.g., homonyms, objective synonyms, unjustified replacement names, etc.) are indented once, preceded by an “=” symbol, a double dagger symbol, and are italicized.
‡"nomina nuda”
these are indented once, placed in quotes, preceded by a double dagger (but not an “=” symbol), and are not italicized.
Species-level synonymies
The synonyms of a species or species group taxon are arranged so that:
= subjective synonyms
are not indented, are preceded by an “=” symbol and are italicized.
= ‡permanently invalid synonyms
(e.g., homonyms, objective synonyms, unjustified replacement names, etc.) are indented once, preceded by an “=” symbol, a double dagger, and are italicized.
= ‡"unavailable names"
(e.g., forms, aberrations, quadrinomials, etc.) these are indented once, placed in quotes preceded by an “=” symbol, a double dagger, and are not italicized.
‡"nomina nuda"
these are indented once, placed in quotes, without either an “=” symbol or a double dagger, and are not italicized.
Species for which the nominate subspecies does not occur in the area covered have a “*” before the nominate entry. The symbol “†” is employed where a taxon is considered extirpated from the region covered.
Subspecies arrangement
The arrangement of subspecies follows a north to south or east to west geographic arrangement, similar to that presented in Howe (1975), so that geographically contiguous populations appear next to each other in the catalog. This may appear arbitrary in situations where taxa are arrayed along both the Sierra Nevada-Cascade Mountains, and also in the Rocky Mountains, but it is preferable to a sequence that is either alphabetic or according to seniority.
Museums and repositories
At one time it was thought that the summary work of Heppner and Lamas (1982) was sufficient for determining the acronyms used in the catalogue for the deposition of types and other matters. Several reviewers noted the awkwardness and novelty of NMNH for the collections housed in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington and NHML for the Natural History Museum, London, so I have adhered to the older and widespread USNM and BMNH. These and the remainder of the acronyms employed in the catalogue are detailed at the Bishop Museum website (http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/codensearch.html)
AMNH: American Museum of Natural History, New York, NewYork, United States
ANIC: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra City, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
ANSP: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; most of the butterflies went to CMP
BCPM: Royal British Columbia Museum [British Columbia Provincial Museum], Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
BMNH: The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)], London, England
CAS: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States
CMNH: Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States (most of the ANSP butterflies now in CMNH)
CNC: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
CUIC: Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
DEI: Deutsches Entomologisches Institut im ZALF, Müncheberg, Germany
DCM: Dartmouth College Collection, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
DCMP: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
DMNH: Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado, United States
DSM: Darwin State Museum, Moscow, Russia
DZUP: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Museu de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure, Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
EMAU: Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität; Greifswald; Germany
EMEC: Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, California United States
FMNH: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States
HMUG: Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
HNHM: Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum [Hungarian Natural History Museum], Budapest, Hungary
EIHU: Entomological Insitute, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
ICNB: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá, Columbia
IMLA: Fundación e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
INHS: Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign (Urbana), Illinois, United States
IRSN: Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles; Brussels, Belgium
IPBV: Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Far East Branch, Vladivostok, Russia
IZAC: Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Instituto de Zoologia, Havana, Cuba
LACM: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California, United States
LEM: Lyman Entomological Museum, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
LNKD: Landesammlungen für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany
LSUK: Linnean Society, London, England
MACN: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia," Buenos Aires, Argentina
MAMU: Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
MCPM: Milwaukee City Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
MCSN: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria", Genova, Italy
MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
MGCL: McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity; Gainesville, Florida, United States; including: Allyn Museum of Entomology, Sarasota, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville
MHNG: Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland
MHNS: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile
MLPA: Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
MRAC: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium
MNHP: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
MNHC: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Habana [=Havana], Cuba
MNMS: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain
MSNM: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milano, Italy
MTD: Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany
MUSM: Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
MWNH: Staatliches Museum Wiesbaden, Department of Natural Science, Wiesbaden, Germany
NHMB: Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland
NMW: Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria
NHRS: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden
NMID: National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
NVMC: Nevada State Museum, Carson City, Nevada, United States
NYSM: New York State Museum, Albany, New York, United States
OSAC: Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
OSU: Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
PMNH: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
RMNH: Nationaal Natuurhistorische Museum ("Naturalis") [Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie], Leiden, Netherlands
RPM: Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania, United States
RSME: National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland
SDMC: San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California, United States
SEMC: Snow Museum of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
SIIS: Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, New York, NewYork, United States
SMF: Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
SMNS: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany
SZMN: Biological Institute, Siberian Department, Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk, Russia
UCMC: University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States
UMO: University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, United Kingdom
UNAM: Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
UNSM: University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
USNM: National Museum of Natural History [formerly, United States National Museum], Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., United States
UZIU: Universitets Zoologiska Institut, Uppsala, Sweden
ZIN: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
ZMHB: Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt‑Universität Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
ZMKU: Zoological Museum, Kiev, Ukraine
ZMUC: Zoologisk Museum, Universitets Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
ZMUH: Zoologische Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universität von Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
ZSMC: Zoologische Sammlungen des Bayerischen Staates/Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany
Acknowledgements
Numerous individuals have contributed additions and corrections since the publication of the catalogue; too many to single all of them out. Outstanding in this regard are (in alphabetical order): John Calhoun, Crispin Guppy, Gerardo Lamas, Guy Van de Poel, and James A. Scott.
Superfamily HESPERIOIDEA Latreille, 1809
Gen. Crust. Ins. 4: 187, 207 (as "Hesperides"). Type-genus: Hesperia Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 258, no. 187.
Family HESPERIIDAE Latreille, 1809
The family-group arrangement follows A. Warren et al. (2008), Cladistics 24(5) 642-676, and Warren et al. (2009), Syst. Entomol. 34(3): 467-523, based on molecular and morphological characters.
Subfamily Eudaminae Mabille, 1877
Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 162. Type-genus: Eudamus Swainson, 1831, Zool. Illustr. (2)2(11): pl. 48, unnumbered text.
Genus Phocides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103. Type-species: Phocides cruentus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 103, no. 1082 (= Hesperia polybius Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 337, no. 281; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 248, no. 857.
= Erycides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 110. Type-species: Papilio pigmalion Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(21): 87, pl. 245, figs. A, B; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 67. First reviser choice of Phocides over Erycides was made by Godman & Salvin (1893), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(110): 292.
= Dysenius Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 67. Type-species: Erycides albicilla Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(11): 169, no. 16 (= Erycides lilea Reakirt, [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 339, no. 47; synonym: a subspecies of Hesperia polybius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 337, no. 281), by original designation.
*1. Phocides pigmalion (Cramer, 1779)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(21): 87, pl. 245, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Pigmalion
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost (van der Meulen collection).
= tenuistriga Mabille & Boullet, 1912
Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 16, 21-22.
Original Combination: P[hocides]. Tenuistriga Stgr.
Type Locality: “Colombie...Perou...Brésil”; suggested to be “Colombia” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 13, from the “type” in BMNH.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH and MNHP.
= iocularis Röber, 1925
Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 159-160.
Original Combination: Phocides iocularis
Type Locality: “Kolumbien”
Types: Lectotype in MTD, designated by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Zool. 6(1): 134.
= disparilis Röber, 1925
Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 160.
Original Combination: Phocides disparilis
Type Locality: “Kolumbien”
Types: Holotype in MTD.
a. Phocides pigmalion okeechobee (Worthington, 1881)
Papilio 1(8): 133.
Original Combination: Erycides Okeechobee
Type Locality: “Marco Island, Florida” [Collier County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
2. Phocides belus Godman & Salvin, 1893
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 293, no. 2; 3(111): pl. 76, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Phocides belus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Ventana...Tampico...Paso de San Juan”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Hanson et al. (2003), News Lepid. Soc. 45(2): 41, 42-43, 8 figs., cover.
*3. Phocides polybius (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 337, no. 281; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 24, fig. 2, actually figured on pl. 71, D; also figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [51], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Polybius
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost; based on specimens figured by Jones.
= ‡palemon (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 54, pl. 131, fig. F ♀ D; (34): 150 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Palemon
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Syntype in RMNH.
Preoccupied by Papilio palaemon Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1: 471 (Code Article 58.1).
= cruentus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103, no. 1082; cited Papilio palemon Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): pl. 131, fig. F.
Original Combination: P[hocides]. Cruentus
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio palemon Cramer, 1777, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= palaemonides Röber, 1925
Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 159.
Original Combination: Phocides palaemonides
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of holotype not known.
Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Zool. 6(1): 144, determined this synonymy.
= ‡”gunderi” R. Williams & E. Bell, 1931
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 57(3): 251.
Original Combination: Phocides palemon ab. gunderi
Type Locality: “Rockstone, Essequebo River, British Guiana”
Types: “Holotype” (#7573) in CMNH.
a. Phocides polybius lilea (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 339, no. 47.
Original Combination: Erycides lilea
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Syntype in CMNH.
= albicilla (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(11): 169, no. 16.
Original Combination: [Erycides] albicilla
Type Locality: Not stated; syntype labeled “Mexiko.”
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
= socius (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 112.
Original Combination: E[rycides]. Socius
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= ‡cruentus (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 67, no. 2.
Original Combination: D[ysenius]. cruentus
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Syntype (#15308) in MCZ.
Preoccupied by Phocides cruentus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103.
= sanguinea (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 68, no. 3.
Original Combination: E[rycides]. sanguinea
Type Locality: “Texas (Capt. Pope, Mexican Boundary Survey)”
Types: Lectotype (#7174) in CMNH, designated by Skinner and R. Williams (1922), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 48(2): 112, no. 3.
= imbreus Plötz, 1879
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(7-9): 406, no. 4; cited unpublished pl. 1198.
Original Combination: [Erycides] Imbreus
Type Locality: “Central-Amer”
Types: Syntype (#4942) in ZMHB.
= spurius (Mabille, 1880)
Bull. Séances Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1880(6): 62; also described in Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (5)10(2): xlvi.
Original Combination: E[rycides]. spurius
Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Bogota.” [Colombia]
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19 (supl. 1): 38.
= decolor (Mabille, 1880)
Bull. Séances Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1880(6): 62; also described in Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (5)10(2): xlvi.
Original Combination: E[rycides]. decolor
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= albiciliata Röber, 1925
Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 159.
Original Combination: Phocides albiciliata
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Holotype in MTD, detailed by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Zool. 6(1): 134.
Genus Proteides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 105. Type-species: Papilio mercurius Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2: 86, no. 780, by designation of Butler (1870), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(76): 93.
= Dicranaspis Mabille, 1878
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 21: 24. Type-species: Papilio idas Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 118, pl. 260, figs. A, B; (24): 175 (index) (= Papilio mercurius Fabricius, 1787, Mant. Ins. 2: 86, no. 780; homonym), by monotypy.
4. Proteides mercurius (Fabricius, 1787)
a. Proteides mercurius mercurius (Fabricius, 1787)
Mantissa Ins. 2: 86, no. 780.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. U[rbicola]. Mercurius
Type Locality: “Cajennae” [French Guiana]
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
= ‡idas (Cramer, 1779)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 118, pl. 260, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (24): 175 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Idas
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Preoccupied by Papilio idas Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2: 284, as established by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 269.
b. Proteides mercurius sanantonio (Lucas, 1857) (emended)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 626-627.
Original Combination: Eudamus San-Antonio
Type Locality: “dans l’île de Cuba” “Le nom de San-Antonio appelle celui du cap nord-est de l’île de Cuba”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Genus Epargyreus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 105. Type-species: Papilio tityrus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 532, no. 382 (= Papilio clarus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 66, pl. 41, figs. E, F; (8): 152 (index); homonym), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 70.
= Eridamus Burmeister, 1875
Revue Mag. Zool. (3)3: 51-59. Type-species: Goniurus tmolis Burmeister, 1875, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3)3: 64, pl. 1, figs. 1 (larva), 8, 9 (portions of larva), by designation of Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 44.
5. Epargyreus zestos (Geyer, 1832)
a. Epargyreus zestos zestos (Geyer, 1832)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl [106], figs. 615 ♀ D, 616 ♀ V (1826); (text): 9, no. 308 (1832, name given).
Original Combination: Proteides Zestos
Type Locality: “Surinam”, probably in error.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103, listed Proteides zestos without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= oberon (Worthington, 1881)
Papilio 1(8): 132-133.
Original Combination: Endamus Oberon
Type Locality: “Marco Island, Florida” [Collier County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
= arsaces Mabille, 1903
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 24.
Original Combination: E[pargyreus]. arsaces
Type Locality: “Ile Saint-Thomas” [United States Virgin Islands]
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
6. Epargyreus clarus (Cramer, 1775)
a. Epargyreus clarus clarus (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 66, pl. 41, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (8): 152 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicola Clarus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname” in error; corrected to “Dayton (Rockingham Co.), Virginia” by Dixon (1955), Entomol. News 66(1): 7.
Types: Type(s) probably lost. L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 3, stated that a neotype was in CMNH, designated by Dixon (1955), Entomol. News 66(1): 7. I was unable to determine that there was any neotype designation by Dixon, only a series was mentioned.
= ‡tityrus (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 532, no. 382.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. U[rbicola] Tityrus
Type Locality: “America”; defined as “Dayton (Rockingham Co.), Virginia” by Dixon (1955), Entomol. News 66(1): 7.
Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.
Preoccupied by Papilio tityrus Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 77.
= argentosus Hayward, 1933
Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 5(23): 175, pl. 9, fig. 7 [actually pl. 10, fig. 4] ♂ genitalia, pl. 11, fig. 4 [actually pl. 14, fig. 7] ♂ V.
Original Combination: Epargyreus argentosus
Type Locality: “Tierra del Fuego” in error.
Types: Holotype in MACN.
= argenteola (Matsumura, 1940)
Insecta Matsumurana 15: 1-2, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Bibacis [sic!] argenteola
Type Locality: “Formosa...Nôkô in the Prov. Taichu near Hori” in error; corrected to “Nearctic” by Evans (1949), Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Austr. Brit. Mus.: 477.
Types: Holotype in EIHU.
Shirôzu (1947), Zephyrus 9(4): 270-271, determined that argenteola is a synonym of tityrus (= clarus) and Hsu et al. (2006), Zool. Stud. 45(3): 324, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, discuss and figure the holotype.
= ‡”obliteratus” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1402.
Original Combination: Epargyreus tityrus obliteratus
Type Locality: “near Boston” [Massachusetts]
Types: “Holotype” may be in MCZ.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”smythi” R. Williams, 1927
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 53(3): 262; cited Smyth (1908), Entomol. News 19(5): pl. 10, upper figure (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Epargyreus tityrus aberration smythi
Type Locality: “Charleston, South Carolina” [Charleston County]
Types: “Holotype “ in USNM.
b. Epargyreus clarus huachuca Dixon, 1955
Entomol. News 66(1): 7-9.
Original Combination: Epargyreus clarus huachuca
Type Locality: “Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Arizona”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
c. Epargyreus clarus profugus Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 523-524, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Epargyreus clarus profugus
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Virgin Mountains, Cabin Canyon, 1676 m, T15S R71E S4 on USGS Virgin Peak, Nev.-Ariz. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Epargyreus clarus californicus MacNeill, 1975
In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 572.
Original Combination: Epargyreus clarus californicus
Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “China Flat, El Dorado Co., California.”
Types: Lectotype in CAS, designated by Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 3: 5.
“Eudamus tityrus californica Hy. Edwards” was proposed in synonymy by Skinner (1891), in: Smith et al., List Lepid. Bor. Am.: 17, no. 627a; a nomen nudum.
*7. Epargyreus exadeus (Cramer, 1779)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 118, pl. 260, fig. C ♂ V; (24): 174 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Ple[bejus]. Urbicol[a] Exadeus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost (van der Meulen collection).
a. Epargyreus exadeus cruza Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 50; cited figures in Skinner (1911), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): pl. 10, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 49, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Epargyreus exadeus] cruza
Type Locality: “Mexico, Cordova, Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Genus Polygonus Hübner, [1825]
Samml. exot. Schmett., 2: pl. [144]. Type-species: Polygonus lividus Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [144], figs. 1-4 (= Papilio leo Gmelin, [1790], Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2363, no. 836; synonym), by monotypy.
= ‡Acolastus Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., (1871): 71. Type-species: Hesperia savignyi [sic!] Latreille, [1824], Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (716), 741-742, no. 35, by original designation. Preoccupied by Acolastus Gerstäcker, 1855, Mber. dt. Akad. Wiss. Berl. [1855]: 636.
= ‡Nennius W. F. Kirby, [1902]
In: Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3 (addit. notes): 105. Type-species: Polygonus lividus Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [144], figs. 1-4 (= Papilio leo Gmelin, 1790, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2363, no. 836; synonym), as replacement name. Proposed to replace Polygonus, erroneously thought to be preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8); a junior objective synonym of Polygonus.
*8. Polygonus leo (Gmelin, [1790])
Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2363, no. 836; cited Papilio amyntas Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 533, no. 384.
Original Combination: [Papilio Plebejus Urbanus] Leo
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio amyntas Fabricius, 1775, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡amyntas (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 533, no. 384.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. U[rbicola] Amyntas
Type Locality: “America” The type locality of Polygonus lividus was suggested to be “Hispaniola” by W. Comstock (1944), Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 541, and the neotype of lividus is the lectotype of amyntas.
Types: Lectotype in ZMUC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 39.
Preoccupied by Papilio amyntas Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79.
= lividus Hübner, [1825]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [144], 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polygonus Lividus
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Hispaniola” by W. Comstock (1944), Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 541.
Types: Type(s) probably lost. Neotype in ZMUC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 39. The neotype is the same specimen as the lectotype of amyntas.
Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103, listed Astraptes lividus without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= ishmael Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 54.
Original Combination: [Polygonus leo] ishmael
Type Locality: “Haiti”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
a. Polygonus leo arizonensis (Skinner, 1911)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): 209, pl. 10 D&V; ♂ genitalia figured by Skinner and R. Williams (1923), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 48(4): fig. 5.
Original Combination: Erycides amyntas arizonensis n. var.
Type Locality: “Florence, Arizona” [Pima County]
Types: Syntypes (#7073) in CMNH.
b. Polygonus leo histrio Röber, 1925
Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 161.
Original Combination: Polygonus (Acolastus) histrio
Type Locality: “Panama” probably in error.
Types: Holotype in MTD, detailed by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Zool. 6(1): 134.
Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 39, determined that the holotype of this taxon represents the phenotype found in Florida and Cuba.
9. Polygonus savigny (Latreille, [1824])
a. Polygonus savigny savigny (Latreille, [1824])
Enc. méth., 9(Ins.)(2): (716), 741-742, no. 35.
Original Combination: Hesperia Savigny
Type Locality: “Antilles”
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 40.
The lectotype is conspecific with Polygonus manueli, as determined by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), ibid., so the name savigny must be given priority; frequently misspelled savignyi, but this an incorrect subsequent spelling.
= manueli E. Bell & W. Comstock, 1948
Am. Mus. Novit. (1379): 4-6, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Polygonus manueli
Type Locality: “New Bremen, Brasil” [Santa Catharina]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
One paratype, possibly mislabeled, from “Royal Palm Hammock, [Miami-Dade County] Florida” was figured by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 26, fig. 4 ♂ D.
‡”mimeticus” J. Zikán & W. Zikán, 1968
Pesq. agropec. bras. 3: 62.
Original Combination: Polygonus mimeticus
Proposed without a description; a nomen nudum.
Genus Chioides Lindsey, 1921
Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 25-26. Type-species: Eudamus albofasciatus Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 3-4, no. 2, by original designation.
10. Chioides albofasciatus (Hewitson, 1867)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 3-4, no. 2; figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus II, fig. 15 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus albofasciatus
Type Locality: “Guatemala (Polochic Valley)”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 17-18, recently corroborated the species-level status of this taxon.
11. Chioides zilpa (Butler, 1872)
Lepid. Exot. (8): 109, pl. 40, fig. 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: G[oniurus]. Zilpa
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= namba Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 58; cited W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 49, fig. 18 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Chioides zilpa] namba
Type Locality: “Magdalena, N. Sonora, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 18, determined this synonymy.
Genus Typhedanus Butler, 1870
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 497. Type-species: Typhedanus zephus Butler, 1870, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 497, by monotypy (not Cobalus umber Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 203, sensu Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 452).
12. Typhedanus undulatus (Hewitson, 1867)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 4-5, no. 4; figured by Hewitson (1873), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus II, fig.16 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus undulatus
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= sumichrasti (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 69, no. 5.
Original Combination: T[hymele]. Sumichrasti
Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]
Types: Syntype (#15309) in MCZ.
= elongatus (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 55(3): 4, no. 8; cited unpublished pl. 8.
Original Combination: Goniurus Elongatus
Type Locality: “Brasilien”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC, ZMHB, or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, suggested this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= nicasius (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 4, no. 9; cited unpublished pl. 1.
Original Combination: Goniurus Nicasius
Type Locality: “Brasil”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC, ZMHB, or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, suggested this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
Genus Polythrix E. Watson, 1893
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 16, 19. Type-species: Eudamus metallescens Mabille, 1888, Naturaliste (2)2(28): 108-109, fig. 2, by original designation.
13. Polythrix mexicanus H. Freeman, 1969
J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 10, pl. 5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polythrix mexicanus
Type Locality: “Seven miles south of Valles (grounds of Hotel Covadonga), San Luis Potosi, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH, as noted by H. Freeman (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(3): 244.
Species-genus gender conformation is mexicana.
14. Polythrix octomaculata (Sepp, [1844])
Surinaam. Vlinders 2(13): 123 [22 Aug 1844]; (15): pl. 58, larva, pupa, ♂ D, ♂ V [27 Aug 1844].
Original Combination: Hesperia Octomaculata
Type Locality: “Surinam” from the title of the work.
Types: Type(s) are lost.
H. Freeman (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 278, and (1979), J. Lepid. Soc. 33(2): 125, detailed the occurrence of this taxon in Texas.
= decussata (Ménétriés, 1855)
Enum. corp. anim. (1): 97, 123, no. 1013, pl. 5, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Goniuris [sic!] Decussata
Type Locality: “d’Haiti”
Types: Lectotype in ZIN, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 40.
= decurtata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(11): 170, no. 13.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] decurtata
Type Locality: Not stated; “Brasil” "Brasilien"on label of syntypes.
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
= calenus (Mabille, 1888)
Naturaliste (2)10(27): 99, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Eudamus calenus
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB or MNHP (Staudinger collection).
= alciphron (Godman & Salvin, 1893)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(109): 285, no. 24; 3(110): pl. 75, figs. 24 ♂ D, 25 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus alciphron
Type Locality: “Mexico, Rincon in Guerrero...Coatepec in Vera Cruz”; holotype from “Rincon.”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Steinhauser (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (29): 5, considered this a ♀ form and synonym of octomaculata; H. Freeman (1979), J. Lepid. Soc. 33(2): 125, and Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 19, concurred.
= elegans (Hayward, 1933)
Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 5(23): 165, pl. 7 [actually pl. 10] fig. 6 ♂ genitalia, pl. 11 [actually pl. 12], fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Goniurus elegans
Type Locality: “Misiones” [Prov. Misiones, Argentina]
Types: Holotype in MLPA (Breyer collection).
Genus Aguna R. Williams, 1927
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 53(3): 286. Type-species: Eudamus camagura R. Williams, 1926, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): 81-82, by original designation.
= ‡Tmetocerus Poujade, 1896
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1895(4)(26): cxliv. Type-species: Eudamus asander Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 9, no. 13, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Tmetocerus Hartert, 1891, Kat. Vögelsamml. Mus. Senckenberg: 141.
asander group Austin & Mielke, 1998
Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 896.
15. Aguna asander (Hewitson, 1867)
a. Aguna asander asander (Hewitson, 1867)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 9, no. 13, figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus III, fig. 24 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamas asander
Type Locality: “Amazon (Ega)” [Tefé, Brazil]
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Austin and Mielke (1998), Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 896.
= panthius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 186, no. 6.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] panthius
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Austin and Mielke (1998), Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 896.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 134, determined this synonymy based on an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 109) made by Plötz. Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies S.E. Ariz.: 22, also stated that this is a “form” of asander.
= scheba (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 94, no. 56; cited unpublished pl. 117.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Scheba
Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Austin and Mielke (1998), Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 896.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 134, suggested this synonymy based on his examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= euthymides (Mabille & Boullet, 1912)
Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 65, 69.
Original Combination: [Epargyreus Asander] Var. Euthymides Plötz
Type Locality: Not stated; referred to Plötz’ unpublished plate 107.
Types: Type(s) probably based on Plötz’ unpublished figures only.
Mabille (1903), in: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 17a: 24, introduced this name (as Epargyreus euthymides) without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
metophis group Austin & Mielke, 1998
Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 906.
16. Aguna metophis (Latreille, [1824])
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (713), 729, no. 2; figured by Boisduval (1836), Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 13, fig. 5 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Metophis
Type Locality: “Bresil”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Austin and Mielke (1998), Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 906.
claxon group Austin & Mielke, 1998
Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 910.
17. Aguna claxon Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 60.
Original Combination: [Aguna] claxon
Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac, Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Genus Zestusa Lindsey, 1925
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 106. Type-species: Plestia staudingeri Mabille, 1888, Naturaliste (2)2(31): 146, fig. 1, as replacement name. Proposed to replace Plestia Mabille, 1888, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= ‡Plestia Mabille, 1888
Naturaliste (2)2(31): 146. Type-species: Plestia staudingeri Mabille, 1888, Naturaliste (2)2(31): 146, fig. 1, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Plestia Stål [1871], Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Förh. 27(7): 768 (nota).
18. Zestusa dorus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 140-141.
Original Combination: Eudamus Dorus
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Mount Graham, Graham County, Arizona, between 5,000 and 8,000 feet above sea level” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 600.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 602, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 45, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.
Genus Codatractus Lindsey, 1921
Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 26. Type-species: Heteropia imitatrix Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(49): 68, fig. 3 (= Telegonus imalena Butler, 1872, Lepid. Exot.: 109, pl. 40, fig. 1; synonym), as replacement name. Proposed to replace Heteropia Mabille, 1889, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= ‡Heteropia Mabille, 1889
Naturaliste (2)3(49): 68. Type-species: Heteropia imitatrix Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(49): 68 (= Telegonus imalena Butler, 1872, Lepid. Exot.: 109, pl. 40, fig. 1; synonym), by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 22. Preoccupied by Heteropia Carter, 1886, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)18: 47.
19. Codatractus alcaeus (Hewitson, 1867)
a. Codatractus alcaeus alcaeus (Hewitson, 1867)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 3, no. 1; figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus II, fig. 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus alcaeus
Type Locality: “Nicaragua”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= montezuma (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 70, no. 10.
Original Combination: T[hymele]. Montezuma
Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]
Types: Syntype (#15317) in MCZ.
20. Codatractus arizonensis (Skinner, 1905)
Entomol. News 16(7): 232; figured by Skinner (1911), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): pl. 10.
Original Combination: [Heteropia melon] [var.] arizonensis
Type Locality: “Baboquivaria [sic!] Mts., Pima County, Arizona”
Types: Syntypes (#7074) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 49, fig. 15 ♂ D.
21. Codatractus valeriana (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 99, no. 76; cited unpublished pl. 130.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Valeriana
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and A. Warren (2004), Revta. bras. Zool. 21(2): 308, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, where the status of this taxon was resolved.
= mysie (Dyar, 1904)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 12(1): 40.
Original Combination: Thorybes mysie
Type Locality: “Patagonia Mountains, Arizona” [Santa Cruz County]
Types: Lectotype (#7737) in USNM, designated by Burns (1996), J. Lepid. Soc. 50(3): 210, figs. 52, 59, 66 ♂ genitalia, 79 ♂ D, 80 ♂ V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, figs. 8 ♂ D, 8a ♂ V.
Genus Urbanus Hübner, [1807]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pls. [150], [151], [155], [159]. Type-species: Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163 (as figured by Hübner [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [155]), by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 200. Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): 1-43, revised the proteus group, and (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (111): 1-16, detailed species-group names in this genus.
= ‡Thymele [Illiger], 1807
Allg. Lit.-Zeit. 2(303): 1180. Type-species: Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163, designated by Bridges (1985), Notes on Family- and Genus-group names (IV): 123. Suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232, and placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 48; it is also a junior objective synonym of Urbanus Hübner, [1807].
= ‡Goniurus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 104. Type-species: Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163, by designation of Westwood (1852), in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(54): 510. A junior objective synonym of Urbanus Hübner, [1807].
= ‡Eudamus Swainson, 1831
Zool. Illustr. (2)2(11): pl. 48, unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Urbanus Hübner, [1807].
‡”Lyroptera” Plötz, 1881
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 42(10-12): 500. This name was introduced by Plötz (citing Hopffer) in the synonymy of Eudamus Swainson, 1831. Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 271, stated that the type-species is Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy; L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 7, duplicated this citation. This is incorrect because “Lyroptera” Plötz is a nomen nudum and not available.
22. Urbanus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758)
a. Urbanus proteus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163; cited Merian (1719), Ins. Surinam: pl. 63, fig. 2; figured by Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 42 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus urbicola]. Proteus
Type Locality: “Americes”; “neotype” from “Cherrypoint, Craven Co., N[orth] C[arolina]”, as designated by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): 13, but see below.
Types: Lectotype in UZIU, designated by Aurivillius (1882), K. svenska. VetenskAkad. Handl. (4)19(5): 119-120. A subsequent “lectotype”, in MWNH, was designated by Mielke (1989), Rev. bras. Zool. 6(3):450-451, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, and a “neotype”, in MGCL, was designated by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. no. 62: 13 figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.
The lectotype designated by Aurivillius may not be this species. If not, it may be necessary to ask the I.C.Z.N. to establish a neotype that conforms with the consistent use of this name; see Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 373-374.
= proteoides (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 11; cited unpublished pl. 33.
Original Combination: Goniurus Proteoides
Type Locality: “Nd. America”
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, identified this synonymy through examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
‡”fortis” Skinner & Ramsden, 1924
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 75: 309.
Original Combination: Urbanus fortis
This name was listed in the synonymy of proteus without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
23. Urbanus belli (Hayward, 1935)
An. Soc. Cient. Argent. 119(6): 256; figured by Hayward (1948), Gen. Spec. Anim. Argent. 1: pl. 15, fig. 12 V.
Original Combination: Goniurus belli
Type Locality: “Salta” [Argentina]
Types: Holotype in MLPA (Breyer collection).
Recorded from Texas by A. Warren (1997), News Lepid. Soc. 39(3): 41, figs. F-J.
= alva Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 87.
Original Combination: [Urbanus viterboana] alva
Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac, Veracruz”
Types: Holotype in BMNH; figured by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): fig. 14 ♂ V.
24. Urbanus pronus Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 89.
Original Combination: [Urbanus] pronus
Type Locality: “Ambato, Ecuador”
Types: Holotype in BMNH; figured by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): fig. 17 ♂ V.
= plinius E. Bell, 1956
Am. Mus. Novit. (1778): 1-5; figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 17 ♂ genitalia (holotype?).
Original Combination: Urbanus plinius
Type Locality: “Santa Cruz, Bolivia”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
25. Urbanus esmeraldus (Butler, 1877)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 146-147, no. 233.
Original Combination: Goniurus esmeraldus
Type Locality: “Villa bella”; interpreted to be “Villa Nova, Amazons” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 89. [Brazil]
Types: Holotype in BMNH; figured by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): fig. 19 ♂ V.
26. Urbanus dorantes (Stoll, 1790)
a. Urbanus dorantes dorantes (Stoll, 1790)
Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 172; (3): pl. 39, fig. 9 ♂ V; 383 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus] Urbic[ola]. Dorantes
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost (Breukelerwaerth collection).
= torones (Hübner, 1821)
Index exot. Lepid.: [6].
Original Combination: Goniurus Torones
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Proposed for the figures in Hübner [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [155], figs 1 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (as Urbanus proteus).
= atletes (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862)
Wien entomol. Monatschr. 6(6): 183, no. 169.
Original Combination: Eudamus Atletes
Type Locality: “Brasilia et Nova Granada”; suggested to be “Brazil” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 92.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= amisus (Hewitson, 1867)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 5, no. 5; figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus II, fig. 10 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus Amisus
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Nicaragua” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 92.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= protillus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(11): 171, no. 19.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] protillus
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested as “Tropical America” by R. Williams (1926), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): 62.
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
= corydon (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 492-493, no. 4; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 65, pl. 25, fig. 2 ♂ V (holotype?).
Original Combination: Goniurus Corydon
Type Locality: “Cuba”; corrected to “Central Valleys of Guatemala” by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 65.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= retractus (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 9, no. 24; cited unpublished pl. 24.
Original Combination: Goniurus Retractus
Type Locality: “Laguayra” [Venezuela]
Types: Holotype may be in ZIN or ZSMC.
= kefersteinii (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 11, no. 32; cited unpublished pl. 32.
Original Combination: Goniurus Kefersteinii
Type Locality: “Caracas” [Venezuela]
Types: Holotype may be in ZIN.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, determined this synonymy through examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= ‡”rauterbergi” (Skinner, 1895)
Entomol. News 6(4): 113.
Original Combination: Eudamus protillus var. rauterbergi n. var. ♂
Type Locality: “Comal County, Texas”; holotype labeled “New Braunfels, Comal Co., Tex.”
Types: “Holotype” (#7062) in CMNH; figured by R. Williams (1926), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): pl. 2, fig. 1; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 49, fig. 12 ♂ V.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
27. Urbanus teleus (Hübner, 1821)
Index exot. Lepid.: [3].
Original Combination: Goniurus Teleus
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Proposed for the figures in Hübner [1808], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [154], figs. 2 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as Urbanus dorantes).
= eurycles (Latreille, [1824])
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (714), 730, no. 5; cited Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163, Papilio dorantes Stoll, 1790, Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 172; (3): pl. 39, fig. 9; 383 (index), and P. simplicius Stoll, 1790, Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 171, pl. 39, figs. 6, 6e; 384 (index).
Original Combination: Hesperia Eurycles
Type Locality: “Bresil”
Types: Syntype in MNHP.
= zalanthus (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 3, no. 6; cited unpublished pl. 5.
Original Combination: Goniurus Zalanthus
Type Locality: “Allagra” [Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]
Types: Syntype (#5070) in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= latipennis (Mabille & Vuillot, 1891)
Novit. Lepid. (5): 36, pl. 5, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Goniurus latipennis
Type Locality: “Cayenne” [French Guiana]
Types: Holotype may be in MNHP.
28. Urbanus tanna Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 94.
Original Combination: [Urbanus] tanna
Type Locality: “Santa Rita, Colombia, Cauca River”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
29. Urbanus simplicius (Stoll, 1790)
Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 171, pl. 39, figs. 6 ♂ D, 6e ♂ V; 384 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbic[ola]. Simplicius
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= gracillcauda (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 2, no. 1.
Original Combination: Goniurus Gracillcauda
Type Locality: “Central America”
Types: Holotype may be in ZIN or ZSMC.
= pilatus (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 2, no. 3; cited unpublished pl. 2.
Original Combination: Goniurus Pilatus
Type Locality: “Bahia, Surinam”
Types: Syntypes (#5068, 5069) in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= thiemei (Ehrmann, 1907)
Can. Entomol. 39(9): 321-322.
Original Combination: Thymele Thiemei
Type Locality: “San Pedro Sula, Honduras, Central America”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= borja (Ehrmann, 1907)
Can. Entomol. 39(9): 322.
Original Combination: Thymele Borja
Type Locality: “Barja [sic!], Bolivia, South America”
Types: Syntype in CMNH.
30. Urbanus procne (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 3, no. 4; cited unpublished pl. 3.
Original Combination: Goniurus Procne
Type Locality: “Brasilien”
Types: Holotype may be in ZIN or ZSMC.
31. Urbanus doryssus (Swainson, 1831)
a. Urbanus doryssus doryssus (Swainson, 1831)
Zool. Illustr. (2)2(11): pl. 48, fig. 2 ♂ D, unnumbered text.
Original Combination: Eudamus Doryssus
Type Locality: “vicinity of Bahia” [Brazil]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Drury (1782), Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 22, index, pl. 17, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, figured this species as Papilio orion, citing Cramer (1777), Uitl. Kapellen 2(13): 92, pl. 155, figs. A, B. This was a misidentification of Cramer’s species, not a proposal of a new name. Until revisionary work by Steinhauser is published, the synonymy of this species follows Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 2: 383-385.
= brachius (Geyer, 1832)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [105], figs. 609 ♂ D, 610 ♂ V [1826]; (text): 8, no. 305 (1832, name given).
Original Combination: Goniurus Brachius
Type Locality: “Brasil”
Types: Type probably lost.
This name was mentioned (as Goniurus brachyus) by Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 104, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= leucites (Mabille, 1888)
Naturaliste (2)10(27): 98-99, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Eudamus Leucites
Type Locality: “Colombie”
Types: Syntype in ZMHB (Staudinger collection).
= cleopatra (Ehrmann, 1907)
Can. Entomol. 39(9): 323.
Original Combination: Goniurus Cleopatra
Type Locality: “Suapure, Venezuela”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= ‡”interruptus” (R. Williams, 1926)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): 65; figured by R. Williams (1927), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 53(3): pl. 25, fig. 3.
Original Combination: [Eudamus doryssus] form interruptus
Type Locality: “San Pedro Sula, Honduras”
Types: “Holotype” (#7120) in CMNH.
Consistent with Williams’ use of “race” and “form,” this is an infrasubspecific name.
Genus Astraptes Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103. Type-species: Papilio aulestes Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(24): 161, pl. 283, figs. E, F, G (= Papilio aulestis Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(24): 173 (index); incorrect original spelling), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 122, no. 137. Hemming (1934), Gen. Names Holarct. Butterflies 1: 158, made a first reviser choice of Astraptes Hübner, [1826] over Telegonus Hübner, [1826]. dos Passos (1959), Lepid. News 12(5-6): 195-198, employed the index spelling of aulestis, thereby avoiding homonymy, but this is subject to a review of Cramer names given a binomial combination in the index. Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 63, incorrectly determined that Papilio narcosius Stoll, 1790, Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 171, pl. 39, fig. 8; 384 (index), was the oldest available name for Papilio aulestes Cramer, 1780, based on this perceived homonymy. Steinhauser (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (111): 1-16, detailed species-group names in this genus.
= Telegonus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 104. Type-species: Papilio talus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): 122-123, pl. 176, fig. D; (16): 151 (index), by designation of Butler (1870), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(75): 56.
= Euthymele Mabille, 1878
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 21: 24. Type-species: Hesperia mercatus Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 332, no. 260 (= Papilio fulgerator Walch, 1775, Naturforscher 7: 115, pl. 1, figs. 2a, 2b; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 86.
‡”Creteus” Westwood, 1852
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (2)(54): 511. This name was introduced by Westwood in the synonymy of Goniloba, which he described as new. Since this name was unintentional (Westwood meant to use Carystus), it is a nomen nudum; see Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 129.
*32. Astraptes fulgerator (Walch, 1775)
Naturforscher 7: 115, pl. 1, figs. 2a ♂ D, 2b ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Fulgerator
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Hebert et al. (2004), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 101(41): 14812-14817, determined that there may be multiple species-level taxa represented by this name. It is therefore impossible to arrange an accurate synonymy at this time; the synonymy below follows Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. (2): 169-173.
= mercatus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 332, no. 260; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 87, fig. D.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Mercatus
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= fulminator (Sepp, [1841])
Surinaam. Vlinders. 1(9): 75, pl. 34, D, V, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Fulminator
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Type(s) are lost.
= ‡”discalis” (Bryk, 1953)
Ark. Zool. (ns)5: 136, no. 312.
Original Combination: Thymele fulgerator fa. discalis
Type Locality: “Roque...Bananenplantage, Ricinus-Blatt, SO Moyob” [Peru]
Types: “Holotype” in NHRS.
Bryk described subspecies in this paper, so this name is clearly infrasubspecific.
a. Astraptes fulgerator azul (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 340, no. 48.
Original Combination: Goniloba azul
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Syntype(s) may be in ANSP or CMNH.
The synonymy below is subject to review in light of possible cryptic species; see Hebert et al. (2004), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 101(41): 14812-14817, and A. V. Brower (2006), Syst. Biodivers. 4(2):127-132.
= misitra (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 42(10-12): 502, no. 8; cited unpublished pl. 61.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Misitra
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Syntypes (#4983-4984) in ZMHB.
= albifasciatus (Röber, 1925)
Entomol. Mitt. 14(1): 96.
Original Combination: Thymele albifasciatus
Type Locality: “Bolivia (Rio Songo, 750 m...)” [La Paz]
Types: Lectoype in MTD, designated by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Zool. 6(1): 135.
= catemacoensis H. Freeman, 1967
J. Lepid. Soc. 21(2): 117-118, pl. 1, 2nd row, ♂ D&V (holotype), 3rd row ♀ D&V, ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Astraptes catemacoensis
Type Locality: “Mexico, Catemaco, Vera Cruz”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
H. Freeman (1982), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(3): 236-237, synonymized this taxon (which he described) under A. f. azul.
33. Astraptes egregius (Butler, 1870)
a. Astraptes egregius egregius (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 494, no. 1; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 65, pl. 25, fig. 11 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Telegonus egregius; Hesperia egregia Herrich-Schäffer, in litt.
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
*34. Astraptes alardus (Stoll, 1790)
Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 171, pl. 39, fig. 7 ♂ D, 7f ♂ V; 382 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbic[ola] Alardus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= fabrici (Ehrmann, 1918)
Lepidoptera 2(4): 29.
Original Combination: Telegonus fabrici
Type Locality: “Cauca Valley, Venezuela”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
a. Astraptes alardus latia Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 111.
Original Combination: [Astraptes alardus] latia
Type Locality: “Costa Rica”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
*35. Astraptes alector (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867)
Reise Novara Zool. (3): 508, no. 883, pl. 71, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus alector
Type Locality: “Nova Granada: Bogotá” [Colombia]
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
a. Astraptes alector hopfferi (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 90, no. 35; cited unpublished pl. 88.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Hopfferi Alector ? var
Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”
Types: Type may be in ZSMC.
= uridon (Dyar, 1912)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 42(1885): 43.
Original Combination: Thracides uridon
Type Locality: “Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#14221) in USNM.
= gilberti H. Freeman, 1969
J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 8-9, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, pl. 4, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Astraptes gilberti
Type Locality: “Seven miles south of Valles, (Grounds of Hotel Covadonga) San Luis Potosi, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodiver. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 549, proposed this synonymy.
*36. Astraptes anaphus (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): 126, pl. 178, fig. F ♂ D; (16): 147 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Anaphus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Holotype in RMNH, discussed by de Jong (1983), Tijdschr. Entomol. 126(11): 240.
= leucogramma (Sepp, [1830])
Surinaam. Vlinder. 1(4): 37, pl. 15, D, V, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Leucogramma
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Type(s) are lost.
= anaphides (Mabille & Boullet, 1912)
Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 75, 88.
Original Combination: [Telegonus Anaphus] Anaphides nov. var.
Type Locality: “Brésil”; “Bahia” on label of the type.
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
Steinhauser (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (111): 7, considered this an unavailable name. Under current rules the use of “form” or “variety” before 1961 may be interpreted as indicating a species-group name (Code Article 45.6.4), which I believe is consistent with Mabille and Boullet’s intent.
a. Astraptes anaphus annetta Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 118.
Original Combination: [Astraptes anaphus] annetta
Type Locality: “Tres Rios, 5,000 ft.: Costa Rica”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Genus Autochton Hübner, 1823
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 13. Type-species: Autochton itylus Hübner, 1823, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 13, pl. [44], figs. 249, 250, by monotypy.
= ‡Cecrops Hübner, 1818
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 30. Type-species: Cecrops zarex Hübner, [1818], Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 30, no. 92, pl. [32], figs. 183, 184, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Cecrops Leach, 1816, Ency. Brit. Suppl. to 4th -6th eds. 1(2): 405.
= Cecropterus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(9): 131. Type-species: Cecrops zarex Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 30, no. 92, pl. [32], figs. 183, 184, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Cecrops Hübner, [1818], preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= Rhabdoides Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): 1854. Type-species: Eudamus cellus Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 73, 4 figs., by monotypy.
37. Autochton cellus (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 73, figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [4] larva, [5] pupa.
Original Combination: Eudamus Cellus
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text), but “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot. A. Clark (1936), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 95(7): 14, suggested that the model for Abbot’s figure came from the vicinity Jacksonborough, Screven County, Georgia, but Abbot spent most of his time in Burke County.
Types: The plate was a reproduction of an Abbot drawing. The types are the specimens that he painted and are probably lost. A “holotype” in BMNH was mentioned by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 121, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
Burns (1984), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (405): 1-38, reviewed this species.
= festus (Geyer, 1837)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: pl. [156], figs. 907 ♀ D, 908 ♀ V [1836]; (text): 27, no. 454 (1837, name given).
Original Combination: Cecrops Festus
Type Locality: Not stated
Types: Type(s) probably lost, but may be in ZMHB, ZSMS or NMW.
= mexicana (Draudt, 1922)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(309): 871; (313): pl. 169a ♂&♀ D.
Original Combination: [Rhabdoides cellus] form mexicana
Type Locality: “Mexiko...Orizaba” [Veracruz]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in SMF.
Steinhauser (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (29): 9, considered this to be a subspecies-level taxon.
= ‡”aereofuscus” (Gunder, 1925)
Entomol. News 36(7): 196, no. 6, pl. 5, fig. 6 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Rhabdoides cellus ab. ♂ aereofuscus
Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County, Arizona”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”leilae” (A. Clark, 1934)
Science 80(2068): 164; figured by A. Clark (1936), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 95(7): pl. 2, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: [Rhabdoides cellus] var. leilae
Type Locality: “vicinity of Washington” [District of Columbia]; further defined as “Maryland, woods just north of the unpaved portion of the Conduit Road 1.1 miles southeast of Great Falls, or just over one-half mile west of the point where the paved road from Washington turns north up the hill, leaving the conduit” by A. Clark (1936), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 95(7): 12.
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
38. Autochton pseudocellus (Coolidge & Clemence, [1910]) ✝
Entomol. News 22(1): 3.
Original Combination: Achalarus pseudocellus
Type Locality: “Ramsey Canon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona. 5,000-7,000 feet altitude”
Types: Syntypes in LACM.
This taxon has apparently been extirpated from the United States, as noted by Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies SE Ariz.: 32.
39. Autochton cincta (Plötz, 1882)
Berl. Entomol. Z. 26(2): 261, no. 9; cited unpublished pl. 232.
Original Combination: [Cecropterus] Cincta
Type Locality: “Oaxaca” [Mexico]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Species-genus gender conformation is cinctus.
= rotundatus (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liii.
Original Combination: Telegonus rotundatus
Type Locality: “America meridionali”; syntype from "Guatemala."
Types: Syntypes in BMNH and ZMHB.
Genus Achalarus Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 71. Type-species: Papilio lycidas J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 39, pl. 20, 4 figs. (= Proteides lyciades Geyer, 1832, in: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [108], figs. 621, 622; 10, no. 311; preoccupied), by original designation.
= Murgaria E. Watson, 1893
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 19, 37. Type-species: Telegonus albociliatus Mabille, 1877, Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 162, no. 12, by original designation.
40. Achalarus lyciades (Geyer, 1832)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [108], figs. 621 ♀ D, 622 ♀ V [1826]; (text): 10-11, no. 311 (1832, name given); cited Papilio lycidas J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 39-40, pl. 20.
Original Combination: Proteides Lyciades
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio lycidas J. E. Smith, 1797, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). This name was mentioned (as Proteides lyciades) by Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 105, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= ‡lycidas J. E. Smith, 1797
In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 39-40, pl. 20, figs. ♂ D, ♂ V, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Lycidas
Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing; the specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost.
Preoccupied by Papilio lycidas Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 25, pl. 113, fig. A; (16): 149 (index).
‡”hedysarum” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1418.
Original Combination: Papilio hedysarum Abb.
This name was mentioned in the synonymy of Achalarus lyciades without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
41. Achalarus casica (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 187, no. 17.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] casica
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 135, determined this synonym through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= epigena (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 493-494; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 65, pl. 25, fig. 6 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus Epigena; Myscelus Epigena, Herrich-Schäffer, in litt.
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
‡”orestes” W. H. Edwards, 1877
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 58.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Orestes
Lintner intended to describe “Eudamus orestes” in 1867, but never did. Edwards listed it as a Lintner manuscript name. In this and all other listings the name “orestes” is a nomen nudum; see F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 602-603.
42. Achalarus tehuacana (Draudt, 1922)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(309): 871; (313): pl. 169b ♂ V.
Original Combination: R[habdoides] tehuacana
Type Locality: “Tehuacan, Puebla” [Tehuacán, Puebla, Mexico]
Types: Syntype in DEI.
Recorded from Texas by Hardy et al. (2010), News Lepid. Soc. 52(4): 107-111,127, 18 figs.
43. Achalarus albociliatus (Mabille, 1877)
a. Achalarus albociliatus albociliatus (Mabille, 1877)
Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 162, no. 12.
Original Combination: Teleg[onus].? albociliatus
Type Locality: “Colombia, Panama, Guatemala”; suggested to be “Colombia” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 127.
Types: Syntypes in IRSN and ZMHB.
44. Achalarus toxeus (Plötz, 1882)
Berl. Entomol. Z. 26(2): 258, no. 6; cited unpublished pl. 212.
Original Combination: [Aethilla] Toxeus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Synype (#5054) in ZMHB.
= coyote (Skinner, 1892)
Can. Entomol. 24(7): 164.
Original Combination: Eudamus coyote
Type Locality: “Southern Texas”; lectotype from “nr. Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas.”
Types: Syntype(s) (#7075) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, figs. 7 ♂ D, 7a ♂ V.
= nigrociliata (Mabille & Boullet, 1912)
Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 158, 159.
Original Combination: [Murgaria Albociliata] Var. Nigrociliata
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
Genus Thessia Steinhauser, 1989
Bull. Allyn Mus. (127): 11-12. Type-species: Eudamus athesis Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 8, no. 11, by original designation.
45. Thessia jalapus (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 100, no. 81; cited unpublished pl. 134.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Jalapus
Type Locality: “Jalappe” [Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntype (#4960) in ZMHB.
= xerxes (E. Bell, 1934)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 29(3): 90-92, pl. 6, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Telegonus xerxes
Type Locality: “British Honduras” [Belize]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Thorybes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 71. Type-species: Papilio bathyllus J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 43, pl. 22, by original designation.
= ‡Lintneria W. H. Edwards & Butler, 1877
In: W. H. Edwards, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 57, 67. Type-species: Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 44, pl. 126, fig. F; (16): 148 (index) (= Papilio bathyllus J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 43, pl. 22; probably a misidentified type species), by original designation. Preoccupied by Lintneria Butler, 1876, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 9: 620. This genus has been treated as described twice in the same document (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 11, 177) but it is clear that the reference in the text (p. 57) is only that. In the description (p. 67), Hesperia zampa is mentioned as one of the species contained within the new genus Lintneria, but the type is given as above. See comments under Systasea.
= Cocceius Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(114): 336. Type-species: Eudamus pylades Scudder, 1870, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 207, by original designation.
46. Thorybes drusius (W. H. Edwards, [1884])
Can. Entomol. 15(11): 211.
Original Combination: Eudamus Drusius
Type Locality: “So. Arizona”
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 605, fig. ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 4 ♂ D.
= paucipuncta Dyar, 1916
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 51(2139): 4.
Original Combination: Thorybes paucipuncta
Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#19256) in USNM.
47. Thorybes bathyllus (J. E. Smith, 1797)
In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 43-44, pl. 22, figs. ♂ D, ♀ D, ♀ V, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Bathyllus
Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot; suggested to be “Burke County, Georgia” by Calhoun (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(1): 31.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The male specimen which was the model for the image on plate 22 was selected as lectotype by Calhoun (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(1): 31, fig. 21 ♂ D; it is probably lost.
= ‡daunus (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 44, pl. 126, fig. F ♂ D; (16): 148 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Daunus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”, probably in error.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
The original description and illustration do not unambiguously identify this skipper. The type locality as given is outside the range of T. bathyllus, but may be erroneous. Calhoun (2007), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(1): 105-112, analyzed the original drawing and confirmed that Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777, is a nomen dubium.
= syloson (Mabille, 1903)
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 39.
Original Combination: Cocceius syloson
Type Locality: “Cayenne”, in error. Mabille and Boullet [1919], Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (10)2(4-6): 232, corrected this to “Etats-Unis.”
Types: Syntypes in MNHP.
48. Thorybes pylades (Scudder, 1870)
a. Thorybes pylades pylades (Scudder, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 207; cited T. Harris (1862), Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 312, fig. 135 ♂ D&V (as Eudamus bathyllus).
Original Combination: Eudamus Pylades
Type Locality: “Massachusetts”
Types: Syntypes in MCZ; a possible syntype was figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(11): pl. 9, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”immaculata” (Skinner, 1911)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): 177.
Original Combination: Eudamus pylades immaculata n. var. male
Type Locality: “Philadelphia” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” (#7175) in CMNH.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”integra” Lanktree, 1968
Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 80(9): 215-216, pl. XII, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 7 ♂ genitalia (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Thorybes pylades ab. integra
Type Locality: “N. E. of Port Franks in the hinterland of Lake Huron's south-eastern shore”
Types: Location of “holotype” not known.
b. Thorybes pylades indistinctus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 501-502, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V (holotype); 2a ♀ D, 2b ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thorybes pylades indistinctus
Type Locality: “California: San Diego County; Laguna Mountains, Boiling Springs”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Thorybes pylades albosuffusa H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(3): 72.
Original Combination: Thorybes pylades albosuffusa new form
Type Locality: “Fort Davis...Texas” [Jeff Davis County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
While this name was initially described as infrasubspecific, H. Freeman (1949), Texas J. Sci. 1(3): 41, listed it as Thorybes pylades albosuffusa and explained its application as a subspecies-level taxon, making this name available from its original publication (Code Article 45.6.4.1).
49. Thorybes confusis E. Bell, 1923
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 48(3): 205-206.
Original Combination: Thorybes confusis
Type Locality: “Tampa, Florida” [Hillsborough County]
Types: Syntypes in AMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ V.
W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 335, deliberately emended this name to confusus, an unjustified emendation (contra W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 67).
50. Thorybes diversus E. Bell, 1927
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(4): 217.
Original Combination: Thorybes diversus
Type Locality: “Plumas County, California”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
*51. Thorybes mexicana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 21.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] mexicana
Type Locality: Not stated; syntype labeled “Mexico.”
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
Species-genus gender conformation is mexicanus.
= ananius (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 99, no. 77; cited unpublished pl. 131.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Ananius
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) in ZMHB.
Bridges (1988), Cat. Hesp. (I): 11, suggested that ananius was intended as a replacement name for mexicana. If so, it would be a junior objective synonym.
a. Thorybes mexicana aemilea (Skinner, 1893)
Entomol. News 4(2): 64-65.
Original Combination: Eudamus Aemilea
Type Locality: “Fort Klamath, Oregon” [Klamath County]
Types: Syntypes (#7076) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: 325, pl. 46, fig. 39 ♂ D.
b. Thorybes mexicana nevada Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 71, no. 3.
Original Combination: T[horybes]. Nevada
Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada, California (Henry Edwards)”
Types: Syntype (#15828) in MCZ; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 3 ♀ (probably a ♂) D.
c. Thorybes mexicana blanca Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 7.
Original Combination: Thorybes mexicana blanca
Type Locality: “Crooked Creek lab, 10150', 3 airline mi. N Inyo Co. line, Mono Co., California”
Types: Holotype in EMEC.
d. Thorybes mexicana dobra Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 131.
Original Combination: [Thorybes mexicana] dobra
Type Locality: “Fort Grant, Arizona” [Graham County]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Genus Cabares Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(114): 337. Type-species: Thanaos potrillo Lucas, 1857, in: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 641, by original designation.
52. Cabares potrillo (Lucas, 1857)
a. Cabares potrillo potrillo (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 641.
Original Combination: Thanaos Potrillo
Type Locality: “habite l’île de Cuba” “Ce nom est donné à cette espèce, en souvenir de la montagne aui s’éleve jusq’a 3,000 mètres de haut, non loin de la Trinité”; thus, implied to be “Pico Potrerillo.”
Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.
= paterculus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1863)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 17(9): 141-142.
Original Combination: Thanaos paterculus
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntype (#7148) in ANSP.
Genus Spathilepia Butler, 1870
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(75): 57. Type-species: Papilio clonius Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(7): 126-127, pl. 80, figs. C, D; (8): 152 (index), by original designation.
53. Spathilepia clonius (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(7): 126-127, pl. 80, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; (8): 152 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Clonius
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Potential syntypes in RMNH (collection L. Juliaans).
Genus Cogia Butler, 1870
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 508. Type-species: Cogia hassan Butler, 1870, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 508, by monotypy.
= Phoedinus Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(114): 335. Type-species: Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 19, by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 35. Not homonymous with “Phoedinus” Doumerc [1835]: 821, 825 (index), which is an incorrect subsequent spelling of Phaedinus Duponchel, 1834, Annls. Entomol. Soc. Fr. 3: 38; not homonymous with “Phoedinus” Duponchel, 1836, Mag. Zool. 6: pl. (Ins.), which is also an incorrect subsequent spelling of Phaedinus Duponchel, 1834; not homonymous with “Phoedinus” Guérin-Méneville, 1838, Rev. Zool. (Soc. Cuvier) 1838: 286, which is a duplication of the above misspelling. Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 20, stated that Godman and Salvin selected the type-species of this genus, but Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 359, correctly fixed the type-species as indicated. Tilden (1949), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 48(1): 4-6, and (1975), J. Lepid. Soc. 29(1): 60-61, discussed the validity of this genus (and the supposed homonymy), as well as its relationship to Cogia. L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 13-14, accepted the erroneous homonymy. Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 7, placed Phoedinus as a synonym of Cogia.
= ‡Anaperus Mabille & Boullet, 1919
Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (10)2(4-6): 232. Type-species: Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 19, as a replacement name; introduced to replace Phoedinus, erroneously thought preoccupied. Preoccupied by Anaperus Tröschel, 1860, Inhaltsverz. S. B. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1860: 16, and also a junior objective synonym of Phoedinus.
= ‡Caicella Hemming, 1934
Stylops 3(6): 144. Type species: Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 19, as replacement name. Introduced to replace Phoedinus, erroneously thought preoccupied (and Anaperus, preoccupied); a junior objective synonym of Phoedinus.
54. Cogia hippalus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
a. Cogia hippalus hippalus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 27.
Original Combination: Eudamus Hippalus
Type Locality: “Tucson and at Prescott”; lectotype from “Tucson.” [Pima County, Arizona]
Types: Lectotype (#33620) in USNM, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 609, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
= gila (Plötz, 1886)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(1-3): 91-92, no. 86b.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Gila
Type Locality: “Arizona”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 151, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 1370) made by Plötz.
55. Cogia outis (Skinner, 1894)
Entomol. News 5(10): 332; figured by Skinner (1911), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): pl. 10.
Original Combination: Eudamus outis
Type Locality: “Blanco County, Texas”; holotype labeled “Round Mt., Texas.”
Types: Syntypes (#7072) in CMNH and USNM; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 11 ♂ D.
*56. Cogia caicus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 19.
Original Combination: [Eudamusa] caicus
Type Locality: Not stated
Types: Syntype in ZMHB
a. Cogia caicus moschus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 141-142.
Original Combination: Eudamus Moschus
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “vicinity of Fort Grant at the foot of Mount Graham, Graham County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 606.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 607, fig. 3 % D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 13 ♂ D (lectotype), 14 ♂ V (paralectotype).
57. Cogia calchas (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 22.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] calchas
Type Locality: Not stated; holotype from “Rio.” [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
= terranea (Butler, 1872)
Lepid. Exot. (8): 111, pl. 40, fig. 8 ♂ V.
Original Combination: S[pathilepia]. Terranea
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= ‡”anacreon” (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 99, under no. 78.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Calchas [synonym] Anacreon
Type Locality: ‘Venezuela”
This name was listed in synonymy without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Subfamily Pyrginae Burmeister, 1878
Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 245. Type-genus: Pyrgus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 109. Though this name is junior to Pyrrhopygini Mabille, 1877, it is maintained as the most widely used name for this family group (Code Article 35.5).
Tribe Pyrrhopygini Mabille, 1877
Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 161. Type-genus: Pyrrhopyge Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 103.
Subtribe Pyrrhopygina Mabille, 1877
Genus Apyrrothrix Lindsey, 1921
Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 15-16. Type-species: Erycides araxes Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 2, by original designation. The generic arrangement follows Mielke (2002), Revta. bras. Entomol. 19(1):217-228.
*58. Apyrrothrix araxes (Hewitson, 1867)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 2, no. 2.
Original Combination: Erycides Araxes
Type Locality: "Mexico”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= cyrillus (Plötz, 1879)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(10-12): 529, no. 38; cited unpublished pl. 1251.
Original Combination: [Pyrrhopyga] [sic!] Cyrillus
Type Locality: “Oaxaca” [Mexico]
Types: Syntype (#4926) in ZMHB.
a. Apyrrothrix araxes arizonae (Godman & Salvin, 1893)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(107): 253, under no. 12.
Original Combination: Pyrrhopyge arizonae
Type Locality: “Arizona...the neighborhood of Fort Grant” [Graham County]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
This was treated as a species-level taxon by Burns and Janzen (2001), J. Lepid. Soc. 55(1): 38; a status questioned by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 3.
Tribe Celaenorrhinini Swinhoe, 1912
In: Moore, Lep. Ind. 10(109): 1. Type-genus: Celaenorrhinus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 106.
Genus Celaenorrhinus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 106-107. Type-species: Papilio eligius Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(30): 123-124, pl. 354, fig. H; (34): 249 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 137, no. 236. de Jong (1982), J. Nat. Hist. 16(5): 695-705, discussed the morphology and systematics of Celaenorrhinus, and added Charmion and Orneates to the synonymy. Austin and Steinhauser (1996), Insecta Mundi 10(1/4): 36-37, corroborated this.
= Ancistrocampta C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862
Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 6(6): 183. Type-species: Ancistrocampta syllius C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862, Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 6(6): 184, no. 170, by monotypy.
= Hantana Moore, [1881]
Lepid. Ceylon 1(4): 179. Type-species: Eudamus infernus R. Felder, 1868, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 283 (= Eudamus spilothyrus R. Felder, 1868, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 283; synonym), by original designation. First reviser choice of spilothyrus over infernus was made by Evans (1926), J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 31(1): 67.
= Gehlota Doherty, 1889
J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. II 58(1): 131. Type-species: Plesioneura sumitra Moore, [1866], Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(3): 787, by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 49.
= Narga Mabille, 1891
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(16): lxx. Type-species: Narga chiriquensis Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(16): lxx (= Tagiades monartus Plötz, 1884, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 49, no. 41; synonym), by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 130.
= Orneates Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(114): 345. Type-species: Eudamus aegiochus Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)18(106): 350, by original designation.
= Charmion de Nicéville, 1894
J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. II 63(1): 48. Type-species: Hesperia ficulnea Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 37, no. 33, by original designation.
= Apallaga Strand, 1911
Entomol. Rundsch. 28(18): 143. Type-species: Apallaga separata Strand, 1911, Entomol. Rdsch. 28(18): 144 (= Pterygospidea mokeezi Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. (4)2(1)(no. 4): 54, no. 3; subspecies), by monotypy.
59. Celaenorrhinus fritzgaertneri (Bailey, 1880)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(7): 62-63.
Original Combination: Pleusioneura [sic!] FritzGaertneri
Type Locality: “an old deserted mine...at a depth of eighty feet...near the Volcano de San Miguel, in the vicinity of Lama Larga in the Republic of Salvadore...six hundred feet above the sea level” [El Salvador]
Types: Location of type not known (USNM?).
= variegatus Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 383, no. 2; 3(121): pl. 85, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Celaenorrhinus variegatus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Dos Arroyos, Venta de Zopilote, Tierra Colorada in Guerrero...Jalapa, Coatepec...Guatemala, Volcan de Santa Maria...Nicaragua, Chontales”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Steinhauser (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (29): 10, determined that this taxon represents non-seasonal dimorphism.
60. Celaenorrhinus stallingsi H. Freeman, 1946
Entomol. News 57(8): 185-186, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Celaenorrhinus stallingsi
Type Locality: “Monterrey, Mexico” [Nuevo León]
Types: Holotype in PMNH; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 45, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.
Tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940
Farfalle diurne Ital. 1: 10 (as “Carcharodidi”). Type-genus: Carcharodus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 110. I.C.Z.N. Opinions 181 and 270 placed Carcharodus on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 686.
Genus Arteurotia Butler & H. Druce, 1872
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 112. Type-species: Arteurotia tractipennis Butler & H. Druce, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 112, by original designation.
61. Arteurotia tractipennis Butler & H. Druce, 1872
a. Arteurotia tractipennis tractipennis Butler & H. Druce, 1872
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 112; figured by Butler (1874), Lepid. Exot.: pl. 64, fig. 5 ♂ D.
Original Combination: A[rteurotia]. Tractipennis
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= ribbei (Staudinger, 1876)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25: 117, no. 34.
Original Combination: Helias (?) Ribbei
Type Locality: “aus Chiriqui” [Panama]
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
Genus Nisoniades Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 108. Type-species: Papilio bromius Stoll, 1787, Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (1): 37, pl. 8, figs. 1, 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d; (3): 382 (index) (= Papilio mimas Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(5): 83, pl. 52, figs. E, F; (8): 152 (index); synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 228, no. 752.
= ‡Pellicia Plötz, 1879
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(4/6): 176, 179. Type-species: Pellicia macarius Herrich-Schäffer, 1870, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 160, no. 1, by original designation. Preoccupied by Pellicia Herrich-Schäffer, 1870, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 159.
62. Nisoniades rubescens (Möschler, 1877)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 340-341, pl. 4, fig. 29.
Original Combination: [Pellicia] Rubescens
Type Locality: “Surinam...Brasilien”; suggested to be “Surinam” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 49, as implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes should be in NMW.
= bromias (Godman & Salvin, 1894)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(118): 370, no. 4; 3(119): pl. 83, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Pellicia bromias
Type Locality: “Mexico, Acapulco, Chilpancingo, Dos Arroyos, Atoyac, Teapa...Guatemala, Dueñas...Costa Rica, Caché...Panama, Chiriqui”; suggested to be “Mexico” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 49.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= triangulus (Mabille, 1898)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 66(2/3): 198-199.
Original Combination: Achlyodes triangulus
Type Locality: “Tanampaya, Bolivie”
Types: Syntypes probably in ZMHB (Staudinger collection).
= clara (Mabille & Boullet, 1917)
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1916(20): 323.
Original Combination: Pellicia Bromias var. clara
Type Locality: “Guyane française, Brésil, Argentine”; suggested to be “French Guiana” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 49.
Types: Syntypes in MNHP.
= nigra (Mabille & Boullet, 1917)
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1916(20): 323.
Original Combination: Pellicia Bromias var. nigra
Type Locality: “Brésil, Argentine...Colombie, Guyane, Bolivie”; suggested to be “Brazil” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 49.
Types: Syntypes in MNHP.
Genus Pellicia Herrich-Schäffer, 1870
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 159. Type-species: Pellicia dimidiata Herrich-Schäffer, 1870, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 160, no. 1, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 243, no. 824.
= Hemipteris Mabille, 1889
Naturaliste (2)3(61): 216. Type-species: Hemipteris fumida Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(61)[11(61)]: 216 (= Pellicia tyana Plötz, 1882, Berl. Entomol. Z. 26(2): 255, no. 12), by monotypy.
63. Pellicia arina Evans, 1953
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 58; cited Godman & Salvin (1894), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(119): pl. 83, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V (as Pellicia costimacula).
Original Combination: [Pellicia costimacula] arina
Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac, Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Steinhauser (1989), Bull. Allyn Mus. (127): 29, detailed the species-level status of this taxon, corroborating L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 15, 208, note 37.
64. Pellicia dimidiata Herrich-Schäffer, 1870
a. Pellicia dimidiata dimidiata Herrich-Schäffer, 1870
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 160. no. 5; cited unpublished Plötz pl. 199.
Original Combination: Pellicia Dimidiata
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 136, determined the following synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawings made by Plötz.
= didia Möschler, 1877
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 340, pl. 4, fig. 28.
Original Combination: [Pellicia] Didia
Type Locality: “aus dem Innern Suriname”
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
= corinna Plötz, 1882
Berl. Entomol. Z. 26(2): 254, no. 9; cited unpublished pl. 199.
Original Combination: [Pellicia] Corinna
Type Locality: “Laguayra, Mex.” [Venezuela]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
= nivonicus (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 14, no. 3, cited unpublished pl. 956.
Original Combination: [Achlyodes] Nivonicus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
= bilinea Mabille, 1889
Naturaliste (2)3(61): 216-217, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Pellicia bilinea
Type Locality: “Chiriqui” [Panama]
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
= bobae (Weeks, 1906)
Entomol. News 17(6): 203; figured by Weeks (1911), Ill. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 7, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Pamphila bobae
Type Locality: “Suapure, Venezuela”
Types: Syntypes (#16717) in MCZ and CMNHbrennus.
= hypsipyle Hayward, 1947
Acta zool. Lilloana 4: 121-122, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pellicia hypsipyle
Type Locality: “Villavicencio, Colombia”
Types: Holotype in IMLA.
Genus Windia H. Freeman, 1969
J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 16-17. Type-species: Windia windi H. Freeman, 1969, J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 17-18, pl. 6, figs. 7, 8, pl. 15, fig. 6, by original designation.
65. Windia windi H. Freeman, 1969
J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 17-18, pl. 6, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype); pl. 15, fig. 6 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Windia windi
Type Locality: “Salada, Colima, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Recorded from Arizona by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 7.
Genus Noctuana E. Bell, 1937
Am. Mus. Novit. (914): 7-8. Type-species: Helias noctua C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867, Reise Novara Zool. (3): 533, no. 942, pl. 74, figs. 1, 2, by original designation.
66. Noctuana stator (Godman & Salvin, 1899)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(148): 460, no. 3; 3(148): pl. 91, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V, 35 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Theagenes stator
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by [Anonymous] (2000), Am. Butterflies 8(1): 43.
Genus Bolla Mabille, 1903
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 46, 72. Type-species: Bolla pullata Mabille, 1903, in: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 72 (= Staphylus imbras Godman & Salvin, 1896, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid Rhop 2(131): 435, no. 11; 3(131): pl. 89, figs. 27 ♂ D, 28 ♂ genitalia, 29 ♀ D; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 43. Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 79, credited Mabille with an original type-species designation, but that was in error as Mabille merely mentioned Bolla in conjunction with pullata.
67. Bolla brennus (Godman & Salvin, 1896)
a. Bolla brennus brennus (Godman & Salvin, 1896)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(131): 434-435, no. 9; 3(131): pl. 89, fig. 23 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Staphylus brennus
Type Locality: “Panama...Volcan de Chiriqui 2500 to 4000 feet, David...Chiriqui”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH and ZMHB.
68. Bolla clytius (Godman & Salvin, 1897)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(137): 442, no. 2; 3(138): pl. 90, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Pholisora clytius
Type Locality: “Mexico, Tres Marias Is.” [Nayarit]
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= semitincta Dyar, 1924
Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 12(1-3): 15.
Original Combination: Bolla semitincta
Type Locality: “Colima, Mexico”
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
Genus Staphylus Godman & Salvin, 1896
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(131): 429. Type-species: Helias ascalaphus Staudinger, 1876, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25: 116, no. 31, by original designation.
= Scantilla Godman & Salvin, 1896
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(131): 437. Type-species: Scantilla opites Godman & Salvin, 1896, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(131): 437; 3(138): pl. 90, figs. 3, 4, 5 (= Tagiades vincula Plötz, 1886, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(1-3): 113; synonym), by monotypy.
69. Staphylus ceos (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 140.
Original Combination: Pholisora Ceos
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “vicinity of Fort Grant, in canyons at foot of Mount Graham, Graham County, Arizona”, by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 612.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 613, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
70. Staphylus mazans (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 335, no. 35.
Original Combination: Carcharodus mazans
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]
Types: Type(s) may be lost.
Reakirt described many taxa from “coll. W. H. Edwards” Some of his types are in the Strecker collection (FMNH), and others might be in W. H. Edwards’ collection (CMNH). L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 208, note 40, were unable to find the type(s) of this taxon.
71. Staphylus hayhurstii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 22, no. 18.
Original Combination: Hesperia Hayhurstii
Type Locality: “Missouri”; suggested to be “vicinity of Sedalia, Missouri” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 610-611.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 611, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.
Genus Pholisora Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 72. Type-species: Hesperia catullus Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 348, no. 323, by original designation.
72. Pholisora catullus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 348, no. 323; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 80, fig. 2 D&V; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [50], fig. 4 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Catullus
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
73. Pholisora mejicanus (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 334, no. 32.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Mejicanus
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]
Types: Type(s) may be in FMNH.
Godman & Salvin (1897), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(137): 441; 3: pl. 90, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V, used mexicana, but cited mejicanus as a synonym, so mexicana is an unjustified emendation.
Genus Hesperopsis Dyar, 1905
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 118. Type-species: Thanaos alpheus W. H. Edwards, 1876, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 206, by original designation. Stanford (1981), in: Ferris and F. Brown, Butterflies Rocky Mtn. States: 87, detailed the genus-level status of this taxon.
74. Hesperopsis libya (Scudder, 1878)
a. Hesperopsis libya joaquina J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (15): 202-203, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperopsis libya joaquina
Type Locality: “California: Kern County; McKittrick”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Hesperopsis libya libya (Scudder, 1878)
Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr. 4(1)(10): 258.
Original Combination: Heteropterus libya
Type Locality: “Beaver Dam”; determined to be “Littlefield, Mohave Co., Arizona: 1846', T40N R15W, 36o 53' N/113o 56' W” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(2): 134.
Types: Syntype (#16590) in MCZ.
c. Hesperopsis libya confertiblanca Scott, 1992
Papilio (n.s.) 6: 173.
Original Combination: Hesperopsis libya confertiblanca
Type Locality: “N Montrose, Montrose Co. Colo.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Hesperopsis libya lena (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Can. Entomol. 14(1): 5-6.
Original Combination: Ancyloxypha Lena
Type Locality: “Montana”
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 645-646, fig. 24 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 36 ♂ V.
75. Hesperopsis alpheus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
a. Hesperopsis alpheus oricus (W. H. Edwards, 1879)
Can. Entomol. 11(3): 51.
Original Combination: Pholisora oricus
Type Locality: “Nevada” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Buffalo Canyon, Desatoga Mtns., Churchill County in areas of Atriplex canescens” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 643-645; corrected to “Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 629, who determined that there are no oricus populations at the type locality as defined by F. Brown and L. Miller.
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): fig. 23 ♂ D&V.
MacNeill (1970), Entomol. News 81(7): 182-183, elevated this taxon to the subspecies-level.
= arizonensis Mabille & Boullet, 1917
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1917(4): 100.
Original Combination: Hesperopsis arizonensis
Type Locality: “Arizona, U. S.”
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
b. Hesperopsis alpheus alpheus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 206.
Original Combination: Thanaos Alpheus
Type Locality: “New Mexico”; defined as “sage brush country in Colfax County, New Mexico” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 641.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 643, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.
= texana Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 8.
Original Combination: Pholisora alpheus texana
Type Locality: “Boca Chica, 20-22 mi. E. Brownsville, Cameron Co. Texas”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Species-genus gender conformation is texanus.
76. Hesperopsis gracielae (MacNeill, 1970)
Entomol. News 81(7): 177-179, figs. 1 top row ♂&♀ D, 2nd row ♂&♀ D (spring), 2 top row ♂&♀ V, 2nd row ♂&♀ V (fall) (including holotype?), 5 ♂ head, 6 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pholisora gracielae
Type Locality: “California, San Bernardino Co., Bennett Wash, vicinity Parker Dam”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 8, and (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 500, considered this taxon to be conspecific with alpheus.
Tribe Erynnini Brues & F. Carpenter, 1932
Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 73: 235-236, couplet 156c (as “Erynninae”). Type-genus: Erynnis Schrank, 1801, Fauna boic. 2(1): 152, no. 197. Brues and Carpenter diagnosed Erynninae in a key; this is the only valid proposal of a family-group name based of the genus Erynnis properly identified.
Genus Gorgythion Godman & Salvin, 1896
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(128): 424. Type-species: Helias pyralina Möschler, 1876, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 343, pl. 4, fig. 31 (= Goniloba begga Prittwitz, 1868, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 29(4-6): 198, no. 60; subspecies), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 88.
= Escalophoides Köhler, 1923
Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 18(12)(Sonderheft): 33. Type-species: Helias tucumana Burmeister, 1878, Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 261-262, no. 7 (= Goniloba begga Prittwitz, 1868, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 29(4-6): 198, no. 60; subspecies), by monotypy.
*77. Gorgythion begga (Prittwitz, 1868)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 29(4-6): 198, no. 60.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] Begga
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
= tucumana (Burmeister, 1878)
Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 261-262, no. 7.
Original Combination: Helias Tucumana
Type Locality: “Tucuman, Argentina” implied from name and title of the book.
Types: Syntype(s) should be in MACN.
a. Gorgythion begga pyralina (Möschler, 1877)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 343, pl. 4, fig. 31 D.
Original Combination: [Helias?] Pyralina
Type Locality: “Paramaribo...dem Innern Surinams”
Types: Syntype(s) probably in ZMHB.
= marginata Schaus, 1902
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 431.
Original Combination: Gorgythion Marginata
Type Locality: “Peru”
Types: Syntypes (#5982) in USNM.
Genus Sostrata Godman & Salvin, 1895
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 397. Type-species: Leucochitonea scintillans Mabille, 1876, Bull. Séances Soc. Entomol. Fr. (5)6(3): cc (= Hesperia bifasciata Ménétriés, 1829, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 1: 193, pl. 7, figs. 6, 7; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 101.
78. Sostrata nordica Evans, 1953
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 126.
Original Combination: [Sostrata bifasciata] nordica
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Llorente et al. (1990), Publ. esp. Mus. Zool. 1: 30, A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 51, A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 552, and other recent authors, have treated nordica as a species-level taxon.
Genus Mylon Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 384. Type-species: Leucochitonea lassia Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 49, no. 10, by original designation.
= Eudamidas Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 386. Type-species: Papilio melander Cramer 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 141, pl. 270, fig. H; (24): 175 (index) (= Papilio maimon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 534, no. 395; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 86.
79. Mylon pelopidas (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 350, no. 331; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 27, fig. 2 D&V.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Pelopidas
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Recorded from Arizona by K. Davis et al. (2005), News Lepid. Soc. 47(4): 103, 104, figs. 1-4, 106, 110-111, fig. 114.
= ozema Butler, 1870
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)18(4): 515, no. 4.
Original Combination: Achlyodes Ozema
Type Locality: “Nicaragua...Honduras, St. Paulo, Tapejos”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= ‡”brunnea” Mabille & Boullet, 1917
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1917(1): 55.
Original Combination: Mylon ozema ab. brunnea
Type Locality: “Mexique, Brésil”
Types: “Syntypes” in MNHP.
Genus Grais Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 381. Type-species: Anastrus stigmaticus Mabille, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv, by original designation.
80. Grais stigmaticus (Mabille, 1883)
a. Grais stigmaticus stigmaticus (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv.
Original Combination: Anastrus stigmaticus
Type Locality: “Brasilia”; “Chiriqui (Panama)” on label of syntype.
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
Species-genus gender conformation is stigmatica.
= fumosus (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 26, no. 31; cited unpublished pl. 1017.
Original Combination: [Antigonus] Fumosus
Type Locality: “Brasilien”
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
Genus Timochares Godman & Salvin, 1896
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(128): 417. Type-species: Leucochitonea trifasciata Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 50, no. 11, by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 55.
81. Timochares ruptifasciata (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 27, no. 33; cited unpublished pl. 1018.
Original Combination: [Antigonus] Ruptifasciata
Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Species-genus gender conformation is ruptifasciatus.
= obscurior Draudt, 1923
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(324): 907; (329): pl. 176i, fig. [7] ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Timochares trifasciata] form obscurior
Type Locality: Not precisely stated; lectotype from “Honduras: San Pedro Sula.”
Types: Lectotype (#L 4052) in SMF, designated by Mielke and Schroeder (1994), Senckenberg. biol. 73(1/2): 139, fig. 10 ♂ genitalia.
Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 26, determined this synonymy.
Genus Anastrus Hübner, [1824]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [149]. Type-species: Anastrus obscurus Hübner, [1824], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [149], figs. 3, 4, by monotypy.
= Echelatus Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 378. Type-species: Anastrus varius Mabille, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv (= Achlyodes sempiternus Butler & H. Druce, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 114; synonym), by selection of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 85.
= Gorgophone Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 378. Type-species: Gorgophone meliboea Godman & Salvin, 1894, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 378; 3(120): pl. 84, figs. 13, 14, by monotypy.
82. Anastrus sempiternus (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
a. Anastrus sempiternus sempiternus (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 114.
Original Combination: A[chlyodes]. Sempiternus
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2003), News Lepid. Soc. 45(1): 5 figs. A, B, 7.
= varius Mabille, 1883
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv-lv.
Original Combination: Anastrus varius
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB and BMNH.
Genus Chiomara Godman & Salvin, 1899
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(147): 453. Type-species: Achlyodes mithrax Möschler, 1879, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 225, no. 34, by original designation.
83. Chiomara georgina (Reakirt, 1868)
a. Chiomara georgina georgina (Reakirt, 1868)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 20(1/2): 88, no. 53.
Original Combination: Pyrgus Georgina
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Type(s) apparently lost.
Reakirt described many taxa from “coll. W. H. Edwards” Some of his types are in the Strecker collection (FMNH), and others might be in W. H. Edwards’ collection (CMNH). L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 208, note 40, were unable to find the type(s) of this taxon. A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 554, and other recent authors, treated this as a species-level taxon.
84. Chiomara mithrax (Möschler, 1879)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 225, no. 34.
Original Combination: Achlyodes mithrax
Type Locality: “Colombien”
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
Recorded from Arizona by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 8.
= noctula (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 15, no. 12; cited unpublished pl. 965.
Original Combination: [Achlyodes] Noctula
Type Locality: “Parà” [Brazil]
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
= gundlachi Skinner & Ramsden, 1924
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 75: 314.
Original Combination: Cycloglypha gundlachi
Type Locality: “Guantanamo, Cuba”
Types: Holotype (#7083) in CMNH.
‡”selma” (W. F. Kirby, 1879)
Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lepid. Hewitson: 243.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Selma
Type Locality: “Cayenne, Amazon, Venezuela, Rio...Bolivia...Nicaragua...Minas Geraes...Calabar...Delagoa Bay...Ega”
This name was mentioned without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Gesta Evans, 1953
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 171, 200. Type-species: Thanaos gesta Herrich-Schäffer, 1863, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 17: 142, by original designation.
85. Gesta invisus (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 114.
Original Combination: T[hanaos]. Invisus
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 30, and other recent authors, treated G. invisus as a species-level taxon.
= gorgona (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 15, no. 11; cited unpublished pl. 963.
Original Combination: Achlyodes gorgona
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 148, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= llano (Dodge, 1903)
Can. Entomol. 35(3): 78.
Original Combination: Nisoniades llano
Type Locality: “Llano, Texas” [Llano County]
Types: Holotype was in CAS, destroyed in the 1905 San Francisco earthquake and fire.
Genus Ephyriades Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 111. Type-species: Papilio otreus Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 78, pl. 328, fig. F, (34): 252 (index) (= Papilio philemon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 534, no. 392; synonym: a subspecies of Papilio arcas Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 38, pl. 19, figs. 5, 6; 2: index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 164, no. 384.
= Melanthes Mabille, 1903
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 47, 80. Type-species: Nisoniades brunnea Herrich-Schäffer, 1865, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 172, no. 3, by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 48.
= Brachycoryne Mabille, 1883
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liii (as “Brachycorynae”). Type-species: Papilio flyas Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 78, pl. 328, fig. E; (34): 249 (index) (= Papilio philemon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 534, no. 392; synonym: a subspecies of Papilio arcas Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 38, pl. 19, figs. 5, 6; 2: index), by monotypy. It has been considered by some (e.g., Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 80) that this name only became available when Mabille later published it in 1904 (in: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17b): 47, 81); however, Brachycoryne Mabille, 1883, is available from its first use (Code Article 32.5.2.7).
*86. Ephyriades brunnea (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 172, no. 3.
Original Combination: [Nisoniades] brunnea
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper and label of the syntype.
Types: Syntype (#7155) in ANSP.
Species-genus gender conformation is brunneus.
= electra (Lintner, 1881)
Can. Entomol. 13(4): 63-65.
Original Combination: Eudamus Electra
Type Locality: “Hamilton, Ontario”; apparently an accidental import.
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
a. Ephyriades brunnea floridensis E. Bell & W. Comstock, 1948
Am. Mus. Novit. (1379): 17-18, fig. 14, ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Ephyriades brunnea floridensis
Type Locality: “Key Largo, Florida” [Monroe County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Erynnis Schrank, 1801
Fauna boic. 2(1): 152, no. 197. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 71.
= ‡Thymele [Fabricius], 1807
In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 287, no. 39. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Westwood (1840), Intro. Class. Ins. 2, Syn.: 88. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 49; it is also a junior objective synonym of Erynnis Schrank, 1801.
= ‡Thymale Oken, 1815
Lehrbuch Naturgesch. 3(Zool.)(1): 757, 758. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(845): 225. This is possibly an incorrect subsequent spelling of Thymele [Fabricius], 1807, and is also a junior objective synonym of Erynnis Schrank, 1801. The original publication was placed on the list of rejected works in Opinion 417 and this name is unavailable (Code Article 80.7.2).
= ‡Astycus Hübner, 1822
Syst.-alph. Verz.: 1, 3, 5, 6, 8-10. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 200. A junior objective synonym of Erynnis Schrank, 1801.
= ‡Thanaos Boisduval, [1834]
Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(23): 240. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Blanchard (1840), in: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 469. This name is a junior objective synonym of Erynnis Schrank, 1801; it was unjustifiably emended to “Thanatos” by [Dunning & Pickard] [1859], Accentuated List Brit. Lepid.: 6.
= ‡Hallia Tutt, 1906
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(8/9): 261. Type-species: Thanaos marloyi Boisduval, [1834], Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(24): 241, pl. 47, figs. 6, 7, by original designation. Preoccupied by Hallia Edwards & Haime, 1850, Brit. foss. Corals (Pal. Soc. 3): lxvi.
= Erynnides Burns, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 24-25. Type-species: Nisoniades propertius Scudder & Burgess, 1870, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 298, fig. 11, by original designation.
icelus group Burns, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 27.
87. Erynnis icelus (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 288, fig. 3 ♂ valvae; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2 (8): pl. 28; (9): pl 77; (10): pl. 85; (11): pl. 9, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Icelus
Type Locality: “New England” Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1510-1511, mentioned several possible localities “in the White Mountain valleys and even in the subalpine region of the White Mountains in abundance...in Massachusetts...from Andover...Amherst Notch...Nantucket...vicinity of Boston...in Connecticut...New Britain”; a syntype is from “Center.” [Karner, Albany County, New York]
Types: Syntype in NYSM.
Lintner (1872), Entomol. Contr. 2: 30-31, pl. 7, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, redescribed this taxon from “Center” and “Schoharie, N. Y.”
= bautista (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 36, no. 2; cited unpublished pl. 1048 (as tages).
Original Combination: [Nisoniades] Bautista
Type Locality: “Californien”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
‡”hamamaelidis” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1507.
Original Combination: Nisoniades hamamaelidis Fitch manuscript
Proposed for a manuscript name of Fitch’s without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
88. Erynnis brizo (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
a. Erynnis brizo somnus (Lintner, 1881)
Papilio 1(5): 73-74.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Somnus
Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida”; suggested to be “Georgiana, approximately 5 km south of the city of Merritt Island, Brevard County, Florida” by Calhoun (1993), J. Lepid. Soc. 47(1): 50.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Calhoun (1993), J. Lepid. Soc. 47(1): 50, fig. 1 ♂ D (lectotype); figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 3 ♂ D (lectotype), 4 ♀ D (paralectotype).
b. Erynnis brizo brizo (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (23): pl. 66, figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [3] ♀ D; drawings of larva and pupa suspect.
Original Combination: Thanaos Brizo
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text), but “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot. A. Clark (1936), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 95(7): 14, suggested that the model for Abbot’s figure came from the vicinity of Jacksonborough, Screven County Georgia, but Abbot spent most of his time in Burke County.
Types: The plate was a reproduction of a John Abbot drawing. The types are the specimens that he painted and are probably lost. There may be “types” in USNM or BMNH, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
c. Erynnis brizo burgessi (Skinner, 1914)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 40(3): 203, fig. ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Thanaos burgessi
Type Locality: “Arizona...Mt. Graham”; holotype labeled “Mt. Graham, Arizona.” [Graham County]
Types: Holotype (#7089) in CMNH; a paratype figured by figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 7 ♂ D.
d. Erynnis brizo lacustra (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 69, no. 480; 253, no. 480, pl. 32, figs. 480 ♂ D (lectotype), 480a ♂ V.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Lacustra
Type Locality: “Central California”; “Blue Lakes, California” [Lake County]
Types: Lectotype (#4325) in CAS, designated by Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 58-59.
In its original description, this name was incorrectly applied to E. pacuvius callidus (Grinnell, 1904), a problem resolved by Burns (1964), ibid.
juvenalis group Burns, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 27.
89. Erynnis juvenalis (Fabricius, 1793)
a. Erynnis juvenalis juvenalis (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 339-340, no. 291; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 78, fig. 1.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Juvenalis
Type Locality: “America”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= juvenis (Hübner, [1819])
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 108, no. 1163, cited Papilio juvenalis J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 21.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Juvenis
Type Locality: Not stated, but “Georgia” implied from John Abbot’s figures; “Virginia” is also mentioned by Abbot in his notes for this drawing.
Types: Described, by indication, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. The figures on plate 21 represent Erynnis brizo and either Erynnis juvenalis or Erynnis horatius (Calhoun pers. comm. 2006).
= costalis (Westwood, [1852])
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (2): pl. 79, fig. 3 ♂ D; (54): 519, no. 5.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Costalis
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= ennius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 296, fig. 9 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Ennius
Type Locality: “New England”
Types: Holotype (#15836) in MCZ.
= plautus (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 304, fig. 16 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Plautus
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Holotype (#15830) in MCZ.
b. Erynnis juvenalis clitus (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Papilio 2(9/10): 180.
Original Combination: Thanaos Clitus
Type Locality: Not stated; subsequently listed from “Mt. Graham” by W. H. Edwards (1883), Papilio 3(3): 65; the lectotype is from this locality. [Graham County, Arizona]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 621, figs. 9 ♂ D&V, 10 ♂ genitalia.
W. H. Edwards described this taxon from a mixed series in his possession, but W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 124, selected a specimen from Neumoegen’s collection, not seen by Edwards, as the “type.” F. Brown and L. Miller determined that the true type-series was that in Edwards’ own collection and acted accordingly.
= maestus (Godman, 1899)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(148): 457; 3: pl. 91, fig. 18 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thanaos maestus
Type Locality: “North America, Arizona.--Mexico, Pinal, Puebla”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
90. Erynnis telemachus Burns, 1960
Wasmann J. Biol. 18(1): 148-151, figs. 1♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 3-4 ♂ genitalia (holotype), 6 section of D forewing.
Original Combination: Erynnis telemachus
Type Locality: “Hualapai Mountains, elevation 6,500 feet, 10 miles southeast of Kingman, Mohave County, Arizona”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
91. Erynnis propertius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 298, fig. 11 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Propertius
Type Locality: “California”
Types: Syntypes (#15837) in MCZ; Lintner (1881), Papilio 1(5): 71, discussed the type-series, which included two specimens from “Mokiah Pass”, one from “Juniper Mountains”, one from “Sierra Nevada” and four from “California” Obviously, a Californian specimen should be designated lectotype.
Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 212, included this taxon as a subspecies of E. juvenalis (Fabricius, 1793); Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 94-107, subsequently detailed its species-level status.
= tibullus (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 299, fig. 12 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Tibullus
Type Locality: “California”
Types: Holotype (#15829) in MCZ.
92. Erynnis meridianus E. Bell, 1927
a. Erynnis meridianus meridianus E. Bell, 1927
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 35(3): 261; ♂ genitalia figured by Lindsey et al. (1931), Denison Univ. Bull. 31(2), J. Sci. Lab. 26(1): pl. 25, fig. 6.
Original Combination: Erynnis meridianus
Type Locality: “White Mountains, Arizona”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
93. Erynnis scudderi (Skinner, 1914)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 40(3): 215, fig. ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Thanaos scudderi
Type Locality: “Fort Grant, Arizona”; suggested to be “somewhere on Mount Graham” by Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 113. [Graham County] Scott (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 19: 29, suggests “Huachuca Mts., Ariz.” because he claims this species does not occur on Mount Graham. [Cochise County]
Types: Holotype (#7088) in CMNH; a paratype figured by figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 9 ♂ D.
Burns (1964), ibid., discussed the type locality of this species, emphasizing that Fort Grant is a lowland locality and that the type must have come from the flanks of Mt. Graham.
94. Erynnis horatius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 301-302, fig. 13 ♂ valvae; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): pl. 9, figs. 7 ♀ D, 10 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Horatius
Type Locality: “Massachusetts...New England, Texas”
Types: Syntype (#15832) in MCZ.
= virgilius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 302, fig. 14 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Virgilius
Type Locality: “New England”
Types: Type(s) may be in MCZ.
= petronius (Lintner, 1881)
Papilio 1(5): 70-71.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Petronius
Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida” [Brevard County]
Types: Syntypes (#6248, 6249) in NYSM.
This name was listed as “Nisoniades petronius”, but not described, by Mead (1875), Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): 786; a nomen nudum.
95. Erynnis tristis (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Erynnis tristis tristis (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 311; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2081 ♂ D&V (lectotype).
Original Combination: Thanaos tristis
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 120 ♂ D, 121 ♂ V.
b. Erynnis tristis tatius (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Papilio 2(9/10): 179-180.
Original Combination: Thanaos Tatius
Type Locality: Not stated; subsequently listed from “Mt. Graham” by W. H. Edwards (1883), Papilio 3(3): 65. [Graham County, Arizona]
Types: Holotype (#33630) in USNM, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): figs. 11 ♂ D&V, 12 ♂ genitalia.
= albomarginatus (Godman, 1899)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(148): 458, no. 5; 3(148): pl. 91, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V, 21 ♂ genitalia, 22 ♀ D, 23 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thanaos albomarginatus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Cordova...Guatemala, Chisoy Valley...San Gerónimo...Costa Rica...Irazu...Panama, Chiriqui...Volcan de Chiriqui...Colombia”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
zarucco group Burns, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 28.
96. Erynnis martialis (Scudder, [1870])
Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. 1(2): 335, no. 35.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Martialis
Type Locality: “New Jefferson...open prairie...lower half of Dallas county”; on page 328 Scudder stated “New Jefferson may be anywhere along a devious, hundred-mile route beginning at Denison, including Wall Lake and Grant City, and terminating at New Jefferson.” [Iowa]
Types: Syntype (#15834) in MCZ.
= ausonius (Lintner, 1872)
Entomol. Contr. 2: 34-35, pl. 7, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Ausonius
Type Locality: “Center” [Karner, Albany County, New York]
Types: Holotype (#3256) in NYSM; ♂ genitalia figured by Cook (1905), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 14(3): pl. 2, fig. 2.
‡”quercus” (Butler, 1870)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(77): 97.
Original Combination: [Thanaos] quercûs
This name was mentioned in the synonymy of martialis without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
97. Erynnis pacuvius (Lintner, 1878)
a. Erynnis pacuvius pacuvius (Lintner, 1878)
Entomol. Contr. 4: 60-61.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Pacuvius
Type Locality: “New Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#5200) in NYSM.
W. H. Edwards (1877), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 57, no. 485, listed Thanaos pacuvius in reference to a Lintner publication. There was no prior description of pacuvius by Lintner and this is a nomen nudum.
b. Erynnis pacuvius lilius (Dyar, 1904)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 27(1376): 788.
Original Combination: Thanaos lilius
Type Locality: “Kaslo, British Columbia” inferred from text; holotype from “Kaslo, elevation 1,670 feet, Kootenai District, British Columbia”, as noted by Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 159.
Types: Holotype (#7333) in USNM.
c. Erynnis pacuvius pernigra (F. Grinnell, 1905)
Entomol. News 16(2): 34-35.
Original Combination: Thanaos pernigra
Type Locality: “Mt. Tamalpais, Marin Co., California...in Mill Valley, on the slopes of Mt. Tamalpais”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Species-genus gender conformation is perniger.
d. Erynnis pacuvius callidus (F. Grinnell, 1904)
Entomol. News 15(4): 114-115, figs. 1 valve, 2 uncus, 3 penis.
Original Combination: Thanaos callidus
Type Locality: “Mt. Wilson, Sierra Madre Mountains, Los Angeles County, California. Altitude, 5886 feet” [San Gabriel Mtns.]
Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1337): 1.
98. Erynnis zarucco (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 641-642.
Original Combination: Thanaos Zarucco
Type Locality: “habite l’île de Cuba”
Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.
= diogenes (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 34, no. 62; cited unpublished pl. 1041.
Original Combination: [Antigonus] Diogenes
Type Locality: “Cuba”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
= terentius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 292, fig. 6 ♂ valvae; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): pl. 9, fig. 15 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Terentius
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Syntype (#15833) in MCZ.
Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 8, made a first reviser choice of terentius over ovidius (below). Furthermore, he suggested that terentius be regarded as a mainland subspecies of zarucco. A more substantial analysis is needed. This synonymy follows Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 3: 551-553.
= ovidius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 295, fig. 8 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Ovidius
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Type(s) may be in MCZ.
= naevius (Lintner, 1881)
Papilio 1(5): 69.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Naevius
Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida” [Brevard County]
Types: Syntypes (#7771, 6247) in NYSM.
99. Erynnis funeralis (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 293, fig. 7 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades funeralis
Type Locality: “This Texan species”
Types: Syntype (#15831) in MCZ.
Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 209, followed by Scott (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 20(1): 60, and (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 492, no. 656, considered this taxon to be a subspecies of zarucco (Lucas, 1857); the arrangement employed by Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 3: 526-528, is followed here.
= clericalis Burmeister, 1875
Revue Mag. Zool. (3)3: 60-61, 64, pl. 1, figs. 3 larva, 7 pupa, 10 larval head capsule (not 5).
Original Combination: Phlebodes clericalis
Type Locality: “Cordova” [Córdoba, Argentina]
Types: Syntype in MACN.
= australis (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv.
Original Combination: Nisoniades australis
Type Locality: “E Colombia”
Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP.
persius group Burns, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 28.
100. Erynnis baptisiae (W. Forbes, 1936)
Psyche 43(4): 111-112, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia, valvae.
Original Combination: Thanaos baptisiae
Type Locality: “Woods Hole, Mass.” [Barnstable County, Massachusetts]
Types: Holotype (#1391) in CUIC.
101. Erynnis lucilius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 287, fig. 2 ♂ valve; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2 (9): pl. 36, figs. 4, 5, 6; (11): pl. 9, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Lucilius
Type Locality: “New England”
Types: Syntype (#2966) in NYSM.
Lintner (1872), Entomol. Contr. 2: 32-35, pl. 7, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♂ V, subsequently redescribed this species from “Schoharie...Bethlehem” [New York]
102. Erynnis afranius (Lintner, 1878)
Entomol. Contr. 4: 63-64.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Afranius
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
103. Erynnis persius (Scudder, 1863)
Forbes (1936), Psyche 43(4): 104-113, demonstrated that Scudder confused this species and baptisiae, both in biological and morphological details. L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 21, note 60, claimed to follow Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 191-194, in their application of names to this complex. Burns, however, advised against using subspecies for E. persius until the group could be studied in more detail. Austin (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(4): 242, concurred. The situation remains unclear and subspecies are employed following L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), ibid., and Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 69.
a. Erynnis persius persius (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 170, no. 58; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): pl. 9, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; (9): pl. 36, figs. 1, 2, 3, but some of these figures might represent baptisiae; ♂ valvae figured by Scudder & Burgess (1870), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: fig. 1.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Persius
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “New England” implied from the title of the paper. The “type” is from “Mass” according to W. Forbes (1936), Psyche 43(4): fig. 5. Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1472, mentioned “the White Mountains” as one locality where this species was collected.
Types: Syntype (#15835) in MCZ.
b. Erynnis persius borealis (M. Cary, 1906)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 31(1488): 455.
Original Combination: Thanaos propertius var. borealis
Type Locality: “mouth North Nahanni River, Mackenzie” [Nunavut]
Types: Holotype (#9869) in USNM.
c. Erynnis persius avinoffi (W. Holland, 1930)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 156-157; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, figs. 28 ♂ D (holotype), 29 ♀ D (paratype).
Original Combination: Thanaos avinoffi
Type Locality: “various points in the Yukon Valley, the valley of the Kuskokwim, and various other points in Alaska”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
d. Erynnis persius fredericki H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(3): 74.
Original Combination: Erynnis persius fredericki
Type Locality: “near Lead, Spearfish Canyon...South Dakota” [Lawrence County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
‡”rutilius” Mead, 1875
Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): 787.
Original Combination: Thanaos Rutilius Scudder, manuscript
Type Locality: “Turkey Creek Junction” [Jefferson County, Colorado]
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Tribe Achlyodidini Burmeister, 1878
Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lép.)(1): 245, 254 (as “Achlyodidae”). Type-genus: Achlyodes Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 108.
Genus Achlyodes Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 107-108. Type-species: Papilio busirus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 119-120, pl. 261, figs. A, B, C; 3(24): 174 (index), by designation of Butler (1870), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(77): 98.
= ‡Sebaldia Mabille, 1903
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 77. Type-species: Papilio busirus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 119-120, pl. 261, figs. A, B, C; (24): 174 (index), by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Achlyodes Hübner, [1819].
104. Achlyodes pallida (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 19: 478-479, no. 38.
Original Combination: Helias pallida
Type Locality: “Jalapa, Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by A. Warren et al. (2003), News Lepid. Soc. 45(4):128-131, figs. 1-6.
= ozotes Butler, 1870
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)18(4): 515, no. 3.
Original Combination: Achlyodes Ozotes
Type Locality: “Venezuela”, “Venezuela, Bogota, Bolivia”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= selva Evans, 1953
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 178.
Original Combination: [Achlyodes] selva
Type Locality: “Jalapa, Mexico” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 26, determined this synonymy.
Genus Eantis Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 13 [=9B], fig. 6. Type-species: Urbanus thraso Hübner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [151], figs. 1-4, by monotypy. A. Warren (1996), Phylog. Rev. Skippers mithridates Spec. Group: 188 pp. and (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 553, placed our species in Eantis.
105. Eantis tamenund (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 215-216, no. 20.
Original Combination: Hesperia Tamenund
Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas”; suggested to be “probably close to Norse, Bosque County, Texas” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 615.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 617, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
Tribe Pyrgini Burmeister, 1878
Genus Carrhenes Godman & Salvin, 1895
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 388. Type-species: Leucochitonea fuscescens Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(16): lxii, by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 81.
106. Carrhenes canescens (R. Felder, 1869)
a. Carrhenes canescens canescens (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 476-477, no. 34.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea canescens
Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Type(s) may be in NMW.
Genus Xenophanes Godman & Salvin, 1895
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 387. Type-species: Papilio tryxus Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 87, pl. 334, figs. G, H, by original designation.
107. Xenophanes tryxus (Stoll, 1780)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 87, pl. 334, figs. G, H (as tryxus); (34): 252 (index, as trixus).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Tryxus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= salvianus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 348-349, no. 325; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 94, fig. 4 D&V; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [50], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Salvianus
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= ruatanensis Godman & Salvin, 1895
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 388, no. 2.
Original Combination: Xenophanes ruatanensis
Type Locality: “Honduras, Ruatan I.”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= euphemie (Ehrmann, 1907)
Can. Entomol. 39(9): 318.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea euphemie
Type Locality: “Suapure, Venezuela”
Types: Syntypes in CMNH.
= perplexus E. Bell, 1942
An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol. Méx. 2(4): 456-457, no. 5, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Xenophanes perplexus
Type Locality: “Guerrero” [Mexico]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; the description erroneously stated that the holotype (#4772) is in ENCB.
Genus Antigonus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 108. Type-species: Urbanus erosus Hübner, [1812], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl [153], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, by monotypy.
= Chaetoneura C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862
Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 6(6): 185-186. Type-species: Chaetocneme hippulus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 6(6): 186, no. 172 (= Hesperia nearchus Latreille, [1813], in: Humboldt and Bonpland, Voy. Rég. Équinox., Part 2 (Observ. Zool.) 2(10): 135, pl. 43, figs. 3, 4; synonym), by original designation.
= Systaspes Weeks, 1901
Ill. diurn. Lepid. 1: 20, 29, 116. Type-species: Antigonus corrosus Mabille, 1878, Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(188): 198, no. 23, by monotypy.
108. Antigonus emorsa (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 479- 480.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea emorsa
Type Locality: “von der Haupstadt Mexico in der Nähe von Cuernavaca” [Morelos, Mexico]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Species-genus gender conformation is emorsus.
= albimedia (Draudt, 1922)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(321): 904; (329): pl. 176f, fig. [7] ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Systasea emorsa] form albimedia
Type Locality: “Mexiko”; lectotype from “Guerrero.”
Types: Lectotype (#L 4051) in SMF, designated by Mielke and Schroeder (1994), Senckenberg. biol. 73(1/2): 139, fig. 9, ♂ genitalia.
109. Antigonus erosus (Hübner, [1812])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl [153], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Urbanus Erosus
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Types probably lost.
Recorded from Texas by Knudson et al. (2004), News Lepid. Soc. 46(4): 111, 113, 6 figs.
= westermann (Latreille, [1824])
Enc. méth., 9(Ins.)(2): (725), 791, no. 153.
Original Combination: Hesperia Westermann
Type Locality: “l’Amérique méridionale”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
Genus Systasea W. H. Edwards, 1877
Can. Entomol. 9(6): 120. Type-species: Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 207-208, as replacement name for the genus Lintneria Auctorum. Because there was misunderstanding over the original description of Lintneria, this name was proposed to replace a “ghost.” According to Code Article 67.8, the type-species of Systasea is Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 44, pl. 126, fig. F; (16): 148 (index) (see Thorybes bathyllus); this issue needs to be addressed by the I.C.Z.N. in a petition to assign Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876 as the type-species of Systasea. For now, traditional usage is maintained.
= ‡Lintneria W. H. Edwards, 1877
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 57. Type-species: Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 207-208, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Lintneria Butler, 1876, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 9: 620.
= ‡Plesiocera Mabille, 1891
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(17): cvi. Type-species: Plesiocera filipalpis Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(17): cvi (= Leucochitonea pulverulenta R. Felder, 1869, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 478; synonym), by monotypy. Preoccupied by Plesiocera Macquart, 1841, Mém. Soc. R. Sci. Lille 1840: 360. The generic and specific diagnoses of Plesiocera filipalpis were based on the body of S. pulverulenta with a glued-on satyrine head.
110. Systasea pulverulenta (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 19: 478, no. 37.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea pulverulenta
Type Locality: “Orizaba” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in NMW.
= taeniatus (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 41, no. 2; cited unpublished pl. 1068.
Original Combination: [Tagiades] Taeniatus
Type Locality: “Oaxaca” [Mexico]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 149, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= filipalpis (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(17): cvi.
Original Combination: Plesiocera filipalpis
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
As noted above, the specific diagnosis was based on the body of this species with a glued-on satyrine head.
111. Systasea zampa (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 207-208.
Original Combination: Hesperia Zampa
Type Locality: “South Apache, Arizona”; corrected to “South [of Fort] Apache, Navajo County Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 613; neotype from “Arizona.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by L. Miller (1970), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 41(5): 183-184, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♂ genitalia; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): fig. 7 ♂ D&V.
The misapplication of the name zampa was explained in the neotype designation, and by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 613-615.
= evansi (E. Bell, 1941)
Entomol. News 52(6): 165-167, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Antigonus evansi
Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona” [Pima County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Celotes Godman & Salvin, 1899
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(147): 452. Type-species: Pholisora nessus W. H. Edwards, 1877, Can. Entomol. 9(6): 192, by monotypy.
112. Celotes nessus (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Can. Entomol. 9(10): 192.
Original Combination: Pholisora nessus
Type Locality: “San Antonio, Texas” [Bexar County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 640, fig. 21♂ D&V.
= notabilis (Strecker, [1878])
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 131.
Original Combination: Spilothyrus Notabilis
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “vicinity of New Braunfels and San Antonio, Southwestern Texas” implied from the introductory text. [Comal and Bexar counties]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
= radiatus (Plötz, 1884)
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 23, no. 1, cited unpublished pl. 907.
Original Combination: [Carcharodus] Radiatus
Type Locality: “Texas”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 147, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
113. Celotes limpia Burns, 1974
Psyche 81(1): 51-55, figs. 1E ♂ D, 1F ♂ V (holotype), 1G ♀ D, 1H ♀ V, 2B ♂ metathoracic pouch, 4 ♂ genitalia, 6 ♀ genitalia, 8 distribution map.
Original Combination: Celotes limpia
Type Locality: “Limpia Canyon, 5000 feet, Davis Mountains., 4 miles WNW of Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in MCZ.
Genus Pyrgus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 109. Type-species: Papilio alveolus Hübner, [1803], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 92, figs. 466, 467 (= Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 167; synonym), by designation of Westwood [1841], in: Brit. Butterflies Transf. (ed. 1): 123. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 706. As a result of the erroneous type-species designation of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793, by Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 187-189, most of what is now known as Pyrgus was previously called Hesperia. The action of Plötz (1879), Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(4-6): 179, of citing malvae as the type-species of Carcharodus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 110, further confused the issue surrounding the identity of Pyrgus. The situation was explained by Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 94-95. Carcharodus does not occur in the Nearctic.
= ‡Urbanus Hübner, [1806]
Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 167, by monotypy. The Tentamen was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97. Opinion 278 placed Urbanus Hübner [1806] on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 86.
= Syrichtus Boisduval, [1834]
Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(23): 230. Type-species: Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 167, by designation of Blanchard (1845), Hist. Ins. 2: 348.
= Scelotrix Rambur, 1858
Cat. Syst. Lépid. Andal.: 63. Type-species: Papilio carthami Hübner, [1813], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 143, figs. 726 [actually 720], 723 [not figs. 721-722] (= Papilio fritillarius Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79, no. 53, as defined by the specimen on pl. 10, fig. 7; synonym), by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 64.
= ‡Bremeria Tutt, 1906
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(10/11): 296. Type-species: Syrichtus bieti Oberthür, 1886, Étud. Entomol. 11: 26, pl. 6, fig. 50, by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 37. Preoccupied by Bremeria Alpheraky, 1892, in: Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 6: 7, and Bremeria Moore, 1896, Lepid. Ind. 3(25): 9.
= ‡Teleomorpha B. Warren, 1926
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): 18, 46, pl. 10, fig. 7. Type-species: Papilio carthami Hübner, [1813], Samml. europ. Schmett.: pl. 143, figs. 726 [actually 720] ♂, 723 ♂ [not figs. 721-722] (= Papilio fritillarius Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79, as defined by the specimen on pl. 10, fig. 7), by designation of Hemming (1934), Stylops 3(6): 143. A junior objective synonym of Scelotrix Rambur, 1858.
= ‡Hemiteleomorpha B. Warren, 1926
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): 19, 72. Type-species: Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 167, by designation of Hemming (1934), Stylops, 3(6): 143. A junior objective synonym of Syrichtus Boisduval, [1834].
= Ateleomorpha B. Warren, 1926
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): 19, 87. Type-species: Hesperia onopordi Rambur, [1842], Faune Entomol. Andal. 2(6): 319, pl. 8, fig. 13, by designation of Hemming (1934), Stylops 3(6): 143.
*114. Pyrgus centaureae (Rambur, [1842])
Faune Entomol. Andal. 2(6): 315-316, pl. 8, fig. 10.
Original Combination: Hesperia Centaureae
Type Locality: “Torneo en Laponie et de la Dalécarlie” [Dalarna, Sweden]
Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP, BMNH, or lost.
de Jong (1972), Tijdschr. Entomol. 115(1): 27, included this species in the subgenus Scelotrix.
a. Pyrgus centaureae wyandot (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 21-22, no. 13; [2]: pl. 5, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Wyandot
Type Locality: “Long Island...Washington, D. C.”; neotype from “Long Island, New York.”
Types: Neotype (possibly a lectotype) in FMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 632, fig. ♂ D&V.
Shapiro (1974), Search 4(3): 23, suggested that this taxon might be a distinct species, a status that Lindsey (1928), Entomol. News 39: 239-242, disputed. More research is needed; see Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 8-9.
b. Pyrgus centaureae freija (B. Warren, 1924)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 72(Proc.): lvi-lvii, pl. B, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ V (lectotype), 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia freija
Type Locality: “Colorado at an altitude of 13,000 ft.; Labrador and other parts of N. America; and in the extreme North of Europe”; lectotype from “Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Lectotype in MHNG (Reverdin collection) designated by B. Warren (1951), Entomol. 84(1061): 217; figured by B. Warren (1926), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): pl. 14, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, pl. 15, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia.
This taxon was further discussed by B. Warren (1935), Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 83(1): 127-129, pl. 7, W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 67-68, and de Jong (1972), Tijdschr. Entomol. 115(1): 57.
= ‡”fasciata” (B. Warren, 1926)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): 51.
Original Combination: [Hesperia freija] ab. fasciata
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
‡”reducta” Evans, 1942
Revta. Entomol. (Rio de Janeiro) 13(3): 364.
Original Combination: Pyrgus reducta
This name was listed as a synonym of Pyrgus centaureae without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
c. Pyrgus centaureae loki Evans, 1953
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 214.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus centaureae] loki
Type Locality: “Long [sic!] Peak Trail, Colorado: above timberline” [Long’s Peak, Larimer County]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
115. Pyrgus ruralis (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Pyrgus ruralis ruralis (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 311-312, no. 68; figured by Oberthür (1912), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: pl. 137, fig. 1212 ♀ D&V (lectotype).
Original Combination: Syrichtus ruralis
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Tuolumne Co., Calif.” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 7; corrected to “Hwy. 70 at Murphy Creek, 2.5 road miles SW of Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 1800' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 123 ♀ D, 124 ♀ V.
= caespitatis (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 312, no. 69; figured by Oberthür (1912), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: pl. 137, figs. 1204 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 1205 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Syrichtus caespitatis
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Marin Co., Calif.” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 7; corrected to “Hwy. 70 at Murphy Creek, 2.5 road miles SW of Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 1800' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 126 ♂ D, 127 ♂ V.
= ricara (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 203, no. 6, pl. 1, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ricara
Type Locality: “Empire City, Colorado Territory”; defined as “vicinity of the former site of Empire City, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 626.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 626-628, fig. 15 ♂ D&V.
= petreius (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 195, no. 12.
Original Combination: Syrichtus Petreius
Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “Little Valley, Washoe County, Nevada” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 628, 630; neotype from “Neva.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 630, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.
b. Pyrgus ruralis lagunae Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 7, figured by Scott (1975), J. Lepid. Soc. 29(4): fig. 3 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Pyrgus ruralis lagunae
Type Locality: “N. end, E Laguna...Laguna Mts., San Diego Co., Calif.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
116. Pyrgus xanthus W. H. Edwards, 1878
Field & Forest 3(9): 142-143.
Original Combination: Pyrgus Xanthus
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “Rosita, Custer County, Colorado” by Scott (1975), J. Lepid. Soc. 29(4): 217.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 626, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 15 ♂ D.
= macdunnoughi (Oberthür, 1914)
Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): 86, pl. 264, fig. 2205 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: [Syrichtus] Mac Dunnoughi
Type Locality: “Arizona”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
117. Pyrgus scriptura (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Pyrgus scriptura scriptura (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 312, no. 70; figured by Oberthür (1912), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: pl. 137, fig. 1206 ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Syrichtus scriptura
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of paper; further refined as “Dans les lieux arides”, by Boisduval (1868), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 23, no. 71; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California”, by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.
Types: Holotype in BMNH, figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 129 ♂ D, 130 ♂ V.
‡”pseudoxanthus” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 495, no. 664.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus scriptura] form pseudoxanthus
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Pyrgus scriptura apertorum Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 524, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pyrgus scriptura apertorum
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Cottonwood Pass Road, 0.6 road miles south of Nevada State Route 160 (Pahrump Road) to Cottonwood Pass, 1340 m, T23S R58E S2, 11, 14 and T22S R58E S35 on USGS Goodsprings, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
118. Pyrgus communis (Grote, 1872)
The species-level arrangement presented by Burns (2000), J. Lepid. Soc. 54(2): 52-71, is accepted here, but the synonymy remains tentative and is clearly in need of review.
a. Pyrgus communis communis (Grote, 1872)
Can. Entomol. 4(4): 69-70.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Syrichtus communis
Type Locality: “central Alabama”; suggested to be “vicinity of Demopolis” by Burns (2000), J. Lepid. Soc. 54(2): 62. [Marengo County]
Types: Syntype (#7170) in ANSP.
= ‡tessellata (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 73-74, no. 2.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. tessellata
Type Locality: “Pennsylvania, Maryland, Iowa, Florida, Alabama, Texas, Missouri and California”; defined as “Pennsylvania” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 219; syntypes from “Dallas, Tex...California.”
Types: Syntypes (#15823) in MCZ.
Preoccupied by Hesperia tessellata Hewitson, [1866], Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (3)2(6): 494.
= insolatrix Plötz, 1884
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 4, no. 7; cited unpublished pl. 887.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Pyrgus)] Insolatrix
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
= varus Plötz, 1884
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 20, no. 53, cited unpublished pl. 900.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Syrichthus)] Varus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
= ‡”skinneri” (Gunder, 1927)
Entomol. News 38(2): 51, fig. 2 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Urbanus tesselata var. occidentalis ab. skinneri
Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 62, fig. 7 ♀ D.
‡”albovittata” (Grote, 1873)
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(3): 168.
Original Combination: Hesperia albovittata
Type Locality: “südlichen Theile von Alabama”
Grote referred to specimens in ZMHB under a manuscript name, in a communication with Zeller; it is a nomen nudum.
119. Pyrgus albescens Plötz, 1884
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 4, no. 5, cited unpublished pl. 889.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Pyrgus)] Albescens
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
This taxon has been considered a subspecies or form of P. communis by various authors (e.g., Lindsey et al. (1931), Denison Univ. Bull. 31(2), J. Sci. Lab. 26(1): 46, Tilden (1965), J. Lepid. Soc. 19(2): 91-94, Austin (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(4): 242, and (1986), J. Lepid. Soc. 40(1): 55-58), but Burns (2000), J. Lepid. Soc. 54(2): 52-71, and Calhoun (2002), J. Lepid. Soc. 56(2): 98-103, corroborated its species-level status.
= occidentalis Skinner, 1906
Entomol. News 17(3): 96; figured by Skinner (1906), Entomol. News 17(8): pl. 12, middle row left ♂&♀ D, middle row right ♂&♀ V.
Original Combination: Pyrgus occidentalis
Type Locality: “San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise County, Arizona ...and Brownsville, Texas”; syntype labels read “San Antonio, Texas” and “Alamagordo, N. M.”
Types: Syntypes (#7108) in CMNH.
120. Pyrgus philetas W. H. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(4): 43, 46-47, no. 4.
Original Combination: Pyrgus philetas
Type Locality: “Western Texas”; defined as “Archer County” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 623.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 24 ♀ [not ♂] D and F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): fig. 13 ♀ D&V.
Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 222, considered this taxon a subspecies of oileus. Burns and Kendall (1969), Psyche 76(1): 42-43, demonstrated that philetas and P oileus are distinct species.
121. Pyrgus oileus (Linnaeus, 1767)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 795-796, no. 269.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus Urbicola]. Oileus
Type Locality: “Algiriae” [Algeria]; suggested to be “Mexico or the U.S.A.” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 221.
Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 356.
This name was resurrected by Evans (1953), ibid., to replace syrichtus, a name previously in wide use.
= syrichtus (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 534, no. 394.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus] U[rbicola] Syrichtus
Type Locality: “America”; Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 349, no. 326, listed “in America meridionali”
Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.
Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 349, no. 326, cited Papilio oileus Linnaeus, 1767, which is further justification for this synonymy.
= montivagus Reakirt, [1867]
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 334, no. 33.
Original Combination: Pyrgus montivagus
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory...Mexico, near Vera Cruz”
Types: Syntype(s) in FMNH.
= adjutrix Plötz, 1884
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 15, no. 38, cited unpublished pl. 882.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Scelothrix)] Adjutrix
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 147, suggested that this is “= Hesperia montivaga, Reak.” through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= fumosa (Reverdin, 1919)
Bull. Soc. Lépid. Genève 4(2): 106, pl. 4, fig. 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: [Hesperia syrichtus] var. (ab.?) fumosa
Type Locality: “Mexique (Vera Cruz); Arizona; Florida (Key West); Jamaica; Cuba; Porto-Rico; Brésil (Chapada); Cuba (Guantanamo)”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably in MHNG (Reverdin collection).
Genus Heliopyrgus Herrera, 1957
In: Herrera et al., Revta. chil. Entomol. 5: 154. Type-species: Syrichtus americanus Blanchard, 1852, in: Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile 7: 44, no. 2, pl. 3, fig. 10, by original designation. Austin and A. Warren (2001), Dugesiana 8(1): 4, resurrected this genus.
122. Heliopyrgus domicella (Erichson, [1849])
a. Heliopyrgus domicella domicella (Erichson, [1849])
In: Schomburgk, Reisen Brit.-Guiana 3: 604.
Original Combination: S[yrichthus]. Domicella
Type Locality: “British Guiana” implied from the title of the work. [Guyana]
Types: Location of type(s) not known (ZMHB?).
= nearchus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 26-27.
Original Combination: Pyrgus Nearchus
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 637. [Pima County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 639, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.
= aconita (Plötz, 1884)
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 3, no. 1.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Pyrgus)] Aconita
Type Locality: “Georgia”, in error.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
123. Heliopyrgus sublinea (Schaus, 1902)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 434.
Original Combination: Heliopetes sublinea
Type Locality: “Orizaba, Paso de San Juan, Mexico” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype (#5992) in USNM.
Recorded from Texas by Basham et al. (2005), News Lepid. Soc. 47(1): 9-10, 6 figs.
Genus Heliopetes Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81. Type-species: Papilio niveus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 33, pl. 22, fig. C; (8): 154 (index) (= Papilio arsalte Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 67; synonym), by monotypy.
= Leucoscirtes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 73. Type-species: Syrichtus ericetorum Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 313, no. 71, by original designation.
124. Heliopetes ericetorum (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 313, no. 71; figured by Oberthür (1912), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: pl. 137, fig. 1210 ♂ D&V (lectotype).
Original Combination: Syrichtus ericetorum
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “vicinity of Sawmill Peak at Griffin Gulch, rim of West Branch Feather River, 2 air miles E. of Magalia, Butte County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 132 ♂ D, 133 ♂ V.
= alba (W. H. Edwards, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 206, no. 6.
Original Combination: Syrichtus Alba
Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Fort Whipple” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 635. [Yavapai County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 637, fig. 19 ♂ D&V.
125. Heliopetes macaira (Reakirt, [1867])
a. Heliopetes macaira macaira (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 334-335, no. 34.
Original Combination: Pyrgus macaira
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]
Types: A syntype in FMNH.
= ‡nivea (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 73-74, no. 2.
Original Combination: L[eucoscirtes]. nivea
Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes (#15321) in MCZ.
Secondarily preoccupied by Papilio niveus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 33, pl. 22, fig. C ♂ D; (8): 154 (index).
= locutia (Hewitson, 1875)
Ill. exot. Butterflies 5: [112], pl. Leucochitonea II, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea Locutia
Type Locality: “Taboga Isl., Panama”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= cnemus Godman & Salvin, 1897
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(137): 448-449, no. 8; 3(138): pl. 90, figs. 25 ♀ D, 26 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Heliopetes cnemus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Lake Chapala...Dos Arroyos, Venta de Zopilote, Acapulco in Guerrero, Atoyac in Vera Cruz”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
‡”eulalia” (Plötz, 1885)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 46(1-3): 39, no. 9.
Original Combination: [Leucochitonea] Locutia [synonym] Eulalia
This name was listed in synonymy without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
126. Heliopetes laviana (Hewitson, 1868)
a. Heliopetes laviana laviana (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 48-49, no. 8; figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(95): pl. Leucochitonea II, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea Laviana
Type Locality: “Nicaragua”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= pastor (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 476, no. 33.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea Pastor
Type Locality: “Lerma” [Mexico State, Mexico]; syntypes from “Lerma, Mexico, 1 male from Ypanema (S. Paulo, Brasilien)”
Types: Syntypes in NMW.
= oceanus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 213-214, no. 16.
Original Combination: Syrichtus Oceanus
Type Locality: “Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 634.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 634, fig. 18 ♂ D&V.
= dividua Röber, 1925
Entomol. Mitt. 14(1): 99.
Original Combination: Heliopetes dividua
Type Locality: “Wes-Kolumbien (Rio Magdalena)”
Types: Holotype in MTD.
127. Heliopetes arsalte (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 67; referred to specimens in Museum Ludovicae Ulricae; figured by Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 23, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus candidus] Arsalte
Type Locality: “in Indiis”; suggested to be “South America, probably the Guianas” by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 301.
Types: Type(s) apparently lost.
= ‡menalcas (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 535, no. 397.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus] U[rbicola] Menalcas
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
Preoccupied by Papilio menalcas Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec. 78.
= niveus (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 33, pl. 22, fig. C ♂ D; (8): 154 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Niveus
Type Locality: “Surinamische” “Surinam”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= ‡crameri Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81.
Original Combination: Heliopetes Crameri
Type Locality: “Surin.” [Surinam]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio niveus Cramer, 1775, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Papilio niveus.
= figara (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)18(4): 510, no. 3.
Original Combination: Pyrgus Figara
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Subfamily Heteropterinae Aurivillius, 1925
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 13(366): 506; (368): 546 (as “Heteropterini”). Type-genus: Heteropterus Duméril, 1806, Zool. analytique: 271. Verity (1940), Farfalle diurne Ital. 1: 86, replaced Cyclopidinae Speyer, 1879, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(10-12): 483, 486, with this name. Code Article 40.2 provides that such action taken before 1961, and becoming widely accepted (as it has), is valid.
Genus Carterocephalus Lederer, 1853
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 2: 26. Type-species: Papilio paniscus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 531, no. 377 (= Papilio palaemon Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471, no. 63; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 134, no. 217. The history of this name, and the confusion surrounding it, was summarized by Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 96-97.
= Aubertia Oberthür, 1896
Étud. Entomol. 20: 40. Type-species: Aubertia dulcis Oberthür, 1896, Étud. Entomol. 20: 40, pl. 9, fig. 16 (= Carterocephalus christophi Grum-Grschmaîlo, 1891, Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 25(3/4): 460, no. 44; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 79.
= Pamphilida Lindsey, 1925
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 95. Type-species: Papilio palaemon Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471, no. 63, by original designation.
*128. Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas, 1771)
Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471, no. 63.
Original Combination: Papilio Palaemon (Plebeius urbicola)
Type Locality: Not stated; mentioned in the body of the text (p. 182) from “Bach Achtuschka” near “Nowodewitschie” [Novodevitschia, Kuybyshevskaya Oblast, Russia]
Types: Type(s), if any exist, may be in ZMHB.
Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not listed.
= brontes ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 160, no. 6.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Brontes
Type Locality: “Wienergegend” implied from the title of the work. [Vienna, Austria]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= paniscus (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 531, no. 377.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejius]. U[rbicola] Paniscus
Type Locality: “Lipsiae” [Leipzig, Germany]
Types: One syntype in ZMUC.
a. Carterocephalus palaemon mesapano (Scudder, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 383-384, no. 94; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Mesapano
Type Locality: “Norway, Me.” [Oxford County, Maine]
Types: Syntype (#15306) in MCZ.
b. Carterocephalus palaemon mandan (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 20-21, no. 11; (4): pl. 5, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Mandan
Type Locality: “Lake Winnipeg”; neotype from “Pine Ridge, Manitoba, Canada.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 262, fig. ♂ D&V.
c. Carterocephalus palaemon skada (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 196, no. 13.
Original Combination: Cyclopides Skada
Type Locality: “Kodiak” [Alaska]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 263-264, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
W. H. Edwards (1870) redescribed Steroptes skada in Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 205, 214, no. 17. The “holotype” of the second described skada was made the neotype of the first to prevent confusion. W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 75, believed that this taxon is the same as albiguttata Christoph, 1893, Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 6(1): 87-88, from “Vilui, Irkut, Guberli, Ural merid.”
= mackenziei Wyatt, 1965
Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 50[76](5): 70-71, pl. 8, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V, 2 ♀ D, 2a ♀ V.
Original Combination: Carterocephalus palaemon mackenziei
Type Locality: “Norman Wells, N.W.T., Kanada” [Northwest Territories]
Types: Holotype in LNKD.
d. Carterocephalus palaemon magnus Mattoon & Tilden, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (51): 641-642, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Carterocephalus palaemon magnus
Type Locality: “California: Sonoma County; Kruse Ranch Road at Plantation, ca. 3 air miles east Highway 1, at Pacific Ocean, or 1 road mile West of junction Seaview Road and Hauser Bridge Road”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Genus Piruna Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 10, 11. Type-species: Pholisora pirus W. H. Edwards, 1878, Field & Forest 3(7/8): 119, by original designation.
129. Piruna pirus (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 119.
Original Combination: Pholisora Pirus
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; suggested to be “Hardscrabble Canyon, Custer County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 264, 265.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 265, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
This taxon was redescribed by W. H. Edwards (1881), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 7.
= semicaeca (Mabille & Boullet, 1917)
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1917(4): 100.
Original Combination: Pholisora Pirus var. semicaeca
Type Locality: “Utah, U. S.”
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
130. Piruna haferniki H. Freeman, 1970
J. Lepid. Soc. 24(4): 247-248, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Piruna haferniki
Type Locality: “Green Gulch, Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas, elev. 5700 ft.”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
131. Piruna polingii (W. Barnes, 1900)
Can. Entomol. 32(2): 42, 44.
Original Combination: Pyrgus Polingii
Type Locality: “Huachuca Mountains, Arizona” [Cochise County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM and CMNH; two figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ V.
*132. Piruna aea (Dyar, 1912)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 42(1885): 44.
Original Combination: Butleria aea
Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico...Oaxaca, Mexico”
Types: Syntypes (#14276) in USNM.
= cingo Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 14, pl. 54 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: [Piruna] cingo
Type Locality: “Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 4600 feet”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= sombra Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 14, pl. 54 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: [Piruna cingo] sombra
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
a. Piruna aea mexicana H. Freeman, 1979
Bull. Allyn Mus. (52): 5-6, figs. 12 ♂ D, 13 ♂ V (holotype), 25 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Piruna mexicana
Type Locality: “9 miles east of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 426, no. 434, and Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies SE Ariz.: 71, considered this taxon a synonym of Piruna cingo. A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 555, proposed this arrangement.
133. Piruna penaea (Dyar, 1918)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 338.
Original Combination: Butleria penaea
Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#21210) in USNM.
Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 8, applied this name to the skipper previously reported (from Texas) as Piruna microsticta (Godman, 1900), in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2(156): 464, no. 1; 3: pl. 92, figs. 1 ♂ (not ♀) D, 2 ♂ (not ♀) V, 3 ♂ D.
= milpa H. Freeman, 1970
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 78(2): 96, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V (holotype), fig. 22 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Piruna milpa
Type Locality: “Milpillas, Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Subfamily Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809
Tribe incertae sedis ,
The phylogenetic position of the following genera currently remains uncertain, as does their tribal affiliation.
Genus Agathymus H. Freeman, 1959
Lepid. News 12(3/4): 82-83. Type-species: Megathymus neumoegeni W. H. Edwards, 1882, Papilio 2(2): 27-28, by original designation.
134. Agathymus neumoegeni (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
a. Agathymus neumoegeni neumoegeni (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 27-28.
Original Combination: Megathymus Neumoegeni
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; defined as “About ten miles from Prescott, Ariz.” by Ottolengui (1895), Entomol. News 6(7): 218, and “Prescott, Arizona” by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3/4): 79; corrected to “approx. 9 mi S. Prescott, Ariz.” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 139; stated as “Prescott, Yavapai County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 63-64.
Types: Lectotype (#3368) in USNM, designated by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3/4): 79, pl. 2, top row ♂ D&V; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 26 ♂ D&V.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1386.
b. Agathymus neumoegeni judithae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)
Entomol. News 68(1): 5-6, pl. 4, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, 3rd row genitalia of both sexes.
Original Combination: Megathymus judithae
Type Locality: “Hueco Mts., Hueco, Texas, el. 5300 ft.”; defined as “Approximately 8 miles east of Hueco, in the Hueco Mountains, El Paso Co., Texas” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 36.
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
c. Agathymus neumoegeni diabloensis H. Freeman, 1962
Am. Mus. Novit. (2097): 1-5, figs. 1, 2 ♂ D&V, 3, 4 ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Agathymus diabloensis
Type Locality: “5 miles west of Victoria Canyon, Diablo Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
d. Agathymus neumoegeni carlsbadensis (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)
Entomol. News 68(1): 8-10, pl. 3, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, 3rd row genitalia of both sexes.
Original Combination: Megathymus carlsbadensis
Type Locality: “Guadeloupe Mts., Carlsbad Cavern National Park, New Mexico, on the mesa at head of Yucca Canyon, el. 5470 ft.” [Eddy County]
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
e. Agathymus neumoegeni florenceae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)
Entomol. News 68(1): 12-13, pl. 4, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, 3rd row genitalia of both sexes.
Original Combination: Megathymus florenceae
Type Locality: “Davis Mts., Ft. Davis, Texas, el. 6200 ft.”; defined as “Davis Mountains, Scenic Drive, Jeff Davis Co., Texas” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 35.
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
f. Agathymus neumoegeni mcalpinei (H. Freeman, 1955)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): 6, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype), 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V, 30 ♂ genitalia, 31 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus mcalpinei
Type Locality: “5.1 miles north of Marathon, Texas” [Brewster County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
This was spelled “macalpinei” by dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (1): 1, no. 5; an unjustified emendation.
g. Agathymus neumoegeni chisosensis (H. Freeman, 1952)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1593): 1-3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 8 ♂ genitalia, 13 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus chisosensis
Type Locality: “Chisos Basin, Chisos Mountains, Texas”; defined as “Chisos Mountains, el. 5400 ft., Brewster Co., Texas” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 37.
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
The chromosome numbers for various members of this complex are discordant. H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 36-38, recorded a chromosome number of 10 for florenceae and mcalpinei, and 18 for chisosensis. Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 13, cited this as justification for considering chisosensis a distinct species. The species-level status of chisosensis needs further investigation.
135. Agathymus polingi (Skinner, 1905)
Entomol. News 16(7): 232.
Original Combination: Megathymus polingi
Type Locality: “So. Arizona...Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County”; defined as “Baboquivari Mountains, Pima Co., Arizona” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 53.
Types: Syntype (#7059) in CMNH; “paratypes” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 31 ♂ D, 32 ♀ D.
136. Agathymus evansi (H. Freeman, 1950)
Field & Lab. 18(1): 144-145.
Original Combination: Megathymus evansi
Type Locality: “Ramsey Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona” [Huachuca Mtns.]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3/4): pl. 2, 3rd row ♂ D&V, and H. Freeman (1955), Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.
137. Agathymus aryxna (Dyar, 1905)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 141.
Original Combination: M[egathymus]. aryxna
Type Locality: Not specifically stated, cited Megathymus neumoegeni (sensu H. Druce (1897), Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Het. 3(133): 320, pl. 69, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D, from “Mexico...Northern Sonora”); defined as “SE of Nogales, Sonora” by Barnes and McDunnough (1912), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 1(3): 23; further defined as “western slopes of the Patagonia Mtns., S. E. of Nogales, Sonora, Mexico” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 139.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483; restricted to fig. 4 ♀ [sic! ♂] D in H. Druce (1897), Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Het. 3(133): pl. 69; also figured by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3/4): pl. 3, 3rd row ♂ D. The same specimen was designated lectotype by Skinner and R. Williams (1924), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 50(3): 205. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1358.
= drucei (Skinner, 1911)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): 207; cited Megathymus neumoegeni (sensu H. Druce (1897), Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Het. 3(133): pl. 69, fig. 3 ♂ D).
Original Combination: [Megathymus]. drucei
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483; figured by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3-4): pl. 3, 2nd row ♂ D&V (as holotype), 4th row ♂ genitalia.
138. Agathymus baueri (D. Stallings & Turner, 1954)
a. Agathymus baueri baueri (D. Stallings & Turner, 1954)
Lepid. News 8(3-4): 80-81, pl. 1, 3rd row ♂ D&V (holotype), 4th row ♀ D&V, pl. 4, 2nd row ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus baueri
Type Locality: “near Verde Hot Springs, Yavapai County, Arizona...elevation 4,000 ft.”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
b. Agathymus baueri freemani D. Stallings & Turner, 1960
Entomol. News 71(5): 109-110, 112, pl. 1, top ♂ D&V (holotype), middle ♀ D&V, bottom ♂ & ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Agathymus freemani
Type Locality: “near Bagdad, Ariz.” [Yavapai County]
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
139. Agathymus gentryi Roever, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (41): 491-492, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V (holotype), 1c ♀ D, 1d ♀ V.
Original Combination: Agathymus gentryi
Type Locality: “Arizona. Pima County, vic. Agua Dulce Spring, 670-790 m, Agua Dulce Mountains”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
140. Agathymus mariae (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1924)
a. Agathymus mariae mariae (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1924)
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(3): 100-101.
Original Combination: Megathymus mariae
Type Locality: “El Paso Texas”; defined as “Franklin Mountains, El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 45.
Types: Holotype in USNM.
b. Agathymus mariae chinatiensis H. Freeman, 1964
J. Lepid. Soc. 18(3): 172-173, pl. 1, 3rd row ♂ D&V, pl. 2, 3rd row ♀ D&V (holotype), pl. 3, figs. 2 ♂ genitalia, 7 ♀ genitalia, 12 cremaster.
Original Combination: Agathymus chinatiensis
Type Locality: “2.7 miles south of Shafter, Texas” [Presidio County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
c. Agathymus mariae lajitaensis H. Freeman, 1964
J. Lepid. Soc. 18(3): 174-175, pl. 1, lower row ♂ D&V, pl. 2, bottom row ♀ D&V (holotype), pl. 3, figs. 3 ♂ genitalia, 8 ♀ genitalia, 13 cremaster.
Original Combination: Agathymus lajitaensis
Type Locality: “10 miles west of Lajita, Texas” [Presidio County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
d. Agathymus mariae rindgei H. Freeman, 1964
J. Lepid. Soc. 18(3): 180-182, pl. 1, top row ♂ D&V, pl. 2 top row ♀ D&V (holotype), pl. 3, figs. 5 ♂ genitalia, 10 ♀ genitalia, 15 cremaster.
Original Combination: Agathymus rindgei
Type Locality: “14 miles north of Bracketville, Texas” [Kinney County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
141. Agathymus gilberti H. Freeman, 1964
J. Lepid. Soc. 18(3): 176-178, pl. 1, 2nd row ♂ D&V, pl. 2 2nd row ♀ D&V (holotype), pl. 3, figs. 4 ♂ genitalia, 9 ♀ genitalia, 14 cremaster.
Original Combination: Agathymus gilberti
Type Locality: “14 miles north of Bracketville, Texas” [Kinney County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
As mentioned under Agathymus neumoegeni chisosensis (H. Freeman, 1952), chromosome numbers for various members of this complex are discordant. H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 46, recorded a chromosome number of 22 for rindgei and 21 for gilberti. These two taxa have the same type locality and cannot be subspecies of the same species. They are either distinct species or synonyms. It is possible that there was an error in the determination of chromosome number. The species-level status of gilberti needs investigation.
*142. Agathymus estelleae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1958)
Lepid. News 11(4-5): 119, 121, pl. 2, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, lower row ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus estelleae
Type Locality: “the plains 56 miles southwest of Reynosa, Mexico, near General Bravo, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, at an elevation of 400 ft.”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
a. Agathymus estelleae valverdiensis H. Freeman, 1966
J. Lepid. Soc. 20(3): 182-183, pl. 1, top row ♂ D&V, bottom row ♀ D&V, pl. 2 ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Agathymus valverdiensis
Type Locality: “28 miles north of Del Rio, Val Verde County, Texas”; H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 49, added “el. 1450 ft.”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Roever (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 415, considered valverdiensis a “weak subspecies” of estelleae. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 423, considered valverdiensis and estelleae to be subspecies of A. remingtoni D. Stallings & Turner, 1958, Lepid. News 11(4-5): 117.
143. Agathymus stephensi (Skinner, 1912)
Entomol. News 23(3): 126-127.
Original Combination: Megathymus neumoegeni stephensi
Type Locality: “La Puerta, eastern edge of San Diego County, California”; defined as “Mason Valley (La Puerta), San Diego Co., California” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 51.
Types: Syntypes (#7060) in CMNH; figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1913), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(1): pl. 1, fig. 7 ♀ D.
144. Agathymus alliae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)
a. Agathymus alliae alliae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)
Entomol. News 68(1): 1-4, pl. 1, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, 3rd row, genitalia of both sexes.
Original Combination: Megathymus alliae
Type Locality: “15 miles west of Cameron, Arizona, el. 5000 ft.”; defined as “15 miles west of Cameron, Coconino Co., along canyon of Little Colorado River, el. 5000 ft., Arizona” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 53.
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
b. Agathymus alliae paiute Roever, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (41): 492-493, figs. 3a ♂ D, 3b ♂ V (holotype), 3b ♀ D, 3d ♀ V.
Original Combination: Agathymus alliae paiute
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County, Peek-a-boo Cnyn. [sic!], N end Las Vegas Range, ca. 1770 m”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Megathymus Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 83. Type-species: Eudamus (?) yuccae Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (23-26): pl. 70, figs. [1]-[5] ♂ [not ♀], larva and pupa, by original designation. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1222.
145. Megathymus yuccae (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
a. Megathymus yuccae yuccae (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (24): pl. 70, [1] ♂ D, [2] ♀ V (appears to be female wings on a male body).
Original Combination: Eudamus (?) Yuccae
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text), but “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot; defined as “South Carolina to the southern tip of Florida” by H. Freeman (1943), Entomol. News 54(9): 211; redefined as “Scriven [sic!; Screven] County, Georgia” by H. Freeman (1952), Field & Lab. 20(1): 30; neotype from “Aiken County, South Carolina.”
Types: Types are the specimens figured by John Abbot, and are probably lost. Neotype in AMNH, designated by H. Freeman (1952), Field & Lab. 20(1): 30.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1387. Calhoun (2012), News Lepid. Soc.54(1): 8-13, determined that fig. [3] in the original description of Megathymus yuccae represented M. cofaqui. This sentiment was first put forward by Evans, 1955, Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 466. Calhoun also noted that figs. [4], [5] do not represent life history stages of M. yuccae.
= alabamae H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(3): 76-77.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae alabamae
Type Locality: “Anniston, Alabama” [Calhoun County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= buchholzi H. Freeman, 1952
Field & Lab. 20(1): 31-33.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae buchholzi
Type Locality: “Jupiter, Florida” [Palm Beach County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Megathymus yuccae reinthali H. Freeman, 1963
J. Lepid. Soc. 17(2): 91, 93, pl. 1, 3rd row ♂ D&V, 4th row ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae reinthali
Type Locality: “two miles W. Ben Wheeler, Texas” [Van Zandt County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= kendalli H. Freeman, 1965
J. Lepid. Soc. 19(2): 83-84, pl. 1, top row ♂ D&V, 2nd row ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae kendalli
Type Locality: “San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
c. Megathymus yuccae wilsonorum D. Stallings & Turner, 1958
Lepid. News 11(4/5): 129-130, pl. 3, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, lower row ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus wilsonorum
Type Locality: “around Victoria, Tamps., Mexico” [Tamaulipas]
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
d. Megathymus yuccae louiseae H. Freeman, 1963
J. Lepid. Soc. 17(2): 95-96, pl. 1, top row ♂ D&V, 2nd row ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae louiseae
Type Locality: “16 miles north Del Rio, Texas” [Val Verde County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
e. Megathymus yuccae coloradensis C. Riley, 1877
Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 3(36): 567-568 (name given on 568).
Original Combination: [Megathymus yuccae] var. Coloradensis
Type Locality: “Colorado”; suggested to be “near Colorado Springs, Colorado” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23 (suppl.1): 13. [El Paso County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM and CMNH.
= stallingsi H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(9): 214-215.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae stallingsi
Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= winkensis H. Freeman, 1965
J. Lepid. Soc. 19(2): 87-88, pl. 1, 3rd row ♂ D&V, lower row ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae winkensis
Type Locality: “Wink, Winkler County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= elidaensis D. Stallings, Turner & V. Stallings, 1966
J. Lepid. Soc. 20(3): 170-172, pl. 4, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), bottom row ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae elidaensis
Type Locality: “New Mexico, Roosevelt County, southwest of Elida”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
= ‡”dee” H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(9): 216-217.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae stallingsi ♀ form dee
Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
f. Megathymus yuccae reubeni D. Stallings, Turner & V. Stallings, 1963
J. Lepid. Soc. 17(2): 87, pl. 3, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), bottom row ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae reubeni
Type Locality: “at an elevation of 5300 feet in the Hueco Mts. of Texas” [El Paso County]
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
g. Megathymus yuccae navajo Skinner, 1911
Entomol. News 22(7): 300.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae var. navajo
Type Locality: “Fort Wingate, New Mexico”; defined as “Fort Wingate, Zuni Mountains, McKinley Co., New Mexico” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 14; holotype labeled “Mountain back of post; Fort Wingate, N. M.”
Types: Syntype (#7052) in CMNH; figured by Skinner (1911), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): pl. 10.
= arizonae Tinkham, 1954
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 53(2): 81-83, pl. 18, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, pl. 19, figs. 3 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V (holotype); 4 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae arizonae
Type Locality: “Mountain View, Pima County, Arizona”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
= browni D. Stallings & Turner, 1960
Entomol. News 71(5): 112, 114-115, pl. 2, top ♂ D&V (holotype), middle ♀ D&V, bottom ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae browni
Type Locality: “near Salina, Utah” [Sevier County]
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
= albasuffusa R. Wielgus & D. Wielgus, 1974
Bull. Allyn Mus. (17): 1-3, figs. 4 ♀ D, 5 ♀ V (holotype); 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V, 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V, 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Megathymus coloradensis albasuffusa
Type Locality: “Wahweap Campground, Glen Canyon National recreation Area, 5 miles northwest of Glen Canyon Dam, 3700' elevation, Coconino County, Arizona”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
h. Megathymus yuccae martini D. Stallings & Turner, 1956
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 55(3): 150-152; figured by Tinkham (1954), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 53(2): pl. 18, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D; pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae martini
Type Locality: “Little Rock, Los Angeles Co., California”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
= maudae D. Stallings, Turner & V. Stallings, 1966
J. Lepid. Soc. 20(3): 169-170, pl. 3, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), bottom row ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae maudae
Type Locality: “California, San Bernardino County, 21 miles north of Essex, on Cima Road in Providence Mountains”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
i. Megathymus yuccae harbisoni J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (64): 763-764, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae harbisoni
Type Locality: “California: San Diego County; 1 mile west of Scissors Crossing”
Types: Holotype in SDMC.
146. Megathymus ursus Poling, 1902
a. Megathymus ursus ursus Poling, 1902
Entomol. News 13(4): 97-98, pl. 4; this figure reproduced by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 72, fig. 1 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Megathymus ursus
Type Locality: “Pinal County, Arizona”; defined as “Santa Catalina Mountains, west of Redington, Pima Co., Arizona” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23 (suppl.1): 25.
Types: Holotype in USNM.
b. Megathymus ursus deserti R. Wielgus, J. Wielgus & D. Wielgus, 1972
Bull. Allyn Mus. (9): 1-4, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V (holotype); 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Megathymus ursus deserti
Type Locality: “Arizona, Maricopa County, 1/2 - 1-1/2 miles north of Camp Creek on road to Seven Springs, 3500-3680 feet elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Megathymus ursus violae D. Stallings & Turner, 1956
Lepid. News 10(1/2): 4-5, pl. 2, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, lower row ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus violae
Type Locality: “Carlsbad Caverns National Park in the Guadeloupe Mts., New Mexico” [Eddy County]
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
147. Megathymus cofaqui (Strecker, 1876)
a. Megathymus cofaqui cofaqui (Strecker, 1876)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 28(7): 148-150; figured by Strecker [1878], Lepid. Rhop. Het. (15): pl. 15, fig. 2 ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Ægiale Cofaqui
Type Locality: “Georgia”; defined as “somewhere in northern Florida near Georgia” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 140; subsequently defined as “Burke County, Georgia” by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(4): 3. Calhoun (2012), News Lepid. Soc.54(1): 12, discussed this issue and suggested the possibility that the holotype was collected in "southern Georgia."
Types: Holotype in FMNH; figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1912), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 1(3): 36, Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(4): fig. 5 ♀ D and Calhoun (2012), News Lepid. Soc.54(1): figs. 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V, 11 labels.
= harrisi H. Freeman, 1955
Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): 2, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V, 27 ♂ genitalia, 28 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus harrisi
Type Locality: “Stone Mountain, Georgia” [De Kalb County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
This synonymy determined by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(4): 3.
b. Megathymus cofaqui slotteni Gatrelle, 1999
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(4): 4-5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Megathymus cofaqui slotteni
Type Locality: “Vicinity of Williston, Levy County, Florida”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
148. Megathymus streckeri (Skinner, 1895)
a. Megathymus streckeri streckeri (Skinner, 1895)
Can. Entomol. 27(7): 179; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, fig. 24 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Aegiale Streckeri
Type Locality: “Texas...probably from Arizona...Colorado”; defined as “Petrified Forest area, Arizona” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 141. [Apache County]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH and (#7053) CMNH.
b. Megathymus streckeri texana W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1912
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 1(3): 39-40, no. 2, pl. 2, fig. 9 ♀ (holotype).
Original Combination: Megathymus streckeri texana
Type Locality: “South Texas (Dallas, San Antonio)”; defined as “Kerrville, Texas” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 141. [Kerr County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
= albocincta W. Holland, 1930
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 159-160.
Original Combination: Megathymus albocincta
Type Locality: Stated to be “southwestern Texas” by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 402.
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 71, fig. 17 ♂ D (holotype), 18 ♂ D (paratype).
c. Megathymus streckeri leussleri W. Holland, 1931
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20(2): 262-263; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 72, figs. 10 ♂ D (holotype), 12 ♀ D (allotype).
Original Combination: Megathymus leussleri
Type Locality: “sandhills of Nebraska”; defined as “Valentine, Nebraska” by H. Freeman (1944), Entomol. News 55(4): 104; redefined as “Sand Hills near Valentine, Cherry Co., Nebraska” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 24.
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
Genus Stallingsia H. Freeman, 1959
Lepid. News 12(3/4): 87-88. Type-species: Megathymus maculosus H. Freeman, 1955, Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): 10-11, figs. 21-24, 32-33, by original designation.
149. Stallingsia maculosus (H. Freeman, 1955)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): 10-11, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V, 32 ♂ genitalia, 33 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus maculosus
Type Locality: “Kingsville, Texas” [Kleberg County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Recorded in older literature as smithi H. Druce, 1896, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Het. 2(131): 320, a Mexican congener.
Genus Erionota Mabille, 1878
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 21: 34. Type-species: Papilio thrax Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 794, no. 260, by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 72, 86.
150. Erionota thrax (Linnaeus, 1767)
a. Erionota thrax thrax (Linnaeus, 1767)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 794, no. 260.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus Urbicola]. Thrax
Type Locality: “Java”
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Corbet and Pendlebury (1956), Butterflies Malay Pen.: pl. 29, fig. 8.
Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 45, substituted the name Erionota torus Evans, 1941, for this species, as it occurs in Hawaii. As explained in the excluded species appendix, this was based on a misidentification of Erionota thrax by Kawazoé and Wakabayashi (1976), Col. Illus. Butterflies Japan: 310-311.
Genus Perichares Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81. Type-species: Papilio coridon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 533, no. 385 (= Papilio philetes Gmelin, [1790], Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2364, no. 842; homonym), by original designation.
151. Perichares adela (Hewitson, 1867)
Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(62): [105], pl. Hesperia I, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Adela
Type Locality: “Rio de Janeiro” [Brasil]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Burns et al. (2008), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 105(17): 6350-6355, determine that this is a species distinct from Perichares philetes (Gmelin, [1790]).
= dolores (Reakirt, 1868)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 20(1/2): 87-88, no. 52.
Original Combination: Goniloba dolores
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, not at ANSP.
= marmorata Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81-82, no. 3.
Original Combination: P[erichares]. marmorata
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Syntype (#15315) in MCZ.
Tribe Thymelicini Tutt, 1905
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(1): 90, 91 (as "Thymelicinae" and "Thymelicidi"). Type-genus: Thymelicus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 113.
Genus Ancyloxypha C. Felder, [1863]
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12(1): 477. Type-species: Hesperia numitor Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 324, no. 228, by original designation. This name has frequently been misspelled, most commonly as “Ancyloxipha.”
152. Ancyloxypha numitor (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 324, no. 228; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 74, fig. 2; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [44], fig. 3 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Numitor
Type Locality: “Indiis”; stated to be “certainly the eastern U.S.” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 30.
Types: Type(s) lost, name based on Jones' figure.
= bion (Fabricius, 1798)
Entomol. Syst. Suppl.: 432.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Bion
Type Locality: “America meridionali”; stated as “certainly the eastern U.S.” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 30.
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
= puer (Hübner, 1823)
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [48], figs. 275 ♂ D, 276 ♂ V [1821]; 17, no. 138 (1823, name given).
Original Combination: Thymelicus Puer
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= marginatus (T. Harris, 1862)
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 308, fig. 131 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Heteropterus marginatus
Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition.
Types: Syntypes (#26353) in MCZ.
= longleyi French, 1897
Can. Entomol. 29(4): 80.
Original Combination: Ancyloxypha Longleyi
Type Locality: “Ridgeland, near Chicago” [Iroquois County, Illinois]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
153. Ancyloxypha arene (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 214-215, no. 18.
Original Combination: Heteropterus Arene
Type Locality: “Arizona”; neotype from “near Tucson.” [Pima County, Arizona]
Types: Neotype (#33628) in USNM, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(1): 267, fig. 5 ♂ D&V. This specimen is the holotype of myrtis (see below).
= ‡myrtis (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 26.
Original Combination: Copaeodes Myrtis
Type Locality: “near Tucson” [Pima County, Arizona]
Types: Holotype (#33628) in USNM.
A junior objective synonym of Ancyloxypha arene (W. H. Edwards, 1871).
= euphrasia (Plötz, 1884)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 166, no. 63; cited unpublished pl. 773.
Original Combination: [Apaustus] Euphrasia
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 146, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= leporina (Plötz, 1884)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 166, no. 64; cited unpublished pl. 774.
Original Combination: [Apaustus] Leporina
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 146, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= isidorus (Plötz, 1884)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(7-9): 287, no. 11; cited unpublished pl. 780.
Original Combination: [Thymelicus] Isidorus
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
Genus Oarisma Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 75. Type-species: Hesperia powesheik Parker, 1870, Am. Entomol. Bot. 2(9): 271, by original designation.
= Paradopaea Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(156): pl. 92, figs. 23-29. Type-species: Hesperia garita Reakirt, 1866, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 150-151, by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 96.
154. Oarisma poweshiek (Parker, 1870) (emended)
Am. Entomol. Bot. 2(9): 271-272.
Original Combination: Hesperia Powesheik
Type Locality: “a grassy prairie slope, at Grinnell, Iowa” [Poweshiek County]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
This name is emended since it is clearly stated in the text that it was named for the County and the native American. This has been done by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 31, and Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 48.
155. Oarisma garita (Reakirt, 1866)
a. Oarisma garita garita (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 150-151.
Original Combination: Hesperia Garitá
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr.”; suggested to be “Mts. W. of Denver Colo.” by Scott (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 19: 30.
Types: Syntype(s) in FMNH.
= hylax (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 274, no. 16.
Original Combination: Thymeticus [sic!] Hylax
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “South Park and at Twin Lakes, Colorado” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 162; further defined as “vicinity of Twin Lakes, Lake County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(1): 269.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(1): 269-270, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
156. Oarisma edwardsii (W. Barnes, 1897)
Can. Entomol. 29(2): 42.
Original Combination: Thymelicus Edwardsii
Type Locality: “near Denver, Colorado” This species is not currently known from the Denver area or Platte River drainage; the type probably came from the Arkansas River drainage (A. Warren pers. comm. 2006). Suggested to be “Hardscrabble Can., Wet Mts., Custer Co. Colo. by Scott (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 19: 30.
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Genus Copaeodes Speyer, 1877
In: W. H. Edwards, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 49, 64. Type-species: Heteropterus procris W. H. Edwards (1871), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 215 (= Ancyloxipha [sic!] aurantiaca Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 45; synonym), by designation of W. F. Kirby [1879], Zool. Rec. 14(1877)(Ins.): 139.
157. Copaeodes aurantiaca (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 45, no. 1.
Original Combination: Ancyloxipha [sic!] aurantiaca
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
Species-genus gender conformation is aurantiacus.
= waco (W. H. Edwards, 1868)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(2): 122.
Original Combination: Hesperia Waco
Type Locality: “Texas”; neotype from “Dallas, Texas.” [Dallas County]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 271, fig. 7 ♂ D&V.
= simplex (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 476, no. 31.
Original Combination: Ancyloxypha simplex
Type Locality: “Cordoba, Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Holotype in NMW.
= procris (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 215, no. 19.
Original Combination: Heteropterus Procris
Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 274, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.
The type series included both C. aurantiaca and C. minima. F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), ibid., selected a specimen of the former as lectotype.
= macra (Plötz, 1884)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45: 284, no. 2; cited unpublished pl. 1500 (nachtrag).
Original Combination: [Thymelicus] Macra
Type Locality: “Nord-Amerika”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC, ZMHB, or lost.
= candida W. G. Wright, 1890
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2)3(4): 34; figured by W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: pl. 30, figs. 411 ♀ [not ♂] D, 411b ♂ [not ♀] D, 411c ♂ V.
Original Combination: Copaeodes candida
Type Locality: “cañons in the foothills of southwestern California”
Types: Lectotype (#3227) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 38.
158. Copaeodes minima (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 196, no. 14.
Original Combination: Hesperia Minima
Type Locality: “Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
Species-genus gender conformation is minimus.
= rayata W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(3): 100, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Copaeodes rayata
Type Locality: “San Benito, Texas” [Cameron County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
Durden (1982), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(1): 9, claimed this is a winter form, genitalically distinct from minima, but this was disproved by Austin et al. (2008), Florida Entomol. 91(4): 636-642.
‡”singularis” (Plötz, 1884)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(7-9): 284, under no. 1.
Original Combination: [Thymelicus] Waco [synonym] Singularis
Plötz introduced “Thymelicus singularis (Herrich-Schäffer manuscript)” as a synonym of waco without description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Adopaeoides Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(156): 470. Type-species: Apaustus prittwitzi Plötz, 1884, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 165, no. 61, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 825; the same Opinion placed this name on the Official Index of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1766.
= ‡Neadopaea Hayward, 1941
Revta. Mus. La Plata, Zool. (n.s.) 2(14): 285. Type-species: Apaustus prittwitzi Plötz, 1884, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 165, no. 61, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Adopaeoides Godman, 1900.
159. Adopaeoides prittwitzi (Plötz, 1884)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 165, no. 61; cited unpublished pl. 771.
Original Combination: [Apaustus] Prittwitzi
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC, ZMHB, or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 146, determined that this is “Adopaeoides simplex, Godm. (Nec Feld.)” through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 309, concurred. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 825 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 2209.
Genus Thymelicus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 113. Type-species: Papilio acteon Rottemburg, 1775, Naturforscher 6: 30-31, no. 18, by designation of Butler (1870), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(76): 94.
= Adopoea Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81. Type-species: Papilio linea [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 160, no. 5 (= Papilio sylvestris Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79, no. 51; synonym), by monotypy.
= ‡Pelion W. F. Kirby, 1858
List Brit. Rhop.: [3]. Type-species: Papilio linea [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 160, no. 5 (= Papilio sylvestris Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79; synonym), by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Adopoea Billberg, 1820. McHenry (1962), J. Lepid. Soc. 16(2): 104, examined Kirby’s rare document; this arrangement relies on his appraisal.
= ‡Doricha Moore, 1883
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883(3): 317. Type-species: Papilio sylvestris Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79, by original designation. Preoccupied by Doricha Reichenbach, 1853, J. Ornithologie 1(Aufzählung Colibris): 12.
160. Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808)
Most of the Palearctic synonymy of this species is not listed. Asou and Sekiguchi (2002), Trans. Lepid. Soc. Japan 53(2): 103-109, detailed the close relationship between Japanese, American and European populations of this species.
a. Thymelicus lineola lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808)
Schmett. Europ. 1(2): 230, no. 19.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Lineola
Type Locality: “Germania”
Types: Type(s) may be in HNHM or lost.
= virgula (Hübner, [1813])
Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 130, figs. 660 ♂ D, 661 ♂ V, 662 ♀ D, 663 ♀ V [1813]; Nachtr.: 5 [1824].
Original Combination: [Papilio] Virgula
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in NMW, but probably lost.
= kirbyi (Reed, 1877)
An. Univ. Chile 51(9): 722.
Original Combination: Pamphila Kirbyi
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in MHNS.
Hayward (1955), Entomol. 88(1110): 262, determined this synonymy.
= ludovicae (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27: 118; (c. r.)(31): lxviii-lxix, in reference to p. 118.
Original Combination: Pamphila Ludovicae
Type Locality: “E Gallia in Montibus Arverniae...et Pyrenaeis” [France]
Types: Syntypes in MNHP and BMNH.
= ‡”pallida” Tutt, 1896
Brit. Butterflies: 136.
Original Combination: [Thymelicus lineola] Ab. pallida
Type Locality: not stated; “Britain” implied from the title of the book.
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly BMNH.
Tribe Calpodini A. Clark, 1948
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 61: 81. Type-genus: Calpodes Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 107. Proposed by indication (see Code Article 13.2.1). Voss (1952), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 45(2): 255, also proposed this name; he did not cite Clark, but established Calpodes as the type-genus, thus validating Clark’s authorship.
Genus Calpodes Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 107. Type-species: Papilio ethlius Stoll, 1782, Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 212, pl. 392, figs. A, B; (34): 249 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82.
161. Calpodes ethlius (Stoll, 1782)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 212, pl. 392, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (34): 249 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Ethlius
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost (Raye de Breukelewaert collection, in RMNH?).
= chemnis (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 331, no. 257; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 86, fig. 2; figured by Donovan (1802), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [49], fig. 1 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Chemnis
Type Locality: “Indiis”; suggested to be “Jamaica” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 50.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= olynthus (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 75, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus ? Olynthus
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.
Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection (USNM and/or BMNH).
Genus Panoquina Hemming, 1934
Entomol. 67(849): 38. Type-species: Hesperia panoquin Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 178-179, no. 81, as replacement name. Proposed to replace Prenes Scudder, 1872, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= ‡Prenes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81. Type-species: Hesperia panoquin Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 178-179, no. 81, by original designation. Preoccupied by Prenes Gistel, 1848, Nat. Thierr.: 10.
162. Panoquina panoquin (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 178-179, no. 81.
Original Combination: Hesperia Panoquin
Type Locality: “Conn.” [Connecticut]
Types: Syntypes may be in MCZ.
= ophis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 216, no 21.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ophis
Type Locality: “Apalachicola, Fla.”; neotype from “St. George’s Island [sic!], Franklin County, Florida.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 62, fig. 25 ♂ D&V.
‡”cochles” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): 1867.
Original Combination: [Prenes panoquin] = Hesperia cochles
Proposed as a Latreille manuscript name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”wimico” (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 55, under no. 361.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Panoquin [synonym] Wimico
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
163. Panoquina panoquinoides (Skinner, 1891)
a. Panoquina panoquinoides panoquinoides (Skinner, 1891)
Entomol. News 2(9): 175; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, fig. 26 ♂ D.
Original Combination: P[amphila]. panoquinoides
Type Locality: “Key West, Fla. and Texas” [Monroe County, Florida]
Types: Syntypes (#7103, one labeled “holotype”, from “Key West, Fla.”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 23 ♂ D.
164. Panoquina errans (Skinner, 1892)
Entomol. News 3(7): 174-175.
Original Combination: Pamphila errans
Type Locality: “California...Texas”
Types: Syntype (#7102), labeled “holotype”, from “Cal.”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 24 ♂ D.
MacNeill (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 428-429, L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 51, and Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 15, considered P. errans to be a species-level taxon.
165. Panoquina ocola (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
a. Panoquina ocola ocola (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 20, no. 10; (4): pl. 11, fig. 4 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ocola
Type Locality: “Georgia; Florida; Texas”; neotype from “Fla.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 61, fig. 24 ♂ D&V.
= stratyllis (Burmeister, 1878)
Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 276, no. 3.
Original Combination: Pamphila Stratyllis
Type Locality: “Corrientes” [Argentina]
Types: Syntype in MACN.
= heterospila (Mabille, 1878)
Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(198): 238, no. 54.
Original Combination: Pamphila heterospila
Type Locality: “Peruvia”
Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP (Mabille collection).
= ortygia (Möschler, 1883)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 32: 328.
Original Combination: P[amphila]. Ortygia
Type Locality: “dem Innern”; “Surinam” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
166. Panoquina lucas (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 339, no. 290.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Lucas
Type Locality: “Americae meridionalis Insulis”
Types: Lectotype in ZMUC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 59.
= sylvicola (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 55, no. 13.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] sylvicola
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 59.
= woodruffi F. Watson, 1937
Am. Mus. Novit. (906): 6.
Original Combination: Panoquina sylvicola woodruffi
Type Locality: "Aibonito, Puerto Rico"
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
167. Panoquina hecebolus (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81, no. 3.
Original Combination: P[renes]. Hecebolus
Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]
Types: Syntype (#15312) in MCZ.
= parilis (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxi.
Original Combination: Pamphila parilis
Type Locality: “Chiriqui, Honduras” [Panama and Honduras]
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
168. Panoquina evansi (H. Freeman, 1946)
Entomol. News 57(8): 186-187, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia; figured by H. Freeman (1950), Field & Lab. 18(1): fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Calpodes evansi
Type Locality: “Pharr, Texas” [Hidalgo County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 407, and Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 468, considered this taxon a subspecies of Panoquina fusina Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 30, without justification.
Tribe Anthoptini A. Warren, 2009
In: Warren et al., Syst. Entomol. 34(3): 479, fig, 4, 482, 498. Type-genus: Anthoptus Bell, 1942, Am. Mus. Novit. (1205): 7.
Genus Synapte Mabille, 1904
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17b): 133. Type-species: Carystus salenus Mabille, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lx-lxi, by monotypy.
= ‡Godmania Skinner & Ramsden, 1924
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 75: 321. Type-species: Goniloba malitiosa Herrich-Schäffer, 1865, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 54, no. 11, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Godmania Horvath, 1919, Ann. Mus. Hungar. 17: 211, 222.
169. Synapte pecta Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 51.
Original Combination: [Synapte malitiosa] pecta
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 53, and A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 555, among other recent authors, considered pecta to be a species-level taxon.
170. Synapte salenus (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lx-lxi.
Original Combination: Carystus Salenus
Type Locality: “Colombie”; this locality was doubted by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 53.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
171. Synapte shiva Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 53.
Original Combination: [Synapte syraces] shiva
Type Locality: “Dos Arroyas, Guerrero, 1000 feet” [Mexico]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 53, and A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodiver. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 556, among other recent authors, considered S. syraces (Godman, 1901), in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(161): 595-596, no. 3; 3(163): pl. 103, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♂ genitalia, and S. shiva to be distinct species-level taxa.
Genus Corticea Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 46, 63. Type-species: Hesperia corticea Plötz, 1882, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 56-57, no. 369, by original designation.
172. Corticea corticea (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 56-57, no. 369; cited unpublished pl. 591.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Corticea
Type Locality: “Laguayra” [Venezuela]
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
Tribe Moncini A. Warren, 2008
In: Warren et al., Cladistics 24(5): 4, 8, 17. Type-genus: Monca Evans, 1955, Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 87, 124.
Genus Amblyscirtes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 75. Type-species: Hesperia vialis W. H. Edwards, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 58, no. 8, by original designation. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 386-393, and H. Freeman (1973), J. Lepid. Soc. 27(1): 40-57, arranged this genus into groups. Burns (1990), J. Lepid. Soc. 44(1): 11-27, rearranged some of these groups and commented on the phylogenetic position of the genus.
= Stomyles Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 76. Type-species: Pyrgus textor Hübner, [1831], Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [89], figs. 515, 516; 28, no. 258 (= Hesperia aesculapius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 347-348, no. 321; synonym), by original designation.
= Mastor Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 567. Type-species: Mastor anubis Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 568; 3: pl. 100, figs. 32 ♂ D, 33 ♂ V, 34 ♂ FW venation, 35 ♂ genitalia, by original designation.
= Epiphyes Dyar, 1905
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 132. Type-species: Pamphila carolina Skinner, 1892, Entomol. News 3(9): 222-223, by original designation.
exoteria group Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 386.
173. Amblyscirtes exoteria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 196, no. 54.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] exoteria
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz (pl. 572).
= nanno W. H. Edwards, 1882
Papilio 2(8): 142-143.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Nanno
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 20 ♀ D&V.
= marcus (Strand, 1909)
Int. Entomol. Z. 3(33): 176.
Original Combination: Chapra marcus
Type Locality: “Delagoa Bai” in error. [Africa]
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
174. Amblyscirtes cassus W. H. Edwards, 1883
Papilio 3(4): 72-73.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Cassus
Type Locality: “Mt. Graham, Arizona” [Graham County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 52, fig. 18 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 31 ♂ D.
175. Amblyscirtes aenus W. H. Edwards, 1878
a. Amblyscirtes aenus erna H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(1): 17-18.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes erna
Type Locality: “Palo Duro Canyon, Texas” [Armstrong County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 388, considered erna a synonym of Amblyscirtes fluonia Godman, 1900. Scott [1977], J. Res. Lepid. 15(2): 92, demonstrated that this taxon is conspecific with A. aenus.
b. Amblyscirtes aenus aenus W. H. Edwards, 1878
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 118.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Aenus
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “Hardscrabble Road, Pueblo County, Colorado, in the foothills of the Wet Mountains” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 51.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 51, fig. 17 ♂ D&V.
c. Amblyscirtes aenus megamacula Scott, 1998
Papilio (n.s.) 11: 6, fig. 13 ♂ D (holotype), 14 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes aenus megamacula
Type Locality: “WSW Peña Blanca Lake, Santa Cruz Co. Ariz”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
176. Amblyscirtes linda H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(1): 19.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes linda
Type Locality: “Hope Hill Farm, Faulkner Co., Arkansas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
177. Amblyscirtes oslari (Skinner, 1899)
Entomol. News 10(5): 112.
Original Combination: Pamphila oslari
Type Locality: “Chimney Gulch, Colorado” [Jefferson County]
Types: Syntype (#7101) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 39 ♀ D.
aesculapius group Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 388.
*178. Amblyscirtes elissa Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(158): 505, no. 4; 3: pl. 95, figs. 40 ♀ V, 41 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes elissa
Type Locality: “Mexico, Tierra Colorada, Rincon, Dos Arroyos, all in Guerrero”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
a. Amblyscirtes elissa arizonae H. Freeman, 1993
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 62(4): 345-346, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes elissa arizonae
Type Locality: “United States. Arizona: Santa Cruz Co., 0.5 mi W Kino Springs”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
179. Amblyscirtes hegon (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 176, no. 77.
Original Combination: Hesperia Hegon
Type Locality: “White Mountains” [New Hampshire]
Types: Holotype (#8973) in MCZ.
As first reviser, W. F. Kirby (1871), Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 613, no. 16, selected hegon over samoset on the basis of line priority; Scudder applied the names hegon to the female and samoset to the male.
= samoset (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 176-177, no. 78; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(10): pl. 10, fig. 1 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Samoset
Type Locality: “Mass. and N. H.” [Massachusetts and New Hampshire]
Types: Syntypes (#8974) in MCZ.
= nemoris (W. H. Edwards, 1864)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, 507, no. 10; 4[1]: pl. 1, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Nemoris
Type Locality: “Portsmouth, Ohio”; neotype from “3 miles east of Zaleski, Vinton County, Ohio, some 50 miles NE of Portsmouth.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 50, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.
= argina (Plötz, 1884)
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 22, no. 60.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Syrichthus)] Argina
Type Locality: “Brisbane”, [Australia], in error.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
180. Amblyscirtes texanae E. Bell, 1927
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(4): 203.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes texanae
Type Locality: “vicinity of Alpine, Brewster County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
181. Amblyscirtes carolina (Skinner, 1892)
Entomol. News 3(9): 222-223.
Original Combination: Pamphila carolina
Type Locality: “about one-half mile south of Hamlet, Richmond County, North Carolina, on the border of a small cane brake”
Types: Syntype(s) (#7096) in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 46, fig. 36 ♂ D.
182. Amblyscirtes reversa F. Jones, 1926
Entomol. News 37(7): 197-198, pl. 9, figs. 3 ♂ D, 3a ♂ V, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes carolina reversa
Type Locality: “Suffolk, Virginia” [Nansemond County]
Types: Holotype (#7169) in CMNH.
183. Amblyscirtes aesculapius (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 347-348, no. 321; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 29, fig. 4 D&V.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Aesculapius
Type Locality: “America boreali”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
This species was widely known as A. textor (Hübner, [1831]), until Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 390, replaced textor with aesculapius, a senior, but obscure, generally unused name.
= textor (Hübner, [1831])
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [89], figs. 515 ♀ D, 516 ♀ V [1824]; 28, no. 258 [1831, name given].
Original Combination: Pyrgus Textor
Type Locality: “United States”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= oneko (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 176, no. 76.
Original Combination: Hesperia Oneko
Type Locality: “Connecticut”
Types: Type(s) may be in MCZ.
= wakulla (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 311.
Original Combination: Hesperia Wakulla
Type Locality: “Apalachicola, Florida” [Franklin County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 49, fig. 15 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 16 ♂ D.
vialis group Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 390.
184. Amblyscirtes nereus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 207.
Original Combination: Hesperia Nereus
Type Locality: “South Apache”; defined as “between Camp Apache and the Gila River” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 47. [Navajo-Apache counties, Arizona]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 14 ♂ D&V.
This name was listed as “[Pamphila] nereus”, without a description or indication, by W. H. Edwards (1875), in: Mead, Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): 794; a nomen nudum.
185. Amblyscirtes nysa W. H. Edwards, 1877
Can. Entomol. 9(10): 191-192.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes nysa
Type Locality: “Texas”; lectotype from “Clifton, Bosque County, Texas.”
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 46, fig. 13 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 25 ♀ D.
= similis (Strecker, [1878])
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 131.
Original Combination: Pamphila Similis
Type Locality: Not stated; “vicinity of New Braunfels and San Antonio, Southwestern Texas” implied from the introductory text. [Comal and Bexar counties]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
186. Amblyscirtes eos (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 276-277, no. 20.
Original Combination: Hesperia Eos
Type Locality: “Dallas, Texas” [Dallas County]
Types: Lectotype (#8972) in MCZ, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 42-43, fig. 10 ♂ D&V.
= comus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 206-207.
Original Combination: Hesperia Comus
Type Locality: “Texas”; neotype from “Archer County, Texas.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 44, fig. 11 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 27 ♂ D.
= nilus W. H. Edwards, 1878
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 118-119.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Nilus
Type Locality: “Texas”; defined as “Archer Co., Texas” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 44.
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 45, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.
= quinquemacula (Skinner, 1911)
Entomol. News 22(9): 413.
Original Combination: Pamphila quinquemacula
Type Locality: “Las Cruces, New Mexico” [Dona Ana County]
Types: Holotype (#7107) in CMNH.
187. Amblyscirtes vialis (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 58, no. 8.
Original Combination: Hesperia vialis
Type Locality: “Rock Island, Illinois; Lake Winnipeg”; neotype from “Perryton Twp., Mercer Co., Illinois.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 41, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.
= asella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 203, no. 66.
Original Combination: [Cobalus] asella
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
188. Amblyscirtes alternata (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(1): 3-4.
Original Combination: Hesperia alternata
Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Georgia!)”
Types: Holotype may be in NYSM or AMNH.
= meridionalis Dyar, 1905
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 135.
Original Combination: A[mblyscirtes]. meridionalis
Type Locality: “Georgia and Florida”
Types: Syntypes may be in AMNH and/or USNM.
tolteca group Burns, 1990
J. Lepid. Soc. 44(1): 15, 18.
189. Amblyscirtes celia Skinner, 1895
Entomol. News 6(4): 113-114.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes celia
Type Locality: “Blanco, Comal and Nueces Counties, Texas”
Types: Syntype (#7095, labeled as “holotype”, from “New Braunfels, Tex.”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 30 ♂ D.
190. Amblyscirtes belli H. Freeman, 1941
Entomol. News 52(2): 50-51.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes belli
Type Locality: “Lancaster and two miles west of Vickery, Dallas County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
*191. Amblyscirtes tolteca Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 76, no. 3.
Original Combination: A[mblyscirtes]. Tolteca
Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]
Types: Syntype (#15322) in MCZ.
a. Amblyscirtes tolteca prenda Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 389.
Original Combination: [Amblyscirtes tolteca] prenda
Type Locality: “Tucson, Arizona” [Pima County]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
H. Freeman (1993), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 62(4): 343, detailed the subspecies-level status of this taxon.
phylace group Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 392.
192. Amblyscirtes phylace (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 117-118.
Original Combination: Pamphila Phylace
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “foothills of the Wet Mountains in Pueblo County, Colorado, probably along Hardscrabble Road” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 40.
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 8 ♂ D&V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 32 ♂ D.
193. Amblyscirtes fimbriata (Plötz, 1882)
a. Amblyscirtes fimbriata fimbriata (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(7-9): 322, no. 49; cited unpublished pl. 301.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Fimbriata
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype (#5649) in ZMHB.
= bellus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
Papilio 4(3): 57.
Original Combination: Pamphila Bellus
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 39. [Pima County]
Types: Holotype (#33625) in USNM; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 7 ♂ D&V.
Amblyscirtes fimbriata is currently only known in Arizona from Cochise County, as noted by Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies SE Ariz.: 103.
Genus Vidius Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 87, 121. Type-species: Narga vidius Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(16): lxx, by original designation.
194. Vidius perigenes (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 569, no. 3; 3: pl. 100, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Mastor perigenes
Type Locality: “Mexico, Rincon in Guerrero”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
Genus Monca Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 87, 124. Type-species: Cobalus telata Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 201, no. 43, by original designation.
195. Monca crispinus (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(7-9): 318, no. 25; cited unpublished pl. 277.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Crispinus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype (# 5306) in ZMHB.
Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 57, determined this synonymy.
= tyrtaeus (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 51, no. 348; cited unpublished pl. 581.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Tyrtaeus
Type Locality: “Laguayra” [Venezuela]
Types: Lectotype in EMAU, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 57.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, treated this taxon as a synonym of Megistias telata Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 201, based on an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz; Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 124, concurred. However, E. Bell (1941), Entomol. News 52(7): 183-185, demonstrated that M. telata and M. tyrtaeus are distinct species-level taxa, and Austin et al. (1996), Tropical Lepid. 7(1): 25, corroborated this.
Genus Nastra Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 87, 125. Type-species: Hesperia lherminier Latreille, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (725), 777-778, no. 135, by original designation.
196. Nastra lherminier (Latreille, [1824])
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (725), 777-778, no. 135.
Original Combination: Hesperia l’herminier
Type Locality: “de la Caroline”
Types: Type(s) probably lost; N. Riley (1926), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(2): 240, noted that the type was not in the MNHP.
The specific name as given is in accordance with Code Articles 27 and 32. The emendation of the name to “lherminieri” is unjustified, regardless of the authorship.
= fusca (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(1): 2-3.
Original Combination: Hesperia fusca
Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Georgia!...Florida!)”
Types: Syntype in AMNH.
197. Nastra neamathla (Skinner & R. Williams, 1923)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 49(2): 145-146, no. 33, fig. 33 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Lerodea neamathla
Type Locality: “Central Florida”
Types: Holotype (#7109) in CMNH; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 17 ♂ V.
198. Nastra julia (H. Freeman, 1945)
Entomol. News 56(8): 203, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Lerodea julia
Type Locality: “Pharr, Texas” [Hidalgo County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= hoffmanni (E. Bell, 1947)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1354): 8, fig. 10 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Lerodea hoffmanni
Type Locality: “Colima, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Cymaenes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82. Type-species: Cobalus tripunctus Herrich-Schäffer, 1865, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 53, no. 1, by original designation.
= Megistias Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 571. Type-species: Hesperia tripunctata Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 752, no. 62[a], by original designation.
199. Cymaenes tripunctus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
a. Cymaenes tripunctus tripunctus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 53, no. 1.
Original Combination: Cobalus tripunctus
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes (#7114) in ANSP and ZMHB.
= jamaca (Schaus, 1902)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 452.
Original Combination: Megistias Jamaca
Type Locality: “Jamaica, British West Indies”
Types: Holotype (#6050) in USNM.
= ‡”sinepunctis” (Avinoff & Shoumatoff, 1946)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 30(16): 293, no. 113.
Original Combination: Lerodea tripuncta sinepunctis ab. nov.
Type Locality: “Cave River” [Clarendon Parish, St. Ann., Jamaica]
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Entomol. 33(2): figs. 7-11 ♂ genitalia, figs. 21, 22 ♂ D&V.
200. Cymaenes trebius (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxiv.
Original Combination: Pamphila Trebius
Type Locality: “Bogota” [Colombia]
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 53, A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 557, and other recent authors, considered C. trebius to be a species-level taxon.
= isus (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 574, no. 5; 3(162): pl. 101, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megistias isus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Acapulco, Dos Arroyos, Rio Papagaio, Venta de Zopilote, Tierra Colorada, Cuernavaca, Atoyac, Fortin, Teapa...Misantla, Jalapa...Orizaba...Paso de San Juan...Guatemala...Nicaragua, Chontales...Costa Rica, Caché, San Francisco...Venezuela; Guiana”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Genus Lerodea Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 80. Type-species: Hesperia eufala W. H. Edwards, 1869, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 311-312, by original designation.
201. Lerodea eufala (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
a. Lerodea eufala eufala (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 311-312.
Original Combination: Hesperia Eufala
Type Locality: “Apalachicola, Florida”; neotype from “Ind[ian]. River.” [Brevard and Volusia counties]
Types: Neotype (possibly lectotype) in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 58, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.
= dispersa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 197, no. 56.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] dispersa
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in ANSP.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 142, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 541) made by Plötz.
= floridae (Mabille, 1876)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (5)6(2): 269, no. 16; (bull.): ix, no. 6, referring to p. 269.
Original Combination: Pamphila Floridae
Type Locality: “E. Florida” “Floride, Texas”
Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.
= micylla (Burmeister, 1878)
Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 272-273, no. 7.
Original Combination: Carystus Micylla
Type Locality: “Buénos-Ayres” [Buenos Aires, Argentina]
Types: Syntype in MACN.
‡”obscura” Lindsey, E. Bell & R. Williams, 1931
Denison Univ. Bull. 31(2), J. Sci. Lab. 26(1): 134; cited Mabille (1904), in: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17b): 131.
Original Combination: Lerodea eufala floridae var. obscura
This name was inadvertently proposed by Lindsey et al., who erroneously believed that it had been described by Mabille; a nomen nudum.
202. Lerodea arabus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 26.
Original Combination: Pamphila Arabus
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 56; neotype from “Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., Pima Co., Arizona, 2900'.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 57, fig. 21 ♂ D&V.
= dysaules Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 500, no. 2; 3(158): pl. 95, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V (lectotype).
Original Combination: Lerodea dysaules
Type Locality: “Mexico, Venta de Zopilote in Guerrero”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by A. Warren and Mielke (2005), Revta. bras. Zool. 22(1): 288.
A. Warren and Mielke (2005), Revta. bras. Zool. 22(1): 285-288, determined this synonymy, though others have suggested it (e.g., Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 465).
Genus Mnasilus Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2(160): 569. Type-species: Mnasilus penicillatus Godman, 1900, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2(160): 570; 3(160): pl. 100, figs. 39-42 (= Pamphila allubita Butler, 1877, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 151, no. 257; synonym), by monotypy.
203. Mnasilus allubita (Butler, 1877)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 151, no. 257.
Original Combination: Pamphila allubita
Type Locality: “Obydos...Rio Sapó” [Óbidos, Pará, Brazil...Rio Sapó, Amazonas, Brazil]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Reid and A. Warren (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(4): 115, 117, 2 photos.
= umbrosus (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lxii-lxiii.
Original Combination: Cobalus umbrosus
Type Locality: not stated.
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= evanidus (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lxiii.
Original Combination: Cobalus evanidus
Type Locality: “America meridionali”
Types: Syntype(s) probably in BMNH.
= zalma (Plötz, 1886)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(1-3): 89, no 19c.
Original Combination: [Cobalus] zalma
Type Locality: “Panama”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC, ZMHB, or lost.
= amyrna (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxxiii.
Original Combination: Pamphila Amyrna
Type Locality: “Porto Cabello” [Venezuela]
Types: Holotype in ZMHB
= penicillatus Godman, [1900]
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2(160): 570, 3(160): pl. 100, figs. 39 ♂ D, 40 ♂ V, 41 ♂ FW, 42 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Mnasilus penicillatus
Type Locality: “Mexico, San Blas in Jalisco...Frontera, Teapa...Guatemala, San Gerónimo...Panama, Chiriqui...South America, Lower Amazons to Brazil.”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= norma (Dyar, 1917)
Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 5(4/6): 65-66.
Original Combination: Vehelius norma
Type Locality: “Plantation Kitty, Georgetown, British Guiana”
Types: Holotype (#21188) in USNM.
Genus Lerema Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82. Type-species: Papilio accius J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 45, pl. 23, by original designation.
= Sarega Mabille, 1904
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17b): 133. Type-species: Sarega staurus Mabille, 1904, in: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17b): 133, by monotypy.
204. Lerema accius (J. E. Smith, 1797)
In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 45-46, pl. 23, figs. ♂ D, ♂ V, ♀ D, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Accius
Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost.
= monoco (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 178, no. 80.
Original Combination: Hesperia Monoco
Type Locality: “southern portions; Conn.Mass.” [Connecticut and Massachusetts]
Types: Syntypes (#15304) in MCZ.
= punctella (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(1): 1.
Original Combination: Hesperia punctella
Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Georgia!)”
Types: Holotype in MCZ.
= nortonii (W. H. Edwards, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(3): 286, 287-288, no. 4.
Original Combination: Hesperia Nortonii
Type Locality: “New Orleans” [Orleans Parish, Louisiana]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 266, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
= parumpunctata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 196, no. 52.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] parumpunctata
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
= pattenii Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82, no. 3.
Original Combination: L[erema]. Pattenii
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Holotype (#15318) in MCZ.
= phocylides (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 52, no. 350; cited unpublished pl. 578.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Phocylides
Type Locality: “Laguayra” [Venezuela]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, suggested this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
‡”curtius” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1768.
Original Combination: [Lerema accius] = Hesperia curtius Abb.
This name was mentioned in the synonymy of Lerema accius without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”chamis” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1768.
Original Combination: [Lerema accius] = Hesperia chamis Boisd. manuscript
Proposed for a Boisduval manuscript name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
205. Lerema liris Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 164.
Original Combination: [Lerema ancillaris] liris
Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac, Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
This was considered a species-level taxon by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 29, 210, note 82, A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 54, and other recent authors.
Genus Vettius Godman, 1901
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(161): 589. Type-species: Papilio phyllus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): 122, pl. 176, figs. B, C; (16): 150 (index), by original designation.
206. Vettius fantasos (Cramer, 1780)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(25): 20, pl. 300, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (34): 249 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urb[icola]. Fantasos
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= abebalus (Stoll, 1781)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(31): 145, pl. 365, figs. G ♂ D, H ♂ V; (34): 247 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urb[icola]. Abebalus
Type Locality: “Kust van Guiné en aan de Kaap de Goede Hoop” “Côte de Guiné & au Cap de Bonne Espérance”, in error.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= eucherus (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(10-12): 452, no. 210; cited unpublished pl. 445, and Papilio fantasos (sensu Sepp [1847], Surinaam. Vlinders [2](21): pl. 82).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Eucherus
Type Locality: “Surinam”
Types: Type(s) in ZSMC.
This name was probably proposed as a replacement for Papilio fantasos (Cramer, 1780), thus a junior objective synonym. Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 140, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
Genus Rhinthon Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(158): 530. Type-species: Proteides chiriquensis Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(53): 127, fig. 1 (= Hesperia osca Plötz, 1882, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 48, no. 334; synonym), by original designation.
207. Rhinthon osca (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 48, no. 334; cited unpublished pl. 537 (557 in BMNH collection).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Osca
Type Locality: “Caracas” [Venezuela]
Types: Syntype (#5219) in ZMHB.
This was considered a species-level taxon by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 30, 210, note 84, A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 54, A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodiver. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx.2: 558, and other recent authors.
= cabella (Plötz, 1886)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(1-3): 96-97, no. 315e; cited unpublished pl. 1419.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Cabella
Type Locality: “Porto Cabello” [Venezuela]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 152, determined this synonymy (as chiriquensis) through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= chiriquensis (Mabille, 1889)
Naturaliste (2)3(53): 127, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Proteides Chiriquensis
Type Locality: “Chiriqui” [Panama]
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
= biserta (Schaus, 1902)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 460.
Original Combination: Thracides Biserta
Type Locality: “Trinidad”
Types: Holotype (#6073) in USNM.
Tribe Hesperiini Latreille, 1809
Genus Hylephila Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81. Type-species: Papilio phyleus Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 25-26, pl. 13, figs. 4, 5; 2: index, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 193, no. 544.
= ‡Euthymus Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77. Type-species: Papilio phyleus Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 25-26, pl. 13, figs. 4, 5; 2: index, by original designation. Preoccupied by Euthymus Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 127, and also a junior objective synonym of Hylephila.
= Andinus Hayward, 1940
Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 10(3): 284-285. Type-species: Andinus venustus Hayward, 1940, Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 10(3): 285-286, fig. 9, by original designation.
= ‡Cordillana Hayward, 1941
Revta. Mus. La Plata, Zool. (n.s.) 2(14): 288. Type-species: Andinus venustus Hayward, 1940, Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 10: 285, as replacement name; proposed to replace Andinus Hayward, 1940, erroneously thought preoccupied.
phyleus group MacNeill & Herrera, 1999
J. Lepid. Soc. 52(3): 285 (key), 286-287.
208. Hylephila phyleus (Drury, 1773)
a. Hylephila phyleus phyleus (Drury, 1773)
Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 25-26, pl. 13, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).
Original Combination: Papilio Phyleus
Type Locality: “Antigua, St. Christopher’s, Nevies”; suggested to be “Antigua” by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 311.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Panzer (1785), Diurn. Abbild.: 59, pl. 13, figs. 4, 5, misidentified this species as Papilio phareus Fabricius, 1793, a name that has sometimes been listed in the synonymy of H. phyleus. Likewise, Hübner (1823), Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 11, listed “Hesperia carin” in the synonymy of Phemiades augias Linnaeus, 1763 sensu Hübner, which included H. phyleus; this is a nomen nudum and a misidentification of phyleus.
= ‡”druryi” (Megerle, [1803])
Cat. Ins. Viennae Austriae 28 Novembris 1803, auctionis: [29].
Original Combination: Papilio Druryi
Proposed to replace Papilio phyleus Drury, 1773, erroneously thought pre-occupied. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1710 placed this work on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature.
= bucephalus (Stephens, 1828)
Ill. Brit. Entomol., Haustellata 1: 102-103, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2.
Original Combination: [Pamphila] Bucephalus
Type Locality: “neighborhood of Barnstable in Devonshire [England]”; but suggested to be “from the North American continent” later in the original description.
Types: Location of syntypes not known.
= hala (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 504, no. 2.
Original Combination: Pamphila Hala
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= muertovalle Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10.
Original Combination: Hylephila phyleus muertovalle
Type Locality: “Furnace Creek date grove, Death Valley, Inyo Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
The utility of this name as a trinomial seems questionable.
= eureka Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 502, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (holotype); 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hylephila phyleus eureka
Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Eureka”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
As discussed by Pyle (2002), Butterflies Cascadia:2 70, the utility of this name as a trinomial seems questionable.
= ‡”pallida” Hayward, 1944
Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 12(3): 180.
Original Combination: Hylephila phyleus ab. pallida
Type Locality: “Tucuman” [Argentina]
Types: Holotype in IMLA (Hayward collection).
Genus Pseudocopaeodes Skinner & R. Williams, 1923
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 49(2): 137. Type-species: Copaeodes eunus W. H. Edwards, 1881, Papilio 1(4): 47, no. 5, by original designation.
209. Pseudocopaeodes eunus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
a. Pseudocopaeodes eunus eunus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 43, 47, no. 5.
Original Combination: Copaeodes eunus
Type Locality: “Mt. Hood”; corrected to “the bottoms of Kern River, near Bakersfield, Cal.” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43. [Kern County, California]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, fig. 6 ♂ V, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 12 ♂ D& V.
= wrightii (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Can. Entomol. 14(8): 152.
Original Combination: Copaeodes Wrightii
Type Locality: “Mohave Desert, So. California...over a pass 6,000 feet high...on the high dry plain...for 20 miles to Mohave River. About 60 rods from the river”; defined as “near Victorville, San Bernardino Co., Calif.” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 278, fig. 13 ♂ D&V; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 47, fig. 10 ♂ D.
This was treated as a subspecies-level taxon by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 211, note 103, but was considered a synonym of P. e. eunus by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 12, (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 435, and Austin & J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 503.
b. Pseudocopaeodes eunus alinea Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 12.
Original Combination: Copaeodes eunus alinea
Type Locality: “Afton, San Bernardino Co. Calif.” [San Bernardino County, California]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Pseudocopaeodes eunus flavus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 503, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype); 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pseudocopaeodes eunus flavus
Type Locality: “Nevada: Churchill County; Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge, Loop Road, 1189 m, T20N R32E S4-5 on USGS Foxtail Lake, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 503-504, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V (holotype); 13 ♀ D, 14 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus
Type Locality: “Nevada: Carson City; Eagle Valley, Lompa Lane at Airport Road (the latter combines with Hot Springs Road and Graves Lane), 1417 m, T15N R20E S9 on USGS New Empire, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Genus Hesperia Fabricius, 1793
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 258, no. 187. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, by designation of Dalman (1816), K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(2): 200. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1240 placed this name on the Official Index of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 2178. Due to the erroneous type designation by Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 187-189, most of what is now known as Pyrgus was previously called Hesperia. The name “Steropes” was introduced by Rafinesque (1815), Analyse Nat.: 128, for an unspecified part of what he called “Hesperia Cuvier.” No other information was given. This name is unidentifiable, does not conform to Code Article 12, and is unavailable; it is also preoccupied by Steropes Steven, 1806, Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 1: 166.
= ‡Pamphila [Fabricius], 1807
In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 287, no. 41. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, by designation of Westwood (1840), Intro. Class. Ins. 2: 88. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793.
= ‡Diorthosus Rafinesque, 1815
Analyse Nat.: 128, no. '7' [37]. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, as replacement name for “Hesperia Cuvier”, erroneously thought to be preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793.
= ‡Phidias Rafinesque, 1815
Analyse Nat.: 128, no. 41. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, as replacement name for Pamphila [Fabricius], 1807, erroneously thought to be preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793.
= ‡Symmachia Sodoffsky, 1837
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 10(6): 82, no. 16. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, as replacement name for Hesperia Fabricius, 1793, erroneously thought to be preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793; this name is also preoccupied by Symmachia Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 26.
= Ocytes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 76. Type-species: Hesperia metea Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 177-178, no. 79, by original designation.
= Anthomaster Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78. Type-species: Hesperia leonardus T. Harris, 1862, Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 314, fig. 138, by original designation.
= ‡Urbicola Tutt, 1905
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(1): 84. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793. Tutt erroneously attributed this name to Barbut, thereby making it a senior synonym of Hesperia; however, Barbut did not use the name in a generic sense (see Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 454), but followed Linnaeus' usage as an interposed adjective.
comma group MacNeill, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 65-67.
210. Hesperia uncas W. H. Edwards, 1863
a. Hesperia uncas uncas W. H. Edwards, 1863
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 19-20, no. 9; (2): pl. 5, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Uncas
Type Locality: “Philadelphia”; corrected to “vicinity of Denver, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 298-299.
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 299, fig. 26 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 27 ♂ D.
= ridingsii Reakirt, 1866
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 151.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ridingsii
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr.”
Types: Holotype in FMNH.
b. Hesperia uncas tomichi M. Fisher, 2008
Papilio (n.s.) 18: 12-13, pl 4, top row left ♂ D, top row center ♂ V (holotype), second row left ♀ D, second row center ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas tomichi
Type Locality: “Colorado: Gunnison Co., Big Mesa, 1 mi. S Hwy 50 off CR31 and SR 149, 7800 Ft.”
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
c. Hesperia uncas lasus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
Papilio 4(3): 54-55.
Original Combination: Pamphila Lasus
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; tentatively defined as “foothills east of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 299-300; corrected to “southeast from there [Tucson] in either Cochise or Santa Cruz County” by Austin and McGuire (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 777.
Types: Holotype (#33623) in USNM; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 27 ♂ D&V.
d. Hesperia uncas grandiosa Austin & McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 778, figs. 1 third row left ♂ D, 2 third row left ♂ V (holotype); 1 third row 3 ♂’s right to left D, 2 3 ♂’s right to left, 1 fourth row 4 ♀’s D, 2 fourth row 4 ♀’s V, 9 ♂ genitalia, 17 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas grandiosa
Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; White River Valley, 1 mile north of Nye County line, 1676 m, T10N R61E S11 on USGS Moorman Spring NE, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Hesperia uncas fulvapalla Austin & McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 777, figs. 3 top row left ♂ D, 4 top row left ♂ V (holotype); 3 top row 3 ♂’s right to left D, 4 top row 3 ♂’s right to left V , 3 second row 4 ♀’s D, 4 ♀’s V, 8 ♂ genitalia, 16 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas fulvapalla
Type Locality: “Nevada: Nye County; Railroad Valley, U.S. Route 6, Lockes Ponds, 1.3 miles south (=southeast) of Lockes, 1463 m, T8N R55E S113 [sic!] on USGS Portuguese Mt., Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Hesperia uncas reeseorum Austin & McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 776, figs. 1 top row left ♂ D, 2 top row left ♂ V (holotype); 1 top row 3 ♂’s right to left D, 2 top row 3 ♂’s right to left V, 1 second row 4 ♀’s D, 2 second row 4 ♀’s V, 7 ♂ genitalia, 15 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas reeseorum
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Reese River Valley, Nevada State Route 722 (previously State Route 2), 4 miles east (=northeast) of Reese River, 1743 m, T19N R43E S32 on USGS Austin, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
g. Hesperia uncas terraclivosa Austin & McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 779, figs. 5 top row left ♂ D, 6 top row left ♂ V (holotype); 5 top row 3 ♂’s right to left D, 6 top row 3 ♂’s right to left V, 5 second row 4 ♀’s D, 6 second row 4 ♀’s V, 11 ♂ genitalia, 18 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas terraclivosa
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Toquima Range, Monitor Valley-Petes Summit Road, 12.0 road miles southeast of Nevada State Route 376, 1950 m, T16N R4E S5 on USGS Spencer Hot Springs, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
h. Hesperia uncas giulianii McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (37): 461-462, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V; 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 6a, b ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas giuliani
Type Locality: “California, Mono County: Adobe Hills, 5 mi. NW of Adobe Lake, 7100 ft. elevation”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
i. Hesperia uncas macswaini MacNeill, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 85-86, pl. 1, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D (including holotype?), figs. 12 ♂ stigma, 19 ♂ valve, 22 ♂ genitalia, pl. 7 photograph of egg.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas macswaini
Type Locality: “Blancos Corral, White Mountains, Mono County, California. Elevation 10,400 feet”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
211. Hesperia juba (Scudder, 1874)
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 349, pl. 10, figs. 19 ♂ D&V, 20 ♀ D&V; pl. 11 figs. 5, 6 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pamphila Juba
Type Locality: “California...neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah”; lectotype from “California.”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Skinner and R. Williams (1924), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 50(3): 188; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2082 ♂ D&V (as Hesperia comma).
The name juba is often credited to Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77, no. 1, where he cited Pamphila comma (sensu Boisduval (1852), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 313). Neither Scudder at that time nor Boisduval actually described the taxon, so Boisduval’s reference to comma cannot qualify as an indication (Code Article 12.2). Pamphila juba Scudder, 1872, is a nomen nudum.
= ‡”ogdenensis” (W. Holland, 1931)
Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 372, pl. 52, fig. 9 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: [Erynnis juba] ab. ogdenensis
Type Locality: “Ogden, Utah” [Weber County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
*212. Hesperia comma (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162; cited Linnaeus (1746), Fauna Svecica: 241, no. 793, and Merian (1730), Europ. Ins.: pl. 48.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus urbicola]. Comma
Type Locality: “in Europa”; suggested to be “Sweden” by Verity (1940), Farfalle diurn. Ital. 1: 112, based on citation in Fauna Svecica.
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 314.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1240 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 2838. The Palaearctic synonymy is not listed. Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 52-54, treated North American populations of “comma” as three species-level taxa. This had been done before (e.g., MacNeill (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 89-90), in a slightly different fashion. The treatment presented by Layberry et al. is adopted here, although as noted by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 12, the relationship between assiniboia and colorado requires more study; these two taxa may be conspecific.
a. Hesperia comma hulbirti Lindsey, 1939
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 32(1): 171.
Original Combination: Hesperia hulbirti
Type Locality: “Hurricane Hill in the Olympic Mts., Washington” [Clallam County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; paratypes figured by Lindsey (1942), Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): pl. 4, figs. 4 ♂ V, 11 ♀ V.
b. Hesperia comma manitoba (Scudder, 1874)
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 342, 343, 344 key, 345 key, 346 key, 351, no. 7, pl. 10, figs. 8 ♂ D&V, 9 ♀ D&V, 10 ♀ D&V, 11 ♂ D&V (lectotype); pl. 11, figs. 7, 8 ♂ genitalia; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(10): pl. 17, fig. 4 ♂ D&V from British Columbia.
Original Combination: Pamphila Manitoba
Type Locality: “Colorado...about Pike's Peak...on the shores of Lake Winnipeg...at Labache, and at Rivière du Loup”; lectotype from “Lahache, B. C.” [Lac La Hache, British Columbia]
Types: Lectotype (#15301) in MCZ, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 127.
c. Hesperia comma borealis Lindsey, 1942
Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): 19, pl. 1, fig. 6 ♂ genitalia, pl. 4, fig. 9 ♂ V (holotype), 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia borealis
Type Locality: “Nain, Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Holotype in CUIC.
d. Hesperia comma laurentina (Lyman, 1892)
Can. Entomol. 24(3): 57, 59.
Original Combination: [Pamphila Manitoba] var. Laurentina
Type Locality: “Lower St. Lawrence...Cacouna...Rivière du Loup, Metis...Gaspé”; lectotype from “Gaspe, P. Q.” [Quebec]
Types: Lectotype in LEMQ, designated by Sheppard and Vickery (1975), Can. Entomol. 107(10): 1130, fig. 1 ♂ D.
213. Hesperia assiniboia (Lyman, 1892)
Can. Entomol. 24(3): 57, 59.
Original Combination: [Pamphila Manitoba] var. Assiniboia
Type Locality: “Regina” [Saskatchewan]
Types: Lectotype in LEMQ, designated by Sheppard and Vickery (1975), Can. Entomol. 107(10): 1130, fig. 2 ♂ D.
214. Hesperia colorado (Scudder, 1874)
a. Hesperia colorado colorado (Scudder, 1874)
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 342, 343, 344 key, 345 key, 346 key, 349, no. 4, pl. 10, figs. 16 ♀ D&V, 17 ♀ D&V, 18 ♂ D&V (lectotype); pl. 11, figs. 1, 2 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pamphila Colorado
Type Locality: “Colorado, about the Georgetown and South Park Roads...Arizona”; lectotype from “Colorado”; subsequently suggested to be “Tennessee Pass, 3150 m (=10300 feet), Lake-Eagle Cos. Colorado” by Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 6; however, Guanella Pass (= the road between Georgetown and South Park) is more likely to be the correct type locality (A. Warren pers. comm. 2006). [Park-Clear Creek counties]
Types: Lectotype (#15299) in MCZ, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 126-127.
b. Hesperia colorado ochracea Lindsey, 1941
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 34(4): 770-772.
Original Combination: Hesperia colorado form ochracea
Type Locality: “Platte Canyon, Colo.” [Jefferson-Douglas counties]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Lindsey (1942), Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): pl. 5, fig. 15 ♂ V.
This name is not a primary homonym of “Hesperia ochracea” sensu Staudinger (1871), in: Staudinger and Wocke, Cat. Lepid. Europ. (2nd ed.): 35, Plötz (1883), Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 197, etc.; these usages refer to Pamphila ochracea Bremer, 1861, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg (ser. 3)3(7): col. 473, secondarily placed in Hesperia. That taxon is now in Ochlodes, so the retrieval of this name from secondary homonymy was mandatory since no replacement name was ever proposed (Code Articles 57.3.1, 59.3).
c. Hesperia colorado oroplata Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 8.
Original Combination: Hesperia comma oroplata
Type Locality: “Spring Creek, Fremont Co., Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Hesperia colorado susanae L. Miller, 1962
Entomol. News 73(4): 85-88, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia susanae
Type Locality: “White Mountains, Arizona...Horseshoe Cienega, White Mts., Apache Co., Ariz.; 8000 ft, in dry meadow”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
e. Hesperia colorado mojavensis Austin & McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (39): 481-482, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia comma mojavensis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Kyle Canyon Ski Area (or Run), 2225-2400 m”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Hesperia colorado idaho (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Can. Entomol. 15(8): 148, 151, no. 5.
Original Combination: [Pamphila Colorado] var. Idaho
Type Locality: “Oregon, Washington Terr. and California”; defined as “Lake Tahoe, Placer County, California” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 293-294; subsequently suggested to be “the lowlands at Doyle in Lassen Co. Calif.” by Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 8.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 127; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 3 ♂ D and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 295, fig. 23 ♂ D&V.
g. Hesperia colorado leussleri Lindsey, 1940
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 33(2): 373-374.
Original Combination: Hesperia colorado form leussleri
Type Locality: “Warner’s Hot Springs, San Diego Co., Cal.” [California]
Types: Holotype probably in CMNH; figured by Lindsey (1942), Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): pl. 5, figs. 1 ♂ V.
h. Hesperia colorado tildeni H. Freeman, 1956
Lepid. News 9(6): 196-198, pl., top row ♂ D&V (holotype), bottom row ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia tildeni
Type Locality: “Cherry Flat Reservoir, Santa Clara County, California”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
i. Hesperia colorado harpalus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 3-4.
Original Combination: Pamphila Harpalus
Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “vicinity of Carson City, Ormsby County, Nevada” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 288-290; suggested to be “Sierra Nevada Mts., west of Carson City” by Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 7.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 289, fig. 20 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 19 ♂ D.
As first reviser, Lindsey (1942), Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): 24, gave priority to harpalus over cabelus (below).
= cabelus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 4.
Original Combination: Pamphila Cabelus
Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “vicinity of Carson City, Ormsby County, Nevada” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 290; suggested to be “Sierra Nevada Mts., west of Carson City” by Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 8; corrected to “California, probably west of the Sierra Nevada” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 630.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 291, fig. 21 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 17 ♂ D (lectotype), 18 ♂ V (paralectotype).
= yosemite Leussler, 1933
Entomol. News 44: 169-170.
Original Combination: Hesperia yosemite
Type Locality: “near Yosemite, Calif.” [Mariposa County, California]
Types: Holotype in OSU.
j. Hesperia colorado oregonia (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Can. Entomol. 15(8): 150.
Original Combination: [Pamphila] Oregonia
Type Locality: “north California...Nevada”; defined as “Trinity County, California” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 291-292; suggested to be “Sierra Nevada Mts., west of Carson City” by Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 8, but this was not acceptable to Shapiro and Forister (2005), J. Lepid. Soc. 59(3): 164 or A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 39-40, who employed F. Brown and L. Miller’s definition.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 293, fig. 22 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 5 ♂ D (lectotype), 6 ♀ D (paralectotype).
k. Hesperia colorado mattoonorum McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (37): 464-465, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V; 18 ♀ D, 19 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia comma mattoonorum
Type Locality: “Low Divide Road (County Rd. 308) at High Divide, 6 air miles E of Hwy. 101 at Smith River, 2,300 ft. elevation, Del Norte County, California”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
l. Hesperia colorado dodgei (E. Bell, 1927)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 35(2): 175.
Original Combination: Pamphila juba race dodgei
Type Locality: “Santa Cruz, California” [Sant Cruz County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
215. Hesperia woodgatei (R. Williams, 1914)
Entomol. News 25(6): 266, no. 71.
Original Combination: Pamphila woodgatei
Type Locality: “Jamez [sic!; Jemez] Mountains, New Mexico” implied from the title of the paper. [Sandoval County]
Types: Syntypes (#7171) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 11 ♂ V.
leonardus group MacNeill, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 134-135.
216. Hesperia ottoe W. H. Edwards, 1866
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 207, no. 7.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ottoe
Type Locality: “Kansas”
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 18 ♂ D&V.
217. Hesperia leonardus T. Harris, 1862
a. Hesperia leonardus leonardus T. Harris, 1862
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 314-315, fig. 138 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Leonardus
Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition of the book; stated to be “Massachusetts” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 110, no. 16. Reverend L. W. Leonard lived in Boston.
Types: Syntypes (#26350) in MCZ.
= lidia Plötz, 1882
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 64, no. 394; cited unpublished pl. 607.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Lidia
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, suggested that this is a “var. of Limochores manataqua Scudd.”, through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz; however, Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 324, considered this a synonym of Hesperia leonardus on the same basis. This name may best be considered a nomen dubium.
= liberia Plötz, 1883
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 220, no. 473; cited unpublished pl. 661.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Liberia
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 320, considered this a senior synonym of Hesperia woodgatei (R. Williams, 1914); however there is little support for that notion.
= stallingsi H. Freeman, 1944
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 38(5): 153-154.
Original Combination: Hesperia leonardus stallingsi new form
Type Locality: “Blendon, Franklin Co., Ohio”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Hesperia leonardus pawnee Dodge, 1874
Can. Entomol. 6(3): 44-45.
Original Combination: Hesperia pawnee
Type Locality: “Glencoe, Nebraska, upon high rolling prairie” [Dodge County]
Types: A syntype (#16583) in MCZ; a syntype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 30 ♂ D.
= ogallala (Leussler, 1921)
Entomol. News 32(7): 206-207.
Original Combination: Pamphila ogallala
Type Locality: “Omaha, Nebraska” [Douglas County]
Types: Holotype in OSU; “paratypes” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♂ V.
c. Hesperia leonardus montana (Skinner, 1911)
Entomol. News 22(9): 413.
Original Combination: Pamphila pawnee montana
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined in error as “Chaffee Co., 7500" by Gillham and Ehrlich (1954), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 80(3/4): 110; subsequently defined as “Buffalo Creek, Jefferson County, Colorado” by Scott and Stanford (1983), J. Res. Lepid. 20(1): 27-28.
Types: Lectotype (#7086) in CMNH, designated by Scott and Stanford (1983), J. Res. Lepid. 20(1): 27; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 29 ♂ D.
218. Hesperia pahaska Leussler, 1938
a. Hesperia pahaska pahaska Leussler, 1938
Entomol. News 49(1): 5-6.
Original Combination: Hesperia pahaska
Type Locality: “canyon region of Sioux County near the town of Harrison, Nebraska”
Types: Holotype in OSU.
b. Hesperia pahaska williamsi Lindsey, 1940
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 33(2): 375-376.
Original Combination: Hesperia pahaska form williamsi
Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mts., Pima Co., Ariz.”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
c. Hesperia pahaska martini MacNeill, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 148-150, pl. 1, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♀ D (including holotype?), figs. 5 larval setal pattern, 6 larval head capsule, 7 larval head capsule, 26 ♀ genitalia, pl. 6 egg.
Original Combination: Hesperia pahaska martini
Type Locality: - “4.5 miles southeast of Ivanpah, New York Mtns., San Bernardino Co., Calif.”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
219. Hesperia columbia (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77, no. 2; figured (as Pamphila sylvanoides) by Scudder (1874), Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): pl. 10, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: P[amphila]. Columbia
Type Locality: “California (Henry Edwards)”
Types: Syntype (#15298) in MCZ.
= california (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 65, no. 423; 241, no. 423, pl. 31, figs. 423 ♂ D (lectotype), 423b ♀ D, 423c ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Pamphila] California; Pamphila California n. s.
Type Locality: “Southern California”
Types: Lectotype (#4321) in CAS, designated by MacNeill (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 142.
= erynnioides (Dyar, 1907)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 15(1): 50-51.
Original Combination: Thymelicus erynnioides
Type Locality: “Monterey Co., California”
Types: Holotype (#10252) in USNM.
metea group MacNeill, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 151-152.
220. Hesperia metea Scudder, 1863
a. Hesperia metea metea Scudder, 1863
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 177-178, no. 79; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, 11 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Metea
Type Locality: “Conn.” [Connecticut]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Hesperia metea intermedia Gatrelle, 2003
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(3): 4-5, figs. 7 ♂ D&V (holotype), 8 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia metea intermedia
Type Locality: “South Carolina: Pickens County, visc. [sic!] Lake Issaqueena”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Hesperia metea licinus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 275, no. 18.
Original Combination: Pamphila Licinus
Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 28 ♂ D, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 24 ♂ D&V.
As first reviser, H. Freeman (1948), Entomol. News 59(8): 205, gave licinus priority over horus (below).
= horus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 277, no. 22.
Original Combination: Pamphila Horus
Type Locality: “Dallas, Texas” [Dallas County]
Types: Holotype (#8975) in MCZ; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 14 ♀ V, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 25 ♀ D&V.
= belfragei H. Freeman, 1944
Field & Lab. 12(1): 20.
Original Combination: Hesperia metea belfragei new form
Type Locality: “Cedar Hill, Dallas County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
221. Hesperia viridis (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Can. Entomol. 15(8): 147.
Original Combination: [Pamphila Juba] var. Viridis
Type Locality: “Los [sic!] Vegas, N. M.”; holotype labeled “Las Vegas, N. M. 7000 ft” [San Miguel County, New Mexico]
Types: Holotype in SEMC, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 19 ♂ D&V.
222. Hesperia attalus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
a. Hesperia attalus attalus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 276, no. 19.
Original Combination: Pamphila Attalus
Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 282, fig. 15 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 24 ♀ V.
= seminole (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77, no. 2.
Original Combination: O[cytes]. Seminole
Type Locality: “Florida to Texas”
Types: Syntypes (#8971) in MCZ.
Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(10): pl. 17, fig. 9 ♀ D, figured a specimen from Texas, which he claimed was drawn from the “type.”
= ‡”quaiapen” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1655.
Original Combination: Erynnis attalus quiapen dimorphic form [♀]
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in MCZ.
b. Hesperia attalus nigrescens Gatrelle, 1999
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(10): 12, figs. 23 ♂ D, 28 ♂ V (holotype); 24 ♀ D, 29 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia attalus nigrescens
Type Locality: “South Carolina: Horry County”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Hesperia attalus slossonae (Skinner, 1890)
Entomol. Am. 6(7): 138.
Original Combination: Pamphila slossonae
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Syntypes (#7765) in CMNH.
ungrouped species Burns, 1987
J. Lepid. Soc. 41(4): 176-177. Burns suggested that H. sassacus, H. miriamae and H. nevada may be closely related, and that H. meskei may be most closely related to the metea group of species.
223. Hesperia meskei (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
a. Hesperia meskei meskei (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Can. Entomol. 9(3): 58-59.
Original Combination: Pamphila Meskei
Type Locality: “Bastrop Co., Texas”
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 33 ♀ D, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 16 ♀ D&V.
b. Hesperia meskei straton (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(5): 78.
Original Combination: Pamphila straton
Type Locality: “Indian River” [Brevard County, Florida]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 285, fig. 17 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, figs. 32 ♂ D (paralectotype), 34 ♂ V (lectotype).
c. Hesperia meskei pinocayo Gatrelle & Minno, 2003
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(3): 6, figs. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia meskei pinocayo
Type Locality: “Florida: Monroe County, Big Pine Key”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
224. Hesperia dacotae (Skinner, 1911)
Entomol. News 22(9): 412.
Original Combination: Pamphila sassacus dacotae
Type Locality: “Volga, South Dakota” [Brookings County]
Types: Syntype (#7087, labeled as “holotype”, from Volga) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 22 ♂ D.
225. Hesperia lindseyi (W. Holland, 1930)
a. Hesperia lindseyi lindseyi (W. Holland, 1930)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 158-159.
Original Combination: Erynnis lindseyi
Type Locality: “Nellie, California...Ukiah, Calif.”; holotype from “Napa Co.” as reported by MacNeill (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 161. [Napa County, California]
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, figs. 10 ♂ D (holotype), 11 ♀ D (paratype).
b. Hesperia lindseyi macneilli J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (38): 475-476, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia lindseyi macneilli
Type Locality: “California: Mendocino County; Branscomb Rd. at Laytonville, 1645'”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Hesperia lindseyi eldorado J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (38): 476-477, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia lindseyi eldorado
Type Locality: “California: El Dorado County; west slope Sierra Nevada; Meadow Brook barrens, Traverse Creek; T.12N., R.10E., Sec. 24"
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Hesperia lindseyi septentrionalis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (38): 477-478, 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia lindseyi septentrionalis
Type Locality: “California: Siskiyou Co., Shasta Valley Wildlife Area on Little Shasta River, 4 rd. mi. E. of Montague, 2500 ft. elev.; S.33, T.45N., R.5W”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
e. Hesperia lindseyi mccorklei P. Severns & D. Severns, 2005
J. Lepid. Soc. 59(3): 166-167, figs. 1a ♀ D&V (holotype), 1b ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia lindseyi mccorklei
Type Locality: “Oregon, Douglas County, Hillside north of Jackson Creek Road, 3.8 miles east of the junction with South Umpqua Road (UTMs: N 4755771 m, E 10 514710 m, 1470 ft elevation)”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
226. Hesperia sassacus T. Harris, 1862
a. Hesperia sassacus nantahala Gatrelle & Grkovich, 2003
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(3): 3, figs. 14 ♂ D&V (holotype), 15 ♀ D&V, 16 ♂ V, 18 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia sassacus nantahala
Type Locality: “North Carolina: Clay County, Hwy. 64 at Buck Creek, 3400 ft.”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Hesperia sassacus sassacus T. Harris, 1862
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 315.
Original Combination: Hesperia Sassacus
Type Locality: “Cambridge” [Middlesex County, Massachusetts]
Types: Holotype (#26349) in MCZ.
‡”incerta” (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 173, under no. 70.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. incerta
Scudder compared Hesperia sassacus with “H. incerta”; this name has never been used otherwise and is a nomen nudum.
c. Hesperia sassacus manitoboides (Fletcher, 1889)
Ann. Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 19: 85-86.
Original Combination: Pamphila Manitoboides
Type Locality: “Nepigon”; emended to “Nepigon, Ont., and Sudbury, Ont.” by Fletcher (1903), Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 215. [Nipigon, Thunder Bay County, Ontario]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
The description is of the larva, and might be considered conditional. Fletcher (1903), Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 214-215, and (1904), Can. Entomol. 36(5): 128-129, redescribed this taxon. Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 57, did not recognize this as a subspecies-level taxon.
227. Hesperia miriamae MacNeill, 1959
a. Hesperia miriamae miriamae MacNeill, 1959
Wasmann J. Biol. 17(1): 90-94, figs. 1A ♂ genitalia, uncus, tegumen and vinculum, 1B ♂ genitalia, valve, 1C ♂ genitalia, tegumen and uncus D.
Original Combination: Hesperia miriamae
Type Locality: “Near Mono Pass, northwest Inyo County, California; elevation 12,000 feet”
Types: Holotype in CAS; paratypes figured by MacNeill (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: pl. 1, figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V, 12 ♀ D.
b. Hesperia miriamae longaevicola McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (37): 463, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V; 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia miriamae longaevicola
Type Locality: “California, Mono Co.: Mt. Barcroft, 13,400 ft. elevation, White Mountains”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
228. Hesperia nevada (Scudder, 1874)
a. Hesperia nevada nevada (Scudder, 1874)
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 342, 343, 344 key, 345 key, 347-348, no. 2, pl. 10, figs. 1 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 2 ♀ D&V, 3 ♀ D&V, 4 ♂ D&V; pl. 11, figs. 3, 4 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pamphila Nevada
Type Locality: “Colorado...on the mountains about the South Park and in the Park itself” “Nevada, California and Oregon”; lectotype from “Colorado”; defined as “S. Park, Colo.” by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 126. [Park County]
Types: Lectotype (#15300) in MCZ, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), ibid.
b. Hesperia nevada sierra Austin, J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (40): 487-488, figs. 1 upper left ♂ D, 2 upper left ♂ V (holotype); 1 upper right ♀ D, 2 upper right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia nevada sierra
Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Carson Range, Tahoe Meadows, Nevada State Route 431, 2.4 miles west of Mt. Rose (road) Summit, 2695 m, R18E T17N S25 on USGS Mt. Rose, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Genus Polites Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78. Type-species: Hesperia peckius W. Kirby, 1837, in: Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 300, pl. 4, figs. 2, 3, by original designation. The generic synonymy follows Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(1): 24-45.
= Hedone Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 79. Type-species: Hesperia brettus Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 75, figs. 3-5 (= Thymelicus vibex Geyer, 1832, in: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [118], figs. 685 ♂ D, 686 ♂ V; 22, no. 343; synonym), by original designation.
= Limochores Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 80. Type-species: Hesperia manataaqua Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 175 (= Hesperia origenes Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 328, no. 245; synonym), by original designation.
= Pyrrhosidia Scudder, 1874
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 346 (nota). Type-species: Hesperia mystic W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 16, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, by original designation.
= ‡Chaerophon Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(156): 462, 474. Type-species: Pamphila citrus Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(55): 144-145, fig. 1 (= Hesperia subreticulata Plötz, 1883, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 213, no. 454; synonym), by original designation. Preoccupied by Chaerophon Dobson, 1878, Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus.: 431.
= Poanopsis Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 486. Type-species: Pamphila puxillius Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxx, by original designation.
= Yvretta Hemming, 1935
Stylops 4(1): 3. Type-species: Pamphila citrus Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(55)[11(55): 144-145, fig. 1 (= Hesperia subreticulata Plötz, 1883, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 213, no. 454; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Chaerophon Godman, 1900, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
rhesus group Burns, 1994
J. Lepid. Soc. 48(1): 32-33.
229. Polites rhesus (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 116.
Original Combination: Pamphila Rhesus
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “west of Pueblo, Colorado, along road to Hardscrabble Canyon” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 274-275. [Pueblo County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 275, fig. 10 (labels), 276, fig. 11 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, figs. 45 ♂ D (lectotype), 46 ♀ (paralectotype).
= axius (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 213, no. 452; cited unpublished pl. 1448 (nachtrag).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Axius
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: Type(s) in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 153, suggested this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
230. Polites carus (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Can. Entomol. 15(2): 34.
Original Combination: Pamphila Carus
Type Locality: “West Texas”; defined as “Archer County, Texas” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 276.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 275, fig. 11 ♀ D&V, 276 (labels); figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 44 ♀ D.
themistocles group MacNeill, 1993
J. Lepid. Soc. 47(3): 178.
231. Polites peckius (W. Kirby, 1837)
a. Polites peckius peckius (W. Kirby, 1837)
In: J. Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 300, no. (420), pl. 4, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Peckius
Type Locality: “taken with the preceding” [Polyommatus Lucia] “Lat. 54o”; suggested to be “NE U.S. or SE Canada” by Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 69.
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 332, treated peckius as a synonym of coras (see below); however, Stanford (1981), in: Ferris and F. Brown, Butterflies Rocky Mtn. States: 118, and most authors since, used peckius as the name for this taxon (but see Mielke (2004), in: Lamas, Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 77, and (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 5: 1206-1209). In accordance with current usage, Stanford’s arrangement is followed.
= ‡coras (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 51-52, pl. 31, fig. F ♀ D; (8): 152 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicola Coras
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”, possibly in error.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
This name was resurrected from obscurity by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 332, who applied it as a senior synonym of peckius. Cramer’s figure is not recognizable as this taxon, and the given locality is not within its range as currently known. The locality could be erroneous, since many Cramer names are given this consideration; however, it is not possible to prove that the figure represents this taxon, so the name coras is best considered a nomen dubium.
= wamsutta (T. Harris, 1862)
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 318, fig. 141 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Wamsutta
Type Locality: “Massachussets” implied from the title of the first edition of the book; stated to be “Massachusetts” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 111-112, no. 20.
Types: Syntype (#26351) in MCZ.
‡”enys” (Butler, 1870)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(76): 93.
Original Combination: [Pamphila] Enys
Butler mentioned “Pamphila enys” without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
b. Polites peckius surllano Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 69, pl. 4, 4th row right ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Polites peckius surllano
Type Locality: “Green Mountain, Jefferson Co. Colorado”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
232. Polites sabuleti (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Polites sabuleti sabuleti (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 316-317, no. 80; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, figs. 2091 ♂ D&V, 2092 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Sabuleti
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “general region between San Francisco and Eldorado County, California” by Austin (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 2; further defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23, figs. 150 ♂ D, 151 ♂ V.
b. Polites sabuleti channelensis J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (24): 317-318, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti channelensis
Type Locality: “California: Santa Barbara County; Santa Rosa Island; China Camp, 50' elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Polites sabuleti aestivalis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (15): 201-202, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti aestivalis
Type Locality: “California: Trinity County; Highway 3 near Dan Rice Creek, southeast of Scott Mtn. Summit”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Polites sabuleti tecumseh (F. Grinnell, 1903)
Entomol. News 14(1): 11.
Original Combination: Pamphila sabuleti var. tecumseh
Type Locality: “Little Crabtree Meadow near Mt. Whitney” [California]
Types: Syntypes may be in CAS.
= chispa (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 66, no. 441; 247, no. 441, pl. 31, figs. 441 ♂ D (lectotype), 441b ♀ D, 441c ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Pamphila] Chispa; Pamphila Chispa n. s.
Type Locality: “Sierra Nevadas of California” “Sierra Nevadas of Central California”
Types: Lectotype (#4323) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. No. 118: 40.
Austin (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 6, discussed this name and concluded that its taxonomic status is uncertain.
e. Polites sabuleti albamontana Austin, 1987
Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 6-7, figs. 2a second row ♂ ♀ D, 2b second row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is♂).
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti albamontana
Type Locality: “Nevada: Esmeralda County; White Mountains, Trail Canyon, 9000', T1S, R33E, S9, 10, 17"
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Polites sabuleti genoa (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 207, no. 435; cited unpublished pl. 1446 (nachtrag).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Genoa
Type Locality: “Nevada”; suggested to be “near Genoa...Carson River Valley, Douglas Co.” by Austin (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 3.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC, ZMHB, or lost.
g. Polites sabuleti alkaliensis Austin, 1987
Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 4-5, figs. 2a third row ♂ ♀ D, 2b third row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is ♂).
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti alkaliensis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Granite Mountains, (Fortynine Mountain), Nevada State Route 8A, 1.3 mi west of Nevada State Route 34, 5950', T24N, R19E S8, located on USGS Vya, Nevada, 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
h. Polites sabuleti sinemaculata Austin, 1987
Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 7-9, figs. 2a first row ♂ ♀ D, 2b first row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is ♂).
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti sinemaculata
Type Locality: “Nevada: Humboldt County; Baltazor Hot Spring, Nevada State Route 140, 5.0 miles west of Denio Junction, 4213', T46N, R28E, S13 on USGS Denio, Nevada-Oregon, 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
i. Polites sabuleti basinensis Austin, 1988
Bull. Allyn Mus. (120): 1.
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti basinensis
Proposed to replace Polites sabuleti pallida Austin, 1987, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡pallida Austin, 1987
Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 9-10, figs. 2a bottom row ♂ ♀ D, 2b bottom row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is ♂).
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti pallida
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Reese River Valley, Nevada State Route 722 (formerly Nevada State Route 2), 4.0 miles (north) east of Reese River, 5720', T19N, R43E, S32 on USGS Austin, Nevada, 15' quadrangle. This is an expansive alkaline flat”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Secondarily preoccupied by Pamphila pallida Skinner, 1911, Entomol. News 22(9): 412.
j. Polites sabuleti nigrescens Austin, 1987
Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 10-12, figs. 2a fourth row ♂ ♀ D, 2b fourth row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is ♂), 4a ♂ ♀ V, 4b ♂ ♀ D.
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti nigrescens
Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Steptoe Valley, Warm Springs, 5900', T21N, R63E, S25 on the USGS Monte Neva Hot Springs, Nevada, 7.5' quadrangle. This is a flat valley bottom”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
k. Polites sabuleti chusca (W. H. Edwards, 1873)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 346.
Original Combination: Hesperia Chusca
Type Locality: “Arizona”; suggested to be “probably northern Mohave County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 55.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 18 ♂ D, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 54, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
= comstocki Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(1): 7-8, no. 12, pl. 1, figs. 4 ♂ D, 4a ♂ V, 5 ♀, 5a ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti var. comstocki
Type Locality: “El Centro, Imperial County, California”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
l. Polites sabuleti ministigma Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 9.
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti ministigma
Type Locality: “8 mi. W. Crestone, Saguache Co., Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
233. Polites draco (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 274-275, no. 17.
Original Combination: Pamphila Draco
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Twin Lakes, Lake Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 162.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 49, fig. 4 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book: pl. 53, figs. 15 ♂ D (lectotype), 16 ♀ D (paralectotype).
MacNeill (1993), J. Lepid. Soc. 47(3): 180-181, detailed the species-level status of this taxon.
234. Polites mardon (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
a. Polites mardon mardon (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 43, 47-48, no. 6.
Original Combination: Pamphila mardon
Type Locality: “Mount Hood”; corrected to “the small prairies numerous near Puget Sound, Washington Territory. It was abundant near Tenino” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43; further defined as “Tenino Prairie, Thurston County, Washington” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 53.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 54, fig. 7 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 26 ♂ D (lectotype), and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 12 ♀ D (paralectotype).
b. Polites mardon klamathensis Mattoon, J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (65): 768-770, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polites mardon klamathensis
Type Locality: “Oregon: Jackson County; Soda Mountain Road between first and second power transmission line crossing, 3.0 to 3.8 road miles south of Highway 66 at Greensprings summit, 4,500' to 4,800' elevation, T40S-R3E S9 Southern Cascade Range, ca. 12 airline miles southeast of Ashland”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
235. Polites themistocles (Latreille, [1824])
a. Polites themistocles themistocles (Latreille, [1824])
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (723), 769, no. 115.
Original Combination: Hesperia Themistocles
Type Locality: “l’Amerique méridionale”
Types: Type(s) possibly in MNHP or BMNH.
N. Riley (1926), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(2): 239, claimed that themistocles was proposed to replace Papilio taumas Fabricius, 1787; if so, then the type data for thaumas would replace those for themistocles.
= ‡taumas (Fabricius, 1787)
Mantissa Ins. 2: 84, no. 746.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejii]. U[rbicolae]. Taumas
Type Locality: “America boreali”
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
Preoccupied by Papilio thaumas Hufnagel, 1766, Berl. Mag. 2: 62 (Code Article 58.11).
= ‡phocion (Fabricius, 1798)
Entomol. Syst. Suppl.: 431.
Original Combination: Hesperia U[rbicolae]. Phocion
Type Locality: “America meridionali”
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
Preoccupied by Hesperia phocion Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 335, no. 274.
= cernes (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Cernes
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.
Types: Types are the specimens illustrated by Émile Blanchard, probably from Boisduval’s collection. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 328, stated that the “type” is in the BMNH, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
= ahaton (T. Harris, 1862)
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 317, fig. 140 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ahaton
Type Locality: “Milton” [Norfolk County, Massachusetts]
Types: Syntypes in MCZ.
b. Polites themistocles turneri H. Freeman, 1944
Entomol. News 55(2): 47-48.
Original Combination: Polites themistocles turneri
Type Locality: “Jesmond, British Columbia”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
baracoa group MacNeill, 1993
J. Lepid. Soc. 47(3): 177-178.
236. Polites baracoa (Lucas, 1857)
a. Polites baracoa baracoa (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 650.
Original Combination: Hesperia Baracoa
Type Locality: “dans l’île de Cuba”
Types: Syntype in MNHP.
= amadis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1863)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 17(9): 142.
Original Combination: Pamphila Amadis
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes (#7149) in ANSP and ZMHB.
= myus (French, 1885)
Can. Entomol. 17(1): 33-34.
Original Combination: Pamphila myus
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Location of type(s) not known (USNM?).
origenes group MacNeill, 1993
J. Lepid. Soc. 47(3): 178.
237. Polites origenes (Fabricius, 1793)
a. Polites origenes origenes (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 328, no. 245; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 74, fig. 2; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [48], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Origenes
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) lost, name based on Jones' figure.
This name was resurrected from obscurity by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 328, based on the unpublished figures in “Jones’ Icones” in OMU, and has generally been used since. Calhoun (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(4): 119-123, 9 figs, neatly summarizes all of the issues and confirms this treatment.
= manataaqua (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 175-176, no. 74; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, 11 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Manataaqua
Type Locality: “Massachusetts...Georgia”
Types: Syntypes (#15303) in MCZ.
b. Polites origenes rhena (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 115-116.
Original Combination: Pamphila Rhena
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “vicinity of Pueblo, Pueblo Co., Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 47.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 47, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
= alcina (Skinner, 1893)
Entomol. News 4(6): 212-213; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, fig. 25 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Pamphila alcina
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: Syntypes (#7090) in CMNH and FMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 5 ♂ D.
238. Polites mystic (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
a. Polites mystic mystic (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 15-16, no. 3, pl. 1, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Mystic
Type Locality: “Connecticut; Michigan; Canada West”; neotype from “Hunter, Greene Co., New York.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 51, fig. 5 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 22 ♂ D.
This name was also proposed by Scudder (1863), Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 172, and was credited to Scudder by many subsequent authors.
= ‡”mystic” (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 172-173, no. 69.
Original Combination: Hesperia Mystic
Type Locality: “White Mountains to Maryland”
Types: Syntypes in MCZ.
Preoccupied by Hesperia mystic Edwards, 1863. The question of authorship was settled by F. Brown (1980), J. Lepid. Soc. 34(1): 74-75.
= ‡”weetamoo” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1707.
Original Combination: Thymelicus mystic weetamoo melanic variety
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” was from Lintner and may be in NYSM.
= ‡”nubs” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1707.
Original Combination: Thymelicus mystic nubs
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” may be in MCZ.
While the text clearly describes this taxon as infrasubspecific, it was proposed as a trinomial and might be considered available.
b. Polites mystic dacotah (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 277, no. 21.
Original Combination: Hesperia Dacotah
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Georgetown, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 52.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 23 ♂ D, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 61, did not recognize this as a subspecies-level taxon.
= pallida (Skinner, 1911)
Entomol. News 22(9): 412.
Original Combination: Pamphila mystic pallida
Type Locality: “Volga, South Dakota” [Brookings County]
Types: Syntypes (#7091) in CMNH.
239. Polites sonora (Scudder, 1872)
a. Polites sonora siris (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 43, 47, no. 7.
Original Combination: Pamphila siris
Type Locality: “Mount Hood”; corrected to “the small prairies numerous near Puget Sound, Washington Territory. It was abundant near Tenino” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43; further defined as “Tenino Prairie, Thurston Co., Washington” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 46.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 46, fig. 2 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 9 ♂ D.
b. Polites sonora sonora (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78, no. 3.
Original Combination: O[chlodes]. Sonora
Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada (Henry Edwards), California”
Types: Syntype (#15826) in MCZ.
c. Polites sonora flavaventris Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 525, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polites sonora flavaventris
Type Locality: “Nevada: Humboldt County; Pine Forest Range, Blue Lake Road, 6.7 road miles west of Nevada state route 140, Alta Creek Basin, 1829 m, T45N R30E S7 on USGS Denio, Nev.-Ore. 15' guadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Polites sonora longinqua Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 525-526, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ D (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polites sonora longinqua
Type Locality: “Nevada: Esmeralda County; White Mountains, Trail Canyon, 2620 m, T1S R33E S10 on USGS Davis Mountain, Nev.-Calif. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Polites sonora utahensis (Skinner, 1911)
Entomol. News 22(9): 413.
Original Combination: Pamphila sylvanoides utahensis
Type Locality: “Park City, Utah” [Summit County]
Types: Syntypes (#7099, labeled as “holotype”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 13 ♂ V.
vibex group MacNeill, 1993
J. Lepid. Soc. 47(3): 178.
240. Polites vibex (Geyer, 1832)
a. Polites vibex vibex (Geyer, 1832)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [118], figs. 685 ♂ D, 686 ♂ V [1826]; (text): 22, no. 343 (1832, name given).
Original Combination: Thymelicus Vibex
Type Locality: “West Indies”
Types: Type probably lost.
Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 113, mentioned T. vibex without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= brettus (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 75, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ D, 5 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Brettus
Type Locality: Not stated; “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.
Types: Types are the specimens illustrated by Émile Blanchard, probably from Boisduval’s collection, possibly in MNHP or BMNH.
= wingina (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 173-174, no. 71.
Original Combination: Hesperia Wingina
Type Locality: “southern portions of N. England”
Types: Syntypes in MCZ.
= morganta (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 203, no. 426; cited unpublished pl. 1444 (nachtrag).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Morganta
Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”, in error; corrected to “North America” by Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 153.
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), ibid., determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= unna (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 204, no. 429; cited unpublished pl. 637.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Unna
Type Locality: “Philadelphia” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy (under brettus) through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
‡”margarita” (Draudt, 1923)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(332): 931.
Original Combination: [Thymelicus] margarita
Draudt cited this as a Plötz name in the synonymy of brettus, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
b. Polites vibex brettoides (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Papilio 3(4): 71-72.
Original Combination: Pamphila Brettoides
Type Locality: “West Texas...Graham Mountains, Arizona”; lectotype from “Texas”; defined as “vicinity of Archer County, Texas” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 44.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 45, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 26 ♂ D.
c. Polites vibex praeceps (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 79, no. 2.
Original Combination: H[edone]. praeceps
Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]
Types: Syntype (#15313) in MCZ.
= sulfurina (Mabille, 1878)
Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(197): 233-234, no. 39.
Original Combination: P[amphila]. sulfurina
Type Locality: “Mexicanam”; also mentioned specimens from “Cayenna” and “Venezuela”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= lumida (Möschler, 1879)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 217-218, no. 23.
Original Combination: Pamphila Lumida
Type Locality: “Colombien”
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
= phormio (Mabille, 1878)
Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(197): 233, no. 38.
Original Combination: Pamphila Phormio
Type Locality: “Para, Brasiliae”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= golenia (Möschler, 1879)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 218, no. 21.
Original Combination: Pamphila Golenia
Type Locality: “Colombien”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH and ZMHB.
= zenckei (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 196, no. 402; cited unpublished pl. 1437 (nachtrag).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Zenckei
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 152, determined this synonymy (as vibex) through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= clara (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 203, no. 425; cited unpublished pl. 635.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Clara
Type Locality: “Californien”, presumably in error.
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy (as brettus) through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= stigma (Skinner, 1896)
Can. Entomol. 28(7): 188.
Original Combination: Pamphila stigma
Type Locality: “southern border of New Mexico and S.-W. Texas”
Types: Syntypes (#7098) in CMNH and FMNH; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 28 ♂ D.
= hypozona (Dyar, 1918)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 339-340.
Original Combination: Lerema hypozona
Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#21216) in USNM.
‡”combinata” (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 206, under no. 433.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Golenia = Combinata
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy (as vibex) through an examination of an unpublished drawing (pl. 636, from “Colombia”) made by Plötz. This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Wallengrenia Berg, 1897
An. Mus. Nac. (Buenos Aires) (2)5: 254-255. Type-species: Hesperia premnas Wallengren, 1860, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 4(2): 38, no. 20, by original designation. The arrangement here follows Burns (1985), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (423): 1-39.
= Catia Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(156): 462, 481. Type-species: Hesperia drury Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (723), 767, no. 110 (= Papilio otho J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 31-32, pl. 16; subspecies), by original designation.
241. Wallengrenia otho (J. E. Smith, 1797)
a. Wallengrenia otho otho (J. E. Smith, 1797)
In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 31-32, pl. 16, figs. ♂ D, ♂ V, ♀ D, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Otho
Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost.
= pustula (Geyer, 1832)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [108], figs. 625 ♂ D, 626 ♂ V [1826]; (text): 11, no. 313 (1832, name given).
Original Combination: Thymelicus Pustula
Type Locality: “Georgien”; probably based on a specimen from John Abbot.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 113, listed T. pustula without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”lacordairii” (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Rhop. 2(156): 483.
Original Combination: Catia pustula (= Pamphila lacordairii Boisd)
Godman introduced the name lacordairii in the synonymy of pustula without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
b. Wallengrenia otho clavus (Erichson, [1849])
In: Schomburgk, Reisen Brit-Guiana 3: 603-604.
Original Combination: Hesperia clavus
Type Locality: “British Guiana” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 68.
Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 294, determined this synonymy and suggested that this may be a species-level taxon.
= curassavica (Snellen, 1887)
Tijdschr. Entomol. 30: 28-30, pl. 2, figs. 3, 3a ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Curassavica
Type Locality: “Curaçao” implied from the title of the paper. [Netherlands Antilles]
Types: Syntype(s) in RMNH.
= helva (Möschler, 1877)
Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 26: 336, pl. 4, fig. 20.
Original Combination: Pamphila helva
Type Locality: “aus dem Innern Suriname”
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 68.
= winslowi (Weeks, 1906)
Psyche 13(2/3): 69-70; figured by Weeks (1911), Ill. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 10, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Polites winslowi
Type Locality: “Suapure, Venezuela”
Types: Holotype (#16724) in MCZ.
= jobrea (Dyar, 1918)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 338-339.
Original Combination: Catia jobrea
Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#21212) in USNM.
242. Wallengrenia egeremet (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 174-175, no. 73.
Original Combination: Hesperia Egeremet
Type Locality: “Mass....Georgia...Western States...N. England”
Types: Syntype (#15827) in MCZ.
= ursa (Worthington, 1880)
Can. Entomol. 12(3): 49, no. 1.
Original Combination: Pamphila ursa
Type Locality: “Lake Co., Ind., near Ills. Line”
Types: Location of type(s) not known (USNM?).
= cinna (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 58, no. 377; cited unpublished pl. 598.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Cinna
Type Locality: “Union” [United States]
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Genus Pompeius Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 301, 335. Type-species: Hesperia pompeius Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (722), 765, no. 105, by original designation.
243. Pompeius verna (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 57, no. 6.
Original Combination: Pamphila verna
Type Locality: “Illinois”; neotype from “Perryton Township, Mercer County, Illinois”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 57, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.
= pottawattomie (Worthington, 1880)
Can. Entomol. 12(3): 50, no. 2.
Original Combination: Pamphila pottawattomie
Type Locality: “neighborhood of the Chicago massacre, Cook Co., Ill....Lake Co., Ind.”
Types: Syntype in USNM.
= vetulina (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 58, no. 377; cited unpublished pl. 597.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Vetulina
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= sigida (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxvii.
Original Combination: Pamphila Sigida
Type Locality: “Australie”, in error.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= sequoyah (H. Freeman, 1942)
Entomol. News 53(4): 104.
Original Combination: Polites verna sequoyah
Type Locality: “Hope Hill Farm, Faulkner County, Arkansas and Little Rock, Arkansas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Atalopedes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78. Type-species: Hesperia huron W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 16-17, no. 4, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2 (= Hesperia campestris Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 316; subspecies), by original designation. Burns (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 11-32, suggested that Atalopedes and Hesperia are closely related.
= Pansydia Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81. Type-species: Hesperia mesogramma Latreille, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (722), 765, no. 106, by original designation.
244. Atalopedes campestris (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Atalopedes campestris campestris (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 316, no. 79; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2090 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia campestris
Type Locality: “dans les lieux arides”; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 22.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 22, figs. 147 ♂ D, 148 ♂ V.
= tenebricosus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 504, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype); 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Atalopedes campestris tenebricosus
Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Eureka”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 45, determined this synonymy.
b. Atalopedes campestris huron (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 16-17, no. 4, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Huron
Type Locality: “Illinois, Georgia, Texas, Washington, D.C.”; neotype from “Evanston, Illinois” [Cook County]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 59, fig. 10 ♂ D&V.
Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 65, did not recognize this as a subspecies-level taxon.
= kedema (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 504, no. 3.
Original Combination: Pamphila Kedema
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= augustus (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 213, no. 453; cited unpublished pl. 676.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Augustus
Type Locality: “Brasilien”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
= amphissa (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 221, no. 476; cited unpublished pl. 667.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Amphissa
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 145, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
Genus Atrytone Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77. Type-species: Hesperia iowa Scudder, 1868, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 401 (= Hesperia arogos Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 3-5; subspecies), by original designation.
245. Atrytone arogos (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
a. Atrytone arogos arogos (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Arogos
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.
Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 340, noted that the “type” is in the BMNH, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
= mutius (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 199, no. 413; cited unpublished pl. 625.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Mutius
Type Locality: “Georgia”
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
b. Atrytone arogos iowa (Scudder, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 401.
Original Combination: Hesperia Iowa
Type Locality: “Iowa”; defined as “Denison and New Jefferson, Iowa” by Scudder [1870], Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. 1(2): 330. [Denison, Crawford County; Jefferson, Greene County]
Types: Syntype (#15307) in MCZ.
Genus Problema Skinner & R. Williams, 1924
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 50(1): 62. Type-species: Pamphila byssus W. H. Edwards, 1880, Can. Entomol. 12(11): 224, by original designation.
246. Problema byssus (W. H. Edwards, 1880)
a. Problema byssus byssus (W. H. Edwards, 1880)
Can. Entomol. 12(11): 224-225.
Original Combination: Pamphila Byssus
Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida” [Brevard County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 63, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 41, fig. 20 ♀ D (paralectotype), pl. 53, fig. 38 ♂ D (lectotype).
b. Problema byssus kumskaka (Scudder, 1887)
Can. Entomol. 19(3): 45-48.
Original Combination: Atrytone Kumskaka
Type Locality: “Iowa...Western States”; stated to be “Denison, Iowa” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 42. [Crawford County]
Types: Syntype (#10756) in MCZ; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 39 ♂ D, supposedly sent to W. H. Edwards by Scudder.
247. Problema bulenta (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 67, figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [3] ♀ D, [4] larva, [5] pupa.
Original Combination: Hesperia Bulenta
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “Georgia” implied from other drawings of the species by John Abbot.
Types: Types were the specimens that John Abbot painted and are probably lost.
F. Jones (1926), Entomol. News 37(7): 193-197, pl. 9, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♀ V, fig. of ♂ genitalia, detailed the rediscovery of this species, and provided the first written description of the taxon.
Genus Poanes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 76. Type-species: Hesperia massasoit Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 171, no. 65, by original designation. Burns (1992), J. Lepid. Soc. 46(1): 1-23, discussed the probability that this genus is polyphyletic, and created species groups. The first group includes hobomok, zabulon and taxiles, while the second group includes massasoit, viator, aaroni and yehl (massasoit may belong in its own group). Burns also transferred melane to Poanes from Paratrytone, and noted that at least some Poanes species may belong in Ochlodes.
= Phycanassa Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77. Type-species: Hesperia viator W. H. Edwards, 1865, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 202-203, pl. 1, fig. 5, by original designation.
= ‡Paratrytone Dyar, 1905
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 136. Type-species: Pamphila howardi Skinner, 1896, Can. Entomol. 28(7): 187 (= Pamphila aaroni Skinner, 1890, Entomol. News 1(1): 6; subspecies), by original designation. Preoccupied by Paratrytone Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 487.
248. Poanes hobomok (T. Harris, 1862)
a. Poanes hobomok hobomok (T. Harris, 1862)
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 313-314, fig. 137 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Hobomok
Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition of the book; stated to be “Massachusetts” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 110, no. 15.
Types: Syntypes (#26348) in MCZ.
= pocahontas (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 171-172, no. 67; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, fig. 9 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Pocahontas
Type Locality: “Mass. and Conn.” [Massachusetts and Connecticut]
Types: Syntypes (#15825) in MCZ and CMNH.
= quadaquina (Scudder, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 381, no. 76.
Original Combination: Hesperia Quadaquina
Type Locality: “West Roxbury, Mass....Quincy, Mass....Guilford, Conn....New Haven, Conn.”
Types: Syntype (#15824) in MCZ; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 44 ♀ D.
= ridingsii F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940
Can. Entomol. 72(4): 83.
Original Combination: Poanes hobomok form ridingsii
Type Locality: “Riding Mtns., Manitoba”
Types: Holotype in CNC.
This name is considered available from its original description, since Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 250, treated it as a subspecies-level taxon (Code Article 45.6.4.1).
= ‡”alfaratta” W. Holland, 1930
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 159; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 45 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Poanes hobomok var. ♀ alfaratta
Type Locality: “Kansas”
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.
= ‡”friedlei” F. Watson, 1920
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 28(3-4): 232.
Original Combination: Poanes hobomok f. ♀ pocahontas ab. friedlei
Type Locality: “Van Cortland Park, New York City, N. Y.” [Bronx County, New York]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”pallida” F. Watson, 1921
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 29(3-4): 172-173.
Original Combination: Poanes hobomok ab. pallida
Type Locality: “near Dunwoodie, Westchester County, New York”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
b. Poanes hobomok monofacies Gatrelle, 2002
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(8): 6-7, figs. 17 ♂ D, 19 ♂ V (holotype); 18 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V, 21 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V, 22 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V, 25 ♂ D, 27 ♂ V, 26 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Poanes hobomok monofacies
Type Locality: “North Carolina: Macon County, near summit of Chestnut Mountain, 3,500', FS Rd. 4563”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Poanes hobomok wetona Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 9.
Original Combination: Poanes hobomok wetona
Type Locality: “Sand Gulch S. Greenwood, 7200', Custer Co., Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in LACM; figured by Gatrelle (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(8): figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
249. Poanes zabulon (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Zabulon
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.
Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 348, noted that the “type” is in the BMNH, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
= erratica (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 210-211, no. 446; cited unpublished pl. 656.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Erratica
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 145, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
‡”ogeechensis” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1617.
Original Combination: [Atrytone zabulon] = Papilio ogeechensis Abb.
This name was mentioned in the synonymy of Atrytone zabulon without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
250. Poanes taxiles (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 5-6.
Original Combination: Pamphila Taxiles
Type Locality: “Arizona...South Colorado...Nevada...Oak Creek Canon, South Colorado”; defined as “Oak Creek Canyon, Custer County [sic!], Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 73-74. [Fremont County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 74, fig. 22 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 31 ♂ D.
= psaumis (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 489, no. 1; 3: pl. 94, figs. 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Phycanassa psaumis
Type Locality: “Mexico, Bolaños in Jalisco”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
251. Poanes massasoit (Scudder, 1863)
a. Poanes massasoit massasoit (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 171, no. 65.
Original Combination: Hesperia Massasoit
Type Locality: “Carver, Mass.” [Plymouth County]
Types: Syntype (#15305) in MCZ.
= suffusa (Laurent, [1891])
Entomol. News 3(1): 15-16.
Original Combination: Pamphila massasoit var. suffusa
Type Locality: “around Philadelphia...in low meadow- or swamp-lands” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: Syntype (#7172) in CMNH.
= hughi A. Clark, 1931
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 21(1): 7-9, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Poanes massasoit hughi
Type Locality: “Beltsville, Maryland; bog between the railway station and the experiment farm of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture” [Prince Georges County]
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by A. Clark and L. Clark (1951), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116(7): frtspc. fig. 11 ♂ V, pl. 26, fig. c ♂ D.
b. Poanes massasoit chermocki W. Andersen & Simmons, 1976
J. Lepid. Soc. 30(1): 19-20, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Poanes massasoit chermocki
Type Locality: “New Bridge, Dorchester County, Maryland”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
252. Poanes viator (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
a. Poanes viator viator (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 202-203, no. 5, pl. 1, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia viator
Type Locality: “Northern Illinois...New Orleans”; neotype from “Goose Lake Prairie, Grundy Co., Ill.”
Types: Neotype in INHS, designated by Shapiro (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 9(2): 110, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 21 ♂ D&V.
b. Poanes viator zizaniae Shapiro, 1971
J. Res. Lepid. 9(2): 110, 113, figs. 2 a ♂ D, b ♂ D, c ♂ D, d ♀ D, e ♂ D (holotype), f ♀ D, g ♂ V, h ♂ V, i ♂ V, j ♀ V.
Original Combination: Poanes viator zizaniae
Type Locality: “Tinicum Wildlife Preserve, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania”
Types: Holotype in CUIC.
253. Poanes aaroni (Skinner, 1890)
a. Poanes aaroni aaroni (Skinner, 1890)
Entomol. News 1(1): 6-7; figured by [Skinner] (1892), Entomol. News 3(3): 49, pl. 2, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V, and (1897), Entomol. News 8(6): pl. 7, 4th row ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Pamphila aaroni
Type Locality: “Cape May, N. J.” implied from the title of the paper. [Cape May County, New Jersey]
Types: Lectotype (#7093) in CMNH, designated by Gatrelle (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(2): 6.
b. Poanes aaroni minimus Gatrelle, 1999
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(10): 9, figs. 13 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 14 ♀ D, 19 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Poanes aaroni minimus
Type Locality: “South Carolina: Orangeburg County, Bull Swamp”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
c. Poanes aaroni howardi (Skinner, 1896)
Can. Entomol. 28(7): 187.
Original Combination: Pamphila Howardi
Type Locality: “Florida...Georgiana, on the Indian River” [Brevard County]
Types: Lectotype (#7092) in CMNH, designated by Gatrelle (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(2): 6; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 46, figs. 38 ♂ D (lectotype), pl. 54, fig. 1 ♀ D (paralectotype).
d. Poanes aaroni bordeloni Gatrelle, 2000
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(2): 8-9, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V, 12 ♀ D&V, 13 ♂ DFW, 16 ♀ DFW.
Original Combination: Poanes aaroni bordeloni
Type Locality: “Texas: Jefferson County, Sabine Pass”
Types: Holotype at TAMU.
254. Poanes yehl (Skinner, 1893)
Entomol. News 4(6): 212; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 40 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Pamphila yehl
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Holotype in FMNH.
‡”baiva” (Butler, 1870)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(76): 93.
Original Combination: [Pamphila] Baiva
Butler cited this as a Boisduval name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
255. Poanes melane (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
a. Poanes melane melane (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 312.
Original Combination: Hesperia Melane
Type Locality: “California”; defined as “San Francisco Bay area, California” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 75.
Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 75, fig. 23 ♂ D&V.
b. Poanes melane vitellina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min Ver. Regensb. 23(12): 199, no. 25.
Original Combination: [Cobalus] vitellina
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in NMW.
Burns (1992), J. Lepid. Soc. 46(1): 14, suggested that this may be a species-level taxon.
‡”marmarosa” (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 495.
Original Combination: Pamphila marmarosa
Godman cited this as a Staudinger name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Stinga Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 300, 317. Type-species: Pamphila morrisoni W. H. Edwards, 1878, Field & Forest 3(7/8): 116, by original designation. A. Warren & Austin (2009), Zootaxa 2197: 1–19, discuss the variation, distribution, and systematics of this genus.
256. Stinga morrisoni (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 116-117.
Original Combination: Pamphila Morrisoni
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “Hardscrabble Canyon, Custer County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 279, 280.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 280, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 26 ♂ D (lectotype), 27 ♀ D (paralectotype).
Genus Ochlodes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78. Type-species: Hesperia nemorum Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 314 (= Hesperia agricola Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 314; subspecies), by original designation. Chiba and Tsukiyama (1996), Butterflies 14: 3-16, revised this genus. The relative precedence of the various taxa named by Boisduval has not been unequivocally stated anywhere. This arrangement generally follows L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 42, Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 72, and Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 5: 1112-1116.
257. Ochlodes sylvanoides (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Ochlodes sylvanoides sylvanoides (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 313-314, no. 71; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, figs. 2083 ♂ D&V, 2084 ♂ D&V, 2085 ♀ D&V [this species?].
Original Combination: Hesperia sylvanoides
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Tuolumne gold fields, Tuolumne Co. Calif.” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10; corrected to “Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, based on the lectotype and Lorquin’s itinerary.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21, figs. 135 ♂ D, 136 ♂ V.
= pratincola (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 315, no. 77; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, figs. 2088 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia pratincola
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Broderick, Yolo Co., Calif.” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11; corrected to “Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 22, figs. 144 ♀ D, 145 ♀ V.
Tilden and Smith (1986), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 227, suggested that pratincola is a species-level taxon, occurring in south-central California, flying in June (earlier than sylvanoides). The restriction of the type locality as given above removes the name pratincola from that consideration. If such a taxon is “rediscovered” in the future, it would require a new name.
= francisca (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 220, no. 472; cited unpublished pl. 666.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Francisca
Type Locality: “Californien, Mexico”
Types: Syntypes in ZHMB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 145, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
b. Ochlodes sylvanoides santacruza Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11.
Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides santacruza
Type Locality: “Santa Cruz Is. Calif...Central Valley” [Santa Barbara County, California]
Types: Holotype in EMEC.
Species-genus gender conformation is santacruzus.
c. Ochlodes sylvanoides catalina J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (23): 313-314, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides catalina
Type Locality: “California: Los Angeles County; Santa Catalina Island; Toyon Bay”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Ochlodes sylvanoides orecoasta Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11.
Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides orecoasta
Type Locality: “Cullaby Lake, Clatsop Co., Ore.” [Oregon]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Species-genus gender conformation is orecoastus.
e. Ochlodes sylvanoides bonnevilla Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10.
Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides bonnevilla
Type Locality: “Thomas Can., Ruby Mtns., Elko Co., Nev.” [Nevada]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Species-genus gender conformation is bonnevillus.
f. Ochlodes sylvanoides omnigena Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 526, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides omnigena
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Toiyabe Mountains, Kingston Canyon, 2285 m, T16N R43E, S27, 28 on USGS Millett Ranch, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
g. Ochlodes sylvanoides napa (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 202, pl. 1, figs. 3 ♂ D&V, 4 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Napa
Type Locality: “Empire City, Colorado Territory”; defined as “Empire in Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 71.
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 71, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.
The neotype is the same specimen designated as lectotype by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 39; this specimen was not in Edwards' original type-series, and could not be a candidate for lectotype. No syntypes were found, so Brown and Miller decided that the specimen should be the neotype. Weidemeyer (1864), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 541, listed “[Hesperia] napa” without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= amanda (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 197, no. 404; cited unpublished pl. 617.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Amanda
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, suggested that this is “a var. of the N.- American Erynnis ottoe, Edw., ♂” through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz. This name should probably be considered a nomen dubium.
258. Ochlodes agricola (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Ochlodes agricola agricola (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 314-315, no. 76; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2087 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia agricola
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “slope between Yellow Bluff and Cavallo Point, 2 miles SSE of Sausalito, Marin County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2) 21, figs. 141 ♂ D, 142 ♂ V.
= yreka (W. H. Edwards, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 207-208, no. 9.
Original Combination: Hesperia Yreka
Type Locality: “San Francisco” [San Francisco County, California]
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 66, fig. 17 ♂ D&V. This is the same specimen designated as lectotype by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 40.
Weidemeyer (1864), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 541, listed “yrika” without a description or indication; it is both a misspelling and a nomen nudum.
b. Ochlodes agricola nemorum (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 314, no. 75; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2086 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia nemorum
Type Locality: “le bord des bois”; defined as “Broderick, Yolo Co., Calif.” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11; corrected to “Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21, figs. 138 ♂ D, 139 ♂ V.
= milo (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Can. Entomol. 15(2): 34-35.
Original Combination: Pamphila Milo
Type Locality: “Mt. Hood, Oregon”; considered more likely from “the prairies of western Washington” and suggested to be “Tenino in Thurston County, Washington” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 69; this is also impossible. See discussion below.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 18 ♂ D&V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 44 ♂ D. This is the same specimen designated lectotype by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 40.
The originally stated type locality and the subsequent “restriction” are both incorrect. Ochlodes agricola has never been documented in Washington, and the only records from Oregon are in the southwestern part of the state (A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 55). Many localities provided to Edwards by Morrison were erroneous; some of these were later corrected by Morrison.
c. Ochlodes agricola verus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 4-5.
Original Combination: Pamphila Verus
Type Locality: “Havilah, California” [Kern County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 40; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 19 ♂ D&V.
259. Ochlodes yuma (W. H. Edwards, 1873)
a. Ochlodes yuma sacramentorum Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 528, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Ochlodes yuma sacramentorum
Type Locality: “California: Sacramento County; Sacramento River Valley, Sherman Island, 3 m”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Ochlodes yuma yuma (W. H. Edwards, 1873)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 346.
Original Combination: Hesperia Yuma
Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Owens Lake, Inyo County, California” by F. Brown (1958), Lepid. News 11(4/5): 154; neotype from “Darwin Falls, Inyo Co., California.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 42-43; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 15 ♂ D&V.
c. Ochlodes yuma lutea Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 527, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Ochlodes yuma lutea
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Toiyabe Mountains, Bowman Creek, 1859 m, T15N R43E S13 near Nye County Line on USGS Millett Ranch, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Ochlodes yuma scudderi (Skinner, 1899)
Entomol. News 10(5): 111-112; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Pamphila scudderi
Type Locality: “White River, Colorado” [Rio Blanco County]
Types: Syntype (#7097, labeled as “holotype”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 2 ♂ D.
e. Ochlodes yuma anasazi S. Cary & Stanford, 1995
Bull. Allyn Mus. (140): 2-3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Ochlodes yuma anasazi
Type Locality: “New Mexico: Taos Co., Rio Grande Gorge near Questa”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Genus Paratrytone Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 487. Type-species: Paratrytone rhexenor Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 488, no. 1; 3: pl. 93, figs. 41, 42, 43, by original designation. Burns (1992), J. Lepid. Soc. 46(1): 1-23, discussed the circumscription of this genus; he removed melane (to Poanes) and added snowi (from Ochlodes).
260. Paratrytone snowi (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Can. Entomol. 9(2): 29-30.
Original Combination: Hesperia Snowi
Type Locality: “Colorado, at Ute Pass” [Teller County]
Types: Lectotype in SEMC, designated by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 41; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 67, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.
Genus Anatrytone Dyar, 1905
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 140. Type-species: Hesperia delaware W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 19, no. 8, pl. 5, fig. 2 (= Hesperia logan W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 18-19, no. 7, pl. 1, fig. 5; synonym), by original designation. This genus was resurrected by Scott (1992, Papilio [N.S.]#6): 148-150, and this was confirmed by Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 273-337.
= Mellana Hayward, 1948
Acta zool. Lilloana 5: 98. Type-species: Atrytone mella Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 492-493, no. 5; 3: pl. 94, figs. 14 ♂ D, 15 ♂ V, 16 ♂ genitalia, by original designation. Actually, Hayward misidentified Pamphila perfida Möschler, 1879, Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 28: 221, no. 28, as mella, as determined by Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 293-294. This is a case of a misidentified type species. The type-species is Atrytone mella Godman, 1900, as designated by Pelham (2008), J. Res. Lepid. 40: 91 (under Code Article 70.3), misidentified in the original designation by Hayward (1948).
logan group Burns, 1994
J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 280-285.
261. Anatrytone logan (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
a. Anatrytone logan logan (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 18-19, no. 7, pl. 1, fig. 5 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Logan
Type Locality: “Lansing, Michigan...Philadelphia”; neotype from “Kanawha River, Kanawha County, West Virginia”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 61, fig. 11 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 25 ♀ D.
= delaware (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 19, no. 8, pl. 5, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Delaware
Type Locality: “Philadelphia”; neotype from “Kanawha River, Kanawha County, West Virginia”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 61, fig. 12 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 24 ♂ D.
Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77, no. 2, made the first reviser choice of logan over delaware.
b. Anatrytone logan lagus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 5.
Original Combination: Pamphila Lagus
Type Locality: “western Texas...southern Colorado...Nevada...Oak Creek Canon”; defined as “Oak Creek Canon, Custer County [sic!], Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 61. [Fremont County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 62, fig. 13 ♂ D&V.
262. Anatrytone mazai (H. Freeman, 1969)
J. Lepid. Soc. 23 (suppl. 2): 39, pl. 13, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); pl. 15, fig. 8 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Atrytone mazai
Type Locality: “Mexcala, Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Quasimellana Burns, 1994
J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 299-302. Type-species: Atrytone mexicana E. Bell, 1942, An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol. Méx. 2(4): 461-462, no. 11, fig. 5, by original designation.
eulogius group Burns, 1994
J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 302-303.
263. Quasimellana eulogius (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 64, no. 393; cited unpublished pl. 608.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Eulogius
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= mellona (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 493, no. 6; 3: pl. 94, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V, 19 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Atrytone mellona
Type Locality: “Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan...Soledad, Tierra Colorada, Dos Arroyos, Rio Papagaio, and Acaguizotla [sic!; Acahuizotla], all in Guerrero...Atoyac...Orizaba...Valladolid in Yucatan...Guatemala, Pacific coast, Polochic and Chisoy Valleys...San Gerónimo...Panama, Chiriqui...Guiana”; defined as “Mexico” by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 356.
Types: Syntypes (one labeled as “holotype”) in BMNH.
= heberia (Dyar, 1914)
Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 2(1): 5.
Original Combination: Atrytone heberia
Type Locality: “Non Pareil Plantation, British Guiana” [Georgetown, Guyana]
Types: Lectotype (#18116) in USNM, designated by Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 304.
= oaxaca (H. Freeman, 1979)
Bull. Allyn Mus. (52): 10-11, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♂ V (holotype), 29 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Mellana oaxaca
Type Locality: “Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Genus Notamblyscirtes Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 70. Type-species: Amblyscirtes simius W. H. Edwards, 1881, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 6-7, by original designation. Burns (1990), J. Lepid. Soc. 44(1): 18-21, removed simius from Amblyscirtes. Scott (1992), Papilio (n.s.) 6: 160-161, listed simius as “Not-‘Amblyscirtes’”, but it was clear from the context and diagnosis that he did not propose a new name; that shortcoming was rectified as above.
264. Notamblyscirtes simius (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 6-7.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Simius
Type Locality: “Oak Creek Canyon, Colorado...Pueblo, Colorado”; defined as “Oak Creek Canyon, Custer County [sic!], Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 54. [Fremont County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 54, fig. 19 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 47, fig. 8 ♂ D.
‡”nigra” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes simius form nigra
Type Locality: “southern Colorado...Arizona”
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”rufa” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes simius form rufa
Type Locality: “southern Colorado...Arizona”
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
Genus Euphyes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 80. Type-species: Hesperia metacomet T. Harris, 1862, Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 317 (= Hesperia vestris Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 317; subspecies), by original designation. Shuey (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 160-172, discussed relationships between the various species and groups in this genus.
dion group Shuey, 1989
J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 160.
265. Euphyes pilatka (W. H. Edwards, 1867)
a. Euphyes pilatka pilatka (W. H. Edwards, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(3): 286, 287, no. 3.
Original Combination: Hesperia Pilatka
Type Locality: “St. Augustine, Florida” [St. Johns County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 29 ♂ D&V.
The city of Palatka, Florida was spelled “Pilatka” until 1853. Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 80, spelled this name “palatka”, both in the text and in the reference to Edwards’ original description, representing an unjustified emendation.
= floridensis (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 196, no. 401; cited unpublished pl. 616.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Floridensis
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
b. Euphyes pilatka klotsi L. Miller, Harvey & J. Miller, 1985
Florida Entomol. 68(2): 325-327, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 11 ♂ genitalia, 12-15 ♂ valvae, 19 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Euphyes pilatka klotsi
Type Locality: “Florida: Monroe Co., Sugarloaf Key, T66S, R27E, Sec. 23”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
266. Euphyes conspicua (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
a. Euphyes conspicua orono (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 79, no. 4.
Original Combination: H[edone]. Orono
Type Locality: “northern states (probably)”; “Maine” implied from the name of Chief Orono of the Penobscot Nation.
Types: Holotype (#16581) in MCZ.
Elevated to the subspecies-level by L. Miller et al. (1985), Florida Entomol. 68(2): 333-334.
b. Euphyes conspicua conspicua (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 17, no. 5; (2): pl. 5, fig. 5 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Conspicua
Type Locality: “Lansing, Michigan”; neotype from “Dansville State Game Area, Ingham County, Michigan”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 79, fig. 26 ♀ D&V.
Species-genus gender conformation is conspicuus.
= pontiac (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 17-18, no. 6: (4): pl. 11, fig. 5 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Pontiac
Type Locality: “Lansing, Michigan”; neotype from “Dansville State Game Area, Ingham County, Michigan”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 81, fig. 27 ♂ D&V.
c. Euphyes conspicua buchholzi (P. Ehrlich & Gillham, 1951)
Entomol. News 62(6): 188-189.
Original Combination: Atrytone conspicua buchholzi
Type Locality: “Valley, Nebraska” [Douglas County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
267. Euphyes berryi (E. Bell, 1941)
Entomol. News 52(6): 167.
Original Combination: Atrytone berryi
Type Locality: “Monticello, Florida” [Jefferson County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
268. Euphyes dion (W. H. Edwards, 1879)
Can. Entomol. 11(12): 238-239.
Original Combination: P[amphila]. Dion
Type Locality: “Nebraska...southern shore of Lake Michigan...Indiana...Hamilton, Ont.”; defined as “Whiting, Lake County, Indiana” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 81.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 82, fig. 28 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 36 ♂ D (lectotype), 37 ♀ V (paralectotype).
= alabamae (Lindsey, 1923)
Entomol. News 34(7): 210.
Original Combination: Atrytone (Euphyes) alabamae
Type Locality: “Mobile County, Alabama”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Shuey (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 163-165, determined this synonymy.
= macguirei H. Freeman, 1975
J. Lepid. Soc. 29(4): 227-229, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Euphyes macguirei
Type Locality: “Benbrook Res., Tarrant Co., Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Shuey (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 161-163, determined this synonymy.
269. Euphyes bayensis Shuey, 1989
J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 165-166, figs. 8, 1st column top ♂ D (holotype), 2nd ♂ D, 3rd ♂ D, 4th ♀ D, bottom ♀ D, second column top ♂ D, 2nd ♂ D, 3rd ♂ D, 4th ♀ D, bottom ♀ D, 9 1st column top ♂ V (holotype), 2nd ♂ V, 3rd ♂ V, 4th ♀ V, bottom ♀ V, second column top ♂ V, 2nd ♂ V, 3rd ♂ V, 4th ♀ V, bottom ♀ V, figs. 10-21 ♂ genitalia, figs. 34-45 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Euphyes bayensis
Type Locality: “Bay St. Louis, Hancock County, Mississippi”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
270. Euphyes dukesi (Lindsey, 1923)
a. Euphyes dukesi dukesi (Lindsey, 1923)
Entomol. News 34(7): 209-210.
Original Combination: Atrytone (Euphyes) dukesi
Type Locality: “Mobile County, Alabama”
Types: Holotype in USNM; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.):pl. 54, fig. 26 ♂ D.
b. Euphyes dukesi calhouni Shuey, 1996
J. Lepid. Soc. 50(1): 46-47, figs. 1, 2, 3 ♂ genitalia, 7, 8, 9, 10 ♀ genitalia, 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V (?holotype).
Original Combination: Euphyes dukesi calhouni
Type Locality: “Florida, Pasco County, ‘Cabbage Swamp.’“
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
vestris group Shuey, 1993
J. Lepid. Soc. 47(4): 271, 272.
271. Euphyes bimacula (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
a. Euphyes bimacula bimacula (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York 8: 433-434.
Original Combination: Hesperia bimacula
Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Philadelphia!)”
Types: Holotype may be in NYSM.
= acanootus (Scudder, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 381-382, no. 84.
Original Combination: Hesperia Acanootus
Type Locality: “Lexington, Mass.” [Middlesex County, Massachusetts]
Types: Holotype may be in MCZ.
b. Euphyes bimacula arbogasti Gatrelle, 1999
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(10): 6, figs. 21 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 22 ♀ D, 27 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphyes bimacula arbogasti
Type Locality: “South Carolina: Berkeley County, nr. jct. of I-26 and hwy. 17-A”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Euphyes bimacula illinois (Dodge, 1872)
Can. Entomol. 4(11): 217-218.
Original Combination: Hesperia illinois
Type Locality: “Burcan [sic!] County, Illinois...upon grassy slopes on the high rolling prairie that forms the divide between the Illinois and Rock rivers” [Bureau County, Illinois]. Neotype from “Denine Crossing, Grundy County, Illinois.”
Types: Syntypes (#1872) in ANSP and PMNH. Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(10): 5, figs. 11 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, designated a “neotype” in MGCL, but this is invalid if there are extant syntypes.
= ‡”contradicta” (Leussler, 1933)
Entomol. News 44(3): 71.
Original Combination: Atrytone bimacula ♀ aberration contradicta
Type Locality: “Valley, Nebraska” [Douglas County]
Types: Holotype in OSU.
272. Euphyes arpa (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (23): pl. 68, figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [3] ♀ D, [4] larva, [5] pupa.
Original Combination: Hesperia Arpa
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “Georgia” implied from John Abbot’s notes for this drawing.
Types: Types are the specimens that John Abbot painted and are probably lost. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 362, noted that the “type” is in BMNH, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
273. Euphyes vestris (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Euphyes vestris harbisoni J. Brown & McGuire, 1983
Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 20(3): 58-62, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphyes vestris harbisoni
Type Locality: “13.3 km east of Dulzura, north slope of Tecate Peak, elevation 500m, San Diego County, California”
Types: Holotype (#L-49) in SDMC.
b. Euphyes vestris vestris (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 317-318, no. 83; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2093 ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Hesperia? vestris
Type Locality: “les lieux arides”; defined as “Spanish Ranch Road at Meadow Valley Creek, vicinity of fire station in Meadow Valley, 3600', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23.
Types: Holotype in BMNH, figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23, figs. 153 ♀ D, 154 ♀ V.
= osceola (Lintner, 1878)
Entomol. Contr. 4: 57-58.
Original Combination: Pamphila Osceola
Type Locality: “Mendocino, California”; syntype labeled “Ca.” [Mendocino County]
Types: Syntype (#5698) in NYSM; “paratypes” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 40 ♂ D, 41 ♀ D; a possible syntype in CMNH (W. H. Edwards collection).
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 57, discussed this name and its position of the synonymy of E. v. vestris.
= californica (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lxviii.
Original Combination: Pamphila Californica
Type Locality: “Californie”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
c. Euphyes vestris kiowah (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 150.
Original Combination: Hesperia Kiowah
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; holotype from “Colorado”
Types: Holotype in FMNH.
= ‡”immaculatus” (R. Williams, 1914)
Entomol. News 25(6): 267.
Original Combination: [Pamphila vestris] immaculatus n. var.
Type Locality: “Jamez [sic!; Jemez] Mountains, New Mexico” implied from the title of the paper. [Sandoval County]
Types: “Lectotype” (#7168) in CMNH, designated by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Entomol. 33(2): 350, figs. 5, 6 ♀ genitalia, 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
d. Euphyes vestris metacomet (T. Harris, 1862)
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 317.
Original Combination: Hesperia Metacomet
Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition of the book; stated to be “Massachusetts” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 110, no. 18.
Types: Syntypes (#26352) in MCZ.
= rurea (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 58, no. 7.
Original Combination: Pamphila rurea
Type Locality: “Rock Island, Illinois”; neotype from “Perryton Township, Mercer County, Illinois”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 77, fig. 24 ♂ D&V.
= osyka (W. H. Edwards, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(3): 286, 288, no. 5.
Original Combination: Hesperia Osyka
Type Locality: “vicinity of New Orleans” [Orleans Parish, Louisiana]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 78, fig. 25 ♂ D&V.
Durden (1982), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(1): 9, treated this as a subspecies-level taxon.
‡”baeis” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): 1865.
Original Combination: [Euphyes osyka] = Hesperia baeis Boisd. manuscript
Proposed for a Boisduval manuscript name in the synonymy of osyka without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Asbolis Mabille, 1904
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17b): 134. Type-species: Goniloba sandarac Herrich-Schäffer, 1865, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 54, no. 10 (= Eudamus capucinus Lucas, 1857, in: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 625-626; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 25: 79.
274. Asbolis capucinus (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 625-626.
Original Combination: Eudamus Capucinus
Type Locality: “habite l’île de Cuba”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= sandarac (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 54, no. 10.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] sandarac
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes (#7157) in ANSP and ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 137, determined that this taxon is synonymous with palaea, through an examination of an unpublished drawing made by Plötz (pl. 271).
= palaea (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 31, no. 21; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(70): pl. Hesperia IV, fig. 31 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia palaea
Type Locality: Not stated; given as “Cuba” by Hewitson (1869), Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(70): [111] and on syntype label.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
Genus Atrytonopsis Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 497. Type-species: Hesperia deva W. H. Edwards, 1877, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 292, by original designation.
275. Atrytonopsis hianna (Scudder, 1868)
a. Atrytonopsis hianna hianna (Scudder, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 382-383, no. 92; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, figs. 31 ♂ D&V, 32 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Hianna
Type Locality: “Quincy and Dorchester, Mass.” [Quincy is in Norfolk County]
Types: Syntypes (#15334) in MCZ.
= grotei (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 54, no. 360; cited unpublished pl. 360 (pl. 573 in BMNH).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Grotei
Type Locality: “Union” [United States]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
b. Atrytonopsis hianna turneri H. Freeman, 1948
Entomol. News 59(8): 205-206.
Original Combination: Atrytonopsis turneri
Type Locality: “Barber Co., Kansas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
276. Atrytonopsis loammi (Whitney, 1876)
Can. Entomol. 8(4): 76-77; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, fig. 27 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Lerema loammi
Type Locality: “Jacksonville, Fla.” [Duval County]
Types: Location of syntype(s) not known (ANSP or DCM?).
Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 457, treated this as a subspecies of A. hianna.
= regulus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 5.
Original Combination: Pamphila Regulus
Type Locality: “upper St. John's River, Orange Co., Florida” Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 43, suggested that this may be in modern Lake, Osceola or Seminole counties.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 34-35, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
= apostologica (Strand, 1921)
Archiv. Naturgesch. (A)86(7): 160-161.
Original Combination: Parnara apostologica
Type Locality: “Stemper, Fl.” [Hillsborough County, Florida]
Types: Holotype in DEI.
277. Atrytonopsis deva (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 292.
Original Combination: Hesperia Deva
Type Locality: “Prescott”; neotype suggested to be from “vicinity of Tucson” [Pima County, Arizona]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 38, fig. 6 ♀ D&V.
278. Atrytonopsis lunus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
Papilio 4(3): 56.
Original Combination: Pamphila Lunus
Type Locality: “Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 35.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 35, fig. 6 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 15 ♂ D (lectotype), 16 ♀ V (paralectotype).
279. Atrytonopsis vierecki (Skinner, 1902)
Entomol. News 13(7): 213.
Original Combination: Pamphila vierecki
Type Locality: “Dry Canon, Alamagordo, New Mexico” [Otero County]
Types: Syntypes (#7105) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 3 ♂ D.
280. Atrytonopsis pittacus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 138-139.
Original Combination: Pamphila Pittacus
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 33, fig. 3 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 11 ♂ D.
281. Atrytonopsis python (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 139.
Original Combination: Pamphila Python
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ V (paratype).
= margarita (Skinner, 1913)
Can. Entomol. 45(12): 426.
Original Combination: Pamphila margarita
Type Locality: “Jemez Springs, New Mexico” [Sandoval County]
Types: Syntypes (#7106) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 12 ♂ D.
282. Atrytonopsis cestus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
Papilio 4(3): 57.
Original Combination: Pamphila Cestus
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 31.
Types: Holotype (#33624) in USNM; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
283. Atrytonopsis edwardsi W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 135, pl. 8, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Atrytonopsis edwardsi
Type Locality: “Redington, Ariz....Babaquivera [sic!] Mts., Ariz.”; lectotype from “Redington”; Burns (1983), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84(3): 337, suggested that the type locality is “higher ground to the west, to wit, the ‘Santa Catalina Mountains.’” [Pima County]
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by Burns (1983), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84(3): 337, fig. 13 ♂ D&V, figs. 25-27 ♂ genitalia.
= ‡”polingi” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(7): 195, no. 3, pl. 5, fig. 3 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Atrytonopsis edwardsi ab. ♂ polingi
Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County, Arizona”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
Genus Nyctelius Hayward, 1948
Acta zool. Lilloana 5: 99. Type-species: Hesperia nyctelius Latreille, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 746, no. 47[a], by original designation.
284. Nyctelius nyctelius (Latreille, [1824])
a. Nyctelius nyctelius nyctelius (Latreille, [1824])
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 746, no. 47[a].
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Nyctelius
Type Locality: “Brésil & à Surinam”
Types: Syntype in BMNH (not in MNHP), as noted by N. Riley (1926), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(2): 234.
= ares (C. Felder, [1863])
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12(1): 477, no. 65.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ares
Type Locality: “Rio de Janeiro” [Brazil]
Types: Holotype probably in NMW.
= coscinia (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 54, no. 9.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] coscinia
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes (#7141) in ANSP and ZMHB.
‡”aegialea” (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 52, under no. 346.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Coscinia [synonym] Aegialea
This name listed in synonymy without description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Conga Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 266, 294. Type-species: Pamphila chydaea Butler, 1877, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 152, no. 259, by original designation.
285. Conga chydaea (Butler, 1877)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 152, no. 259.
Original Combination: Pamphila chydaea
Type Locality: “Serpa, in the bush” [Amazonas, Brazil]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= valo (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxv.
Original Combination: Pamphila Valo
Type Locality: “Bogota” [Colombia]
Types: Holotype probably in MNHP.
= vala (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxvi.
Original Combination: Pamphila Vala
Type Locality: “Chiriqui” [Panama]
Types: Holotype probably in ZMHB.
= actor (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxxii.
Original Combination: Pamphila Actor
Type Locality: “Chiriqui” [Panama]
Types: Types in ZMHB.
Genus Decinea Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 266, 286. Type-species: Hesperia decinea Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)18(108): 452, by original designation.
286. Decinea percosius (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(159): 536, no. 4; 3(158): pl. 95, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V, 24 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Cobalus percosius
Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac...Guatemala, Zapote...Panama, Chiriqui [Mus Staudinger]”; a specimen from Atoyac was figured. [Atoyac, Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Genus Oligoria Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82. Type-species: Hesperia maculata W. H. Edwards, 1865, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 202, pl. 1, fig. 6, by original designation.
287. Oligoria maculata (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 202, pl. 1, fig. 6 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia maculata
Type Locality: “New Orleans”; neotype from “Edgard, St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 59, fig. 23 ♀ D&V.
= deleta (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 202, no. 54.
Original Combination: [Cobalus] deleta
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 141, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 507) made by Plötz.
= grossula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 202, no. 56.
Original Combination: [Cobalus] grossula
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in NMW.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 141, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 507) made by Plötz.
= norus (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 36, no. 268; cited unpublished pl. 518.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Norus
Type Locality: “New-Orleans” [Louisiana]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 142, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
‡”orthomenes” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1761.
Original Combination: [Oligoria maculata] = Hesperia orthomenes
Scudder mentioned “Hesperia orthomenes Boisduval manuscript” in the synonymy of this species without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Thespieus Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(158): 519. Type-species: Hesperia dalman Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (717), 747, no. 48, by original designation.
288. Thespieus macareus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 192, no. 53.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] macareus
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 66.
= emacareus (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(10-12): 438, no. 148; cited unpublished pl. 393.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Emacareus
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 139, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= cacajo Dyar, 1913
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 44(1951): 280.
Original Combination: Thespieus cacajo
Type Locality: “Naranjo, Guerrero, Mexico, 3,000 feet”
Types: Lectotype (#14489) in USNM, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 66golovinus.
Superfamily PAPILIONOIDEA Latreille, [1802]
Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 3: 387 (as “Papilionides”). Type-genus: Papilio Linnaeus, 1758. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Papilio on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 703. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Papilionidae [Leach], [1815] (as “Papilionida”), in: Brewster's Edinburgh Ency. 9: 127, on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 233, and placed Papilionida [Leach] on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 271; I.C.Z.N. Direction 116 deleted this entry, corrected as above, and placed Papilionides on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 500.
Family PAPILIONIDAE Latreille, [1802]
Subfamily Parnassiinae Duponchel, [1835]
In: Godart, Hist. Nat. Lépid. Fr. Suppl. 1(22): 380. Type-genus: Parnassius Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab.): 185, 199.
Tribe Parnassiini Duponchel, [1835]
Genus Parnassius Latreille, 1804
Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab.): 185, no. 472, 199. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by monotypy. Koçak (1981), Priamus 1(2): 51 (nota), claimed that Parnassius was first used as a proper genus by Schneider (1785), Nomen. Entomol.: 34 (as “2 Parnassius F.”). Schneider did not use the name in a generic sense, but as an interposed adjective; Wagener (1988), Nota Lepid. 11(3): 237-238, discussed this issue. Nomina collectiva are descriptive epithets applying to individual variants below the subspecies-level. They frequently lack a description or indication and are almost always cited in some kind of quadrinomial combination. In the following synonymies, nomina collectiva are referenced for each taxon, but not listed individually.
= ‡Doritis [Fabricius], 1807
In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 283, no. 22. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by designation of Dalman (1816), K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 60. A junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804.
= ‡Parnassis Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 90. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by designation of Hemming (1939), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)8(7): 136. A junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804. This name may have been a misspelling, emendation, or a new description by Hübner; see Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Entomol.) Suppl. 9: 345.
= ‡Therius Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 75. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 199. A junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804.
= Tadumia Moore, 1902
Lepid. Ind. 5(53): 116. Type-species: Parnassius acco Gray, [1853], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1(Pap.): 76, no. 350, pl. 12, figs. 5, 6, by original designation.
= Kailasius Moore, 1902
Lepid. Ind. 5(53): 118. Type-species: Parnassius charltonius G. Gray, [1853] Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1(Pap.): 77, no. 355, pl. 12, fig. 7, by original designation.
= Koramius Moore, 1902
Lepid. Ind. 5(53): 120. Type-species: Doritis delphius Eversmann, 1843, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 16(3): 541, pl. 7, fig. 1A, B, by original designation.
= Lingamius Bryk, 1935
Tierreich 65: 538-540. Type-species: Parnassius hardwickii G. Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell. (J. E. Gray) (1): 32, by original designation. This name was proposed twice by Bryk (1932), Parnassiana 2(1): 1, and Parnassiana 2(2): 20; no diagnosis or type-species designation was included in either publication. Since these names were proposed after 1930, they are not available (Code Articles 13.1.1, 13.3, 67.4.1).
= Eukoramius Bryk, 1935
Tierreich 65: 630, 673-674. Type-species: Parnassius imperator Oberthür, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 6(3)(bull.)2(5): lxxvi-lxxvii, by monotypy. This name was proposed by Bryk (1934), Parnassiana 3(3): 43; without a diagnosis or type-species designation; since this name was proposed after 1930, it is not available (Code Articles 13.1.1, 13.3, 67.4.1).
= Driopa Korshunov, 1988
Nov. Maloizvestiye Vidy Fauny Sib. No. 20: 65-67. Type-species: Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 42, by original designation.
= Erythrodriopa Korshunov, 1988
Nov. Maloizvestiye Vidy Fauny Sib. No. 20: 67. Type-species: Parnassius ariadne Lederer, 1853, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 3: 354, by original designation.
= Sachaia Korshunov, 1988
Nov. Maloizvestiye Vidy Fauny Sib. No. 20: 67-68. Type-species: Parnassius tenedius Eversmann, 1851, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 24(2)(11): 621-622, no. 10, by original designation.
= ‡Adoritis Koçak, 1989
Priamus 4(4): 165-167. Type-species: Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 42, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Driopa Korshunov, 1988.
= Quinhaicus Korshunov, 1990
Chlenist. Gelmint. sbornik trudov: 99. Type-species: Parnassius szechenyii Frivaldszky, 1886, Természettud. Füz. 10(1): 39, pl. 4, figs. 1, 1a, by original designation.
= Kreizbergius Korshunov, 1990
Chlenist. Gelmint. sbornik trudov: 102. Type-species: Parnassius simo G. Gray, [1852], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 76, no. 351, pl. 12, figs. 3, 4, by original designation.
= Eversmanniodriopa Korb, 2005
Cat. Butterflies ex USSR: 13. Type-species: Parnassius eversmanni [Ménétriés], [1850], in: Simashko, Russk. Fauna (17)(Lepid.): Pl. 4, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, legend, by original designation.
*289. Parnassius eversmanni [Ménétriés], [1850]
In: Simashko, Russk. Fauna (17)(Lepid.): Pl. 4, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, legend.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. Eversmanni
Type Locality: Not stated; “Russia” implied from the title of the work; defined as “Kansk” by Ménétriés (1855), Enum. corp. anim. (1): 74, no. 110. [Krasnoyarsk Kray, Russia]
Types: Holotype in ZIN; figured by Chikolovets et al. (2002), Butterflies Transbaikal Siberia: pl. 48, fig. 4 ♂ D.
Nekrutenko and Kerzhner (1986), Entomol. Obozr. 65(4): 774, discussed this species. Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1932), Parnassiana 2: 92-93, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 139, and (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 18.
= ‡altaica Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (26-29): 319, pl. 64, fig. 19 ♂ D; ind. syst.: xxiii.
Original Combination: [Parnassius eversmanni] race altaica
Type Locality: “Tchuja Mts., 1800-2400 m, S.-E. de l’Altaï” implied from the legend to plate 64.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH and ZMKU.
Preoccupied by Parnassius intermedius var. altaica Ménétriés, 1859, in: Schrenck, Reise Amur-Lande 2(1): 12, 13.
= lacinia Hemming, 1934
Stylops 3(9): 198.
Original Combination: Parnassius eversmanni lacinia
Proposed as a replacement name for Parnassius eversmanni race altaica Verity, [1911], with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡”flavescens” O. Bang-Haas, 1927
Horae Macrolepid. 1(1): 7.
Original Combination: [Parnassius eversmanni felderi] ab. flavescens
Type Locality: “Sajan-Gebirgen” [Sayan Mountains, Krasnoyarski Kray, Russia]
Types: “Holotype” in ZMHB.
= ‡”ampliusdecora” Eisner, 1928
Int. Entomol. Z. 22(32): 302.
Original Combination: [Parnassius eversmanni eversmanni] ab. ampliusdecora
Type Locality: “Sajan-Gebirge” [Sayan Mountains, Krasnoyarski Kray, Russia]
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.
a. Parnassius eversmanni thor Hy. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(1): 4.
Original Combination: Parnassius Thor
Type Locality: “about 800 miles up the Yukon river, Alaska”
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 1 ♀ D.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1934), Parnassiana 3(1): 15, Bryk (1934), Parnassiana 3(2): 32, and Eisner (1978), Zoöl. Meded. 53(11): 109.
= ‡meridionalis Eisner, 1978
Zoöl. Meded. 53(11): 109, pl. 2, figs. 9 ♀ D, 10 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Parnassius eversmanni meridionalis
Type Locality: “Pink Mt., B. C., 122o 30' long., 57 o lat.” [British Columbia]
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.
Preoccupied by Parnassius apollo meridionalis Pagenstecher, 1909, Entomol. Z. 22(44): 187.
= pinkensis Gauthier, 1984
Entomol. Z. 94(21): 319.
Original Combination: Parnassius eversmanni pinkensis
Proposed to replace meridionalis Eisner, 1978, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡”kohlsaati” Gunder, 1932
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 123.
Original Combination: Parnassius eversmanni race thor tr. f. kohlsaati
Type Locality: “McKinley National Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
290. Parnassius clodius Ménétriés, 1855
a. Parnassius clodius strohbeeni Sternitzky, 1945 ✝
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club 23: 82-83.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius strohbeeni
Type Locality: “Santa Cruz, California” [Santa Cruz County]
Types: Holotype (#27214) in MCZ.
= ‡”dodgei” Gunder, 1932
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 123; cited J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 5, fig. 6 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius tr. f. dodgei
Type Locality: “Santa Cruz Hills, Santa Cruz, California” [Santa Cruz County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
b. Parnassius clodius clodius Ménétriés, 1855
Enum. corp. anim. (1): 7, no. 109; 73, no. 109.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius
Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “Marin county...Bear Valley” by J. Shepard and S. Shepard (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 405.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZIN.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1932), Parnassiana 2(6-8): 96, (1937), Parnassiana 5(1/3): 4, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 141, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 87.
= ‡”castus” Bryk, 1913
Arch. Naturgesch. (A)79(3): 2-3, no. 7; cited Parnassius clodius (sensu W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](7): pl. Parnassius 1, fig. 5 ♂ D).
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius ab. castus
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” (#375) in ZMHB.
c. Parnassius clodius claudianus Stichel, 1907
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 58: 15, no. 5c (nota 1); cited Parnassius clodius (sensu Verity [1907], Rhop. Pal.: pl. 22, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D, 19 ♀ D).
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius claudianus
Type Locality: “Washington”; “western Washington” according to J. Shepard and S. Shepard (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 405.
Types: Syntypes (#27918, 27919, 27920, 27921) in ZMHB. The specimen cited by Verity (fig. 19, ♀ from British Columbia) is in ZMKU.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 142, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 88-89.
= baldus Ehrmann, 1918
Lepidoptera 2(4): 29.
Original Combination: Parn[assius]. smintheus v. baldus
Type Locality: “Olympic Mountains, Washington” [Clallam County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= ‡kallias Ehrmann, 1918
Lepidoptera 2(6): 41.
Original Combination: Parn[assius]. clodius var. kallias
Proposed to replace baldus Ehrmann, 1918, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of baldus.
d. Parnassius clodius pseudogallatinus Bryk, 1913
Arch. Naturgesch. (A)79(3): 3; cited Parnassius clodius (sensu Verity [1907], Rhop. palae. (7-8): pl. 22, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D, 19 ♀ D); figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: fig. 158 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius var. pseudogallatinus
Type Locality: “Brit. Columb. (Yale 1890)”
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB and BMNH.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 143, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 89.
= hel Eisner, 1956
Zoöl. Meded. 34(18): 243-244, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius hel
Type Locality: “Stevens Pass, Mts. Cascade, Washington, 4500'” [King-Chelan counties]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1956), Zoöl. Meded. 34(18): 243, pl. 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 89.
e. Parnassius clodius incredibilis Bryk, 1935
Tierreich 65: 162.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. clodius incredibilis
Type Locality: “S. Elja Berg (Alaska)” [Mt. St. Elias, Alaska.]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Bryk & Eisner 1932, Parnassiana 2(6-8): 99, listed this name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum. It is possible that the type of this taxon was mislabeled.
f. Parnassius clodius sol Bryk & Eisner, 1932
Parnassiana 2(6-8): 97, fig. 6 ♂ D (holotype); figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: fig. 157 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: [Parnassius clodius] sol
Type Locality: “Nevada”; corrected to “Sierra-Nevada” [California] by Eisner (1961), Zool. Meded. 37(11): 172; defined as “California...Baxters, Placer County” by J. Shepard and S. Shepard (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 405.
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by the authors at the time of the original description.
= ‡”sulfureus” Gunder, 1932
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 124.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius race baldur tr. f. sulfureus
Type Locality: “Davis Creek, Modoc County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
g. Parnassius clodius baldur W. H. Edwards, 1877
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 12, no. 24; cited Parnassius clarius (sensu W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](7): pl. Parnassius 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Parnassius Baldur
Type Locality: “California, Sierras; Utah; Montana”; defined as “Tioga Pass” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 5. [Mono-Tuolumne counties, California]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 5, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1932), Parnassiana 2: 97, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 142, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 87-88.
= ‡”lorquini” Oberthür, 1891
Étud. Entomol. 14: 7, 17-18, pl. 2, fig. 17 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius ab. lorquini
Type Locality: “Californie”
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH?
= ‡”lusca” Stichel, 1907
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 58: 14, no. 5bα (nota 1).
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius baldur forma lusca
Type Locality: “Californien”
Types: “Holotype” may be in SMNS (Seitz collection).
= ‡”binigrimaculella” Gunder, 1926
Entomol. News 37(1): 8-9, no. 13, pl. 1, figs. 13 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius var. baldur ab. ♂ binigrimacullela
Type Locality: “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
h. Parnassius clodius altaurus Dyar, 1903
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 5(4): 290-291.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius var. altaurus
Type Locality: “Alturas Lake, near Saw-tooth Mt., Idaho, 7,000-9000 feet”
Types: Holotype (#6769) in USNM.
Dyar [1903], Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 52: 1, no. 1, listed this name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum. A nomen collectivum was proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1932), Parnassiana 2(6): 96.
= gallatinus Stichel, 1907
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 58: 15, no. 5d (nota 2); cited Parnassius clodius (sensu Elrod and Maley (1906), Bull. Univ. Montana 30, (Biol. Ser.) 2(10): fig. 15 ♀&♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius gallatinus
Type Locality: “aus dem südlichen Teile von Montana”; suggested to be “Gallatin Co. Mont./ Elev. 6800" by Kohler (1978), J. Lepid. Soc. 32(1): 1-2.
Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by Kohler (1978), J. Lepid. Soc. 32(1): 1-2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V are of the sole paralectotype).
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 143, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 89.
= immaculata Skinner, 1911
Entomol. News 22(3): 108; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 7 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Parnassius immaculata
Type Locality: “Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming”
Types: Holotype (#7025) in ANSP; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book. (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 3 ♂ D.
= shepardi Eisner, 1966
Zoöl. Meded. 41(8): 145-146, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius shepardi
Type Locality: “Wawawai, Snake River, Whitman Co., Washington, U.S.A.”
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 59, discussed this taxon and its placement in synonymy.
i. Parnassius clodius menetriesii Hy. Edwards, 1877
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(12): 164-165.
Original Combination: Parnassius Menetriesii n. var. of Clodius
Type Locality: “Bear Valley, Sierra Nevada...Lake Tahoe...Downieville, Cal[ifornia]...Mt. Nebo, Utah”; lectotype from “Mt. Nebo, Utah.” [Juab-Utah counties]
Types: Lectotype in AMNH; designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1918), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 62; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 3 ♂ D.
A nomen collectivum was proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 90.
*291. Parnassius phoebus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 181, no. 561; cited Jones’ Icones 2: pl. 2, fig. 2.
Original Combination: P[apilio] P[arnasius]. Phoebus
Type Locality: “Siberia”; “neotypes” from “Altai: Ongodai, Kurai Paß, Arassam Quelle.” [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: Type(s) presumed lost. “Neotypes” in ZMHB, designated by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: 219, figs. 215 ♂ D, 215a ♀ D, but this action violated Code Article 75. Bryk designated two neotypes, which is improper procedure. It is here presumed that one will eventually be accepted.
Nekrutenko and Kerzhner (1986), Entomol. Obozr. 65(4): 776, discussed the probable type locality for this species. They determined that Pallas (collector of the original specimen) probably sent the type to Drury, which became the basis for William Jones’ unpublished figure. The details of Pallas’ journey indicate two regions from which phoebus might have been collected: 1) the Irtysh Valley, Western and Northern Altai, or 2) the Transbaikalian area of the Yenisey. Nekrutenko and Kerzhner considered that the Altai region was more probable. The nomenclature proposed by J. Shepard and Manley (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (58): 717-726, is followed. Also see Gluschenko and Martynenko (1997), Anim. Veg. World Far East: 31-40, (2000), Kurentsov’s Ann. Mem. Mtgs. 11: 63-96, Martynenko et al. (2003), Helios 4: 75-91, Churkin (2004), Helios 5: 110-114, and Omoto, et al. (2004), Gene 326: 141–147, where divergent arguments are presented.
= ‡”altaica” Ménétriés, 1859
In: Schrenck, Reise Amur-Lande 2(1): 12-13, under no. 53.
Original Combination: Parnassius Phoebus var. intermedius Forme altaica
Type Locality: “l'Altai” [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: Lectotype in ZIN, designated by Nekrutenko and Kerzhner (1986), Entomol. Obozr. 65(4): 775.
= halasicus Huang & Murayama, 1992
Tyo to Ga 43(1): 3, fig. 4 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus halasicus
Type Locality: “Halasai, Altai, 1700-1900 m, grassland in forest zone to subalpine grassland” [Xinjiang Uygur, China]
Types: Holotype in Xinjiang University, China.
= ‡”virginea” Austaut, 1910
Entomol. Z. 24(11): 55.
Original Combination: Parnassius Ruckbeil ab. virginea
Type Locality: ”Barkoul” [Barkol, Xinjiang Uygur, China]
Types: Location of “type(s)” not known; possibly at MNHP?
= ‡”alpestris” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (26-29): 314, pl. 63, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D; (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius var. intermedius forme alpestris, from the legend to plate 63 and the index.
Type Locality: “l’Altaï...hauts sommets” implied from the text, “Tchuja mountains, 1800-2400m” from the legend to plate 63. [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: “Syntypes” in BMNH and ZMKU.
= ‡”melanica” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (26-29): 314, pl. 63, fig. 18 ♂ D (“holotype”); (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius var. intermedius ♀ ab. melanica, from the legend to plate 63 and the index.
Type Locality: “l’Altaï...des vallées” implied from the text, “Kuraipan, 2100m., Altai” from the legend to plate 63. [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH.
= ‡”leucostigma” Austaut, 1912
Int. Entomol. Z. 6(13): 87, 125.
Original Combination: Parnassius Ruckbeil ab. leucostigma
Type Locality: “alpe de Chamil-Hami” “alpes de Chamil” [Hami, Xinjiang Uygur, China]
Types: Location of “holotype” not known; possibly at MNHP?
= ‡”punctatus” Bryk, 1912
Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 57.
Original Combination: Parnassius delius ab. punctatus
Type Locality: “Altai” [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: “Holotype” probably in RMNH.
= ‡”reciprocus” Bryk, 1913
Soc. Entomol. 28(22): 95.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus var. intermedia ab. reciprocus
Type Locality: “Altai” [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: “Holotype” probably in RMNH.
a. Parnassius phoebus apricatus Stichel, 1906
Berl. Entomol. Z. 51(1): 87, pl. 2, figs. 13a ♂ D, 13b ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus apricatus
Type Locality: “aus Kadiak, Insel südlich von Alaska, Nord-Amerika” [Kodiak Island, Alaska]
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB; figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: figs. 234 ♂ D, 234a ♀ D.
= elias Bryk, 1932
Parnassiana 2(3): 31-32, no. 41; figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: fig. 233 ♂ D.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. phoebus elias
Type Locality: “St. Ilja (Alaska)” [Mt. St. Elias]
Types: Holotype in Peebles collection.
= alaskensis Eisner, 1956
Zoöl. Meded. 34(18): 244-245, pl. 3 figs. 7 ♂ D (holotype), 8 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus alaskensis
Type Locality: “Mt. Kinley Park, Alaska centr.”; stated as “Mount McKinley National Park” by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 95. [Denali National Park]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
This was spelled “alaskaensis” by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 95, representing either an incorrect subsequent spelling of alaskensis Eisner, 1956, or an unjustified emendation.
b. Parnassius phoebus golovinus W. Holland, 1930
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 155-156; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 69, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Parnassius golovinus
Type Locality: “Golovin Bay” [NW Alaska]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 69, figs. 3 ♂ D (lectotype) 4 ♂ V (paralectotype), 5 ♀ D (paralectotype), 6 ♀ V (paralectotype).
292. Parnassius behrii W. H. Edwards, 1870
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Parnassius 3, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Parnassius Behrii
Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada”; defined as “top of Mt. Lyell, at an altitude of nearly 11,000 ft.” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 11; neotype from “Tioga Pass, Cal.” [Mono-Tuolumne counties, California]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 12, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 97.
= niger W. G. Wright, 1905
Butterflies W. Coast: 47, no. 10; 79, no. 10, pl. 2, fig. 10 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: [Parnassius Smintheus var.] Niger, Parnassius Niger n. v.
Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada”; “Summit, Cal.” [Donner Summit, Sierra County, California]
Types: Holotype (#4278) in CAS.
= astriotes Fruhstorfer, 1923
Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius astriotes
Type Locality: “California, Süd-Ost Sierra”
Types: Syntypes in ZSMC.
293. Parnassius smintheus E. Doubleday, 1847
a. Parnassius smintheus sternitzkyi McDunnough, 1937
Can. Entomol. 68(12): 273-274, figs. of ♂ D (holotype) and ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus var. sternitzkyi
Type Locality: “Castle Lake, Siskiyou Co. Calif.” [California]
Types: Holotype (#4116) in CNC.
W. H. Edwards (1862), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 225, no. 10, redescribed Parnassius smintheus from “California” A “neotype” of this misidentification was designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 6; this is the holotype of sternitzkyi.
b. Parnassius smintheus olympianna Burdick, 1941
Can. Entomol. 73(7): 117-118, figs. ♂ D, ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus olympianna
Type Locality: “Hurricane Ridge, Olympic Range, Clallam Co., Washington”
Types: Holotype (#5191) in CNC.
Species-genus gender conformation is olympiannus.
= guppyi Wyatt, 1969
Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 54[80](9-12): 132-133, pl. 15, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus guppyi
Type Locality: “Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver-Insel, Britisch Kolumbien, Kanada, 1500 m”
Types: Holotype in LNKD.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 96-97.
c. Parnassius smintheus yukonensis Eisner, 1969
Zoöl. Meded. 43(14): 175; figured by Eisner (1976), Zool. Verh. (146): pl. 2, fig. 9 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus yukonensis
Type Locality: “5 miles s.w. Haines Junction, Yukon” [Yukon Territory]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
d. Parnassius smintheus smintheus E. Doubleday, 1847
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(3): 26; 27, no. 8, pl. 4*, fig. 4 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius Smintheus
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; defined as “vicinity of Rock Lake, [near Jasper] Alberta (53o27'N, 118.o16'W)” by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 40-41.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 41.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 150, (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 96, and (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 25, no. 273.
= nanus Neumoegen, 1890
Entomol. Am. 6(4): 61-62.
Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus var. nanus
Type Locality: “near Fort Calgarry [sic!]...at Spence's Bridge, both places being in British Columbia” [Fort Calgary is in Alberta]
Types: Syntypes in USNM; two figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, figs. 4 ♀ D (‘Ft. Calgary’), 5 ♂ D (“British Columbia”).
McDunnough (1936), Can. Entomol. 68(10): 223, discussed the Spence’s Bridge locality. Upon any future lectotype designation, the position of this taxon in the synonymy of P. smintheus may require revision.
= manitobaensis Bryk & Eisner, 1935
Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55.
Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] manitobaënsis
Type Locality: “Manitoba, End-Mountains”; corrected to “End Mountain, Alta.” by McDunnough (1936), Can. Entomol. 68(2): 43; further defined as “End Mountain, near Exsham, Alberta” by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 96. [Exshaw]
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
= ‡”nigerrima” Verity, [1907]
Rhop. palae. (7/8): pl. 16, fig. 23 ♀ D (“holotype”) [28 Feb 1907]; (11-12): 108 [31 Oct 1907]; (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: Parnassius delius var. smintheus forme hermodur ab. nigerrima
Type Locality: “Montagnes Rocheuses de la Colombie Britannique” implied from the legend to plate 16.
Types: “Holotype” in ZMKU.
Date of publication is that of plate 16; original combination is from page 108.
= ‡”minor” Verity, [1907]
Rhop. palae. (7/8): pl. 16, fig. 21 ♂ D (“holotype”) [28 Feb 1907]: (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius var. smintheus forme minor
Type Locality: “Montagnes Rocheuses de la Colombie Britannique” implied from the legend to plate 26.
Types: “Holotype” in ZMKU.
Date of publication is that of plate 16; original combination is from the legend to plate 16.
= ‡”minusculus” Bryk, 1912
Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 58, fig. 4 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parnassius v. smintheus ab. minusculus
Type Locality: “Colorado” apparently in error.
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.
Original combination given on figure.
= ‡”ernestinae” Bryk & Eisner, 1935
Parnassiana 3(4/5): 51.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus smintheus form ernestinae
Type Locality: “Ptarmigan-Paß 135o 20'/ 50o 20” [Alberta]
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.
= ‡”verity” Ehrmann, 1918
Lepidoptera 2(4): 30.
Original Combination: Parnassius verity
Proposed to replace minor Verity, [1907], but unavailable names cannot be replaced (Code Article 1.3.4).
‡”rocky” Grum-Grshimaïlo, 1890
In: Romanov, Mém. Lépid. 4: 149 (note 9).
Original Combination: [Parnassius Smintheus var.] Rocky
Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
e. Parnassius smintheus magnus W. G. Wright, 1905
Butterflies W. Coast: 47, no. 13; 80-81, no. 13, pl. 2, figs. 13 ♂ D (lectotype), 13b ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Parnassius Smintheus var.] Magnus; Parnassius Magnus n. v.
Type Locality: “British Columbia”; “Enderby, B. C.”
Types: Lectotype (#4279) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 5.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 152, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 97-98.
= xanthus Ehrmann, 1918
Lepidoptera 2(3): 21-22.
Original Combination: Par[nassius]. Smintheus var. xanthus
Type Locality: “Moron [sic!], Idaho” [Moscow, Latah County, Idaho]
Types: Syntypes in CMNH.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 152, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 98-99.
= idahoensis Bryk & Eisner, 1931
Parnassiana 1(5): 5-6, fig. 4 ♂ D&V, 5 ♀ D&V; figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: figs. 231, ♂ D&V (holotype), 231a ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: P[arnassius] phoebus idahoensis
Type Locality: “Wallace, Idaho” [Shoshone County]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
= montanula Bryk & Eisner, 1935
Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55; figured by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): pl. 4, figs. 5 ♀ D (holotype), 6 ♂ D, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] montanula
Type Locality: “Turah, Montana” [Missoula County]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
= ‡”mendica” Stichel, 1907
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 58: 20, no 9hα (nota 1); cited Neumoegen (1890), Entomol. Am. 6(4): 61, and W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: 79.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. phoebus smintheus forma mendica
Type Locality: “Montana, Brit. Columbia, Colorado”
Types: “Types” should be in ZMHB.
Upon any future lectotype designation, the position of this taxon in the synonymy of P. smintheus may require revision.
f. Parnassius smintheus maximus Bryk & Eisner, 1937
Parnassiana 5(1-3): 7; cited Parnassius phoebus sayii (sensu Bryk and Eisner (1935), Parnassiana 3(4/5): 54); figured by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): pl. 4, figs. 1 ♀ D (holotype), 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus maximus
Type Locality: “Judith Mts., Montana, U.S.A.” [Fergus County]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
= ‡”pseudocorybas” Verity, [1909]
Rhop. palae. (11/12): 107 [31 Oct 1907]; (24/25): pl. 24, figs. 12 ♂ D, 13 ♀ D [31 Dec 1909]; (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius var. apricatus forme pseudocorybas
Type Locality: “Montana” implied from the text, “Montana, Montagnes Rocheuses” from the legend to plate 24.
Types: Location of “types” not known (possibly in MNHP).
Date of publication and original combination determined from the legend to plate 24.
g. Parnassius smintheus sayii W. H. Edwards, 1863
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Parnassius 2, figs. 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Parnassius Sayii
Type Locality: “Pikes Peak”; corrected to “gold region west of Denver” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 6; neotype from “Running Creek Field Sta., 6950', Elbert Co., Colo., T9S R65W, SW ¼ 25" [Colorado]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 9, fig. 2 ♀ D&V.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon and its synonyms by Bryk and Eisner (1935), Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 151, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 98, 100, 102, 103, 104.
= hermodur Hy. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(1): 4.
Original Combination: Parnassius Hermodur
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 8 ♀ D.
Scott (1992), Papilio (n.s.) 6: 6-7, treated this as a subspecies-level taxon, a position which would require a thorough reevaluation of the synonymy of P. s. sayi.
= polus Ehrmann, 1917
Lepidopterist 1(7): 54-55.
Original Combination: Parnassius polus
Type Locality: “Ashcroft, Pidkin [sic!] County, Colorado” [Pitkin County]
Types: Syntypes in CMNH.
= montanus Ehrmann, 1918
Lepidoptera 2(4): 29-30.
Original Combination: Parn[assius]. smintheus v. montanus
Type Locality: “Bullion Peak, Colorado” [Park County]
Types: Syntypes in CMNH.
= utahensis Rothschild, 1918
Novit. Zool. 25(1): 233.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus utahensis
Type Locality: “Park City, Utah” [Summit County]
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= catullius Fruhstorfer, 1923
Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.
Original Combination: Parnassius delius catullius
Type Locality: “Colorado, Pikes Peak...ca. 12-13 500 fuß” [El Paso-Teller counties]
Types: Syntypes said to be in Fruhstorfer collection, but may be in SMNS (Seitz collection).
= aristion Fruhstorfer, 1923
Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius aristion
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: Holotype said to be in ZSMC, but may be in SMNS (Seitz collection).
= sordellus Fruhstorfer, 1923
Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius sordellus
Type Locality: “Nordamerika--näherer Fundort unbekannt”
Types: Syntypes possibly in ZSMC.
= hollandi Bryk & Eisner, 1935
Parnassiana 3(4/5): 53; figured by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): pl. 23, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] hollandi
Type Locality: “La Sal Mts., Turpus Valley, Californien [sic!]” [Grand-Wayne counties, Utah]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
ZMHB was originally noted as the repository of the type, but Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 24, claimed to have deposited the holotype and allotype in RMNH.
= dakotaensis Bryk & Eisner, 1935
Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, figs. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] dakotaensis
Type Locality: “Black Hills, Mt. Roosevelt, Dakota merid.” [Lawrence-Pennington counties, South Dakota]
Types: Holotype noted to be in RMNH, but “syntype” series apparently split between that institution and ZMHB.
= rotgeri O. Bang-Haas, 1938
Parnassiana 6(3/4): 20, pl. 1, figs. 6 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. phoebus rotgeri
Type Locality: “Colorado, westl. von Denver, Evans mont., Clear Creek, 3800 m” [Mount Evans, Clear Creek County, Colorado]
Types: Syntype in MTD.
= rubina Wyatt, 1961
Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 46[72](9): 145-146, pl. 11, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus rubina
Type Locality: “Liberty Peak, 3,120 m, Ruby Gebirge, südlich von Elko, Nevada”; redefined as “above Liberty Lake, Ruby Mountains, Elko County, Nevada” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 630.
Types: Holotype in LNKD.
= ‡”leonhardi” Bryk, 1912
Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 57, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parnassius v. smintheus ab. Leonhardi
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: “Holotype” should be in MTD; figured by Bryk (1921), Entomol. Tidskr. 42(2): 114, fig. 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ D.
Original combination as given on figure.
= ‡”mariae” Bryk, 1912
Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 57-58, fig. 3 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parnassius v. smintheus ab. Mariae
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: “Holotype” should be in MTD (O. Bang-Haas collection).
= ‡”quincunx” Bryk, 1915
Arch. Naturgesch. (A)80(7): pl. 9, fig. 67 ♂ (“cotype”); (9): 140, text.
Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus ab. quincunx
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Colorado, U.S.A.” by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 25.
Types: “Cotype” in RMNH; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, fig. 6 ♂ D.
= ‡”fermata” Bryk, 1921
Entomol. Tidskr. 42(2): 112-114, figs. 1 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus ab. fermata
Type Locality: “Denver Colorado Rocky mountains”
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, fig. 6 ♂ D.
= ‡”melanophorus” Bryk, 1921
Entomol. Tidskr. 42(2): 114, fig. 2 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: [Parnassius smintheus] ab. melanophorus
Type Locality: “Denver Colorado Rocky mountains”
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.
= ‡”reducta” O. Bang-Haas, 1938
Parnassiana 6(3/4): 20.
Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus rotgeri] f[orm]. reducta
Type Locality: “Colorado, westl. von Denver, Evans mont., Clear Creek, 3800 m” [Mount Evans, Clear Creek County, Colorado]
Types: “Holotype” should be in ZMHB.
h. Parnassius smintheus pseudorotgeri Eisner, 1966
Zoöl. Meded. 41(8): 144.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus pseudorotgeri
Type Locality: “Elwood-Pass, Rio Grande Co., Colorado, U.S.A.”
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
Eisner (1964), Zoöl. Meded. 40(16): 135-136, credited this name to F. Chermock; a nomen nudum. Subsequently, Eisner (1966), adopted the name and described it based on his own specimens.
Subfamily Papilioninae Latreille, [1802]
Tribe Troidini Talbot, 1939
Fauna Brit. Ind., Butterflies 1 (ed. 2): 60 (key), 61. Type-genus: Troides Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 88.
Subtribe Troidina Talbot, 1939
Genus Parides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 87. Type-species: Princeps echelus Hübner, [1815], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [126], figs. 1, 2 (= Princeps echemon Hübner, [1813], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [121], figs. 3, 4; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 241, no. 811.
Subgenus Parides Hübner, [1819]
= Hectorides Hübner, 1821
Index. exot. Lepid.: [1], [2]. Type-species: Papilio agavus Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 11, index, pl. 9, fig. 4, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 184, no. 502.
= Endopogon Lacordaire, 1833
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]2: 384. Type-species: Papilio sesostris Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 34, pl. 211, figs. F, G; (24): 176, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 162, no. 377.
= Ascanides Geyer, 1837
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: 32. Type-species: Papilio triopas Godart, 1819, Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (14), 33, no. 23 (= Parides chabrias ygdrasilla Hemming (1935), Entomol. 68(2)[861]: 41; homonym), by monotypy.
= Blakea Grote, 1876
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(2): 118. Type-species: Papilio gundlachianus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 14: 294, no. 75, by original designation.
‡”Mineroides” Bryk, 1930
Lepid. Cat. 37: 63. This name was published in synonymy without description or indication; a nomen nudum.
*294. Parides eurimedes (Stoll, 1782)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 199, pl. 386, pl. 386, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V ; (34): 249 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eques Troj[anus]. Eurimedes
Type Locality: “Berbices”
Types: Syntype (#665199) in BMNH; figured by Chainey (2005), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 145(3): fig. 11 ♂ D.
= ‡arcas (Stoll, 1781)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(32): 174, pl. 378, fig. C ♀ D&V; (34): 247 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eques Trojanus Arcas
Type Locality: “Brasilien” “Brazil”
Types: Type(s) maybe in BMNH or lost.
Preoccupied by Papilio arcas Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 38, pl. 19, figs. 5, 6; 2: (index).
a. Parides eurimedes mylotes (H. Bates, 1861)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (2)5(8): 346 (nota), 360; cited Papilio mylotes G. Gray, 1856, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 64, no. 258.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Mylotes and [Papilio Eurimedes] Local var. Mylotes
Type Locality: “Nicaragua”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
First mentioned by G. Gray (1856), List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 64, no. 258, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= caleli (Reakirt, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 138-139, no. 8.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Caleli
Type Locality: “Guatemala” “near the Copán river”
Types: Syntype in FMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 59, fig. H ♂ D.
= tonila (Reakirt, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 140, no. 10.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Tonila
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Holotype in FMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 59, fig. I ♀ D.
= aristomenes (C. Felder & R. Felder, [1865])
Reise Novara (1): 38, no. 27, pl. 7, fig. a ♀ D.
Original Combination: Papilio Aristomenes
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
This taxon was listed without a description or indication by C. Felder and R. Felder (1864), Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 14: 286, no. 108; a nomen nudum.
‡”docimus” (G. Gray, 1856)
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 64, no. 259.
Original Combination: Papilio docimus
Published without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
295. Parides alopius (Godman & Salvin, 1890)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(87): 197-198, no. 12; 3(87): pl. 65, figs. 10 ♀ D, 11 ♀ V; cited Papilio alopius G. Gray, 1856, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 58, no. 231.
Original Combination: Papilio alopius
Type Locality: “Mexico, Los Remedios in Chihuahua...Ciudad in Durango”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
This name was mentioned by G. Gray (1856), List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 58, no. 231, and Weidemeyer (1863), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 146, each time without a description or indication; nomina nuda.
= lopiusa (Schaus, 1911)
Entomol. News 22(10): 439.
Original Combination: Papilio lopiusa
Type Locality: “Guadalajara, Mexico” [Jalisco]
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 55, fig. M ♂ V.
This may be a hybrid taxon, as Schaus suggested in the original description.
= ‡”tepoztecatl” R. de la Maza, 1976
Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(1): 5, 7, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parides alopius ab. tepoztecatl
Type Locality: “pueblo Tepoztlán, en el Estado de Morelos” [Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in de la Maza collection.
Subtribe Battina Munroe & Ehrlich, 1960
J. Lepid. Soc. 14(3): 171, defined on 170 (as “Battiti”). Type-genus: Battus Scopoli, 1771, Intro. Hist. Nat.: 433.
Genus Battus Scopoli, 1777
Intro. Hist. Nat.: 433, no. 173. Type-species: Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 11, by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 80.
= Laertias Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 84. Type-species: Papilio philenor Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 535, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 64.
= ‡Ithobalus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 88. Type-species: Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 11, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 198, no. 579. A junior objective synonym of Battus Scopoli, 1777.
= Battuosa Möhn, 1999
In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Schmetterlinge Erde. 5: 6. Type-species: Papilio belus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 23, pl. 112, figs. A, B; (16): 148 (index), by original designation.
296. Battus philenor (Linnaeus, 1771)
a. Battus philenor philenor (Linnaeus, 1771)
Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 535.
Original Combination: Papilio E[ques]. T[rojanus]. Philenor
Type Locality: “America”
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 363, fig. 14 ♀ D.
= astinous (Drury, 1773)
Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 21, pl. 11, figs. 1 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Troj[anus] Astinous
Type Locality: “New York, Maryland and Virginia”
Types: Types probably lost.
= nezahualcoyotl (Strecker, 1885)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 37(7/8): 174.
Original Combination: Papilio Nezahualcoyotl
Type Locality: “New Mexico, close to the Mexican border”
Types: Holotype in FMNH.
The holotype phenotypically represents what is recognized as Battus philenor acauda (Oberthür, 1879). This may be a case of individual variation or mislabeling.
= ‡serpentariae (Fabricius, 1938)
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 23-24, no. 20; cited Papilio philenor Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 535, and J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 3.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Serpentariae
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio philenor based on the name of a foodplant in Smith and Abbot; a junior objective synonym of philenor.
= ‡”obsoleta” (Ehrmann, 1900)
Can. Entomol. 32(11): 348.
Original Combination: Papilio philenor, Var. obsoleta ♂, nov. var.
Type Locality: “S. W. Penn’a.” [Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 9 ♂ D.
= ‡”wasmuthii” (A. C. Weeks, 1901)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 9(2): 82-83, pl. 6 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio philenor aberr. Wasmuthii
Type Locality: “in front of his residence” [Brooklyn, Kings County, New York]
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.
b. Battus philenor hirsuta (Skinner, 1908)
Entomol. News 19(4): 149.
Original Combination: Papilio phflenor [sic!] hirsuta
Type Locality: “Plumas County, California, 9,500 feet elevation”
Types: Syntype (#7028) in ANSP; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 5 ♀ D.
= ‡”inghami” (Gunder, 1927)
Entomol. News 38(9): 268, pl. A, figs. E ♀ D, E2 ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio philenor race hirsuta tr. fm. inghami
Type Locality: “Fairfax, California” [Marin County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
297. Battus polydamas (Linnaeus, 1758)
a. Battus polydamas polydamas (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 11; cited Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 31, but that figure represents Papilio androgeus.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus]. Polydamas
Type Locality: “Americes”; suggested to be “Surinam” by F. Brown (1968), J. Lepid. Soc. 22(2): 82.
Types: Lectotype in UZIU, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 369.
= ‡anguicidas (Fabricius, 1938)
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 34, no. 55; cited Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 11.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Anguicidas
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio polydamas, based on the name of a foodplant; a junior objective synonym of polydamas.
b. Battus polydamas lucayus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 521-522, no. 51g.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. polydamas lucayus
Type Locality: “Bahamas: Nassau and New Providence”; lectotype from “Bahamas Nassau.”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Racheli and Pariset (1992), Fragm. Entomol. 23(suppl.): 67.
Racheli and Pariset (1992), Fragm. Entomol. 23(suppl.): 64-67, treated this taxon as a synonym of B. p. polydamas; this arrangement follows L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 60, and Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: 28.
Tribe Leptocircini W. F. Kirby, 1896
In: Allen, Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2: xviii, 307-308 (as “Leptocircinae, Leptocirciti”). Type-genus: Leptocircus Swainson, 1833, Zool. Illustr. (2)3(23): pl. 106, unnumbered text. The application of this family-group name is discussed by Smith and Vane-Wright (2001), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 70(2): 506-508.
Genus Eurytides Hübner, [1821]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [92]. Type-species: Eurytides iphitas Hübner, [1821], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [92], figs. 3, 4, by monotypy.
= Bellerographium Möhn, 2002
In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Butterflies World. Part. 14: 5. Type-species: Papilio bellerophon Dalman, 1823, Analecta Entomol.: 37, no. 1, by original designation.
Subgenus Neographium Möhn, 2002
In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Butterflies World. Part. 14: 2. Type-species: Papilio philolaus Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 256, no. 80, by original designation. The use of the name Protographium Munroe (1961), Can. Entomol. 93(suppl. 17): 16, 18, 37, 41, 51, for this subgenus was supported by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: 30. de Jong (2003), Ins. Syst. 17(1): 147-148, determined that adding the type species of Protographium (Papilio leosthenes E. Doubleday, 1846, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]18(121): 372) to the New World assemblage renders the group paraphyletic.
= Asiographium Möhn, 2002
In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Butterflies World. Part. 14: 4. Type-species: Papilio asius Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2: 5, no. 17, by original designation.
= Eurygraphium Möhn, 2002
In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Butterflies World. Part. 14: 4. Type-species: Papilio thyastes Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: index, pl. 35, fig. 1, by original designation.
marcellus group K. Brown, 1991
Entomol. Z. 101(21): 399.
298. Eurytides marcellus (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 4, pl. 98, figs. F ♂ D, G ♂ V; (16): 149 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Achiv[us]. Marcellus
Type Locality: “Virginien” “Virginie”
Types: Possible syntype (#665081) in BMNH.
= ‡ajax (Linnaeus, 1758) in partim
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 26; cited Ray (1710), Hist. Ins.: 111, no. 2, and Edwards (1743), Nat. Hist. Birds 1: pl. 34.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Achivus] Ajax
Type Locality: “America boreali”
Types: Type(s) lost.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 286 suppressed this name, and placed it on the Official Index of Unavailable and Rejected Names as name no. 68. The original description of ajax applied to several different insects. Linnaeus based his description on figures from earlier authors, and in North America the species figured include Eurytides marcellus (Cramer, 1777), Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758 and P. polyxenes asterius (Stoll, 1782).
= telamonides (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 14: 303, no. 205; cited Papilio ajax (sensu Palisot de Beauvois (1805), Ins. Afr. Amér.: 71, pl. 2, fig. 2).
Original Combination: [Papilio] Telamonides
Type Locality: “America sept. (Unio austral.)”
Types: Syntypes in NMW and BMNH.
The reference to Palisot de Beauvois qualified as an indication and made this name available (Code Articles 12.1 and 12.3).
= ‡”walshii” (W. H. Edwards, [1872])
Butterflies N. Am. [1](9): [1-2], pl. Papilio 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Papilio] Ajax var. Walshii
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No “types” designated.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”abbottii” (W. H. Edwards, [1872])
Butterflies N. Am. [1](9): [2], pl. Papilio 1, fig. 6 ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Papilio Ajax] var. Abbotii
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No type(s) designated.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”floridensis” (W. Holland, 1898)
Butterfly Book: 307, pl. 44, fig. 2 ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Papilio ajax winter form] floridensis
Type Locality: “St. Johns River, in Florida”
Types: “Syntypes” in CMNH.
= ‡”lecontei” (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)
Novit. Zool.. 13(3): 690, no. 138d’; cited Papilio marcellus (sensu Boisduval and Le Conte (1829), Hist. Lepid. Amér. sept. (1): pl. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3, larva, 4 pupa).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. marcellus f. aest. Le Contei
Type Locality: “Nashville” [Davidson County, Tennessee]
Types: “Syntypes” in BMNH.
= ‡”tockhorni” (Schultz, 1908)
Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.
Original Combination: Papilio ajax ab. (nov.) tockhorni
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “holotype” not known.
= ‡”broweri” (Gunder, 1927)
Entomol. News 38(9): 269.
Original Combination: Papilio marcellus tr. fm. broweri
Type Locality: “Willard, Missouri” [Greene County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”pricei” (W. D. Field, 1936)
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 18-19.
Original Combination: Iphiclides marcellus gen. aest. Le Contei tr. f. pricei
Type Locality: “Greenwood Co., Kansas”
Types: “Holotype” probably in USNM.
= ‡”nigrosuffusa” (W. D. Field, 1936)
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 19.
Original Combination: Iphiclides marcellus gen. aest. Le Contei tr. f. nigrosuffusa
Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]
Types: “Holotype” probably in USNM.
= ‡annonae (Fabricius, 1938)
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 49, no. 108; cited Papilio marcellus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 4, pl. 98, figs. F, G; (16): 149 (index), and Papilio ajax (sensu J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 4).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. A[chivus]. Annonae
Proposed as a replacement name for ajax and marcellus based on an erroneous foodplant name in Smith and Abbot; a junior objective synonym of Papilio marcellus.
‡”cubensis” (Boullet & Le Cerf, 1912)
Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris Suppl. [1]18(2): 41.
Original Combination: [Papilio] marcellus-cubensis
Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
299. Eurytides philolaus (Boisduval, 1836)
a. Eurytides philolaus philolaus (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 256, no. 80.
Original Combination: Papilio Philolaus
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Syntype in MNHP.
= ‡ajax (Eimer, 1889)
Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 1: 212.
Original Combination: Papilio Philolaus Ajax
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Location of “type(s)” not known.
Preoccupied by Papilio ajax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 26.
= ‡”nigrescens” (Eimer, 1889)
Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 1: 213.
Original Combination: Papilio Philolaus nigrescens
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Location of “type(s)” not known.
Preoccupied by Papilio nigrescens Eimer, 1889, Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 1: 88.
= ‡”niger” (Eimer, 1889)
Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 1: 214, pl. 4, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: [Papilio] Philolaus niger
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Location of “holotype” not known.
= ‡”felicis” (Fruhstorfer, 1904)
Soc. Entomol. 19(4): 25.
Original Combination: Papilio philolaus ab. felicis
Type Locality: “Honduras”; syntype from “San Pedro Sula, Honduras.”
Types: “Syntype” in BMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 65, fig. I ♀ D.
= ‡”vazquezae” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 61, fig. 1B ♂ D.
Original Combination: Eurytides philolaus forma vazquezae
Type Locality: “Zoquiapan, Pue. (colln. Inst. Biol. UNAM)...Cañon del Novillo, Tamps....Tamán, S.L.P...Fortín, Ver....Mesa de San Diego, Pue....El Salto, S.L.P.”
Types: “Syntypes” in UNAM and de la Maza collection.
Genus Mimoides K. Brown, 1991
Entomol. Z. 101(20): 375. Type-species: Papilio ariarathes, Esper, 1788, Ausl. Schmett. (4): 57, pl. 14, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂V, by original designation.
300. Mimoides phaon (Boisduval, 1836)
a. Mimoides phaon phaon (Boisduval, 1836)
Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 319-320, no. 160.
Original Combination: Papilio phaon
Type Locality: “Mexique...Pérou”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
Reported for Texas by Reid (2008), News Lepid. Soc. 50(3/4): 75, 87.
= ulopos (G. Gray, [1853])
Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 69, no. 312.
Original Combination: Papilio Ulopos
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= xenarchus (Hewitson, 1861)
Ill. exot. Butterflies 2(39): [5], pl. Papilio V, fig. 12 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Papilio Xenarchus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= eridamus (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 248-249, no. 25.
Original Combination: Papilio Eridamus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype in FMNH.
= metaphaon (Butler, 1874)
Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1874(4): 434.
Original Combination: Papilio Metaphaon
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype(s) probably in BMNH.
= immarginatus (Oberthür, 1879)
Étud. Entomol. 4: 97, under phaon, no. 298
Original Combination: [Papilio phaon] var. A immarginatus
Type Locality: “Mexíque”
Types: Holotype probably in BMNH.
= pharax (Godman & Salvin, 1890)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 211, no. 36, (167): 729; 3: pl. 67, fig. 8 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Papilio pharax
Type Locality: “British Honduras, Corosal”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= praxenus (Ehrmann, 1919)
Lepidoptera (Boston) 3(5): 36.
Original Combination: Papilio ulopus [sic!] praxenus
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
Tribe Papilionini Latreille, [1802]
Genus Papilio Linnaeus, 1758
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 458. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by designation of Latreille (1810), Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins.: 350, 440. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 703. The generic and subgeneric arrangement follows J. Miller (1987), Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 186(4): 365-512.
Subgenus Papilio Linnaeus, 1758
= ‡Amaryssus Dalman, 1816
K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 60. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Papilio.
= ‡Aernauta Berge, 1842
Schmetterlingsbuch: 19, 106-109. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by designation of Hemming (1934), Entomol. 67(849): 38. A junior objective synonym of Papilio.
= ‡Achivus W. F. Kirby, 1896
In: Allen, Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2: 286. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Papilio.
= ‡Princeps Hübner, [1806]
Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by monotypy. The Tentamen was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97; Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 83.
*301. Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27; referred to many earlier authors.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Achivus] Machaon
Type Locality: “Europae”
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 344.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 107. Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not listed. The evidence that machaon and bairdii are conspecific is compelling to many authors; see Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 164-170, no. 5; Sperling (1987), Quaest. Entomol. 23(2): 198-315, (1993), Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 165: 233-242, and Sperling and Harrison (1994), Evolution 48(2): 408-422.
= reginae Retzius, 1783
Gen. Spec. Ins.: 30, no. 5; cited de Geer (1771), Mém. Hist. Ins. 2: 185, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3, and Papilio machaon Linnaeus (1758), Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Reginae
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s), if they existed, are probably lost.
= ‡umbellatarum Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 46-47, no. 98; cited Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. A[chivus]. Umbellatarum
Proposed as a replacement name for machaon based upon a foodplant; a junior objective synonym of machaon.
a. Papilio machaon aliaska Scudder, 1869
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 12: 407.
Original Combination: Papilio Aliaska
Type Locality: “most of them at Nulato...others...at a short distance below the Ramparts, and also just above them” “cañons, commencing two hundred miles below Fort Yukon” [Alaska]
Types: Syntype (#2144) in MCZ.
Eitschberger (1993), Atalanta (Münnerstadt) 24(1/2): 30, figs. 27, 34-38, 46, treated this as a species-level taxon, with hudsonianus and pikei as subspecies.
= joannisi Verity, [1907]
Rhop. palae. (1): 12 [31 Dec 1908]; (7/8): pl. 10, fig. 16 ♂ D (not fig. 17) [28 Feb 1907]; (30-36): ind. syst.: xiv [31 Oct 1911]
Original Combination: P[apilio] machaon var. joannisi
Type Locality: “l’Alaska” implied from the text, “Nulato, Alaska” from the legend to plate 10.
Types: Syntype in MZS.
Considered available from the date and original combination on the legend to plate 10.
= petersii A. Clark, 1932
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 81(2934): 8-9, pl. 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), pl. 5, fig. 3 ♂ D, pl. 6, fig. 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio machaon petersii
Type Locality: “Koyukuk River, central Alaska (lat. 67o-69o N., long. 151o W)”
Types: Holotype (#34479) in USNM.
b. Papilio machaon hudsonianus A. Clark, 1932
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 81(2934): 6-8, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Papilio machaon hudsonianus
Type Locality: “Kettle Rapids, Nelson River, Manitoba, on the Hudson Bay Railway”
Types: Holotype (#34478) in USNM.
= avinoffi F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1937
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 36(1): 11-12.
Original Combination: Papilio machaon race Avinoffi
Type Locality: “Whirlpool River, Riding Mts., Manitoba”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= kahli F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1937
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 36(1): 12-13.
Original Combination: Papilio nitra form Kahli
Type Locality: “Riding Mts., Manitoba”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
The taxa avinoffi and kahli apparently derived from hybridization and long term introgression between P. polyxenes asterius and P. machaon hudsonianus. They are placed under the senior name in this synonymy. For discussion and explanation of the complex relationships between members of the Papilio machaon complex, see Sperling (1987), Quaest. Entomol. 23(2): 198-315, (1993), Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 165: 233-242, and Sperling and Harrison (1994), Evolution 48(2): 408-422.
‡”kwakwapooshesi” Seyer, 1977
Mitt. Entomol. Ges. Basel (nf)27(4): 113.
Original Combination: Papilio machaon kwakwapooshesi (Chermock in litt.)
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”prestoni” Seyer, 1977
Mitt. Entomol. Ges. Basel (nf)27(4): 113.
Original Combination: Papilio machaon prestoni (Chermock in litt.)
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”frechini” Seyer, 1977
Mitt. Entomol. Ges. Basel (nf)27(4): 113.
Original Combination: Papilio machaon frechini (Chermock in litt.)
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”comstocki” Scott & Troubridge, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 1.
Original Combination: Papilio polyxenes kahli form comstocki
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”comstocki” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 167, no. 5.
Original Combination: [Papilio machaon] hudsonianus form comstocki
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
c. Papilio machaon pikei Sperling, 1987
Quaest. Entomol. 23(2): 219-221, pl. 1, figs. e ♂ D&V, f ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio machaon pikei
Type Locality: “Canada, Alberta, Dunvegan (s. Fairview)”
Types: Holotype in CNC.
d. Papilio machaon oregonia W. H. Edwards, 1876
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 208; figured by W. H. Edwards (1880), Butterflies N. Am. 2(9): pl. Papilio 7, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Hippocrates Var. Oregonia
Type Locality: “Columbia River”; defined as “the Dalles, Columbia River” by W. H. Edwards (1880), Butterflies N. Am. 2(9): [29-31]; neotype from “Hepner [sic!], Oregon, some miles upstream.” [Heppner, Morrow County]
Types: Neotype (#36915) in AMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 24, fig. ♀ D&V.
Species-genus gender conformation is oregonius.
e. Papilio machaon dodi McDunnough, 1939
Can. Entomol. 71(10): 216-217, fig. ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Papilio machaon var. dodi
Type Locality: “Red Deer River, Alta. (50 miles N. E. of Gleichen)”; defined as “Dorothy, Alberta” by Kondla (1981), Blue Jay 39(3): 144.
Types: Holotype (#4913) in CNC.
f. Papilio machaon bairdii W. H. Edwards, 1866
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1880), Butterflies N. Am. 2(9): pl. Papilio 10, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Bairdii
Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Fort Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 14. [Yavapai County]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 15, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
= utahensis Strecker, [1878]
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 128.
Original Combination: Papilio (Asterius) var. Utahensis
Type Locality: “Utah”
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
= hollandii W. H. Edwards, 1892
Can. Entomol. 24(3): 50, no. 4.
Original Combination: Papilio Hollandii
Type Locality: “West Colorado”; defined as “Glenwood Springs, Garfield County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 17; lectotype from “Roaring Forks, Colo.”
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 18, fig. 5 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 40, fig. 3 ♂ D.
= brucei W. H. Edwards, 1895
Can. Entomol. 27(9): 239.
Original Combination: Papilio Brucei
Type Locality: “Glenwood Springs, Colorado” [Garfield County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. M. Brown, 1975, Trans. amer ent. Soc. 101(1): 21, fig. 6 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 40, fig. 4 ♀ [not ♂] D.
This name was mentioned without a description or indication by W. H. Edwards (1893), Can. Entomol. 25(10): 253; a nomen nudum.
‡”ampliata” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 2.
Original Combination: Papilio bairdii form ampliata
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”comstocki” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 2.
Original Combination: Papilio bairdii form comstocki
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
302. Papilio brevicauda Saunders, 1868
a. Papilio brevicauda brevicauda Saunders, 1868
In: Packard, Guide Study Ins.: 245-246 (nota).
Original Combination: Papilio Brevicauda
Type Locality: “St. John’s, Newfoundland” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
= anticostiensis Strecker, 1873
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (2): 10-11, pl. 2, fig. 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio Anticostiensis
Type Locality: “Fox Bay, Anticosti Island; Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
b. Papilio brevicauda gaspeensis McDunnough, 1934
Can. Entomol. 66(4): 84.
Original Combination: [Papilio brevicauda] gaspeensis
Type Locality: “Mt. Lyall, Gaspe Co., Que.” [Quebec]
Types: Holotype (#3735) in CNC.
c. Papilio brevicauda bretonensis McDunnough, 1939
Can. Entomol. 71(7): 157, pl. 22 ♂ D (holotype), ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Papilio brevicauda] [race] bretonensis
Type Locality: “Baddeck, N. S.” [Nova Scotia]
Types: Holotype (#4549) in CNC.
303. Papilio joanae J. Heitzman, 1973
J. Res. Lepid. 12(1): 3, 4, 7, figs. 1(A) ♂ D, (B) ♂ V (holotype); (C) ♀ D, (D) ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio joanae
Type Locality: “Warsaw, Benton County, Missouri, elevation 800-880 feet, in forest area”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
As noted by Sperling and Harrison (1994), Evolution 48(2): 408-422, this taxon is closely related to Papilio machaon.
*304. Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, 1775
Syst. Entomol.: 444-445, no. 10.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques]. T[rojanus]. Polyxenes
Type Locality: “America”; further defined as “Americae meridionali insulis” by Fabricius (1781), Spec. Ins. 2: 4, no. 13; defined as “Cuba” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 547.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
a. Papilio polyxenes asterius (Stoll, 1782)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 194-196, pl. 385, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; 4(34): 248 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Achiv[us]. Asterius
Type Locality: “Noord-Amerika en wordt in Niewjork, Virginien en Carolina” “l’Amerique Septentrionale, dans la Nouvelle York, en Virginie & dans la Caroline”
Types: Possible syntype in RMNH.
This is one of the species implied in Linnaeus' original description of Papilio ajax (see Eurytides marcellus), based on Petiver (1709), Gazophylacium: pl. 6, fig. 12.
= ampliata Ménétriés, 1857
Enum. corp. anim. (2): 99-100, under no. 60.
Original Combination: [Papilio Asterias] var. Ampliata
Type Locality: “l’Amerique septentrionale”; suggested to be “Mexico” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 545.
Types: Type(s) probably in ZIN.
= calverleyi Grote, 1864
Proc. Ent. Soc . Philad. 2(4): 441-442, pl. 10.
Original Combination: Papilio Calverleyi
Type Locality: “New York State...immediate neighborhood of the village of New Lots, Queen's County, Long Island”
Types: Holotype probably in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 41, fig. 6 ♀ D.
= asterioides Reakirt, [1867]
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 331-332, no. 27.
Original Combination: Papilio asterioides
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#7011) in ANSP.
= curvifascia Skinner, 1902
Entomol. News 13(6): 183.
Original Combination: Papilio polyxenes var. curvifascia
Type Locality: “Rincon, New Mexico” [Dona Ana County]
Types: Syntype (#7026) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 70, fig. 12 ♂ D.
= gracehus Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 23, no. 18.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Gracehus
Type Locality: “Philadelphia” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: Location of type not known.
This name is probably a printer’s error for gracchus.
= ‡”viridis” Cockerell, 1889
Entomol. 22(314): 199.
Original Combination: Papilio asterias var. pupae viridis
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No “type” designated (a variety of the pupa).
= ‡”alunata” Skinner & E. Aaron, 1889
Can. Entomol. 21(7): 127-128.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. asterias [sic!], var. ♀ alunata
Type Locality: “Philadelphia, Pa.” implied from the title of the paper; “syntype” labeled from “Fairmont Park, Phila.” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Syntype” (#7012) in ANSP.
= ‡”mediocauda” Eimer, 1895
Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 2: 118, 138.
Original Combination: Papilio mediocauda ♂
Type Locality: “Canada”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
This taxon was given a binomial combination, but the appended “♂” indicates an infrasubspecific name. It was listed as Papilio Asterias (P[apilio]. mediocanda) on page 118; an incorrect original spelling. This misspelling occurred in the list of figures given on the plates, and is a printers error judging from the derivation of the name. This taxon might represent P. brevicauda or P. polyxenes asterius.
= ‡”semialba” Ehrmann, 1900
Can. Entomol. 32(11): 348.
Original Combination: Papilio asterias, Var. semi-alba ♂, nov. var.
Type Locality: “S. W. Penn’a.” [Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 1 ♂ D.
= ‡”masculina” Reiff, 1911
Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 7(7/8): 235.
Original Combination: [Papilio polyxenes] ab. masculina
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ (ex Bussey Institute).
= ‡”ehrmanni” Ehrmann, 1925
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(2): 84.
Original Combination: Papilio ehrmanni n. ab. (of asterius)
Type Locality: “Hammet Place, Allegheny Co., Pa.” [Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 2 ♂ D.
I treat this name as if proposed in the form “Papilio asterius ab. ehrmanni.”
= ‡”gertrudis” Kruck, 1931
Entomol. Rdsch. 48(22): 236, fig. 2 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. asterius ab. gertrudis ab. nov.
Type Locality: “Mexiko-Süd, Dep. Oaxaca”
Types: “Holotype” in Kruck collection.
= ‡”forsythae” Wood, 1937
Entomol. News 48(10): 273, pl. 4, ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio ajax forsythae new aberration
Type Locality: “Florida City, Florida” [Miami-Dade County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”pseudoamericus” F. Brown, [1943]
Entomol. News 53(10): 291.
Original Combination: [Papilio ajax race] pseudoamericus
Type Locality: “Troy, Illinois” [Madison County]
Types: “Holotype” in Meiners collection, St. Louis, Missouri.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”subamplicata” Dufrane, 1946
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 106.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. polyxenes asterius f. subamplicata
Type Locality: “Temple, Pa. (E. U. A.)” [Berks County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” probably in IRSN.
b. Papilio polyxenes coloro W. G. Wright, 1905
Butterflies W. Coast: 86, no. 25, pl. 3, fig. 25 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: [Papilio Zelicaon var.] Coloro; Papilio Coloro n. v.
Type Locality: “Colorado Desert of California” “Colorado Desert of southeastern California”; defined as “Whitewater Hill, Coachella Valley, Colorado Desert, Riverside Co.” by Ferris and J. Emmel (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (76): 2.
Types: Holotype (#4281) in CAS; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 92, fig. W ♂ D&V.
= rudkini J. A. Comstock, 1935
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 34(2): 143-144.
Original Combination: Papilio bairdii form rudkini
Type Locality: “Ibanpah [sic!] Mts., Calif.” [Ivanpah Mountains, San Bernardino County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
= ‡”clarki” F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1937
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 36(1): 8-9.
Original Combination: Papilio rudkini form Clarki
Type Locality: “Ibanpah [sic!] Mts., Calif.” [Ivanpah Mountains, San Bernardino County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
= ‡”comstocki” F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1937
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 36(1): 10.
Original Combination: Papilio rudkini form comstocki
Type Locality: “Clark Mt., Mojave Desert, Calif.” [San Bernardino County]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
305. Papilio zelicaon Lucas, 1852
Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 136-138.
Original Combination: Papilio Zelicaon
Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “San Francisco, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78. [San Francisco County]
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
= zolicaon Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 281-2, no. 3.
Original Combination: Papilio zolicaon
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of paper.
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
= californica Ménétriés, 1855
Enum. corp. anim. (1): 69-70, under no. 58; cited Papilio zolicaon Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 281-2, no. 3.
Original Combination: P[apilio] Machaon var. Californica
Type Locality: “Californie”
Types: Type(s) probably in ZIN.
= nitra W. H. Edwards, [1884]
Papilio 3(7-10): 158, 162, no. 3; figured by W. H. Edwards (1888), Butterflies N. Am. 3(6): pl. Papilio 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Nitra
Type Locality: “some parts of Montana, and probably in Brit. Am.”; “Judith Mtns., Montana” implied from the title of the paper. The lectotype is from “Mt. Judith, Montana.” [Fergus County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 26, fig. 8 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 41, fig. 2 ♂ D.
= gothica C. Remington, 1968
Postilla 119: 2-6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 6 ♂ D, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ V, 16 ♂ V, 17 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio gothica
Type Locality: “Gothic, 9500', Gunnison Co., Colorado”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
= ‡”impunctata” Fischer, 1908
Soc. Entomol. 23(17): 129.
Original Combination: Papilio zolicaon ab. impunctata
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”melanotaenia” Fischer, 1908
Soc. Entomol. 23(17): 129.
Original Combination: Papilio zolicaon ab. melanotaenia
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”formosa” Fischer, 1908
Soc. Entomol. 23(17): 129-130.
Original Combination: Papilio zolicaon ab. formosa
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”mcdunnoughi” Gunder, 1928
Can. Entomol. 60(7): 162, pl. A, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio zelicaon tr. f. mcdunnoughi
Type Locality: “Waterton lakes, Alta., Can.” [Alberta]
Types: “Holotype” in CNC.
This was spelled “macdunnoughi” by dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 1: 35, representing an unjustified emendation.
‡”comstocki” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 1-2.
Original Combination: Papilio zelicaon form comstocki
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”ampliatanitra” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 1-2.
Original Combination: Papilio zelicaon form ampliatanitra
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
306. Papilio indra Reakirt, 1866
a. Papilio indra shastensis J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (55): 701-702, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra shastensis
Type Locality: “California: Shasta County; McCloud Bridge Campground, Shasta Lake”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Papilio indra indra Reakirt, 1866
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 123-124.
Original Combination: Papilio Indra
Type Locality: “Pike's Peak, Colorado Terr.” [El Paso-Teller counties] This species is not currently known from the Pikes Peak area; the holotype probably came from the area west of Golden, Jefferson County, most likely Lookout Mountain or Mount Zion (A. Warren pers. comm. 2006).
Types: Holotype (#7010) in ANSP.
c. Papilio indra phyllisae J. Emmel, 1982
J. Lepid. Soc. 35(4): 297-298, figs. 3 ♂ D&V (holotype), 4 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra phyllisae
Type Locality: “Butterbredt Peak and ridge running to the southwest, 4900'-5900', Kern Co., California, S. 30 & S. 31, T. 29 S., R. 36 E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Papilio indra pergamus Hy. Edwards, 1874
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]5(27): 423-424.
Original Combination: Papilio Pergamus
Type Locality: “near Santa Barbara”; corrected to “Devil Canyon, about 11 km NNW of San Bernardino, San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California” by S. Miller (1984), J. Res. Lepid. 23(2): 175.
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
e. Papilio indra fordi J. A. Comstock & Martin, 1956
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 54(3): 144-145, pl. 40, figs. 3 ♂ D (holotype), 4 ♀ D; pl. 41, figs. 3 ♂ V (holotype), 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra fordi
Type Locality: “Granite Mountains, a few miles north and east of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, California”
Types: Holotype in LACM; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 67, fig. 5 ♂ D.
f. Papilio indra parvindra J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Griffin, 2008
J. Res. Lepid. 40: 118-119.
Original Combination: Papilio indra parvindra
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio indra pygmaeus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Griffin, 1998, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡pygmaeus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Griffin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (57): 712, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra pygmaeus
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; eastern Mojave Desert; Dead Mts. NNW of Needles; peak of Mt. Manchester, 3560-3600' el., SW 1/4 of S.18, T.11N., R.22E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
This name is preoccupied by Papilio menestheus pygmaeus Aurivillius, 1898, K. svenska. VetenskAkad. Handl., ny följd 31: 478.
g. Papilio indra martini J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1966
Entomol. News 77(3): 57-60, fig. 1 upper left ♂ D (holotype), upper right ♀ D, lower left ♂ V (holotype), lower right ♀ V, fig. 2 left column, bottom ♀ D, right column ♀ D.
Original Combination: Papilio indra martini
Type Locality: “Gilroy Canyon, elevation 5,600 feet, Providence Mountains, San Bernardino County, California”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
h. Papilio indra panamintensis J. Emmel, 1982
J. Lepid. Soc. 35(4): 300-301, figs. 5 ♂ D&V (holotype), 6 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra panamintenis
Type Locality: “Thorndike Campground, Wildrose Canyon, 7400', Panamint Range, Inyo Co., California, S. 35, T. 19 S., R. 45 E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
i. Papilio indra nevadensis T. Emmel & J. Emmel, 1971
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 47(3): 220-222, fig. 1 ♂ D&V, ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra nevadensis
Type Locality: “Jett Canyon, 6,600 feet elevation, east side; Toiyabe Range, Nye County, Nevada”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
j. Papilio indra calcicola J. Emmel & Griffin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (56): 707-708, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra calcicola
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Muddy Mountains; canyon east of Buffington Pockets; 5.9 air miles north and 0.3-0.4 air miles east of 5363' Muddy Peak, 3,400-3,800' elevation; T18S R65E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
k. Papilio indra minori Cross, 1937
Proc. Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. 16(1): 4-5, fig. ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Papilio indra minori
Type Locality: “'Black Ridge Breaks'...Mesa County” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
l. Papilio indra kaibabensis Bauer, 1955
Lepid. News 9(2/3): 49-50, figs. 3rd row ♀ D, ♂ D (holotype), 4th row ♀ V, ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Papilio indra kaibabensis
Type Locality: “Bright Angel Point, Grand Canyon, Coconino Co., Ariz.” [Arizona]
Types: Holotype may be in the Grand Canyon National Park Naturalist Workshop collection, or in USNM.
Subgenus Sinoprinceps Hancock, 1983
Smithersia 2: 35. Type-species: Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 751, no. 34; corrigenda, by original designation.
307. Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767 (emended)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 751, no. 34; corrigenda.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques]. A[chivus]. Xanthus
Type Locality: “India orientalis”; suggested to be “Canton” by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 392. [China]
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 392, fig. 20 ♂ D.
This name was emended to xuthus in the index; xanthus is an incorrect original spelling. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 286 placed xuthus on the Official List of Names Available in Zoology as name no. 117 and xanthus on the Official List of Rejected and Unavailable Names in Zoology as name no. 69. Most of the synonymy is not listed.
= xuthulus Bremer, 1861
Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg (3)3: cols. 463-464, no. 1; figured by Bremer (1864), Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg (ser. 7)8(1): pl. 1, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio xuthulus
Type Locality: “Bureja-Gebirge” [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]
Types: Type(s) in ZIN.
= xuthulinus Murray, 1874
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(126): 166.
Original Combination: Papilio Xuthulinus
Type Locality: “immediate neighborhood of Yokohama” [Japan]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in BMNH.
Subgenus Heraclides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 83-84. Type-species: Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 187, no. 517. Zakharov et al. (2004), Syst. Biol. 53(2):193-215, suggested that this group (with the present synonymy) might be considered a genus-level taxon.
= Calaides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 86. Type-species: Papilio androgeus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 24-25, pl. 16, figs. C, D; (8): 151 (index), by designation of Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 358.
= Priamides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 87. Type-species: Priamides hipponous Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 87, no. 896 (= Papilio anchisiades Esper, 1788, Ausl. Schmett. (4): 53, no. 22, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2; junior objective synonym), by designation of Hemming (1935), Entomol. 68(861): 39.
= Troilides Hübner, [1825]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [111]. Type-species: Troilides tros Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [111], figs. 1, 2 (= Papilio polybius Swainson, 1822, Zool. Illustr. (1)2(18): pl. 94, unnumbered text; synonym: a subspecies of Papilio torquatus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): pl. 177, figs. A, B; (16) 151 (index)), by monotypy.
= ‡Thoas Swainson, 1833
Zool. Illustr. (2)3(26): pl. 121, unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536, by tautonymy; a junior objective synonym of Heraclides Hübner, [1819].
*308. Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771
Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536; cited Drury (1770), Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: pl. 22, figs. 1, 2, Daubenton [1765], Miscellanea: pl. 69, and Seba (1764), Locuplet. Rerum Nat. Thes. 4: pl. 38, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio E[ques]. A[chivus]. Thoas
Type Locality: “Guadelupa, Surinamo”
Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 386.
= archimedes (Fabricius, 1938)
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 46, no. 97.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Archimedes
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in ‘Museum Gallicum.’
a. Papilio thoas autocles Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 557-558, no. 66c; cited Papilio thoas (sensu Godman & Salvin (1890), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(89): pl. 69, fig. 4, and Maynard (1891), Man. N. Am. Butterflies: fig. 10b).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. thoas autocles
Type Locality: “Guerrero” [Mexico]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= ‡”nigrocaudata” Vázquez, 1948
An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 19(1): 234-235.
Original Combination: Papilio thoas autocles f[orma]. nigro-caudata
Type Locality: “Mapastepec, Chis...Tierra Blanca, Ver.” [Mexico]
Types: “Syntypes” in UNAM and MGCL.
= ‡”ochracea” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 63.
Original Combination: Papilio thoas autocles forma ochracea
Type Locality: “Yaxchilan, Chis.” [Chiapas, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in UNAM.
= ‡”nigrimarginata” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 63.
Original Combination: Papilio thoas autocles ab. nigrimarginata
Type Locality: “Tajín, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in de la Maza collection.
309. Papilio cresphontes Cramer, 1777
Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): 106-107, pl. 165, figs. A ♀ D&V, pl. 166, fig. B ♂ D; (16): 148 (index); cited Daubenton [1765], Miscellanea: pl. 69.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Achiv[us]. Cresphontes
Type Locality: “Noord-Amerika, te Nieuwjork en op het Eiland Jamaika...Zuid-Carolina” “l’Amerique Septentrionale, à la nouvelle-York & dans l’Isle de la Jamaïque...Caroline Méridionale”
Types: Possible syntype in BMNH.
= ‡oxilus (Hübner, [1819])
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 83, no. 850; cited Papilio cresphontes Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): pls. 166 A & 165 B: (16): 148 (index).
Original Combination: Heraclides Oxilus
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio cresphontes Cramer, 1777, erroneously thought preoccupied, with the same data; a junior objective synonym of cresphontes.
= pennsylvanicus F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1945
Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci. 19: 38-39.
Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes pennsylvanicus
Type Locality: “State College, Pa.” [Centre County, Penssylvania]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= ‡”lurida” Schultz, 1908
Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.
Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes ab. (nov.) lurida
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”luxuriosa” Reiff, 1911
Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 7(5/6): 159.
Original Combination: [Papilio thoas cresphontes] ab. luxuriosa
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ.
= ‡”intacta” Strand, 1918
Soc. Entomol. 33(12): 47.
Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes ab. intacta
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known, possibly in DEI.
= ‡”maxwelli” Franck, 1919
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 14(1): 3, fig. 2 (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes var. maxwelli
Type Locality: Not originally stated; said to be “St. Petersburg, Fla.” by Franck (1919), Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 14(3): 101. [Pinellas County, Florida]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”forsythae” Gunder, 1933
Can. Entomol. 65(8): 171.
Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes tr. f. forsythae
Type Locality: “Florida City, Florida” [Miami-Dade County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”melanurus” Hoffmann, 1940
An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Méx. 11(2): 633-634.
Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes forma melanurus
Type Locality: “Chilpancingo e Iguala” [Guerrero, Mexico]
Types: “Syntypes” in AMNH.
*310. Papilio astyalus Godart, 1819
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (20), 62, no. 102.
Original Combination: Papilio Astyalus
Type Locality: “Brésil”
Types: Holotype should be in MNHP.
= lycophron (Hübner, [1823])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [100], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Heraclides Lycophron
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= mentor Dalman, 1823
Analecta Entomol.: 37-38, no. 2.
Original Combination: Papilio Mentor
Type Locality: “Brasilia?”
Types: Syntype in NHRS.
= ‡pirithous Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 358-359, no. 201.
Original Combination: Papilio Pirithous
Type Locality: “Cuba...Missions de l’Uraguay”; defined as “Uruguay” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 573.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH and MNHP.
Preoccupied by Papilio pirithous Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 790, no. 235.
= ‡oebalus Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 360-361, no. 204.
Original Combination: Papilio Œbalus
Type Locality: “l’Amerique du Sud”
Types: Syntype in MNHP.
Preoccupied by Papilio oebalus Hofmannsegg, 1804, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 3: 185.
= ‡”delunensis” Niepelt, 1916
In: Strand, Lepid. Niepelt. 2: 21, pl. 13, fig. 10.
Original Combination: Papilio lycophron ab. delunensis
Type Locality: “Brazil”
Types: Location of “type(s)” not known, possibly DEI.
= ‡”paulina” Krüger, 1934
Entomol. Rdsch. 51(14): 152.
Original Combination: Papilio lycophron ♀ f. paulina
Type Locality: “São Paulo...Minas Geraës” [Brazil]
Types: “Holotype” possibly in ZMUH.
= ‡”thersitoides” Rousseau-Decelle, 1943
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 48(8): 111.
Original Combination: Papilio lycophron lycophron f. ind. ♂ thersitoides
Type Locality: “Bella Vista, Parana, Argentinien”
Types: “Holotype” in MNHP.
= ‡”suffusa” Rousseau-Decelle, 1943
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 48(8): 111.
Original Combination: Papilio lycophron ♀ pirothous f. ind. ♀ suffusa
Type Locality: “Paraguay”
Types: “Holotype” in MNHP.
‡”drepanon” G. Gray, 1856
List Spec. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. (1): 53, no. 202.
Original Combination: Papilio Drepanon
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
a. Papilio astyalus pallas G. Gray, [1853]
Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 39, no. 193, pl. 6, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; under Papilio oebalus.
Original Combination: Papilio Pallas
Type Locality: “Mexico”; stated to be “Oajaca” by E. Doubleday [1845], List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 17. [Oaxaca]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
This name was listed without a description or indication by E. Doubleday [1845], List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 17, and (1846), in: Gen. diurn. Lepid.(1)(2): 17, no. 168; both are nomina nuda.
= hozaus Ehrmann, 1921
Lepidoptera 5(1): 3.
Original Combination: Papilio hozaus
Type Locality: “Costa Rica”
Types: Type(s) probably in CMNH.
b. Papilio astyalus bajaensis J. Brown & Faulkner, 1992
Butterflies Baja Calif.: 54.
Original Combination: Papilio astyalus bajaensis
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio (Heraclides) astyalus occidentalis J. Brown and Faulkner, 1984, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡occidentalis J. Brown & Faulkner, 1984
Bull. Allyn Mus. (83): 5-6, figs. 3a ♂ D, 3b ♂ V, 3c ♀ D.
Original Combination: Papilio (Heraclides) astyalus occcidentalis
Type Locality: “San Antonio microwave tower, Baja California Sur, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in SDMC.
Preoccupied by Papilio blumei occidentalis Martin, 1915, Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 291): 75.
311. Papilio ornythion Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 354, no. 196.
Original Combination: Papilio Ornythion
Type Locality: “Yukatan” [Mexico]
Types: Holotype probably in BMNH.
*312. Papilio aristodemus Esper, 1794
Magaz. Neuest. Ausl. Ins. 1: 8, pl. papill. exot. 2, fig. 2 ♂ D&V; figured by Esper (1801), Ausl. Schmett. (16): 240, pl. 59, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Achiv[us]. Aristodemus
Type Locality: “Port-au-Prince” [Haiti]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= cresphontinus Martyn, 1797
Psyche: 8, pl. 3, fig. 8; pl. 4, fig. 10.
Original Combination: Papilio Cresphontinus
Type Locality: “Port-au-Prince” [Haiti]
Types: Location of “type(s)” not known.
= ‡daphnis G. Gray, [1853]
Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 39, no. 198.
Original Combination: Papilio Daphnis
Type Locality: “Antilles?”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Preoccupied by Papilio daphnis [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 182, no. 2.
a. Papilio aristodemus ponceanus Schaus, 1911
Entomol. News 22(10): 438-439.
Original Combination: Papilio ponceanus
Type Locality: “Miami, Florida” [Miami-Dade County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
= driophilus Clench, 1979
J. Lepid. Soc. 32(4): 273-274.
Original Combination: Papilio aristodemus driophilus
Type Locality: “Cutlass Bay, near Dolphin Head, southern Cat Island, Bahamas”
Types: Holotype (#680) in CMNH.
Simon and L. Miller (1986), Bull. Allyn Mus. (105): 13, determined this synonymy.
*313. Papilio andraemon (Hübner, [1823])
a. Papilio andraemon andraemon (Hübner, [1823])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pls. [98], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, [99], figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Heraclides Andraemon
Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Cuba” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 571.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Documented from Florida by Cannon (2006), Am. Butterflies 14(3/4): 4-15.
= hernandezi (R. Torre, 1936)
Mems. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 10(5): 333-334, pl. 24, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio (Heraclides) andraemon hernandezi
Type Locality: “Ampliación de Almendares, Marianao, Habana, Cuba”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in IZAC.
b. Papilio andraemon bonhotei Sharpe, 1900
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1900(2): 201, no. 19, pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V, 1b ♀ D, 1c ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio bonhotei
Type Locality: “Nassau” [Bahamas]
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
*314. Papilio androgeus Cramer, 1775
Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 24-25, pl. 16, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; (8): 151 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Trojan[us]. Androgeus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Surinam”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= orestes Meerburgh, [1777]
Afbeeld. Gewass.: [15] D2, [16] D2 verso, pls. 26 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio (Orestes)
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= polycaon Cramer, 1779
Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 17-18, pl. 203, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V ; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Achiv[us]. Polycaon
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= piranthus Cramer, 1779
Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 18-19, pl. 204, figs. A ♀ D, B ♀ V: (24): 176 (index); cited Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 31, Seba (1765), Locuplet. Rerum. Nat. Thes. 4: pl. 38, figs. 13, 14, and Kleemann (1765), Beytr. Nat. Ins. 1: pl. 8, figs. 1, 2.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Achiv[us]. Piranthus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= acanthus Gmelin, [1790]
Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2231, no. 290B, under Papilio androgeus; cited Papilio piranthus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 18-19, pl. 204, figs. A, B; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: Papilio Acanthus
Type Locality: “Surinamo”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= bagous Fruhstorfer, 1910
In: Koch-Grünberg, Zwei Jahre Indianern 2: 357-358, no. 54.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Androgeus bagous
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “oberen Rio Negro” implied from the introduction (pp. 350-351), “nordwest-Brasilien” from the title of the work.
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in ZMHB or BMNH.
= ‡”mira” Fassl, 1922
Entomol. Rdsch. 39(1): 1.
Original Combination: Papilio androgeus ♀ form. mira
Type Locality: “Manicoré” [Amazonas, Brazil]
Types: “Holotype” in NHMB.
= ‡”feyeri” Niepelt, 1924
Int. Entomol. Z. 18(11): 49.
Original Combination: Papilio androgeos ♀ forma feyeri
Type Locality: “Ecuador”
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 87, fig. I ♀ D.
= ‡”fassli” Knop, 1925
Entomol. Z. 39(11): 43.
Original Combination: Papilio Androgeus var. Fassli
Type Locality: “Manicoré Brasilien” [Amazonas, Brazil]
Types: “Holotype” in NHMB.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”decellei” Krüger, 1934
Entomol. Rdsch. 51(14): 151.
Original Combination: Papilio androgeus ♀ androgeus ab. Decellei
Type Locality: “São Paulo de Olivenca” [Amazonas, Brazil]
Types: “Holotype” possibly in ZMUH.
= ‡hibisci Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 34, no. 57; cited Papilio androgeus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 24-25, pl. 16, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V’ (8): 151 (index).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Hibisci
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio androgeus, based on a supposed foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of androgeus.
= ‡altheae Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 48, no. 107; cited Papilio polycaon Cramer (1779), Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 17-18, pl. 203, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. A[chivus]. Altheae
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio polycaon Cramer (1779), based on a supposed foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of polycaon.
a. Papilio androgeus epidaurus Godman & Salvin, 1890
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 224-225, no. 55; 3(89): pl. 69, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V, 3 ♂ valve.
Original Combination: Papilio epidaurus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Ciudad, Ventanas in Durango...Cordova...San Lorenzo near Cordova...Atoyac...Guatemala, forests of Northern Vera Paz, Yzabal, Polochic valley...Panzos...Pacific coast...El Reposo...Nicaragua, Chontales...Costa Rica...Panama, Bugaba...Calobre...Veraguas...Lion Hill...San Domingo”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= ‡”ochracea” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65, fig. 4 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio androgeus epidaurus forma ochracea
Type Locality: “Yaxchilán, Chis.” [Chiapas, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in UNAM.
*315. Papilio anchisiades Esper, 1788
Ausl. Schmett. (4): 53-55, pl. 13, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D&V; cited Papilio anchises (sensu Cramer, 1782, Uitl. Kapellen 4(27): pl. 318, figs. A , B), and Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 17.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Equ[es]. Troj[anus]. Anchisiades
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the citations.
Types: Location of type(s) not known. Esper might have based his description on Cramer’s illustration of anchises.
Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (3): 106, discussed the name Papilio anchises Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 10 (a taxon currently in the genus Parides), and designated Cramer’s fig. A as the lectotype of P. anchisiades.
= ‡hipponous (Hübner, [1819])
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 87, no. 896; cited Papilio anchises Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(27): pl. 318, figs. A-D.
Original Combination: P[riamides]. Hipponous
Proposed to replace Papilio anchises (sensu Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(27): 58-59, pl. 318, fig. A; not anchises). The lectotype is Cramer’s figure, designated by Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (3): 107. A junior objective synonym of anchisiades.
= archelaus Godart, 1819
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (14), 32, no. 19; cited Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 17, Papilio anchises Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(27): pl. 318, figs. A-D, Stoll (1787), Aanhangs. Werkes Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (1): pl. 1, fig. 2 larva, and Princeps anchises (sensu Hübner [1812], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [119]).
Original Combination: Papilio Archelaus
Type Locality: “Guyane au Brésil”
Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP.
= theramenes C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861
Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(3): 74, no. 9.
Original Combination: Papilio Theramenes
Type Locality: “Venezuela, in provincia Caracas”
Types: Syntype in BMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 81, fig. C ♀ D.
= matusiki (K. Johnson & Rozycki, 1986)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 94(3): 388-389, figs. 1A ♂ D, 1B ♂ V (holotype), 3H ♂ genitalia, 5A ♂ valve.
Original Combination: Heraclides matusiki
Type Locality: “Venezuela, Caripito” [Monagas]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 81, figs. K ♂ V, 7 ♂ D.
a. Papilio anchisiades idaeus Fabricius, 1793
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 16, no. 48; cited Jones’ Icones 1: pl. 25; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [19], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus] Idaeus
Type Locality: “Madras” in error. [India]
Types: Type(s) probably lost; based on specimens figured by Jones.
= pandion H. Bates, 1863
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863(2): 242, no. 5.
Original Combination: Papilio Anchisiades var. pandion
Type Locality: “Southern Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
This butterfly was listed without a description or indication by Bates (1861), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (2)5(8): 338; a nomen nudum.
= ‡pandion C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Reise Novara Zool. (1): 79-80, no. 61.
Original Combination: Papilio pandion
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Preoccupied by Papilio anchisiades var. pandion H. Bates, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863(2): 242, no. 5.
= pandonius Staudinger, 1894
Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 7(1): 104 (nota).
Original Combination: [Papilio] Pandonius
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio pandion C. Felder & R. Felder, [1865].
*316. Papilio rogeri Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 278-279, no. 102.
Original Combination: Papilio Rogeri
Type Locality: “Yukatan” [Mexico]
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
a. Papilio rogeri pharnaces E. Doubleday, 1846
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]18(121): 374-375; figured by G. Gray [1853], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 64, no. 282, pl. 5 fig. 1 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pharnaces
Type Locality: “America Merid.”; Godman & Salvin (1890), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 231-232, no. 64, noted that all specimens in the BMNH were from “Oaxaca.” [Mexico]
Types: Syntype in the Loddiges collection, possibly in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Bordelon (1998), News Lepid. Soc. 40(2): 38.
= phanostratus Godman & Salvin, 1890
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 232, no. 65.
Original Combination: Papilio phanostratus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Jalapa” [Veracruz]
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= polycharmus Godman & Salvin, 1890
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 232, no. 66; 3(90): pl. 70, fig. 10 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Papilio polycharmus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan” [Sinaloa]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= ‡”paucimaculata” Vázquez, 1947
An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 18(1): 249-252, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio pharnaces forma masculina paucimaculata
Type Locality: “Empalme Escobedo, Guanajuato” [Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”dissimilis” Vázquez, 1957
An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 27(2): 478, fig. 6 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio pharnaces f[orma]. dissimilis
Type Locality: “El Ocotal, Chis.” [Chiapas, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
Subgenus Pterourus Scopoli, 1777
Intro. Hist. Nat.: 433, no. 173. Type-species: Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 459, no. 5, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 64. Zakharov et al. (2004), Syst. Biol. 53(2):193–215, suggested that this group (with the present synonymy) could be considered a genus-level taxon.
= Jasoniades Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 83. Type-species: Papilio turnus Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536 (= Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 199-200, no. 590. As first reviser, Hemming (1934), Gen. Names Holarct. Butterflies 1: 147, gave precedence to Jasoniades over Euphoeades.
= Euphoeades Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 83. Type-species: Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 172, no. 431.
= ‡”Caudati” Koch, 1860
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 21(4-6): 230. Type-species: Papilio turnus Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.) 2: 536 (= Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9; synonym), by designation of Hemming (1935), Entomol. 68(861): 40. This name as proposed is not a noun in the nominative singular, and is thus invalid (Code Article 11.8).
= Pyrrhosticta Butler, 1872
Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 86. Type-species: Papilio laetitia Butler, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 84-85 (= Caliades menatius Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 86; subspecies), by monotypy.
= Motasiona Niculescu, 1979
Revue roum. Biol. (Ser. Biol. Anim.) 24(1): 9-10. Type-species: Papilio zagreus E. Doubleday, 1847, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]19(125): 174-175, by original designation.
317. Papilio canadensis Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 586-587, no. 79; cited Papilio glaucus (sensu Gosse (1840), Can. Nat.: fig., Saunders (1874), Can. Entomol. 6: fig. 1, (1875), Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 1874, figs. 13, 14, (1881), Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 1880: figs. 40, 41, W. H. Edwards (1877), Butterflies N. Am. 2(6): pl. Papilio 5, fig. 1 ♂ D, and Maynard (1891), Manual N. Am. Butterflies: pl. 1, fig. 1).
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus canadensis
Type Locality: “Newfoundland”; holotype from “St. John’s.” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
R. Hagen et al. (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(4): 245-246, elevated this taxon to species-level.
= arcticus Skinner, 1906
Entomol. News 17(10): 379.
Original Combination: Papilio rutulus arcticus
Type Locality: “Eagle City, Alaska...Athabaska River, Canada”
Types: Syntypes (#7027) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 6 ♂ V.
= ‡”fletcheri” Kemp, 1900
Entomol. News 11(5): 482.
Original Combination: Papilio turnus ab. fletcheri
Type Locality: “Elizabeth, New Jersey” implied from the text. [Union County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”borealis” Boullet & Le Cerf, 1912
Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris Suppl. [1]18(2): 24.
Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus-canadensis] f[orm]. borealis?
Type Locality: “Terre-Neuve, Dear River” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: “Holotype” in MNHP.
= ‡”deficiens” Dufrane, 1946
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 115.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. glaucus canadensis ab. deficiens
Type Locality: “Etats-Unis d’Amérique, sans localité précise”
Types: “Holotype” may be in ISRN.
318. Papilio appalachiensis (Pavulaan & D. Wright, 2002)
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 8, 11-13, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ D (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pterourus appalachiensis
Type Locality: “Buck Creek Serpentine Barrens, 3200', Clay County, North Carolina”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Scriber and Ording (2005), Entomol. Exp. Appl. 115(1): 247-264, corroborated species-level status for this taxon.
319. Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758
a. Papilio glaucus glaucus Linnaeus, 1758
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9; Linnaeus (1764), Mus. Lud. Ulr. [1]: 190, no. 9, cited Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 24, fig. 1.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus]. Glaucus
Type Locality: “America”; neotype from “Sandbridge, Virginia Beach, Virginia.” [Virginia Beach City]
Types: Type(s) apparently lost. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 6, fig. 19 ♀ D.
This species formed part of the type series of Papilio ajax (see Eurytides marcellus), based on Ray (1710), Hist. Ins.: 111, no. 2.
= antilochus Linnaeus, 1758
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 463, no. 28; cited Petiver (1699), Mus. Petiver. Cent. Rar. Nat. Cont. (6/7): 50. no. 505, and Catesby (1743), Nat. Hist. Carolina 2: pl. 83.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Achivus] Antilochus
Type Locality: “America septentrionali”; neotype from “Corapeake, Gates Co., NC.” [North Carolina]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost or unrecognizable. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 6-7, fig. 17 ♂ D.
= turnus Linnaeus, 1771
Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536.
Original Combination: Papilio E[quites]. A[chivus]. Turnus
Type Locality: “America”
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 389; the “neotype” in MGCL, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 7, fig. 20 ♀ D, is not valid (Code Article 75.3.4).
= alcidamus Cramer, 1775
Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 62, pl. 38, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (8): 151 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Achivus Alcidamus
Type Locality: “Jamaika...Nieuw-Jork en Carolina” “Jamaïque...Nouvelle York & dans la Caroline”; defined as “New York, Carolina” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 583; supposed neotype from “Sandbridge, Virginia Beach, VA.” [Southampton County]
Types: Probable syntype (#665024) in BMNH; the “neotype” in MGCL, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 7, fig. 18 ♂ D, is not valid (Code Article 75.3.4).
= ‡lauri Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 22, no. 13; cited Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Lauri
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of Papilio glaucus.
= ‡”delunaris” Schultz, 1908
Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus ab. (nov.) delunaris
Type Locality: “Seranton, N.-Amerika”; corrected to “Scranton” by Schultz (1908), Entomol. Z. 22(29): 119. [Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania]
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”perfulva” Schultz, 1908
Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus ab. (nov.) pervulva; an incorrect original spelling. Corrected to “perfulva” by Schultz (1908), Entomol. Z. 22(29): 119.
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”imperfecta” Reiff, 1911
Z. wiss InsektBiol. 7(5/6): 157.
Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus turnus] ab. imperfecta
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ.
= ‡”wheeleri” Reiff, 1911
Z. wiss InsektBiol. 7(5/6): 158.
Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus turnus] ab. wheeleri
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ.
= ‡”paupercula” Reiff, 1911
Z. wiss InsektBiol. 7(5/6): 158.
Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus turnus] ab. paupercula
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ.
= ‡”niger” Hering, 1912
Z. wiss InsektBiol. 8(7/8): 234, fig. ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Papilio turnus] ab. niger
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “holotype” not known.
= ‡”dietzi” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 38(9): 266, pl. 5, fig. A ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus form turnus tr. f. dietzi
Type Locality: “Van Courtland [sic!] Park, New York” [Bronx County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”gerhardi” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 38(9): 266-267, pl. 5, fig. B ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus form turnus tr. f. gerhardi
Type Locality: “Evansville, Indiana” [Vanderburgh County]
Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.
‡”ehrmanni” McDunnough, 1938
Mem. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 5.
Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus] ab. ehrmanni
This name was listed in the synonymy of Papilio glaucus without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”nigra” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 1.
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus form nigra
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Papilio glaucus maynardi Gauthier, 1984
Shilap Revta. Lepid. 12(3): 210.
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus maynardi
Proposed to replace Papilio turnus australis Maynard, 1891, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). This taxon may best be considered a “clinal phenotype,” as suggested by Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 44.
= ‡australis Maynard, 1891
Manual N. Am. Butterflies: 12; appendix, 215, no. 15a.
Original Combination: Papilio turnus australis
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Holotype in MCZ.
Preoccupied by Papilio rumina australis Esper, 1781, Schmett. 1(2)(4): 115, pl. 72, fig. 4.
*320. Papilio alexiares Höpffer, 1866
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 27(1-3): 31, no. 12.
Original Combination: [Papilio] Alexiares
Type Locality: “Mexico”; Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 592, stated that “Vera Cruz: Cuesta de Misantla, Mexico” was the known range.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB.
a. Papilio alexiares garcia Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 592, no. 83a.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. alexiares garcia
Type Locality: “Monterrey, San Luis Potosi” [Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Grishin and A. Warren (2004), News Lepid. Soc. 46(3): 75, 83, 15 figs. Various recent authors (e.g. Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: 33, Llorente et al. (1996), Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrop. Méx.: 545, (1997), Pap. Pier. Méx.: 8, 15, 51, 137, 162, 198, and Lamas (2004c), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 97) have considered alexiares and garcia to be subspecies of P. glaucus; however, relationships between these taxa require further elaboration.
321. Papilio rutulus Lucas, 1852
Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 138-140.
Original Combination: Papilio Rutulus
Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “vicinity of Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River, 2400', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998) Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78.
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.
= ‡rutulus Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 279-280, no. 1
Original Combination: Papilio rutulus
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
Preoccupied by Papilio rutulus Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 138-140.
= arizonensis W. H. Edwards, 1883
Papilio 3(1): 3-4; figured by W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(13): pl. Papilio 13, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Papilio] Rutulus var. Arizonensis
Type Locality: “Arizona and South Colorado”; stated to be “vicinity of Fort Grant, Cochise [sic!] Co., and on Graham Mountain” in the introduction to the paper. [Graham County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 28, fig. 9 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book. (rev. ed.): pl. 70, fig. 2 ♂ D.
= ammoni Behrens, 1887
Can. Entomol. 19(10): 199.
Original Combination: Papilio Rutulus, var. Ammoni
Type Locality: “Nevada”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in AMNH.
= ‡”hospitonina” Boullet & Le Cerf, 1912
Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris Suppl. [1]18(2): 25.
Original Combination: [Papilio rutulus] ab. hospitonina
Type Locality: “États-Unis, île Vancouver” [British Columbia]
Types: “Holotype” in MNHP.
= ‡”fannyae” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 38(9): 267, pl. 5, fig. C ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio rutulus tr. f. fannyae
Type Locality: “Yoncalla, Oregon” [Douglas County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”minirutulus” Fisher, 2012
Butterflies Colo. 5: 142-143, ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus rutulus] dwarf form minirutulus
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
= ‡antinous Donovan, 1805
Epitome Ins. New Holland: pl. 16 and explicative page.
Original Combination: Papilio Antinous
Type Locality: “New South Wales” in error. [Australia]
Types: Holotype in ANIC; figured by Upton (1985), J. Lepid. Soc. 38(3): 158, fig. 2 ♂ D.
This name was discovered as a senior synonym of P. eurymedon by Upton (1985) ibid. However, Wakeham-Dawson (2003), Bull. Zool. Nomen. 60(4): 311-312, established Papilio antinous Lucas 1852, as a nomen oblitum (Code Article 23.9.2).
= ‡eurymedon Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 280-281, no. 2
Original Combination: Papilio eurymedon
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
Preoccupied by Papilio eurymedon Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 140-141.
= albanus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Reise Novara Zool. (1): 93-94, no. 71.
Original Combination: Papilio albanus
Type Locality: “California”; defined as “Queen Lily Campgrouned, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 2400' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 88.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 88, figs., 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
This taxon was listed without a description or indication by C. Felder and R. Felder (1864), Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 14: 314, no. 349; a nomen nudum.
= ‡”subnigrata” Schultz, 1908
Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.
Original Combination: Papilio eurymedon ab. (nov.) subnigrata
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”cocklei” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(7): 200, no. 12, pl. 5, fig. 12 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio eurymedon form albanus ab. ♂ cocklei
Type Locality: “Kaslo, British Columbia, Canada”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 1, fig. 1 ♂ D.
= ‡”columbiana” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 38(9): 267-268, pl. 5, fig. D ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio eurymedon form albanus tr. f. columbiana
Type Locality: “Kaslo, British Columbia, Canada”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”lewisii” W. F. Kirby, 1884
Papilio 4(5-6): 104.
Original Combination: Papilio Lewisii (Peale manuscript)
This taxon is an unjustified replacement name.
322. Papilio multicaudata W. F. Kirby, 1884
a. Papilio multicaudata multicaudata W. F. Kirby, 1884
Papilio 4(5-6): 104.
Original Combination: Papilio Multicaudata
Proposed to replace Papilio daunus Boisduval, 1836, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡daunus Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 342, no. 182.
Original Combination: Papilio Daunus
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by Austin and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (53): 692-693.
Preoccupied by Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 44, pl. 126, fig. F; (16): 148 (index).
= ‡”ragani” W. Barnes, 1928
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 5(1): 5.
Original Combination: Papilio daunus ragani ab. nov.
Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona” [Pima County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
b. Papilio multicaudata pusillus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (54): 694-695, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio multicaudatus pusillus
Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; north end of Independence Mountains (Bull Run Mountains), Nevada State Route 11A, 6.7 road miles east (= northeast) of Nevada State Route 226, 1800-2000 m, T43N R52E S2, 3, 10, 15, 16, 21 and T44N R52E S35, 36 on USGS Bull Run, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
‡”minimulticaudatus” Fisher & Scott, 2012
Butterflies Colo. 5: 148-149, ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio multicaudata spring form minimulticaudat
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
= asclepius (Geyer, [1829])
In: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [22], 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Heraclides Asclepius
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
The relative precedence of garamas over asclepius follows Lamas (2004c), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 97.
= cincinnatus Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 346, no. 186.
Original Combination: Papilio Cincinnatus
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Holotype may be in MNHP or BMNH.
= ‡”amisa” (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 646, no. 117ba’.
Original Combination: [Papilio garamas garamas] ♀ f. amisa
Type Locality: “West Mexico: Guadalajara, Cuernavaca, Oaxaca”; lectotype from “Cuernavaca.” [Morelos]
Types: “Lectotype” in BMNH, designated by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 95, fig. E ♀ D.
= ‡”homeroides” Draudt, 1931
Entomol. Rdsch. 48(9): 103.
Original Combination: Papilio garamas ab. homeroides ♀ ab. nov
Type Locality: “Hauptstadt Mexiko” [D. F., Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” possibly in MTD (Draudt collection).
= ‡”splendida” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65, fig. 5 ♂ D, front cover ♂ D.
Original Combination: Papilio garamas forma splendida
Type Locality: “Atlixco, Pue....Izúcar de Matamoros, Pue.” [Puebla, Mexico]
Types: “Syntypes” in Velázquez and de la Maza collections.
= ‡”ampliata” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65, fig. 6 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio garamas forma ampliata
Type Locality: “Zimapán, Hgo.” [Hidalgo, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in Velázquez collection.
= ‡”diazi” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65, fig. 7 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio garamas ab. diazi
Type Locality: “Tepoztlán, Mor.” [Morelos, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in Velázquez collection.
c. Papilio multicaudata abderus Höpffer, 1856
Neue Schmett.: [1], no. 1, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Abderus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB.
Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2000), News Lepid. Soc. 42(1): 7, pl. 1, fig. 1.
= ‡”amerias” (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 646, no. 117ab’.
Original Combination: [Papilio garamas abderus] ♀ f. amerias
Type Locality: “Eastern Mexico: Vera Cruz”; lectotype from “Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico.”
Types: “Lectotype” in BMNH, designated by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 95, fig. I ♀ D.
323. Papilio victorinus E. Doubleday, 1844
a. Papilio victorinus victorinus E. Doubleday, 1844
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1)14(93): 418; figured by G. Gray [1853], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 35, no. 69, pl. 6, fig. 3 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Victorinus
Type Locality: “west coast of America” in error.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Adams (1984), J. Lepid. Soc. 37(4): 318.
= helleri C. Felder & R. Felder, [1865]
Reise Novara Zool. (1): 91-92, no. 70, pl. 13, figs. c ♂ D, d ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio helleri
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 98, fig. F ♀ D.
This taxon was listed without a description or indication by C. Felder and R. Felder (1864), Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 14: 313, no. 336; a nomen nudum.
= amphissus Höpffer, 1866
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 27(1-3): 27-28, no. 8.
Original Combination: [Papilio] Amphissus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB.
= ‡”eritromaculata” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65.
Original Combination: Papilio victorinus form fem. eritromaculata
Type Locality: “Cerro El Vigía, Santiago Tuxtla, Ver....Chiltepec, Oax.” [Mexico]
Types: “Syntypes” in UNAM and de la Maza collection.
324. Papilio pilumnus Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 340-341, no. 181.
Original Combination: Papilio pilumnus
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Syntype in MNHP.
325. Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758
a. Papilio troilus troilus Linnaeus, 1758
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 459, no. 5.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus]. Troilus
Type Locality: “in Indiis” in error; suggested to be “lower Delaware River” by F. Brown (1968), J. Lepid. Soc. 22(2): 81; neotype from “Charleston Co., SC, visc. [sic.] Middleton Place Plantation.” [South Carolina]
Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 388-389; neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(4):. 5, fig. 5 ♂ D.
= ‡ilioneus J. E. Smith, 1797
In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 3-4, pl. 2, figs. ♂ D, ♂ V, ♀ D, larvae, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Ilioneus
Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the title of the work; neotype from “River Road, Burke County, GA.”
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(4): 3-4, fig. 4 ♂ D.
Preoccupied by Papilio illioneus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(5): 81-82, pl. 52, fig. A; (8): 153 (index).
= radiatus Strecker, 1900
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 17.
Original Combination: Papilio troilus var. radiatus
Type Locality: “Washington, D.C.; Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania”
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
= ‡”texanus” Ehrmann, 1900
Can. Entomol. 32(11): 348.
Original Combination: Papilio troilus, Var. Texanus ♂, nov. var.
Type Locality: “Houston, Texas”; suggested to be “Florida” by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: 306, pl. 93 legend.
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡anethi Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 21, no. 11; cited Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 459, no. 5.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Anethi
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of Papilio troilus.
= ‡”flava” Dufrane, 1946
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 115.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. t[roilus]. troilus ab. flava
Type Locality: “Pocono Monta, Pa., E. U. A.” [Pocono Mountains, NE Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” may be in MRAC.
= ‡”addenda” Dufrane, 1946
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 115.
Original Combination: [Papilio troilus troilus] ab. addenda
Type Locality: “Pocono Monta, Pa., E. U. A.” [Pocono Mountains, NE Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” may be in MRAC.
= ‡”obliterata” Dufrane, 1946
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 116.
Original Combination: [Papilio troilus troilus] ab. obliterata
Type Locality: “E. U. A., sans localité précise”
Types: “Holotype” may be in MRAC.
= ‡”berioi” Dufrane, 1946
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 115.
Original Combination: [Papilio troilus troilus] ab. berioi
Type Locality: “Pocono Monta, Pa., E. U. A.” [Pocono Mountains, NE Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” may be in MRAC.
b. Papilio troilus fakahatcheensis (Gatrelle, 2000)
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(4): 10-11, figs. 8 ♂ D (holotype), 10 ♂ V, 11 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Pterourus troilus fakahatcheensis
Type Locality: “Florida: Collier County, visc. [sic!] Copeland”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
326. Papilio palamedes Drury, 1773
a. Papilio palamedes palamedes Drury, 1773
Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 37-38, pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Ach[ivus]. Palamedes
Type Locality: “Carolina”
Types: Type(s) probably lost or unidentifiable.
= chalcas Fabricius, 1775
Syst. Entomol.: 453, no. 44.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques]. A[chivus]. Chalcas
Type Locality: “America”
Types: Syntypes in HMUG.
Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 31, no. 90, implied this synonymy.
b. Papilio palamedes leontis Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 599, no. 86b.
Original Combination: Papilio palamedes leontis
Type Locality: “Monterrey, Mexico” [Nuevo León]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Recorded from southern Texas by H. Freeman (1951) Field & Lab. 19(1): 32.
Family PIERIDAE Swainson, 1820
Zool. Illustr. (1)1(3): pl. 15, unnumbered text. Type-genus: Pieris Schrank 1801, Fauna boica 2(1): 152, no. 198. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Pieris on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 704. I.C.Z.N. Direction 112 gave Pieridae precedence over Coliadinae whenever their type genera are considered to be in the same family-group taxon. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 500 placed Pieridae on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 206, placed Pierides on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 238, placed Pieridina Herrich-Schäffer, 1853, Lep. exot. Spec. nov.: 54, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 239, and placed Pierididae Reuter, 1896, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 240. The “Official List” must be corrected as the authorship for Pieridae is listed as Duponchel, [1835], in: Godart, Hist. Nat. Lépid. Fr. Suppl. 1(22): 381. Swainson’s application of the name was much earlier. The higher-level arrangement of the family adopted largely follows Braby et al. (2006), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 147(2): 239–275.
Subfamily Dismorphiinae Schatz, 1886
In: Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 2(2): 56, 57 (as “Dismorphiden”). Type-genus: Dismorphia Hübner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 10.
Genus Enantia Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 96. Type-species: Papilio licinia Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(13): 90, pl. 153, figs. E, F; (16): 149 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 10(2): 162, no. 376. See Llorente (1984), Folia Entomol. Méx. 58: 3-206, for a revision of the genus.
= Licinia Swainson, 1820
Zool. Illustr. (1)1(3): pl. 15, unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio melite Linnaeus, 1763, in: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 20, no. 56, by original designation.
327. Enantia albania (H. Bates, 1864)
a. Enantia albania albania (H. Bates, 1864)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(1): 6, no. 10.
Original Combination: Leptalis albania
Type Locality: “Guatemala. Motagua Valley”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= mita (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 340, no. 49.
Original Combination: Leptalis mita
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Syntype in CMNH.
= ‡”immaculata” (Hoffmann, 1940)
An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Méx. 11(1): 277, fig. 2 ♂ D, ♀ D.
Original Combination: Dismorphia (Enantia) amalia forma immaculata
Type Locality: “Córdoba, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
Subfamily Coliadinae Swainson, 1821
Zool. Illustr. (1)1(4): pl. 22, unnumbered text (as “Coliadae”). Type-genus: Colias [Fabricius], 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284, no. 24. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Coliadinae on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 227. The same Direction placed Coliana on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 265. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 146 placed Colias on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 572.
Genus Kricogonia Reakirt, [1864]
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 355. Type-species: Colias lyside Godart, 1819, in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 98, no. 30, by original designation.
328. Kricogonia lyside (Godart, 1819)
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (87), 98, no. 30.
Original Combination: Colias Lyside
Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Haiti” by N. Riley (1975), Field Guide Butterflies W. Indies: 131.
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 154, no. 125.
N. Riley (1972), J. Lepid. Soc. 26(4): 228, determined that the historical use of the name castalia for this species was based on misdeterminations. The original description of castalia referred to the figure of Glutophrissa drusilla in Jones’ Icones.”
= terissa (Lucas, 1852)
Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(9): 429.
Original Combination: Rhodocera Terissa
Type Locality: “Saint-Domingue et la Jamaïque”
Types: Syntypes in MNHP.
= ‡terissa (Boisduval, 1870)
Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 10.
Original Combination: [Rhodocera Lyside] Terrissa
Type Locality: “Mexique...Guatemala”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
Preoccupied by Rhodocera terissa Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(9): 429.
= fantasia Butler, 1871
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1871(2): 170, pl. 7, fig. 6 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Kricogonia Fantasia
Type Locality: “Nicaragua”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= lanice Lintner, [1885]
Papilio 4(7/8): 138-130, no. 11.
Original Combination: Kricogonia Lanice
Type Locality: “Brownsville, Texas...Hidalgo...Lomita Ranch” implied from the introduction to the paper. [Cameron and Hidalgo counties]
Types: Syntype (#5861) in NYSM and ANSP.
This name was listed without a description or indication by W. H. Edwards (1884),Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(3/4): 262, no. 60; a nomen nudum.
= unicolor Godman & Salvin, 1889
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(79): 151, no. 2.
Original Combination: Kricogonia unicolor
Type Locality: “Guatemala, San Gerónimo...Haiti; Jamaica”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= xanthophila Röber, 1909
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 89; (41) pl. 26d, fig. [4] ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Kricogonia lyside] xanthophila form nov.
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Lectotype in MTD, designated by Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 23(91): 344.
= occidentalis S. Torre, 1988
Revta. Biol. (La Habana) 2(2): 57.
Original Combination: Kricogonia lyside occidentalis
Type Locality: “Varadero y en otras regiones de la parte occidental de Cuba”
Types: Syntypes in IZAC, AMNH and ANSP.
‡”anorbus” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.
Original Combination: Kricogonia lyside female form anorbus
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
Genus Nathalis Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 589. Type-species: Nathalis iole Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 589, no. 9, by monotypy.
329. Nathalis iole Boisduval, 1836
a. Nathalis iole iole Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 589-590, no. 1.
Original Combination: Nathalis iole
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Syntypes in MNHP.
= felicia Poey, [1852]
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: pl. 18, figs. 18 ♂ V, 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D, 21 ♀ V [Oct 1852]; 443-444, no. 14 [Jun 1854].
Original Combination: Nathalis Felicia
Type Locality: “Habana...Cárdenas” [Cuba]
Types: Type(s) probably in MNHC; a possible syntype in ZMHB.
= irene Fitch, 1857
Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. 16(1856): 485-486, no. 212.
Original Combination: Nathalis Irene
Type Locality: “valley of the Mississippi”; J. Barnes (1988), Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. (461): 112, no. 333, noted that Fitch’s original specimen was labeled “Tullehassie, AR. [sic!]” [Tullahassee, Wagoner County, Oklahoma]
Types: Holotype (#2717) either lost or destroyed; J. Barnes (1988), ibid., determined that there are no extant specimens in the NYSM.
= luteolus Reakirt, [1864]
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 350-351, no. 2.
Original Combination: N[athalis]. luteolus
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Syntype in FMNH.
= ‡”pallida” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.
Original Combination: Nathalis iole tr. f. pallida
Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”immaculata” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.
Original Combination: Nathalis iole form immaculata
Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”albida” Avinoff & Shoumatoff, 1941
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 28(15): 309-310, pl. 36, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Nathalis iole ab. albida
Type Locality: “an isolated elevation of over 3,000 feet called Low River, or All Sides, in Trelawny” [Jamaica]
Types: Types in CMNH.
= ‡”viridis” Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944
Entomol. News 55(4): 92.
Original Combination: Nathalis iole f. hiem. viridis
Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”alayoi” S. Torre, 1951
Mems. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 20(2): 89, pl. 44, fig. 2 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: [Nathalis iole] [form] alayoi
Type Locality: “500m del Castillo Peñas Altas, Playa de Bellamar, Matanzas” indicated in the legend to the plate. [Cuba]
Types: “Holotype” (#2767) in IZAC.
Genus Eurema Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 96. Type-species: Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 144, pl. 273, fig. A; 3(24): 174 (index) (= Pieris daira Godart, 1819, in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (109), 137, no. 59; homonym), by designation of Butler (1870), Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35.
= ‡Heurema Agassiz, 1846
Nomencl. zool. (4to ed.)(12)(index univ.): 181. An unjustified emendation of Eurema Hübner, [1819].
= Lucidia Lacordaire, 1833
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]2: 387. Type-species: Papilio albula Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 43, pl. 27, fig. E; (8): 151 (index), by monotypy.
= Sphaenogona Butler, 1870
Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35, no. 15; 44, no. 15. Type-species: Terias bogotana C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(3): 84, no. 41 (= Terias mexicana Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 655, pl. 19 [=3C], fig. 1; subspecies), by designation of W. F. Kirby (1896), in: Allen, Nat. Libr. Lepid. 2: 230.
330. Eurema daira (Godart, 1819)
a. Eurema daira sidonia (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 465-466, no. 2.
Original Combination: Terias Sidonia
Type Locality: "Campeche" [Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH and NHMW.
= cepio (Godman & Salvin, 1889)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(80): 169, no. 18; 3(80): pl. 64, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Terias Cepio
Type Locality: "Mexico, Mazatlan...Presidio...Acapulco...Tepetlapa, Cuernavaca...Patzcuaro...Puebla, Orizaba...Cordova...Atoyac”; figured specimens from “Tepetlapa, in the State of Guerrero, at an altitude of 3000 feet.”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
b. Eurema daira daira (Godart, 1819)
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (109), 137, no. 59; cited Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(24): pl. 273, fig. A, and Herbst (1792), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 5: pl. 117, fig. 7.
Original Combination: Pieris Daira
Proposed to replace Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). Klots (1929), Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9(3): 125, made a first reviser choice of daira over demoditas; Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 182, concurred.
= ‡delia (Cramer, 1780)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 144, pl. 273, fig. A ♂ D; 3(24): 174 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Delia
Type Locality: “Virginiën” “Virginie”
Types: Syntype (#665101) in BMNH; figured by Chainey (2005), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 145(3): fig. 29 ♂ D.
Preoccupied by Papilio delia [Denis & Schiffermüller], [1775], Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 179, no. 6.
= ‡demoditas Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 96, no. 1016; cited Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(24): pl. 273, fig. A; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: Eurema Demoditas
Proposed to replace Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Pieris daira Godart, 1819, by first reviser choice.
= jucunda (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (6): 52-53 [May 1830]; (7): pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D [Jun 1830].
Original Combination: X[anthidia].Jucunda
Type Locality: “dans l’Etat de New-York, dans Virginie, la Louisiane, etc.”; “Georgia” implied from John Abbot’s drawing.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost.
= lemnia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
Reise Novara (2): 205, no. 213.
Original Combination: Terias Lemnia
Type Locality: “Brasilia Meridional: Bahia” in error. [Brazil]
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= ‡”fusca” L. Harris, 1931
Trans. Georgia Nat. Club 1(1): 11, no. 36, pl. (“holotype”); figured by L. Harris (1972), Butterflies Georgia: cpl. 3, fig. 5 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Eurema jucunds ab. fusca
Type Locality: “Atlanta” [Fulton County]
Types: “Holotype” in EUM.
= ‡”delioides” Haskin, 1933
Entomol. News 44(5): 121.
Original Combination: Eurema demoditas, form delioides
Type Locality: “Auburndale, Florida” [Polk County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 207, no. 59.
Original Combination: [Eurema daira ♀] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”rosa” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 207, no. 59.
Original Combination: [Eurema daira] winter form rosa
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
c. Eurema daira palmira (Poey, [1852])
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 198, no. 14 (Oct 1852); pl. 24, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D (May 1853).
Original Combination: T[erias]. Palmira
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntype (#7801) in ANSP.
Smith et al. (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (70): 1-8, discussed the presence of this subspecies in Florida and concluded that all populations in Florida are best considered E. d. daira; see Calhoun and Anderson (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(1): 58, for notes on the occurrence of this taxon in southern Florida.
= ebriola (Poey, [1853])
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 250, no. 9, pl. 24, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ D, 11 ♀ V, 12 ♀ D, 13 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Terias Ebriola
Type Locality: “Cárdenas...Habana” [Cuba]
Types: Syntypes (#7769, 7802) in ANSP.
= albina (Poey, [1853])
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 251-252, no. 10, pl. 24, figs. 14 ♂ D, 15 ♂ V, 16 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Terias Albina
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntype (#7803) in ANSP.
= ‡cubana Herrich-Schäffer, 1865
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensb. 18(11/12): 166, no. 6.
Original Combination: [Terias] cubana
Proposed as a replacement name for Terias albina Poey [1853], erroneously thought preoccupied.
d. Eurema daira eugenia (Wallengren, 1860)
Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 4(2): 33-34, no. 2.
Original Combination: Terias eugenia
Type Locality: “Insula St. Joseph” [Isla San José, Archipiélago de las Perlas, Panama]
Types: Syntype in NHRS.
= solana (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 240, no. 6.
Original Combination: Terias solana
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]
Types: Syntype in FMNH.
= persistens (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 110.
Original Combination: T[erias]. Persistens
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= ‡”pallidula” Klots, 1929
Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9(3): 125, pl. 1, fig. 8 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: [Eurema jucunda] f. ♀ pallidula
Type Locality: “Barrios, Guatemala”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
331. Eurema boisduvaliana (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
Reise Novara (2): 200, under no. 203.
Original Combination: T[erias]. Boisduvaliana
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype should be in MNHP or BMNH.
Proposed for the ♂ of Terias mexicana Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 655.
Lamas (2004), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 106, treated boisduvaliana as a subspecies of Eurema arbela Geyer, 1832, in: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl [111], figs. 615 ♀ D, 616 ♀ V [1826]; (text): 14, no. 321 (1832, name given). This possibility remains to be thoroughly investigated.
= ingrata (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 465-466, no. 1.
Original Combination: Terias ingrata
Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in NMW and BMNH.
‡”rosa” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 207, no. 57.
Original Combination: [Eurema boisduvaliana] winter form rosa
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
332. Eurema mexicana (Boisduval, 1836)
a. Eurema mexicana mexicana (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 655, no. 3, pl. 19 [= 3C], fig. 1 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Terias Mexicana
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Syntype in MNHP.
Boisduval described mexicana from a mixed series; the name was restricted to Boisduval’s ♀ by C. Felder and R. Felder (1865), Reise Novara (2): 200.
= damaris (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
Reise Novara (2): 198, no. 200.
Original Combination: Terias Damaris
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= depuiseti (Boisduval, 1870)
Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 11-12.
Original Combination: Terias Depuiseti
Type Locality: “Honduras...Mexique”
Types: Syntype in USNM.
= biedermanni (Ehrmann, 1925)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(2): 84.
Original Combination: Eurema biedermanni
Type Locality: “Palmerlee, Arizona” [Cochise County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 6 ♀ D.
= ‡”recta” Klots, 1929
Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9(3): 135, pl. 3, fig. 61 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Eurema mexicana ab. recta
Type Locality: “Texas”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”rosa” Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944
Entomol. News 55(4): 87.
Original Combination: Eurema mexicana f. heim. rosa
Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
*333. Eurema salome (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861)
Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 5(3): 84, no. 42.
Original Combination: Terias Salome
Type Locality: “Ecuador”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= ‡”lurida” (d’Almeida, 1928)
Annls. Soc. ent. Fr. 97(3/4): 373-374.
Original Combination: Terias arbela aberr. arbela lurida
Type Locality: “Tojûju, Pérou” [Peru]
Types: Holotype in UFPC.
a. Eurema salome jamapa (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 239, no. 5.
Original Combination: Terias jamapa
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]
Types: Type(s) might be in CMNH; noted not to be in FMNH by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 89.
*334. Eurema albula (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 43, pl. 27, fig. E ♀ D; (8): 151 (index).
Original Combination: [Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus] Cand[idus] Albula
Type Locality: “Surinamsch” “Suriname”; “neotype” from “Crique Spariwine, mount St. Hermínio, Guiana Francesca.” [French Guiana]
Types: Type(s) probably lost; d’Almeida (1945), Arq. Zool. São Paulo 4(3): 90, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 30 ♂ D&V, designated one of these as the neotype (#2020) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.
Recorded from Texas by Chuah and Cushing (1995), Tropical Lepid. 6(1): 43, figs. 1, 1a.
= ‡cassiae (Sepp, [1843])
Surinaam. Vlinders [2](14): pl. 56.
Original Combination: Papilio Cassiae
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Type(s) are lost.
Preoccupied by Papilio cassiae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10): 471, no. 82.
= clara (H. Bates, 1861)
J. Entomol. 1(4): 243, no. 12.
Original Combination: T[erias]. clara
Type Locality: “Amazon Valley” implied from the title of the paper. [Brazil]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= tapeina (H. Bates, 1861)
J. Entomol. 1(4): 244, no. 14.
Original Combination: T[erias]. Tapeina
Type Locality: “Pará” [Brazil]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= melacheila (Möschler, 1877)
Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 26: 297.
Original Combination: [Terias] Melacheila
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Type(s) probably in ZMHB.
a. Eurema albula celata (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 466, no. 4.
Original Combination: Terias celata
Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in NMW.
= leucilla (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 466, no. 5.
Original Combination: Terias Leucilla
Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in NMW.
Genus Pyrisitia Butler, 1870
Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35, no. 17; 44, no. 17. Type-species: Papilio proterpia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 478, no. 152, by original designation.
335. Pyrisitia proterpia (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 478, no. 152.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidi]. Proterpia
Type Locality: “Iamaica”
Types: Syntypes in HMUG.
= gundlachia (Poey, [1853])
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 246, no. 4, pl. 24, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Terias Gundlachia
Type Locality: “isla de Cuba...Cárdenas”
Types: Syntype (#7770) in ANSP.
= longicauda (H. Bates, 1864)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(2): 32, no. 13.
Original Combination: Terias Longicauda
Type Locality: “Guatemala, interior”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= watsonia (Klots, 1923)
Entomol. News 34(10): 301.
Original Combination: Eurema proterpia watsonia
Type Locality: “Rio Bamba, Ecuador, South America”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= morleyi (Coxey, 1932)
Entomol. News 43(2): 33.
Original Combination: Eurema gundlachia race morleyi
Type Locality: “Higra, 4000 feet elevation, Ecuador”
Types: Holotype (#7752) in CMNH.
= ‡”imitatrix” (d'Almeida, 1932)
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 37(3): 44.
Original Combination: Terias proterpia ab. ♀ imitatrix
Type Locality: “Guaiocoromo...Colombie”
Types: “Lectotype” in UFPC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 325, fig. 3 ♀ D&V.
‡”atzin” (Arias, 1968)
Exp. cient. españ. siglo XVIII, Exp. Bot. Nueva España: 394.
Original Combination: Tlotzin Atzin
Types: Types probably never designated.
336. Pyrisitia lisa (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])
a. Pyrisitia lisa lisa (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (6): 53-55 [May 1830]; (7): pl. 19, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 larva, 7 pupa [Jun 1830].
Original Combination: X[anthidia]. Lisa
Type Locality: “dans les différentes parties des États-Unis”
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. A “type” is in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such “types” from the Boisduval collection.
= clappii (Maynard, 1891)
Man. N. Am. Butterflies: 216, appendix, no. 90a.
Original Combination: Terias lisa clappii
Type Locality: “Enterprise, Florida” [Volusia County]
Types: Syntype (#16607) in MCZ.
= ‡”alba” (Strecker, 1878)
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 85, no. 76a.
Original Combination: [Terias Lisa] ab. a. ♀ Alba
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Type(s)”, if they can be identified, may be in FMNH.
= ‡”immaculata” (Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944)
Entomol. News 55(4): 88.
Original Combination: Eurema lisa f. aest. immaculata
Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
b. Pyrisitia lisa centralis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 168, no. 12.
Original Combination: [Terias] centralis
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
337. Pyrisitia nise (Cramer, 1775)
a. Pyrisitia nise nise (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 31, pl. 20, figs. K ♀ D, L ♀ V; 1(8): 154 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. dan[aii]. Candidi Nise
Type Locality: “Jamaica” “Jamaïque”; “neotype” from “along the road near Millbank, Portland Parish, Jamaica, B. W. I.”
Types: Neotype in RMNH, designated by Klots and Heineman (1957), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)26(11/12): 212-213, pl. 1, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
d’Almeida (1945), Arq. Zool. São Paulo 4(3): 90, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 22 ♂ D&V, designated one of these, from “River Maroni, Guiana Francesca,” as the neotype (#1652) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3. The subspecific arrangement follows Smith et al. (1994), Butterflies W. Ind. & Fla.: 150.
= ‡neda (Godart, 1819)
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (109), 135-136, no. 54; cited Papilio nise Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): pl. 20, figs. K, L; (8): 154 (index), and Herbst (1792), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins. 5: pl. 106, figs. 8, 9.
Original Combination: Pieris Neda
Proposed to replace Papilio nise Cramer, 1775, erroneously thought to be preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of nise.
= larae (Herrich-Schäffer, 1862)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 16(6-8): 120.
Original Combination: Terias larae
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntype (#7304) in ANSP.
b. Pyrisitia nise nelphe (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 466, no. 3.
Original Combination: Terias Nelphe
Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in NMW and BMNH.
= venustula (Staudinger, 1875)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25: 93, no. 3.
Original Combination: Terias (Terias) Venustula
Type Locality: “den unteren Regionen von Chiriqui” [Panama]
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
= linda (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
Papilio 4(3): 53.
Original Combination: Terias Linda
Type Locality: “Mexico, short distance from the boundary line of Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Nogales, Sonora” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 49. [Mexico]
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 50, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.
*338. Pyrisitia dina (Poey, 1832)
Cent. Lépid. Cuba (2): [35-36], [no. 12], pl. [12], figs. [1] ♀ D, [2] ♀ V.
Original Combination: Terias Dina
Type Locality: “côte du Nord” [Cuba]
Types: Syntype (#7800) in ANSP.
= citrina (Poey, [1852])
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: pl. 18, figs. 4 ♂ V, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V (Oct 1852); 247-248, no. 6 (May 1853).
Original Combination: T[erias]. Citrina
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Type(s) may be lost.
a. Pyrisitia dina helios (M. Bates, 1934)
Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 133-134.
Original Combination: Eurema dina helios
Type Locality: “New Providence (Nassau)” [Bahamas]
Types: Holotype (#19564) in MCZ.
b. Pyrisitia dina westwoodii (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 666-667, no. 22.
Original Combination: Terias Westwoodii
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Syntypes in MNHP and BMNH.
= calceolaria (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 110.
Original Combination: T[erias]. Calceolaria
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
339. Pyrisitia messalina (Fabricius, 1787)
Mantissa Ins. 2: 22, no. 236.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Messalina
Type Locality: “India”; defined as “Cuba” by Klots (1929), Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9(3): 131.
Types: Type(s) apparently lost.
Kimball (1965), Arthrop. Florida, vol. 1, Lepid. Florida: 35-36, and Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 44, noted that the occurrence of this species in Florida is questionable.
= gnathene (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 680, no. 46.
Original Combination: Terias Gnathene
Type Locality: “Yucatan, Mexique” apparently in error.
Types: Syntype(s) in Roger collection, probably lost.
= bulaea (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 680-681, no. 47.
Original Combination: Terias Bulaea
Type Locality: “Sénégal” in error; suggested to be “American” by Poey [1853], Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 153-154, and Klots (1929), Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9: 131, who placed this name in synonymy.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= iradia (Poey, [1852])
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: pl. 18, figs. 14 ♂ V, 15 ♂ D, 16 ♀ D, 17 ♀ V [Oct 1852]; 253 [May 1853].
Original Combination: Terias Iradia
Type Locality: “Cienfuegos...Zapata, y Sabana de Guamacaro” [Cuba]
Types: Syntype (#7766) in ANSP.
= blakei (Maynard, 1891)
Man. N. Am. Butterflies: 216, appendix, no. 93*.
Original Combination: Terias Blakei
Type Locality: “on all of the Bahamas which I visited...Sandford, Florida” [Seminole County]
Types: Syntype (#16606) in MCZ.
Genus Abaeis Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 97. Type-species: Papilio nicippe Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 31, pl. 210, figs. C, D; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Butler (1870), Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35.
= ‡Xanthidia Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (5): 48. Type-species: Papilio nicippe Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 31, pl. 210, figs. C, D; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 288, no. 1081. A junior objective synonym of Abaeis Hübner, [1819].
340. Abaeis nicippe (Cramer, 1779)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 31, pl. 210, figs. C, D; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Nicippe
Type Locality: “Virginiën” “Virginie”; “neotype” from “Arizona, EUA.”
Types: Syntypes (#665378, 665379, possibly 665080) in BMNH. d’Almeida (1945), Arq. Zool. São Paulo 4(3): 90, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 11 ♂ D&V, designated one of these, from “River Maroni, Guiana Francesca,” as the neotype (#1652) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.
= ‡”flava” (Strecker, 1878)
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat. Lepid: 85, no. 68a.
Original Combination: [Terias Nicippe] ab. a. ♂ ♀ Flava
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Syntypes” in FMNH.
= ‡”dammersi” (Gunder, 1930)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 29(2): 52, no. 40, pl. 19 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Eurema nicippe tr. f. dammersi
Type Locality: “San Bernardino, California” [San Bernardino County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”callae” (W. D. Field, 1936)
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.
Original Combination: Eurema nicippe tr. f. callae
Type Locality: “Donna, Texas” [Hidalgo County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”pallens” (Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944)
Entomol. News 55(4): 88-89.
Original Combination: Eurema nicippe f. aest. pallens
Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
‡”rosa” (Scott, 1986)
Butterflies N. Am.: 206, no. 55.
Original Combination: [Eurema nicippe winter form] rosa
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
Genus Colias [Fabricius], 1807
In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284, no. 24. Type-species: Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 71, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 146.
= ‡Eurymus Horsfield, [1829]
Descr. Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. E. India Co. (2): 129, 134. Type-species: Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 71, by original designation. Preoccupied by Eurymus Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 117, and a junior objective synonym of Colias.
= Scalidoneura Butler, 1871
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871(1): 250-251. Type-species: Scalidoneura hermina Butler, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871(1): 251, pl. 19, fig. 5, by original designatio (= Colias euxanthe C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara (2): 196, no. 196; synonym).
= Eriocolias J. Watson, 1895
Entomol. 28(385): 167. Type-species: Papilio edusa Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2: 23, no. 240, by original designation (= Papilio croceus Geoffroy 1875, in: Fourcroy, Entomol. Paris 2: 250, no. 48; synonym).
= ‡Coliastes Hemming, 1931
Entomol. 64(12)[823]: 273. Type-species: Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 71, by original designation; a junior objective synonym of Colias.
= Mesocolias Petersen, 1963
J. Res. Lepid. 1(2): 144-145. Type-species: Colias vauthierii Guérin-Méneville, [1830], in: Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, 1(Zool.)Atlas(18): pl. Ins. 15, fig. 2, by original designation.
= Protocolias Petersen, 1963
J. Res. Lepid. 1(2): 144-145. Type-species: Colias imperialis Butler, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871(1): 250, pl. 19, fig. 2, by original designation (= Colias ponteni Wallengren, 1860, Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 4(2): 33, no.1; synonym).
= Palaeocolias Berger, 1986
Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 21-22, 32. Type-species: Colias ponteni Wallengren, 1860, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 4(2): 33, by original designation.
= Neocolias Berger, 1986
Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 21, 32. Type-species: Papilio erate Esper, 1805, Die Schmett. 1(suppl.)(2)(11): 13-14, pl. 119 (Cont. 74), fig. 3, by original designation.
= Eucolias Berger, 1986
Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 22, 33. Type-species: Papilio palaeno Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 272, no. 1041, by original designation.
= Similicolias Berger, 1986
Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 23, 33. Type-species: Papilio lesbia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 477, no. 149, by original designation.
= Paracolias Berger, 1986
Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 24, 34. Type-species: Colias dimera E. Doubleday, [1847], in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1): pl. 9, fig. 3; (7): 74, no. 15, by original designation.
= Asiocolias Korb, 2005
Cat. Butterflies ex USSR: 20. Type-species: Colias christophi Grum-Grshimaïlo, 1885, in: Romanov, Mém. Lépid. 2: 220, by original designation.
‡”Ganura” Zetterstedt, [1839]
Ins. Lappon. (5): col. 908. Type-species: Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 71. This name was published in synonymy and is unavailable (Code Article 11.6); a nomen nudum.
341. Colias philodice Godart, 1819
a. Colias philodice philodice Godart, 1819
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (87), 100-101, no. 35.
Original Combination: Colias Philodice
Type Locality: “l'Amérique septentrionale, particulièrement dans la Virginie”; defined as “Virginia” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 185.
Types: A probable syntype in MNHP.
= dorippe Godart, 1819
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (87), 101, no. 36; cited Papilio palaeno (sensu Cramer (1775), Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): pl. 14, figs. F, G).
Original Combination: Colias Dorippe
Type Locality: “Cap de Bonne-Espérance” in error. [Cape Good Hope, South Africa]
Types: Type(s) may be lost.
= anthyale (Hübner, 1823)
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [54], figs. 307 ♂ D, 308 ♂ V [1821]; (text): 21, no. 154 (1832, name given).
Original Combination: Zerene Anthyale
Type Locality: “Pennsylvanien” [Pennsylvania]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= santes Fitch, 1854
Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. 13(1853): 378.
Original Combination: Colias santes
Type Locality: “New York”; J. Barnes (1988), Bull. New York St. Mus. (461): 112, no. 334, noted that the original specimen (#6680) was labeled “Salem, NY.” [Washington County, New York]
Types: Probably lost; J. Barnes (1988), ibid., noted that there were no extant specimens in the NYSM.
= tegea Sievers, 1859
Etud. Entomol. (Motschulsky) 8: 146.
Original Combination: Colias Tegea
Type Locality: “environs de New York”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
‡”notatus” (Megerle, 1803)
Cat. Ins. Viennae Austriae 28 Novembris 1803, auctionis: [81], no. 436.
Original Combination: [Papilio] notatus
Type Locality: “Georgia”
Types: Probably none designated.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1710 placed this work on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature. This name has at times been credited to A. Clark and L. Clark (1941), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 43(4): 83, no. 1; their mention of the name represents a nomen nudum.
= ‡”alba” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58a; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 2, fig. 6 ♀ D, pl. Colias III, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] ab. a. ♀ Alba
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Type(s)” may be in CMNH.
= ‡”nig” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58b; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] ab. b. ♂ Nig
Type Locality: “near Palmyra, New York...Montreal, Canada”; “lectotype” from “Montreal.” [Quebec]
Types: The specimen from Montreal in FMNH is the sole remaining “syntype”; L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 220, note 281, designated this as “lectotype.”
= ‡”virida” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58c.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] ab. c. ♀ Virida
Type Locality: “taken at the same time and place as the preceding [nig]” “near Montreal, Canada” [Quebec]
Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.
= ‡”hybrida” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58d; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, fig. 1 ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] ab. d. ♀ Hybrida
Type Locality: “Illinois, Georgia”; determined to be “Rock Island, Illinois” from Edwards’ figure. [Rock Island County]
Types: “Holotype” is the specimen figured by W. H. Edwards (1876), ibid., possibly in CMNH.
= ‡”albinic” W. H. Edwards, [1885]
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(3/4): 264, under no. 68; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 2, fig. 6 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] var. Albinic
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”melanic” W. H. Edwards, [1885]
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(3/4): 264, under no. 68; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, figs. 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] var. Melanic
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”maria” W. H. Edwards, 1885
Papilio 4(9-10): 171.
Original Combination: C[olias]. [philodice] maria
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” lost.
This name represents a cyanide-stained specimen, inadvertently described.
= ‡”nigridice” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(8): 1114; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eurymus phil[odice]. [♂ form] nigridice
Type Locality: “Palmyra, N. Y.” [Wayne County, New York]
Types: “Holotype” is the specimen figured by W. H. Edwards (1876), ibid., possibly in CMNH.
= ‡”miscidice” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(8): 1115.
Original Combination: E[urymus]. p[hilodice]. [♀ form] miscidice
Type Locality: “Lynn, Mass.” [Essex County, Massachusetts]
Types: “Holotype” in Sanborn collection, location not known.
= ‡”pallidice” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(8): 1115; 3(8): pl. 7, fig. 6 ♀ D (“holotype”); cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 2, fig. 6 ♀ D; pl. Colias III, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: E[urymus]. p[hilodice]. [♀ form] pallidice
Type Locality: “New England” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Location of “syntypes” not known, may be at MCZ.
= ‡”suffusa” Cockerell, 1889
Entomol. 22(310): 55.
Original Combination: C[olias]. philodice suffusa
Type Locality: “Massachusetts”
Types: “Type” figured by Maynard (1886), Butterflies N. England: pl. vii, fig. 57c, may be based on a specimen in the MCZ.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”alba” Ehrmann, 1890
Entomol. News 1(6): 93.
Original Combination: Colias philodice, Ab. alba
Type Locality: “Sarver Station, Butler County, Pa.” [Pennsylvania]
Types: Type either unrecognizable or lost.
Redescribed by Ehrmann (1890) in Entomol. News 1(8): 130.
= ‡”luteitincta” Wolcott, 1893
Can. Entomol. 25(4): 104, under no. 50.
Original Combination: Colias philodice, var. luteitincta
Type Locality: “Batavia, Ills....Grand Rapids” [Kane County, Illinois; Kent County, Michigan]
Types: Type may be in USNM.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”albinic” Skinner, 1898
Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop.: 68, no. 415; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 2, fig. 6 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] var. albinic
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 78), but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”melanic” Skinner, 1898
Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop.: 69, no. 415; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] var. melanic
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 78), but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”nigrina” Strecker, 1900
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 19; cited Strecker (1878), Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58b.
Original Combination: Colias philodice ♂ form nigrina
Type Locality: “Bethlehem, Pa...Montreal, Can...Orillia, Can.” [Lehigh and Northhampton counties, Pennsylvania; Quebec and Ontario]
Types: “Syntypes” in FMNH.
This amounts to a re-description of Colias philodice ab. ♂ nig which was not cited by name.
= ‡”alba” Röber, 1909
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 91.
Original Combination: [Colias philodice] ab. alba
Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Philadelphia.” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Lectotype” in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 23(91): 344.
= ‡”albina” Röber, 1909
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 93.
Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme] ab. albina
Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Nevada, Verdi.” [Washoe County]
Types: “Lectotype” in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 142, no. 10.
The “lectotype” is a specimen of Colias philodice, presumably mislabeled.
= ‡”rothkei” Reiff, 1917
Lepidopterist 1(11): 84, pl. 7 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Colias philodice ab. rothkei
Type Locality: “Susquehanna Valley, Pa.” [Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”plicaduta” Nakahara, 1926
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(5): 222-223.
Original Combination: Colias philodice f. plicaduta
Type Locality: “Ithaca, N. Y.” [Tompkins County, New York]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”inversata” Nakahara, 1926
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(5): 223.
Original Combination: Colias philodice ab. inversata
Type Locality: “Midvale, Allegheny Co., Pa.” [Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”minor” F. Chermock, 1927
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(2): 118.
Original Combination: Colias philodice form plicaduta ab. minor
Type Locality: “N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa.” [Allegheny County, Pennyslvania]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”ehrmanni” F. Chermock, 1927
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(2): 118.
Original Combination: Colias philodice from [sic!] plicaduta ab. Ehrmanni
Type Locality: “N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa.” [Allegheny County, Pennyslvania]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”alba” F. Chermock, 1927
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(2): 119.
Original Combination: Colias philodice from [sic!] plicaduta var. alba
Type Locality: “N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa.” [Allegheny County, Pennyslvania]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”albida” F. Chermock, 1928
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 23(4): 173.
Original Combination: Colias philodice f. plicaduta var. albida
Proposed as a replacement name for alba F. Chermock, 1927, but that name is infrasubspecific and therefore not subject to homonymy.
= ‡”serrata” (F. Chermock, 1929)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 21.
Original Combination: Eurymus philodice var. serrata
Type Locality: “Rossgrove, near Aspinwall, Pa.” [Allegheny County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”reducta” Dufrane, 1947
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 69.
Original Combination: [Colias philodice f. anthyale] ab. reducta
Type Locality: “Temple, Pa. E. U. A.” [Berks County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Syntype” in IRSN.
‡”alba” Pilate, 1882
Papilio 2(5): 65.
Original Combination: [Colias] Philodice ♀ var. Alba
Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum
‡”vernalis” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 198, no. 38.
Original Combination: [Colias philodice] form vernalis
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Colias philodice eriphyle W. H. Edwards, 1876
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 202.
Original Combination: Colias Eriphyle
Type Locality: “Lake Labache [sic!], in British Columbia” [Lake La Hache]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 87, fig. 20 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 35, fig. 15 ♂ D.
= hagenii W. H. Edwards, [1884]
Papilio 3(7-10): 160-161, 163, no. 11.
Original Combination: Colias Hagenii
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains from Colorado to B. Am....Pueblo, Col....various localities...So. Colorado to Montana and Dacotah (Bismarck)”; defined as “northeastern corner of South Park, Park Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 87.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 90, fig. 21 ♂ D&V.
= kootenai Cockle, 1910
Can. Entomol. 42(6): 203-204.
Original Combination: Colias Kootenai
Type Locality: “Kaslo and in Northern British Columbia” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes in CNC.
= ‡”autumnalis” Cockerell, 1888
W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 42.
Original Combination: [Colias Eurytheme Eriphyle] autumn brood autumnalis
Type Locality: “Swift Creek, Custer Co., Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
= ‡”nigricosta” (F. Chermock, 1929)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 21.
Original Combination: Eurymus eurytheme f. eriphyle var. nigricosta
Type Locality: “Edmonton, Alberta, Canada”
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”laurae” (F. Chermock, 1929)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 21.
Original Combination: Eurymus eurytheme f. eriphyle ab. laurae
Type Locality: “Edmonton, Alberta, Canada”
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”minor” Dufrane, 1947
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 69.
Original Combination: [Colias philodice f. anthyale] minor
Type Locality: “Temple, Pa. E. U. A.” [Berks County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Syntype” in IRSN.
Dufrane probably used the name minor as a qualifier for a small specimen. The “syntype” is a specimen of Colias philodice eriphyle, presumably mislabeled.
c. Colias philodice vitabunda Hovanitz, 1943
Am. Mus. Novit. (1240): 2, 3-4.
Original Combination: Colias chrysotheme vitabunda
Type Locality: “McKinley National Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= ‡”pallidissima” Bowman, 1942
Can. Entomol. 74(2): 25.
Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme alberta] ab. ♀ pallidissima
Type Locality: “Fort Vermillion, Alta.” [Alberta]
Types: “Syntypes” in CNC; figured by Ferris (1972), Bull. Allyn Mus. (5): 17, 21 ♀ D, 22 ♀ V, 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.
342. Colias eurytheme Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 286, no. 13.
Original Combination: Colias eurytheme
Type Locality: “toute la Californie...aussi le Mexique et quelques parties des Etats-Unis”; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 8.
Types: Lectotype USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 49, fig. 42 ♂ D, labeled “Californie.”
= amphidusa Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 286-287, no. 14.
Original Combination: Colias amphidusa
Type Locality: “Du nord de la Californie”; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9.
Types: Lectotype USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 49, fig. 44 ♂ D, labeled “Californie.”
= californiana Ménétriés, 1855
Enum. corp. anim. (1): 80, under no. 253.
Original Combination: [Colias Edusa] var. Californiana
Type Locality: “Nouvelle Californie”
Types: Type(s) should be in ZIN.
= xenodice C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859
Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 3(12): 394-395, no. 35.
Original Combination: Colias Xenodice
Type Locality: “Assam”; holotype labeled “Illinois.”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= keewaydin W. H. Edwards, 1869
Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): [47]-[49], pl. Colias 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♂ D, 8 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias Keewaydin
Type Locality: “valley of the Mississippi from Nebraska and Illinois to Texas and westward to the Pacific...Middle States and Canada”; defined as “Sedalia, Missouri” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 78-81. [Pettis County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 81, fig. 18 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 36, fig. 9 ♂ D.
= ariadne W. H. Edwards, 1870
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 12-13, no. 4; figured by W. H. Edwards (1878), Butterflies N. Am. 2(7): pl. Colias 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Ariadne
Type Locality: “Mokeluma Hills [sic!], California” [Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 83, fig. 19 ♂ D&V.
= graeca O. Bang-Haas, 1927
Horae Macrolepid. 1(8): 44, 113.
Original Combination: Colias chrysotheme graeca
Bang-Haas adopted Colias chrysotheme var. chrysotheme race graeca Verity [1911] to represent a subspecies-level taxon (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1) He called figure 5 the male type and figure 6 the female type and, in accordance with his statement on page xix of the same work, this may be accepted as a holotype and allotype designation. The male is a specimen of Colias eurytheme Boisduval, 1852.
= ‡”graeca” Verity, 1911
Rhop. Palaearctica: 359; pl. 72, figs. 5 % D (holotype), 6 & D; ind. syst.: xl.
Original Combination: [Colias chrysotheme var. chrysotheme] race graeca
Type Locality: “Grèce” in error.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5).
= ‡”alba” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat. Lepid: 82, no. 60b; cited W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): pl. Colias 3, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Chrysotheme var. a. gen. 2 Eurytheme] ab. b. Alba
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Type(s)” possibly in CMNH.
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 80), but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”flava” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 83, no. 60c.
Original Combination: [Colias Chrysotheme var. a. gen 2 Eurytheme] ab. c. Flava
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” possibly in FMNH.
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 80), but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”alba” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 83, no. 60e; cited W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): pl. Colias 4, fig. 9 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Chrysotheme var. d Keewaydin] ab. e. ♀ Alba
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” possibly in CMNH.
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 80), but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1887
W. Am. Sci. 3(31): 217.
Original Combination: C[olias]. eurytheme var. pallida
Type Locality: “near West Cliff [sic!], Custer Co., Colorado” [Westcliffe]
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
= ‡”typica” Cockerell, 1888
W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 41-43.
Original Combination: Colias eurytheme typica
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “vic. of Westcliffe, Custer Co., Colorado” implied from the text of the paper.
Types: Type(s) probably lost (or never existed).
Name was inadvertently proposed.
= ‡”intermedia” Cockerell, 1888
W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 42 (in part).
Original Combination: [Colias Eurytheme] form intermedia
Type Locality: “Swift Creek, Custer Co., Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
= ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1888
W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 42 (in part).
Original Combination: [Colias Eurytheme] intermedia [female form] pallida
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “vic. of Westcliffe, Custer Co., Colorado” implied from the text of the paper.
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
= ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1888
W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 42 (in part).
Original Combination: [Colias Eurytheme] keewaydin [female form] pallida
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “vic. of Westcliffe, Custer Co., Colorado” implied from the text of the paper.
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
= ‡”fumosa” Strecker, 1900
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 19.
Original Combination: Colias eurytheme [♀] ab. fumosa
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.
= ‡”neuburgeri” Geest, 1905
Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 1(9): 379, no. 3.
Original Combination: Colias Eyrytheme [sic!] ab. Neuburgeri
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”alba” Röber, 1909
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 93.
Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme] ab. alba
Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Nevada, Verdi.” [Washoe County]
Types: “Lectotype” in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 142, no. 10.
= ‡”albina” Röber, 1909
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 93.
Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme] ab. albina
Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Nevada, Verdi.” [Washoe County]
Types: “Lectotype” in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 142, no. 10.
= ‡”unicitrina” (Gunder, 1924)
Entomol. News 35(3): 158, pl. 2, fig. J ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Eurymus eurytheme amphidusa ab. ♂ unicitrina
Type Locality: “Upland, Los Angeles Co., California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”rudkini” (Gunder, 1932)
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 277-278.
Original Combination: Eurymus eurytheme tr. f. rudkini
Type Locality: “San Marino, Los Angeles Co., Calif.”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”vernalis” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 196, no. 37.
Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme] form vernalis
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
343. Colias occidentalis Scudder, 1862
a. Colias occidentalis occidentalis Scudder, 1862
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9: 109-111, unnumbered fig.
Original Combination: Colias Occidentalis
Type Locality: “Gulf of Georgia...Fort Simpson, British America”; lectotype from “Gulf of Georgia.” This locality was interpreted to be “near Port Townsend, Wash. Terr., Gulf of Georgia” by H. Hagen (1883), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 22: 164. [Jefferson County, Washington]
Types: Lectotype (#16603) in MCZ, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1918), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 65; the same specimen was later designated lectotype by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (116): 19, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V, 31 ♂ D UV.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 196, no. 36.
Original Combination: [Colias occidentalis] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Colias occidentalis chrysomelas Hy. Edwards, 1877
Pac. Coast Lepid. (24): 8-9, 11.
Original Combination: C[olias]. Chrysomelas
Type Locality: “Napa County, Cal.” [California]
Types: Lectotype (#3448 2308) in AMNH, designated by Ferris (1993), Bull. Allyn Mus. (138): 38, figs. 56 ♂ D, 57 ♂ V, 58 ♂ D UV.
On page 9 this taxon was spelled “chryomelas,” an incorrect original spelling. L. Miller and F. Brown (1983), in: Hodges, et al., MONA Check List: 52, spelled this name “chrysomelaena,” an unjustified emendation of chrysomelas.
= ‡”shastae” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 88, under no. 63a.
Original Combination: Eurymus occidentalis chrysomelas form shastae
Type Locality: “Shasta Retreat, Siskiyou Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
c. Colias occidentalis sullivani Hammond & McCorkle, 2003
J. Lepid. Soc. 57(4): 275-276, figs. 1st row left ♂ D (holotype), 1st row left center ♀ D, 2nd row left ♂ V, 2nd row left center ♀ V, 3rd left ♂ V, left center ♂ V, right center ♂ V, right ♂ V, 4th row left ♂ D, 4th row left center ♂ V, 4th row right center ♂ V, 4th row right ♂ V.
Original Combination: Colias occidentalis sullivani
Type Locality: “Oregon, Harney County, Alvord Desert road at north end of Steens Mountains, T29N, R36E, sec. 25, 26”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
d. Colias occidentalis pseudochristina Ferris, 1989
Bull. Allyn Mus. (128): 2-9, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♂ D UV, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ V, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♂ V, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 13 ♀ D, 14 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias pseudochristina
Type Locality: “Summit Co., Utah along the North Fork of the Provo River”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= wasatchia Gillette, 1989
Utahensis 8(4): 41-44, pl. 1, upper left ♂ D, lower left ♂ V (holotype), upper right ♀ D, lower right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias occidentalis wasatchia
Type Locality: “A ridge 2.3 mi. west of the SW end of Strawberry Reservoir, elev. (2408m)/7900 ft, on the west side of the W Strawberry Rsv road, and 1.9 mi. south of East Portal, Wasatch Co., Utah”
Types: Holotype in BYU.
344. Colias christina W. H. Edwards, 1863
Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 165, and Hammond and McCorkle (2003), J. Lepid. Soc. 57(4): 274-278, suggested that this taxon is conspecific with C. occidentalis. The arrangement of christina and occidentalis as geographic subspecies is evocative, but the arrangement proposed by A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 87-91, is maintained until further information becomes available.
a. Colias christina kluanensis Ferris, 1981
Bull. Allyn Mus. (63): 1-3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 4 ♀ D, 5 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias alexandra kluanensis
Type Locality: “Haines Junction, Y. T., Canada” [Yukon Territory]
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= yukonensis Berger, 1986
Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 45.
Original Combination: [Colias] Yukonensis
Type Locality: “Yukon (Canada)”
Types: Location of types not known, possibly none designated.
It is considered that the key containing this name barely qualifies as a description.
b. Colias christina christina W. H. Edwards, 1863
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, 79-80, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Colias 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Christina
Type Locality: “portage of the Slave River”; W. H. Edwards (1884), Papilio 4(2): 30, added “about latitude 60o”; defined as “near the Slave River between Fort Smith, Northwest Territories and Fitzgerald, Alberta” by Kondla (1995), Alberta Naturalist 25(4): 76. [Northwest Territories]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 63.
= alberta Bowman, 1942
Can. Entomol. 74(2): 25.
Original Combination: Colias eurytheme alberta
Type Locality: “Wembley, Alta.” [Alberta]
Types: Holotype in CNC; figured by Ferris (1972), Bull. Allyn Mus. (5): 13, fig. ♂ D&V.
Ferris (1972), Bull. Allyn Mus. (5): 7-9, suggested that this taxon may be a form of C. eurytheme, but Masters (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 9(2): 97-99, and Kondla (1991), Utahensis 6(4): 45, presented evidence supporting this synonymy.
= ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1889
Entomol. 22(312): 128, no. 2f; cited Colias christina (sensu Lyman (1884), Can. Entomol. 16(1): 6).
Original Combination: C[olias]. christina ♀ pallida
Type Locality: Not stated; Lyman (1884), ibid., recorded the type from “North-west Territories.”
Types: “Type” is the specimen mentioned by Lyman, may be in LEMQ.
c. Colias christina sacajawea Kohler, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 8-9, pl. 1, 4th row left ♂ D, 5th row left ♂ V (holotype), 4th row center ♀ D, 5th row center ♀ V, 4th row right ♀ D&V, 5th row right ♀ V, pl. 2, 1st row left ♂ D, 2nd row left ♂ V, 1st row center ♂ D&V, 2nd row center ♂ V, 1st row right ♀ D&V, 2nd row right ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Colias christina sacajawea
Type Locality: “Elkhorn Creek, Beartooth Game Range, Lewis & Clark Co., Montana”
Types: Holotype in Kohler collection, will be deposited in BYU.
d. Colias christina pseudocolumbiensis C. Guppy & J. Shepard, 2001
Butterflies B. C.: 172-173, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Colias alexandra pseudocolumbiensis
Type Locality: “BC, Hall Creek at Hwy. 33” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in BCPM.
e. Colias christina columbiensis Ferris, 1973
J. Lepid. Soc. 27(1): 68-71, figs. 6a, 6b ♂ D&V (holotype); 6c, 6d ♀ D&V, 6e ♂ D UV (holotype), 6f same.
Original Combination: Colias alexandra columbiensis
Type Locality: “Anderson Lake, D'Arcy, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
The status of columbiensis and pseudocolumbiensis needs further study.
f. Colias christina krauthii Klots, 1935
Am. Mus. Novit. (767): 1-2.
Original Combination: Colias christina krauthii
Type Locality: “twelve miles west of Custer, Black Hills, South Dakota” [Custer County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
345. Colias alexandra W. H. Edwards, 1863
a. Colias alexandra altamont Kondla & Kohler, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 11-12, pl. 1, 1st row left ♂ D, 2nd row left ♂ V (holotype), 1st row center ♀ D, 2nd row center ♀ V, 1st row right ♀ D, 2nd row right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias alexandra altamont
Type Locality: “Arrow Creek breaks, Hwy. 80, 19 mi. N. of Stanford, Fergus Co., Montana”
Types: Holotype in Kohler collection, will be deposited in BYU.
b. Colias alexandra astraea W. H. Edwards, 1872
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, no. 1.
Original Combination: Colias Astraea
Type Locality: “near the Yellowstone Lake” [Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming]
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown (1973),Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): fig. 17 ♂ D&V.
c. Colias alexandra alexandra W. H. Edwards, 1863
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14-15, no. 1; [4]: pl. 11, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Colias 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Alexandra
Type Locality: “Pikes Peak...Rocky Mountains”; defined as “foothills west of Denver, Colorado” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 60.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 62, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”alba” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 81, no. 55a.
Original Combination: [Colias Alexandra] ab. a. ♀ Alba
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type apparently lost, if it ever existed.
Strecker may not have intended to describe this as a new taxon.
= ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1889
Entomol. 22(312): 128, no. 2f; cited W. H. Edwards (1887), Can. Entomol. 19(12): 229 (actually 230).
Original Combination: C[olias]. alexandra ♀ pallida
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; the white female mentioned by W. H. Edwards is from “Colorado.”
Types: Type, if it can be identified, is probably in CMNH.
d. Colias alexandra altiplano M. Fisher & Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 10-11, pl. 6, 3rd row left ♂ D, 4th row left ♂ V (holotype), 3rd row center ♀ D, 4th row center ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias edwardsii (alexandra?) altiplano
Type Locality: “Piney Creek, 6000 ft., Arapahoe Co., Colorado”
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
e. Colias alexandra apache Ferris, 1988
Bull. Allyn. Mus. (116): 8-11, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias alexandra apache
Type Locality: “13 mi. E. of McNary, 2520 m, Apache Co., Arizona”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Colias alexandra edwardsii W. H. Edwards, 1870
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 11, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1870), Butterflies N. Am. [1](6): pl. Colias 6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Edwardsii
Type Locality: “near Virginia City, at high elevations” [Storey County, Nevada]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 67, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 68, fig. 24 ♂ D (lectotype), 25 ♀ D (paralectotype).
= emilia W. H. Edwards, 1870
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 12, no. 3.
Original Combination: Colias Emilia
Type Locality: “Oregon”; neotype from “Crump Lake, 4500', Lake County, Oregon.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 72, fig. 15 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”hatui” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no. 67a.
Original Combination: Eurymus alexandra edwardsi form ♀ hatui
Type Locality: “Stockton, Utah” [Tooele County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
346. Colias harfordii Hy. Edwards, 1877
Pac. Coast. Lepid. (24): 9.
Original Combination: Colias Harfordii
Type Locality: “Contra Costa Co...Havilab [sic!], Kern Co.” [Havilah, Kern County, California]
Types: Lectotype (#3436 7003) in AMNH, designated by Ferris (1993), Bull. Allyn Mus. (138): 14, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♂ D UV.
The first reviser choice of harfordii over barbara was made by Skinner (1898), Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop.: 69.
= barbara Hy. Edwards, 1877
Pac. Coast. Lepid. (24): 7-8, 11.
Original Combination: Colias Barbara
Type Locality: “Santa Barbara...Gilroy”; lectotype from “San Bernardino California.” [San Bernardino County]
Types: Lectotype (#3440 7005) in AMNH, designated by Ferris (1993), Bull. Allyn Mus. (138): 13.
= ‡”weaverae” (Gunder, 1924)
Entomol. News 35(3): 156-157, pl. 2, fig. G ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Eurymus hartfordii ab. ♀ weaverae
Type Locality: “Warner Springs, San Diego County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 80, suggested that this may be a hybrid with C. eurytheme, but Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (116): 5, considered this within the normal range of variation in C. harfordii.
= ‡”martini” (Gunder, 1931)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 45.
Original Combination: Eurymus harfordii form ♀ martini
Type Locality: “South side of Arrowhead Lake, San Bernardino Co., Calif.” [Calfornia]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
347. Colias meadii W. H. Edwards, 1871
a. Colias meadii meadii W. H. Edwards, 1871
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 267-268, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Colias 8, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Meadii
Type Locality: Not stated; W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): [59], noted “Colorado...on the ‘divide’...Mt. Lincoln...Kenosha House”; defined as “Mosquito Pass” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 158-159; further defined as “Mosquito Pass, Park-Lake Counties, Colorado” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 91.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 93, fig. 22 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 36, fig. 5 ♂ D (lectotype), 6 ♀ D (paralectotype).
= ‡”andelis” Grum-Grshimailo, 1907
Opisan. puteshest. Zapad. Kitai 3: 424; cited W. H. Edwards (1892), Can. Entomol. 24(3): 54-55.
Original Combination: [Colias meadii] v? ab? andelis
Type Locality: “Hall Valley...Gibson Mountain” [Park and Saguache Counties, Colorado]
Types: “Syntypes” possibly in CMNH.
= ‡”medi” (Gunder, 1934)
Can. Entomol. 66(6): 125.
Original Combination: Eurymus meadii f. ♀ medi
Type Locality: “Breckenridge Peak (11,000 f.), Empire Co., Colorado” [probably Summit County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 194, no. 34.
Original Combination: [Colias meadii meadii] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Colias meadii elis Strecker, 1885
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 37(2): 24; (3): 25.
Original Combination: Colias Elis
Type Locality: “at an elevation of 10,000 feet...summit of ‘Kicking Horse Pass’, in the Rocky Mountains, between Alberta Territory and British Columbia, at the boundary between the United States and the British possessions, about 300 miles north of Montana”; defined as “Kicking Horse Pass, Banff National Park, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 39.
Types: Syntypes in FMNH; two figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 36, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♀ D.
= ‡”lambillioni” Dufrane, 1947
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1-2): 70.
Original Combination: [Colias elis] ab. lambillioni
Type Locality: “Canada”
Types: “Holotype” probably in MRAC.
c. Colias meadii lemhiensis N. Curtis & Ferris, 1985
Bull. Allyn Mus. (91): 2-7, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Colias meadii lemhiensis
Type Locality: “near Meadow Creek Lake, 4 mi. W. of Gilmore, 9100' (2775m), Lemhi Range, Salmon National Forest, Lemhi Co., Idaho”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
348. Colias johanseni Troubridge & Philip, 1990
Can. Entomol. 122(1/2): 16-17, figs. 1A ♂ D, 1B ♂ V (holotype); 2A ♀ D, 2B ♀ V, 3A ♂ V, 3B ♂ V.
Original Combination: Colias johanseni
Type Locality: “Canada, District of Mackenzie, Bernard Harbour, altitude 10 m” [Nunavut]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
349. Colias rankinensis Verhulst, 2009
Lambillionea 109(4)(1): 421-422, pl. [1], figs. 1 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype), 2 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V, 3 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V 4 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V, 5 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, 12 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V, 13 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V, pl [2], figs. 1 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V, 3 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V 4 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V, 5 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V, 11 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V, 12 ♀ D, 17 ♀ V, 13 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V, 14 ♀ D, 19 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias rankinensis
Type Locality: “Canada, Nunavut, Rankin Inlet, N 62°48’32.19, O 92° 6’26.25’”
Types: Holotype in Verhulst collection.
350. Colias hecla Lefèbvre, 1836
a. Colias hecla hecla Lefèbvre, 1836
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]5: 383-387, pl. 9B, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Hecla
Type Locality: “l'Islande”; determined to be “Groenlandia” by Zetterstedt, [1839], Ins. Lappon. (5): col. 908-909, no. 3.
Types: Syntypes in ZMUC; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 16, figs. 13 ♂ D (lectotype), 14 ♀ D (paralectotype).
= glacialis M'Lachlan, 1878
J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 14(74): 108.
Original Combination: Colias Hecla, var. Glacialis
Type Locality: “lat. 81o45'...Hayes Sound, lat. 79o...Discovery Bay” [latitude 81o45' refers to Lady Franklin Bay, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH; two figured by Ferris (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (63): figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, and (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (71): figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, 16 ♀ D, 17 ♀ V, and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 16, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D, 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ D.
= zetterstedti Grum-Grshimailo, 1890
In: Romanov, Mém. Lépid. 4: 297, (note 157).
Original Combination: [Colias Hecla] var. Zetterstedti
Type Locality: “Groënland”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 16, fig. 16 ♂ D.
= pallida [Skinner], 1892
Entomol. News 3(3): 49, pl. 2, fig. 4 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias hecla var. pallida
Type Locality: “Greenland”; defined as “West Coast...McCormick Bay, Herbert Island and Disco” by Skinner and Mengel (1892), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 44(5): 156.
Types: Syntype (#7030) in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 4 & D.
The plate and accompanying legend were Skinner’s work as editor, although this is not stated in the publication. This taxon was redescribed by Skinner and Mengel (1892), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 44(5): 156-157.
= groenlandica Rühl, 1893
In: Rühl & Heyne, Palae. Grossschmett. 1(3): 158.
Original Combination: [Colias Hecla] var. groenlandica
Type Locality: “Labrador, Grönland”; “Greenland” implied from the derivation of the name.
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= ‡chrysothemoides Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (26-29): 356; (30-36): pl. 71, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♀ D; ind. syst.: xxxvii.
Original Combination: [Colias hecla hecla] forme chrysothemoides
Type Locality: “Territoire de Barren, 114o30' long. O., 67o40' lat. N., Am. boréale” implied from the legend to plate 71. [vic. Coppermine, Northwest Territories]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= ‡”palamedes” Hemming, 1934
Stylops 3(5): 98, no. 17.
Original Combination: Colias hecla palamedes
Proposed to replace Colias hecla var. pallida Skinner and Mengel 1892, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 44(5): 156-157, an unavailable name.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 194, no. 33.
Original Combination: [Colias hecla hecla] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Colias hecla hela Strecker, 1880
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(5): 33-34.
Original Combination: Colias Hela
Type Locality: “a considerable distance above Fort Churchill on west coast of Hudsons's Bay”; suggested to be “the vicinity of Eskimo Point” by Ferris (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (71): 10. [Arviat, Nunavut, Canada]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH; figured by Ferris (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (71): figs. 35 ♂ D, 36 ♂ V, 37 ♀ D, 38 ♀ V, 39 ♀ D, 40 ♀ V, and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 16, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♀ D.
Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 112, 113; reflect that this taxon has been confused with rankinensis; the syntypes represent a taxon that is probably a synonym of hecla.
c. Colias hecla zamolodchikovi Churkin & Grieshuber, 2001
Helios 2: 178-180, pl. 15, figs. 5 ♂ D (holotype), 6 ♂ V, pl. 16, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias hecla zamolodchikovi
Type Locality: “Russia, East Chukotka, 20 km SE Ioni Lake, Gilmimlviem, [65o 48' N, 173o 22' W]” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Holotype in DSM; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: figured pl. 17, fig. ♂ D.
351. Colias canadensis Ferris, 1982
Bull. Allyn Mus. (71): 11-14, figs. 49 ♂ D, 50 ♂ V (holotype); 51 ♀ D, 52 ♀ D, 53 ♂ D, 54 ♂ V, 55 ♀ D, 56 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias hecla canadensis
Type Locality: “mile 209, Alaska Highway, British Columbia, Canada”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (116): 12, elevated this taxon to the species-level.
*352. Colias tyche (Böber, 1812)
Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 3: 21, no. 7, pl. 1, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V; 320 (index, binomial combination).
Original Combination: [Papilio] Dan[aus]. Tyche
Type Locality: “Sibérie” implied from the title of the paper, but stated to be “des environs du lac Baïkal” by Böber, (1809), Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 2: 303. [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]
Types: Syntypes probably lost.
Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 110; Grieshuber & Lamas (2007), Mitt. Münchn. Entomol. Ges. 97: 163, 168-169, and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 227-228, discussed the relationships between tyche, thula and boothii. This remains unresolved at this time. Grieshuber (1998), Lambillionea 98(1)(Tome 2): 126-134, 98(3)(Tome 2): 453-468, and (1998) 98(4)(Tome 1): 509-522, revised this species, and proposed much of the following synonymy.
= melinos Eversmann, 1847
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 20(2)(3): 72-73, no. 7, pl. 3, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Melinos
Type Locality: “Sibiria orientali”; suggested to be “environs of Ulan-Ude” by Grieshuber (2004), Helios 5: 8. [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]
Types: Lectotype in ZIN, designated by Grieshuber (2004), Helios 5: 6-7, pl. 1, fig. 12 ♂ D; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 5 fig. 12 ♂ D (lectotype), 16 ♀ D (paralectotype).
= chloe Eversmann, 1847
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 20(2)(3): 73-74, no. 8, pl. 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Colias Chloë
Type Locality: “Sibiria orientali, in provincia Irkutskensi, circa Kiachtam”; suggested to be “environs of Ulan-Ude” by Grieshuber (2004), Helios 5: 6. [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]
Types: Lectotype in ZIN, designated by Grieshuber (2004), Helios 5: 5-6, pl. 1, fig. 10 ♂ D; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 5, figs. 9 ♂ D (lectotype), 10 ♂ (paralectotype).
= magna Rühl, 1893
In: Heyne, Palae. Grossschmett. 1(3): 153.
Original Combination: [Colias Melinos] var. magna
Type Locality: “Baikalien” [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]
Types: Location type(s) not known.
= alpina Elwes, 1899
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond.(4)1899(3): 304, 319-320.
Original Combination: Colias melinos var. alpina
Type Locality: “the high bare mountains south of the Tchuja Steppe” Elwes' earlier itinerary (pages 298-299) allows the further definition to "Tachety River, Tschuja Steppe, 30 mi S Kuch Agatch, Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia." [Altai Mountains, Altai Republic, Altay kray, Russia]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH, ZMHB, and ZIN; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 5, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D.
= vitimensis Austaut, 1899
Naturaliste (2)13(307): 284.
Original Combination: Colias Melinos V[ar]. Vitimensis
Type Locality: “des règions alpines de la Siberie orientale, où la rivière Vitim va se jeter dans le fleuve Lèna” [Sakha Autonomous Republic, Russia]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 5, fig. 15 ♀ D.
= herzi Staudinger, 1901
In: Staudinger and Rebel, Cat. Lepid. Palae. (3rd ed.): 15, no. 90a; cited Colias melinos Herz (1899), Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 11(2): 235.
Original Combination: [Colias Melinos] v. Herzi
Type Locality: “Sib. S. or. (Vilui)”; lectotype from “Podeibi”; defined as “Russia, Siberia, Irkutskaya Region, some 40 km north or north-east of the village Bodajbo (57o51'N, 114o11'E), in the vicinity of Blagoweschtschenskij Priisk, near the Bodajbo River.” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 118. [Bodajbo, Irkutskaya oblast, Russia]
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Grieshuber, 2006, Helios 7: 79, pl. 16, fig. 4 ♂ D; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 5, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ D.
= deckerti Verity, [1909]
Rhop. palae. (21-23): 236 [30 Apr 1909]; (30-36): pl. 72, 27 ♂ D, 28 ♀ D; ind. syst.: xxxvi [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: [Colias melinos] var. deckerti
Type Locality: “Monts Apfel” [Chita Oblast, Russia]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH and ZMKU; figured by Chikolovets et al. (2002), Butterflies Transbaikal Siberia: pl. 7, figs. 8 ♂ D, 23 ♀ V.
= ‡”chryseis” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): 354, pl. 70, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♀ D; ind. syst.: xxxvi.
Original Combination: [Colias melinos] race chryseis
Type Locality: “l’Amour [Amur Oblast, Russia]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 5, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♀ D.
= ‡”montana” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): 354, pl. 70, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♀ D; ind. syst.: xxxvi.
Original Combination: [Colias melinos] race montana
Type Locality: “l’Altaï” implied from the text, “Montagnes de Tchuja, 1800-2400 m., S.E. l’Altaï” from the legend to plate 70; defined as “Russia, Siberia, Altai, Tchuja Mts., ca. 25-30 km south Kosh-Agach (Kuch Agatch) (49o59'N, 88o38'N [sic! W]), ca. 2,100-2,400m” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 154 . [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 5, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D.
= montana Bollow, 1930
In: Seitz (1931), Grossschmett. Erde 1(Suppl.)(14): 108.
Original Combination: [Colias melinos] [chryseis
Bollow adopted Colias melinos race montana Verity [1911] to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= chryseis Bollow, 1930
In: Seitz (1931), Grossschmett. Erde 1(Suppl.)(14): 108-109.
Original Combination: [Colias melinos chryseis
Bollow adopted Colias melinos race chryseis Verity [1911] to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= ‡”ludmilla” Hemming, 1933
Entomol. 66(12)[847]: 278, no. 23.
Original Combination: Colias melinos ludmilla
Proposed to replace Colias melinos race chryseis Verity, 1911, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). A junior objective synonym of Colias melinos chryseis.
= jeholensis Matsumura, 1939
Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan 9(20): 344, no. 19; 348, no. 19, pl. 13, fig. 16 ♂ D (actually fig. 6).
Original Combination: Colias herzi form jeholensis
Type Locality: “Jehol...Mt. Kingan” [Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, China]
Types: Syntypes probably in EIHU.
= relicta Kurentsov, 1970
Butterflies Far East USSR: 38, fig. 28(4) ♂ D, fig. 29(8) ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: C[olias]. m[elinos]. relicta
Type Locality: [the mountains at the source of the Okhota River, where it favors a few peaks in the Verkhoyansk Range, to an elevation of 3000 meters above sea level]; holotype from [Burgakhchan]. [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Holotype in the IPBV; registered by Azarova (1986), Syst. Ecol. Lepid. Far East USSR: 122, no. 4; figured by Churkin et al. (2001), Helios 2: pl. 8, figs. 13 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V.
a. Colias tyche kolosovae Churkin, Grieshuber, Bogdanov & Zamolodchikov, 2001
Atalanta 32(1/2):262.
Original Combination: Colias tyche kolosovae
Proposed as a replacement name for Colias tyche olga Churkin, Grieshuber, Bogdanov & Zamolodchikov, 2001, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡olga Churkin, Grieshuber, Bogdanov & Zamolodchikov, 2001
Helios 2: 109-110, pl. 9, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ D (holotype); 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ D, 5 ♀ D, 15 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Colias tyche olga
Type Locality: “Russia, East Chukotka, 20 km SE Ioni Lake, Gilmimlviem, [65o 48' N, 173o 22' W]” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Holotype in DSM; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 6, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀D..
Preoccupied by Colias olga Romanoff, 1882, Romanoff, 1882, Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 17(3/4): 127, pl. 4, figs. 1-3.
b. Colias tyche thula Hovanitz, 1955
Wasmann J. Biol. 13(1): 2-4, fig. 1 ♂ D (holotype), ♀ D, fig. 2 ♂ V (holotype), ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias nastes thula
Type Locality: “near the Meade River, Alaska Territory, Alaska, N 70o 45' x 156o 30' W” [Meade River, S of Point Barrow, Alaska]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
c. Colias tyche boothii J. Curtis, 1835
In: Ross, Voy. Search Northwest Pass., Appendix: lxv-lxvi, no. 10, pl. A, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D, 5 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Colias] Boothii
Type Locality: “Arctic Regions”; determined from itineraries in vol. 1 and a letter from John Ross in vol. 2, Addenda: 732-735, to be the area bounded by 69.30 o-70.9o N lat. and 91.52o-93.0o W long., in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition; further defined as “Canada, Nunavut, Boothia Peninsula SE, environs of Thom Bay (70o07'N, 92o15'W), by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 63. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]
Types: Syntypes in USNM, ZMHB, BMNH and possibly UMO; figured by Verity [1907], Rhop. palae. (11/12): pl. 43, fig. 37 ♂ D, pl. 44, fig. 4 ♂ V and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, fig. 30 ♂ D, and W. Holland and Avinoff (1935), Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(part 2, section 5): pl. 26, figs. 12, 12a ♂ D&V, 12, 13a ♀ D&V.
= chione J. Curtis, 1835
In: Ross, Voy. Search Northwest Pass., Appendix: lxvi-lxvii, no. 11, pl. A, fig. 6 ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Colias] Chione
Type Locality: “Arctic Regions”; determined from itineraries in vol. 1 and a letter from John Ross in vol. 2, Addenda: 732-735, to be the area bounded by 69.30 o-70.9o N lat. and 91.52o-93.0o W long., in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition; further defined as “Canada, Nunavut, Boothia Peninsula SE, environs of Thom Bay (70o07'N, 92o15'W), by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 68. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]
Types: Syntypes in UMO and USNM; figured by Verity [1907], Rhop. palae. (30-36): pl. 71, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ D, W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, fig. 33 ♂ D and W. Holland and Avinoff (1935), Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(2)(5): pl. 26, figs. 11, 11a ♂ D&V, and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 6, fig. ♂ D.
353. Colias nastes Boisduval, 1832
a. Colias nastes nastes Boisduval, 1832
Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(4): pl. 8, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V (1832); (24): 245-246 [1834].
Original Combination: Colias Nastes
Type Locality: “Cap-Nord et en Islande...Labrador”; determined as “Canada, Labrador, Nain (56o38'N, 61o51'W).” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 160.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by W. Holland and Avinoff (1935), Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(2)(5)(II): 11, pl. 26, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 12, figs. 1 ♂ D (lectotype)., 2 ♂ D (paralectotype).
Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 159-160, discussed the problems surrounding Boisduval’s original type localities and determined the derivation of the specimens upon which the name nastes was established..
= rossii Guenée, 1864
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (4)4(2): 199-200.
Original Combination: Colias Rossii
Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Canada, Nunavut, Boothia Peninsula SE, environs of Thom Bay (70o07'N, 92o15'W).” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 192 [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by W. Holland and Avinoff (1935), Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(2)(5): pl. 26, figs. 8, 8a ♂ D&V (lectotype), 10, 10a ♀ D&V (paralectotype); figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 49, figs. 27 ♂ D (lectotype), 28 ♀ D (paralectotype).
= gueneei Avinoff, 1935
In: W. Holland and Avinoff, Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(2)(5): 13-14, no. 10, 32, pl. 27, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 11 ♀ D, 21-22 ♂ D, 25-27 ♀ D, 31-32 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Colias nastes gueneei subsp. nov.
Type Locality: “Southhampton [sic!] Island”; provisionally determined as “Canada, Nunavut, Southampton Island, the vicinity of Coral Harbour (64o09'N, 83o11'W).” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 110.
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= variabilis Verhulst, 2009
Lambillionea 109(4)(1): 422, pl. [3], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5-14 ♂ D, 19-20 ♂ V, 16-18 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias nastes variabilis
Type Locality: “Canada, Nunavut, Southampton Island, Coral Harbour, N 64°09’9178’’, O 083°09’9280’”
Types: Holotype in J. Verhulst coll.
= ‡”standfussi” Röber, 1909
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 91.
Original Combination: [Colias pelidne] form standfussi
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntypes probably in ZMHB.
Described in the text as a possible hybrid or aberration, and treated as unavailable on that account (Code Article 1.3.3).
= ‡”heclides” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): ind. syst.: xxxvii; cited 354, pl. 71, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Colias nastes werdandi werdandi] form heclides
Type Locality: “Labrador”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
b. Colias nastes moina Strecker, 1880
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(5): 34.
Original Combination: Colias Moina
Type Locality: “a considerable distance above Fort Churchill on west coast of Hudson's Bay” implied from the description of Colias hela; suggested to be “the vicinity of Eskimo Point, Northwest Territories” by Ferris (1985), Bull. Allyn Mus. (96): 31-32. This is disputed by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias:: 153. [Arviat, Nunavut, Canada]
Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Ferris (1985), Bull. Allyn Mus. (96): 32, figs. 109 ♂ D, 110 ♂ V; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 5 fig. 12 ♂ D (lectotype), 16 ♀ D (paralectotype).
Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias:: 153, consider that what has been considered this taxon is currently without a name; the lectotype and paralectotypes represent a taxon that is probably a synonym of nastes.
= ‡”harperi” (Gunder, 1932)
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 278.
Original Combination: Eurymus nastes moina tr. f. harperi
Type Locality: “Ft. Churchill, Manitoba, Can.”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
c. Colias nastes aliaska O. Bang-Haas, 1927
Horae Macrolepid. 1(3): 41, pl. 5, figs. 24 ♂ D, 25 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias nastes aliaska
Type Locality: “Alaska: Ramport [sic!]” [Rampart]
Types: Holotype in ZMHB; figured by Verhulst (2004), Lambillionea 104(1)(Tome 1): ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V (allotype), and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 12, figs 9 ♂ D (holotype), 19 ♀ D (allotype).
= subarctica (McDunnough, 1928)
Can. Entomol. 60(11): 271.
Original Combination: [Eurymus nastes] subarctica
Type Locality: “Bernard Harbour, N. W. T.” [Nunavut]
Types: Holotype (#2863) in CNC; figured by Ferris (1985), Bull. Allyn Mus. (96): fig. 120 ♂ D, 121 ♂ V, and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 12, fig. 11 ♂ D.
= ferrisi Verhulst, 2004
Lambillionea 104(1)(Tome 1): 129-130, pl. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V, 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V, 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias nastes ferrisi
Type Locality: “Canada, Yukon Terr. Dempster Hwy., Ricahrdson Mts., 980 m, env. Glacier Creek”; corrected to “Canada, Yukon, Richardson Mountains, Dempster Higway near km 417, Glacier Creek, ca. 66o39'55"N, 136o19'15"W, 750-800m.” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 103.
Types: Holotype in IRSN.
= ‡”cocandicides” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): 335 (as rossii), pl. 71, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♂ V (as rossi [sic!]); ind. syst.: xxxvii (as cocandicides).
Original Combination: [Colias nastes rossii] cocandicides
Type Locality: “Territoire de Barren, 114o30' long. O., 67o40' lat. N., Am. boréale” implied from the legend to plate 71. [vic. Coppermine River, Nunavut]
Types: “Types” in BMNH.
d. Colias nastes dezhnevi Korshunov, 1995
In: Korshunov and Gorbunov, Butterflies Asiatic Russia: 67.
Original Combination: Colias nastes dezhnevi
Proposed to replace Colias nastes sibirica Kurentsov, 1970, with the same data. (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡sibirica Kurentsov, 1970
Butterflies Far East USSR: 35, fig. 29(3) ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: C[olias]. n[astes]. sibirica
Type Locality: [Chukotka peninsula west to the lower reaches of the Kolyma River]; lectotype from [Chap[linskie] kl[yuchi], gor[naya] t[undra]. [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Lectotype in IPBV, designated by Churkin et al. (2001), Helios 2: pl. 8 figs. 14 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V.
Preoccupied by Colias aurora sibirica Lederer, 1852, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 2: 18.
e. Colias nastes streckeri Grum-Grshimailo, 1895
Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 29(1/2): 290-291, no. 2.
Original Combination: Colias Nastes var. Streckeri
Type Locality: “provincia Alberta ad Laggan”; restricted to “vicinity of...Lake Louise, Banff National Park, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 40.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH, ZIN and ZMKU; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 42, figs. 33, 35; [1911] (30-36): pl. 71, fig. 5, and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 12 figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♀ D. A “lectotype” in FMNH, designated by Ferris (1985), Bull. Allyn Mus. (96): 35, figs. 123 ♂ D, 124 ♂ V, is not a syntype and thus invalid.
= dioni Verhulst, 1999
Lambillionea 99(4)(Tome 2): 624, no. 4, pl. 2, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D, 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias nastes dioni
Type Locality: “Canada, Alberta, Kananaskis Co., Plateau Mountain, 2650 m”; corrected to “Canada, Alberta, Kananskis Country, Ecological Reserve Plateau mountain, ca. 50o12'26"N, 114o31'14"W, ca. 2,280-2,530m” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 83.
Types: Holotype in IRSN.
= ‡”obscurata” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): 354-355, pl. 71, fig. 6 ♂ D; ind. syst.: xxxvi.
Original Combination: [Colias nastes] race streckeri ab. obscurata
Type Locality: “Lake Louise, Alberta” implied from the legend to plate 71.
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH.
= ‡”palliflava” (McDunnough, 1927)
Can. Entomol. 59(7): 154.
Original Combination: [Eurymus nastes streckeri] ab. palliflava
Type Locality: “higher slopes of Mt. McLean (above 6500 ft.)” [British Columbia]
Types: “Holotype” (#2425) in CNC.
354. Colias scudderii Reakirt, 1865
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(2): 217-218, no. 2.
Original Combination: Colias Scudderii
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory”; redefined as “vic. Empire, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 83; neotype from “east slope of Berthoud Pass along Hwy. 40 at Hoop Creek in the Arapahoe National Forest, 10,800', Clear Creek Co., Colorado”
Types: Neotype in MGCL, designated by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn. Mus. (112): 7, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.
= flavotincta Cockerell, 1901
Psyche 9(10)[300]: 187; cited W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Colias 8, fig. 5 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias scudderi var. flavotincta
Type Locality: “New Mexico”; redefined as “upper Arkansas River Valley” or “the vicinity of Twin Lakes, Lake Co. Colorado” by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 8-9.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 10, figs. 14 ♀ D, 15 ♀ V.
= ruckesi Klots, 1937
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 45(3/4): 324-326.
Original Combination: Colias scudderi ruckesi
Type Locality: “Windsor [sic!] Creek Canyon, west of Cowles, N. Mex.” [Winsor Creek Canyon, San Miguel County, New Mexico]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 8, determined this synonymy.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 200, no. 42.
Original Combination: [Colias scudderi] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
355. Colias gigantea Strecker, 1900
a. Colias gigantea inupiat Harry, 2007
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv.6(7): 1-2, pl 1, % D&V (holotype), & D&V.
Original Combination: Colias gigantea inupiat
Type Locality: “Alaska, Mile 323 Dalton Hwy, 68°59.01'N 148°49.94'W, 365 meters elevation”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Colias gigantea gigantea Strecker, 1900
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 19.
Original Combination: Colias pelidne var. gigantea
Type Locality: “west coast Hudson Bay, above Fort York” [York Factory, Manitoba]
Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 14, figs. 30 ♂ D, 31 ♂ V.
= pelidneides Staudinger, 1901
In: Staudinger and Rebel, Cat. Lepid. Palae. (3rd ed.): 15, no. 86i.
Original Combination: [Colias Palaeno] v. Pelidneides
Type Locality: “Amer. bor. (Hudson Bay, Alaska)”; defined as “Hudson Bay” by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 14. [Manitoba]
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB; “types” figured by Verity [1911], Rhop. palae. (30-36): pl. 68, figs. 47 ♂ D, 48 ♀ D, labeled “Hudson Bay, Alaska.”
c. Colias gigantea mayi F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940
Can. Entomol. 72(4): 81.
Original Combination: Colias christina mayi
Type Locality: “Riding Mountains, Manitoba”
Types: Holotype in CNC.
= nortepacifica Hammond & McCorkle, 2008
J. Lepid. Soc. 62(4): 214, figs. 1(24) ♂ D (holotype), (25) ♂ D.
Original Combination: Colias scudderii nortepacifica
Type Locality: “British Columbia, Nimpo Lake” [Canada]
Types: Holotype in OSAC.
Hammond & McCorkle described this taxon based on three male specimens. It is uncertain whether this is a valid taxon as described, a synonym of some other Colias gigantea subspecies, or even Colias occidentalis. Until such time as this can be determined, this name is listed here.
= ‡”marjorie” F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940
Can. Entomol. 72(4): 82.
Original Combination: Colias christina mayi ♀ form marjorie
Type Locality: “Riding Mountains, Manitoba”
Types: “Holotype” in CNC.
d. Colias gigantea harroweri Klots, 1940
Am. Mus. Novit. (1054): 4-6.
Original Combination: Colias gigantea harroweri
Type Locality: “Clear Creek, vicinity Lower Green River Lake, Sublette Co., Wyo., alt. 8400 ft.” [Wyoming]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 97, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.
= gracemma Hammond & McCorkle, 2008
J. Lepid. Soc. 62(4): 208, figs. 1(6) ♂ D (holotype), (7) ♂ V, (8) ♂ V, (9) ♀ D, (10) ♀ V, (11) ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias scudderii gracemma
Type Locality: “Wyoming, Johnson County, summit of Big Horn Mountains near Cloud Peak Wilderness Area”
Types: Holotype in OSAC.
= kohleri Hammond & McCorkle, 2008
J. Lepid. Soc. 62(4): 209-210, figs. 1(17) ♂ D (holotype), (18) ♂ V, (19) ♀ D, (20) ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias scudderii kohleri
Type Locality: “Montana, Beaverhead County, summit of the Pioneer Mountains”
Types: Holotype in OSAC.
356. Colias pelidne Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]
a. Colias pelidne pelidne Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (7): pl. 21, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V; (8): 66-67; figured by Boisduval (1832), Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(4): pl. 8, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: C[olias]. Pelidne
Type Locality: “Groenland et l'Islande...Labrador”; inferred from the figures to be “NE coast of Labrador” by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): 9. [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: A “type” may be in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
= labradorensis Scudder, 1862
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9: 107-108, 1 unnumbered fig.
Original Combination: Colias labradorensis
Type Locality: “Caribou Island, Strait of Belle Isle, Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Lectotype (#5082) in MCZ, designated by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): 10, figs. 28 ♂ D, 29 ♂ V.
= ‡”moeschleri” Grum-Grshimailo, 1894
Horae Entomol. Soc. ross. 27(3/4): 379, no. 1.
Original Combination: Colias Pelidne ab. ♀ Moeschleri
Type Locality: “Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: “Holotype” in ZMHB; figured by Verity [1911], Rhop. palae. (30-36): pl. 68, fig. 50 ♀ D.
= ‡”mira” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): 347; pl. 68, fig. 49 ♂ D (“holotype”); ind. syst.: xxxiv.
Original Combination: [Colias pelidne] ab. mira
Type Locality: “Ravea dans le Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 200, no. 41.
Original Combination: [Colias pelidne] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”canda” Raineri & Carnevale, 1998
Annali Mus. civ. Storia nat. "Giacomo Doria" 92: 267.
Original Combination: Colias pelidne v. canda chippewa
Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
357. Colias minisni W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 67, pl. 7, fig. 7 ♂ D, cited Bean (1895), Psyche 7(228): 228.
Original Combination: [Eurymus pelidne] minisni
Type Locality: “Laggan, Alta.” [Alberta]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
This was taxon was described by indication (Code Articles 12.1, 12.2). Grieshuber & Lamas (2007), Mitt. Münchn. Entomol. Ges. 97: 153, 158 and Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 313, 316 discussed the status of the name minisni as listed by Bean (1895), ibid; this name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= ‡”neri” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no 69b.
Original Combination: Eurymus pelidne skinneri form ♀ neri
Type Locality: “Yellowstone Park, Wyo.” [Wyoming]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM; figured by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): figs. 45 ♀ D, 46 ♀ V.
= ‡”isni” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no. 69c.
Original Combination: Eurymus pelidne minisni form ♀ isni
Type Locality: “Laggan, Alta.” [Alberta]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM; figured by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): figs. 47 ♀ D, 48 ♀ V.
358. Colias interior Scudder, 1862
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9: 108-109, 1 unnumbered fig.
Original Combination: Colias interior
Type Locality: “Northern shore of Lake Superior...mouth of the Sakatchewan River, British America”; defined as “the Portage at the rapids near the mouth of the Saskatchewan River” by H. Hagen (1883), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 22: 159; further defined as “Mouth of the Saskatchewan River, vic. Grand Rapids, W. shore of Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba” by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): 2.
Types: Holotype (#5081) in MCZ, figured by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
= laurentina (Scudder, 1876)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 18(2): 190.
Original Combination: [Eurymus Philodice] var. laurentina
Type Locality: “Cape Breton Island” implied from title of paper; neotype from “Baddeck, Cape Breton I., Nova Scotia”
Types: Neotype in CNC, designated by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): 7, figs. 24 ♂ D, 25 ♂ V; a pseudotype (#29299) in MCZ.
Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 307, determined that Scudder described this taxon as a female form of philodice but Scudder clearly discussed both sexes only emphasizing the female differences.
= vividior Berger, 1945
Lambillionea 45(6-8): 42.
Original Combination: [Colias interior] vividior
Type Locality: “Wisconsin (Eagle River et Oneida)” [Vilas and Outagamie counties]
Types: Holotype probably in MRAC (Berger collection).
= ‡”nepi” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no. 65.
Original Combination: Eurymus interior form [♀] nepi
Type Locality: “Nepigon [sic!], Ontario” [Nipigon, Thunder Bay County, Ontario]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”raritus” (Gunder, 1928)
Can. Entomol. 60(7): 163, pl. A, figs. 2 ♀ D, 2a ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Eurymus philodice tr. f. raritus
Type Locality: “Scranton, Pa.” [Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
The “holotype” is a specimen of Colias interior, presumably mislabeled.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 199, no. 39.
Original Combination: [Colias interior] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
*359. Colias palaeno (Linnaeus, 1761)
Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 272, no. 1041.
Original Combination: Papilio [Heliconius] Palaeno
Type Locality: “Pteride rarissime Uppsaliae, frequentior in Finlandia”; Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 357 determined this to be “Sweden, South Uppland, Uppsala area (very rare), and (south) Finland (more common).” [Uppsala, South Uppland, Sweden and Finland]
Types: Syntypes in LSUK; figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: pl. 6, fig. 21 ♂ D.
Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not included.
= philomene Hübner, [1805]
Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 117, figs. 602 ♂ D, 603 ♂ V [1805]; pl. 147, figs. 740 ♀ D, 741 ♀ V [1816].
Original Combination: [Papilio] Philomene
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= lapponica Staudinger, 1871
In: Staudinger and Wocke, Cat. Lepid. Europ. (2nd ed.): 5, no. 58a; cited Herrich-Schäffer (1848), Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europa 1(36): pl. 85, figs. 403 ♀ D, 404 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Palaeno] v. Lapponica
Type Locality: “Lap. Ross. s.”; lectotype from “Alten m.”, interpreted to be “Norway, Finnmark, a swamp near Bossekop (Alta) (69o58'N, 23o16'E).” by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 140.
Types: Holotype in Krzywicki collection, remainder in PAS; paratypes figured by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 140, pl. 7, figs. 3 ♂ (lectotype), 4 ♀ (paralectotype).
This name was published in synonymy. Staudinger, 1871, in: Staudinger and Wocke, Cat. Lepid. Europ. (2nd ed.): 5, no. 58a (cited Herrich-Schäffer (1848), Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europa 1(36): pl. 85, figs. 403 ♀ D, 404 ♀ V), treated this as Colias Palaeno v. Lapponica, thus validating the name (Code Article 11.6.1).
= pruefferi Krzywicki, 1967
Annls zool. Warsz. 25(1): 106-108, 137-140, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3, pl 2, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13.
Original Combination: Colias palaeno pruefferi
Type Locality: “Puszcza Bialwieska” “Bialowiezaer Urwald”
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 140, pl. 7, figs. 3 ♂ (lectotype), 4 ♀ (paralectotype).
= ‡helena W. H. Edwards, 1863
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, 80, no. 3; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Colias 1, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias Helena
Type Locality: “Mackenzie's River”; lectotype from “Slave Lake”; defined as “near the west end of Great Slave Lake, North West Territory, Canada” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 54.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 55, fig. 11 ♂ [not ♀] D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 68, fig. 30 ♂ D.
Preoccupied by Colias helena Herrich-Schäffer, 1844, Europ. Schmett. 1(7): pl. 45, figs. 206-207.
= ‡”kohlsaati” (Gunder, 1931)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 45.
Original Combination: Eurymus chippewa form ♀ kohlsaati
Type Locality: “Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
a. Colias palaeno baffinensis Ebner & Ferris, [1978]
J. Res. Lepid. 16(3): 156, 159-160, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias palaeno baffinensis
Type Locality: “Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, N. W. T., Canada” [Nunavut]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Grieshuber et al. (2012), Genus Colias: 58, suggested this may be a synonym of chippewa.
360. Colias behrii W. H. Edwards, 1866
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 201, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Colias 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias Behrii
Type Locality: “Yo Semite Mountains at an elevation of about 10,000 feet above the sea”; defined as “vicinity of Tioga Pass, Tuolumne-Mono counties, California” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 51-52.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 52, fig. 10 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 36, fig. 17 ♂ D.
= ‡”canescens” (J. A. Comstock, 1925)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(1): 3; 25(2): pl. 16, fig. 4 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Eurymus behrii form canescens
Type Locality: “Tioga Pass, Yosemite, Calif.” [Tuolumne-Mono counties, California]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 16, fig. 4 ♀ D.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described for the whitish female form.
Genus Zerene Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 97. Type-species: Papilio cesonia Stoll, 1790, Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 176-177, pl. 41, figs. 2, 2b; 382 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 59. Pollock et al. (1998), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91(5): 524-531, suggested that Colias and Zerene may be sister taxa.
= ‡Megonostoma Reakirt, [1864]
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 356. Type-species: Papilio cesonia Stoll, 1790, Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3) : 176-177, pl. 41, figs. 2, 2b; 182 (index), by designation of Butler (1870), Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 46. A junior objective synonym of Zerene Hübner, [1819].
361. Zerene cesonia (Stoll, 1790)
a. Zerene cesonia cesonia (Stoll, 1790)
Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 176-177, pl. 41, figs. 2 ♂ D, 2b ♂ V; 382 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus] Cesonia
Type Locality: “Georgien in Noord-America” “Georgie, dans lAmerique Septentrionale” [Georgia]
Types: Syntype(s) probably in RMNH (Raye van Breukelerwaerth collection), as noted by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 144, no. 28.
This name was spelled “sesonia” in the French text (p. 176), representing an incorrect original spelling (it is spelled cesonia in the Dutch text and index); it has widely been misspelled as “caesonia,” attributable to Godart (1819), in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 98, no. 31.
= philippa (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 211, no. 660.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. Philippa
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= centralamericana (Röber, 1909)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 93.
Original Combination: [Maganostoma [sic!] cesonia] centralamericana
Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Honduras.”
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Revta Lepid. 21(83): 144, no. 28.
= rosea (Röber, 1909)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 94.
Original Combination: [Maganostoma [sic!] cesonia] rosea
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Revta Lepid. 21(83): 152, no. 110.
= ‡”rosa” (M'Neill, 1889)
Can. Entomol. 21(3): 43-45.
Original Combination: [Colias caesonia] [female...dimorphic or...aberrant form] rosa
Type Locality: “low-lying field, on the banks of the Mississippi, three miles east of Moline” [Rock Island County, Illinois]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= ‡”immaculsecunda” Gunder, 1928
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 4(3): 102, pl. 2, top row, left (“holotype”), bottom row, left.
Original Combination: Zerene caesonia immaculsecunda form ♀
Type Locality: “Pinery Canyon, Arizona” [Cochise County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
Neck (1981), J. Lepid. Soc. 35(1): 223-224, determined that this name probably represents a migratory form.
= ‡”stainkeae” (W. D. Field, 1936)
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.
Original Combination: Colias (Zerene) caesonia tr. f. stainkeae
Type Locality: “Donna, Texas” [Hidalgo County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”albida” Vázquez, 1949
An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 19(2): 470-471.
Original Combination: Zerene caesonia f[orma]. albida
Type Locality: “Tierra Blanca, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
362. Zerene eurydice (Boisduval, 1855)
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (3)3(1): xxxii.
Original Combination: Colias Eurydice
Type Locality: “des montagnes de la Californie”; defined as “vicinity of Alpine Dam, Lagunitas Creek, Marin County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23, figs. 156 ♂ D, 157 ♂ V.
= lorquini (Boisduval, 1855)
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (3)3(1): xxxii.
Original Combination: Rhodocera Lorquini
Type Locality: “des montagnes de la Californie”; defined as “vicinity of Alpine Dam, Lagunitas Creek, Marin County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24, figs. 156 ♂ D, 157 ♂ V.
= wosnesenskii (Ménétriés, 1855)
Enum. corp. anim. (1): 14 (as wosnesenskii); 77-78, no. 253 (as vosnesenskii), pl. 1, fig. 4 ♂ D&V (as vosnesenskii).
Original Combination: Colias Wosnesenskii
Type Locality: “Nouvelle Californie” [California]
Types: Syntype(s) should be in ZIN.
Lamas (2004d), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 103, made a first reviser choice of wosnesenskii over vosnesenskii.
= helena (Reakirt, [1864])
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 358, no. 2.
Original Combination: Megonostoma Helena
Type Locality: “?Chiapas” probably in error.
Types: Syntype in FMNH.
= bernardino (W. H. Edwards, 1887)
Butterflies N. Am. 3(1): [71-72], pl. Colias 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (lectotoype), 3 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Colias Eurydice] Bernardino
Type Locality: “San Bernardino” [San Bernardino County, California]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 97, fig. 23 ♂ D&V.
It is possible that this name was intended for an infrasubspecific form, but this is not clear from the text.
= ‡”amorphae” (Hy. Edwards, 1877)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 169.
Original Combination: C[olias]. eurydice Var. Amorphae
Type Locality: “Mendocino County” [California]
Types: “Syntype” in AMNH.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”fanniae” Gunder, 1924
Entomol. News 35(5): 158, pl. 2, fig. K ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice ab. ♂ fanniae
Type Locality: “San Bernardino Mts., San Bernardino Co., California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 12, fig. 8 ♂ D.
= ‡”newcombi” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(1): 4, no. 7, pl. 1, fig. R ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice ab. ♂ newcombi
Type Locality: “San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 12, fig. 10 ♂ D.
= ‡”masumbrosus” Gunder, 1928
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 4(3): 100-101, pl. 1, figs. 1-6 ♀ D; fig. 3 (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice masumbrosus form ♀
Type Locality: “California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”lineainita” Gunder, 1928
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 4(3): 101-102, pl. 1, top row, fifth (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice lineainita form ♂
Type Locality: “San Bernardino mountains, California” [San Bernardino and Riverside counties]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”doudoroffi” Gunder, 1932
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 125.
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice tr. f. doudoroffi
Type Locality: “Lake Alpine, Fairfax, Marin County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”nigrocapitata” Riddell, 1941
Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 91(9): 452 pl. 1, fig. 4 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice ab. nigrocapitata
Type Locality: “California: Mill Creek Canyon, San Bernardino Mountains...5000 feet” [San Bernardino County]
Types: “Holotype” in CAS.
= ‡”marginata” Riddell, 1941
Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 91(9): 453, pl. 1, fig. 6 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice form marginata
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino Mountains, 5000 feet above sea level” [San Bernardino and Riverside counties]
Types: “Holotype” in CAS.
= ‡”flavolineata” Riddell, 1941
Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 91(9): 454, pl. 2, fig. 1 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice ab. flavolineata
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino Mountains, 5000 feet above sea level” [San Bernardino and Riverside counties]
Types: “Holotype” in CAS.
= ‡”rubrosuffusa” Riddell, 1941
Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 91(9): 452, pl. 2, figs. 8 ♂ V (“holotype”), 9 ♂ D, pl. 3, fig. 7 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice form rubrosuffusa
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino Mountains, 5000 feet above sea level” [San Bernardino and Riverside counties]
Types: “Holotype” in CAS.
‡”alba” (Scott, 1986)
Butterflies N. Am.: 202, no. 45.
Original Combination: [Colias eurydice] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
Genus Anteos Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 99. Type-species: Papilio maerula Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 479, no. 157, by designation of Godman and Salvin (1889), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(79): 148.
= ‡Amynthia Swainson, 1831
Zool. Illustr. (2)2(14): pl. 65 [actually 63], unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio maerula Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 479, no. 157, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Anteos Hübner, [1819].
= Klotsius Hemming, 1964
Annot. Lepid. (4): 148. Type-species: Mancipium menippe Hübner, [1818], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [147], figs. 1, 2, by original designation.
363. Anteos clorinde (Godart, [1824])
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 813-814, nos. 1-2.
Original Combination: Colias Clorinde
Type Locality: “Brésil” [Brazil]
Types: Syntype(s) in MNHP.
= swainsonia (Swainson, 1831)
Zool. Illustr. (2)2(14): pl. 65 [actually 63] ♂ D&V, unnumbered text.
Original Combination: Amynthia Swainsonia
Type Locality: “interior of Pernambuco...Brazil”
Types: Type(s) probably lost; collection auctioned in 1840.
= godarti (Perty, 1833)
Delect. Anim. Art. Bras. (3): 152, pl. 29, figs. 4 ♂ D, 4b ♂ V.
Original Combination: Colias Godarti
Type Locality: “Piauhy” [Piaui, Brazil]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= nivifera (Fruhstorfer, 1907)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 294.
Original Combination: [Rhodocera] maerula nivifera
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC.
= ‡”atromarginatus” Vázquez, 1952
An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 22(2): 535, fig. 1 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Anteos clorinde f[orma]. fem[inina]. atromarginatus
Type Locality: “Tierra Blanca, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: “Syntypes” in MGCL.
364. Anteos maerula (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 479, no. 157.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Maerula
Type Locality: “America”; provisionally determined be “Jamaica” by D. Bates (1935), Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 78(2): 139; stated as “probably Jamaica” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 190.
Types: Syntypes in HMUG.
= lacordairei (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 600, no. 3.
Original Combination: Rhodocera Lacordairei
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Syntype in MNHP.
As first revisers, L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 85, accorded precedence to lacordairei over gueneeana.
= gueneeana (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 601, no. 5.
Original Combination: Rhodocera Gueneeana
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= ‡”flava” (Röber, 1909)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(26): 89.
Original Combination: [Gonepteryx maerula] ab. flava
Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Cuba.”
Types: “Lectotype” in MTD, designated by Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 23(91): 344.
Genus Phoebis Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 98. Type-species: Phoebis cypris Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 98, no. 1044 (and unjustified emendation of Papilio cipris Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 5, pl. 99, figs. E, F; (16): 148 (index); = Papilio argante Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 470, no. 116; synonym), by designation of Butler (1873), Lepid. Exot. (13): 155.
= ‡Colias Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 99. Type-species: Papilio sennae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 470, no. 72, by designation of Hemming (1939), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)8(7): 136. Preoccupied by Colias [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284.
= Callidryas Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (8): 73. Type-species: Papilio eubule Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 764, no. 102 (= Papilio sennae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 470, no. 72; synonym), by designation of Blanchard (1840), in: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 432.
= ‡Metura Butler, 1873
Lepid. Exot. (13): 155. Type-species: Callidryas bracteolata Butler, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(2): 458, pl. 26, fig. 6 (= Colias neocypris Hübner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [136], figs. 1, 2; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 218, no. 695. Preoccupied by Metura Walker, 1855, in: Allen's Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2: 229.
= Parura W. F. Kirby, 1896
In: Allen, Nat. Libr. Lepid. 2: 229. Type-species: Callidryas bracteolata Butler, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(2): 458, pl. 26, fig. 6 (= Colias neocypris Hübner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [136], figs. 1, 2; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Metura Butler, 1873, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
365. Phoebis sennae (Linnaeus, 1758)
a. Phoebis sennae sennae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 470, no. 72; cited Sloane (1725), Voy. Mad. Barb. Niev. St. Christ. Jam. 2: pl. 236, figs. 11, 12, and Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 58, among others.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus Candidus]. Sennae
Type Locality: “Americes”; possibly “Jamaica” from reference to Sloane.
Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 379.
= ‡”sennalba” F. Brown, 1929
Am. Mus. Novit. (368): 8-9.
Original Combination: Phoebis eubule sennae female form sennalba
Type Locality: “7 kilometers north of Viñales, Cuba” [Pinar del Rio]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
b. Phoebis sennae eubule (Linnaeus, 1767)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 764, no. 102; cited G. Edwards (1760) Glean. Nat. Hist. 2: pl. 304.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus Candidus] Eubule
Type Locality: “Carolina”; suggested to be “vic. of Charleston, South Carolina” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 86. [Charleston County]
Types: Type(s) apparently lost.
= drya (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 478, no. 153.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Drya
Type Locality: “America”; suggested to be “vic. of Charleston, South Carolina” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 86. [Charleston County]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= ‡”pallida” (Cockerell, 1889)
Entomol. 22(308): 5; cited French (1886), Butterflies E. U. S.: 122.
Original Combination: Callidryas sennae pallida ♀
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Type” is apparently lost.
= ‡”lichas” (d'Almeida, 1922)
Mélanges Lépid. 1: 56, no. 43; cited Boisduval and Le Conte [1830], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (8): pl. 24, fig. 3 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Catopsilia Eubule] Form. aberr. Lichas
Type Locality: Not specifically stated, but probably “Georgia” based on the figures by John Abbot in Boisduval and Le Conte.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. A “syntype” is in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such “types” from the Boisduval collection.
= ‡”browni” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.
Original Combination: Phoebis sennae race eubule female f. browni
Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 204, no. 50.
Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae ♀] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”rosa” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 204, no. 50.
Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae] winter form rosa
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
c. Phoebis sennae marcellina (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): 103, pl. 163, fig. A ♂ (not ♀) D, B ♀ (possibly a different species and may be ♂) V, C ♂ V; (16): 149 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Marcellina
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Presumed syntypes (#665067, 665068) in BMNH, but both are Phoebis argante ♀♀.
= hyperici (Sepp, [1832])
Surinaam. Vlinders [1](5): 45, pl. 19.
Original Combination: Papilio Hyperici
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Type(s) lost.
= rhadia (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 617, no. 11.
Original Combination: Callidryas Rhadia
Type Locality: “Senegal, île Maurice” in error. [Mauritius, West Africa]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= yamana (Reakirt, [1864])
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 352, no. 3.
Original Combination: C[allidryas]. Yamana
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Type(s) may be in CMNH or lost.
= ‡”schausi” (Oberthür, 1912)
Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: 328, pl. 126, fig. 1116 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Callidryas Eubule-Schausi
Type Locality: “Nouvelle- Fribourg” [Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”fugax” (d'Almeida, 1922)
Mélanges Lépid. 1: 57-58, no. 44; figured by d'Almeida (1940), Arq. Zool. São Paulo 1(3): pl. 4, fig. 7.
Original Combination: [Catopsilia Eubule] form. Fugax
Type Locality: Not stated; “neotype” from “Piedade, rio de Janeiro” [Brazil]
Types: “Neotype” (#1089) in UFPC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 323, fig. 2 ♂ D&V, but this designation was not in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”giacomellii” Köhler, 1923
Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 18(12)(Sonderheft): 16, unnumbered fig. ♀ V.
Original Combination: Catopsilia eubule f. Giacomellii
Type Locality: “La Rioja” [Argentina]
Types: “Syntype” in MLP.
= ‡”minor” Dufrane, 1947
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 64.
Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae marcellina] minor
Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Bolivia.”
Types: “Lectotype” in IRSN, designated by Lamas (1981), Revta. Cienc. (Lima) 73(1): 58.
= ‡”albescens” Dufrane, 1947
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 64.
Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae marcellina] ab. albescens
Type Locality: “Brésil”
Types: “Holotype” in IRSN.
= ‡”major” Dufrane, 1947
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 65.
Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae marcellina] major
Type Locality: “Brésil”; lectotype from “Peru.”
Types: “Lectotype” in IRSN, designated by Lamas (1981), Revta. Cienc. (Lima) 73(1): 56.
366. Phoebis philea (Linnaeus, 1763)
a. Phoebis philea philea (Linnaeus, 1763)
In: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 21, no. 59; cited Rösel von Rosenhof (1761), Der monat. Insect.-Belustig. 4: pl. 3, fig. 5; often cited as published in Amoen. acad. 6: 404, no. 59, a subsequent reprint.
Original Combination: Papilio D[anaus]. Philea.
Type Locality: “Indiis”; suggested to be “Surinam” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 86.
Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 363.
= aricye (Cramer, 1776)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(8): 147, pl. 94, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (8): 151 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus] Candidi Aricye
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Godart (1819), in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (86), 94, unjustifiably emended this to “aricia” and on page 94 misspelled it “aricie.”
= melanippe (Stoll, 1781)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(31): 139-140, pl. 361, figs. E ♀ D, F ♀ V; (34): 250 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Melanippe
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= corday (Hübner, [1819])
Verz