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A CATALOGUE
OF THE
BUTTERFLIES OF THE UNITED STATES
AND
CANADA
WITH A COMPLETE BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF THE
DESCRIPTIVE AND SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE
by
Jonathan P. Pelham
Research Associate
McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity
Florida Museum of Natural History
University of Florida, P. O. Box 112710
Gainesville, FL 32611-2710.
Curatorial Associate of Lepidoptera
Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
University of Washington, Box 353010
Seattle, WA 98195 3010
Revised 14 February, 2012
Catalog Format
The systematic arrangement of the catalogue is intuitive once a few principles are stated. Each species entry is numbered sequentially; genera and subgenera are not numbered.Subspecific entries for each species are indented once, and are preceded by lower-case Roman letters in alphabetical sequence. Dates in brackets indicate that these have been subsequently determined from sources external to the original document. Misspellings are generally excluded except where they have been widely used or misinterpreted. All nomina nuda are included in the body of the catalogue for completeness. Annotations may be included under each entry when appropriate. Alternate taxonomic arrangements are included in many cases. Synonyms are listed under each valid name.
Genus-level synonymies
The synonyms of a genus are arranged so that:
= subjective synonyms
are not indented, are preceded by an “=” symbol, and are italicized.
= ‡permanently invalid synonyms
(e.g., homonyms, objective synonyms, unjustified replacement names, etc.) are indented once, preceded by an “=” symbol, a double dagger symbol, and are italicized.
‡"nomina nuda”
these are indented once, placed in quotes, preceded by a double dagger (but not an “=” symbol), and are not italicized.
Species-level synonymies
The synonyms of a species or species group taxon are arranged so that:
= subjective synonyms
are not indented, are preceded by an “=” symbol and are italicized.
= ‡permanently invalid synonyms
(e.g., homonyms, objective synonyms, unjustified replacement names, etc.) are indented once, preceded by an “=” symbol, a double dagger, and are italicized.
= ‡"unavailable names"
(e.g., forms, aberrations, quadrinomials, etc.) these are indented once, placed in quotes preceded by an “=” symbol, a double dagger, and are not italicized.
‡"nomina nuda"
these are indented once, placed in quotes, without either an “=” symbol or a double dagger, and are not italicized.
Species for which the nominate subspecies does not occur in the area covered have a “*” before the nominate entry. The symbol “†” is employed where a taxon is considered extirpated from the region covered.
Subspecies arrangement
The arrangement of subspecies follows a north to south or east to west geographic arrangement, similar to that presented in Howe (1975), so that geographically contiguous populations appear next to each other in the catalog. This may appear arbitrary in situations where taxa are arrayed along both the Sierra Nevada-Cascade Mountains, and also in the Rocky Mountains, but it is preferable to a sequence that is either alphabetic or according to seniority.
Museums and repositories
At one time it was thought that the summary work of Heppner and Lamas (1982) was sufficient for determining the acronyms used in the catalogue for the deposition of types and other matters. Several reviewers noted the awkwardness and novelty of NMNH for the collections housed in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington and NHML for the Natural History Museum, London, so I have adhered to the older and widespread USNM and BMNH. These and the remainder of the acronyms employed in the catalogue are detailed at the Bishop Museum website (http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/codensearch.html)
AMNH: American Museum of Natural History, New York, NewYork, United States
ANIC: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra City, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
ANSP: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; most of the butterflies went to CMP
BCPM: Royal British Columbia Museum [British Columbia Provincial Museum], Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
BMNH: The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)], London, England
CAS: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States
CMNH: Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States (most of the ANSP butterflies now in CMNH)
CNC: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
CUIC: Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
DEI: Deutsches Entomologisches Institut im ZALF, Müncheberg, Germany
DCM: Dartmouth College Collection, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
DCMP: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
DMNH: Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado, United States
DSM: Darwin State Museum, Moscow, Russia
DZUP: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Museu de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure, Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
EMAU: Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität; Greifswald; Germany
EMEC: Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, California United States
FMNH: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States
HMUG: Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
HNHM: Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum [Hungarian Natural History Museum], Budapest, Hungary
EIHU: Entomological Insitute, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
ICNB: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá, Columbia
IMLA: Fundación e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
INHS: Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign (Urbana), Illinois, United States
IRSN: Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles; Brussels, Belgium
IPBV: Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Far East Branch, Vladivostok, Russia
IZAC: Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Instituto de Zoologia, Havana, Cuba
LACM: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California, United States
LEM: Lyman Entomological Museum, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
LNKD: Landesammlungen für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany
LSUK: Linnean Society, London, England
MACN: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia," Buenos Aires, Argentina
MAMU: Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
MCPM: Milwaukee City Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
MCSN: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria", Genova, Italy
MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
MGCL: McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity; Gainesville, Florida, United States; including: Allyn Museum of Entomology, Sarasota, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville
MHNG: Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland
MHNS: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile
MLPA: Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
MRAC: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium
MNHP: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
MNHC: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Habana [=Havana], Cuba
MNMS: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain
MSNM: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milano, Italy
MTD: Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany
MUSM: Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
MWNH: Staatliches Museum Wiesbaden, Department of Natural Science, Wiesbaden, Germany
NHMB: Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland
NMW: Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria
NHRS: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden
NMID: National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
NVMC: Nevada State Museum, Carson City, Nevada, United States
NYSM: New York State Museum, Albany, New York, United States
OSAC: Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
OSU: Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
PMNH: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
RMNH: Nationaal Natuurhistorische Museum ("Naturalis") [Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie], Leiden, Netherlands
RPM: Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania, United States
RSME: National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland
SDMC: San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California, United States
SEMC: Snow Museum of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
SIIS: Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, New York, NewYork, United States
SMF: Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
SMNS: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany
SZMN: Biological Institute, Siberian Department, Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk, Russia
UCMC: University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States
UMO: University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, United Kingdom
UNAM: Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
UNSM: University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
USNM: National Museum of Natural History [formerly, United States National Museum], Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., United States
UZIU: Universitets Zoologiska Institut, Uppsala, Sweden
ZIN: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
ZMHB: Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt‑Universität Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
ZMKU: Zoological Museum, Kiev, Ukraine
ZMUC: Zoologisk Museum, Universitets Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
ZMUH: Zoologische Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universität von Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
ZSMC: Zoologische Sammlungen des Bayerischen Staates/Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany
Acknowledgements
Numerous individuals have contributed additions and corrections since the publication of the catalogue; too many to single all of them out. Outstanding in this regard are (in alphabetical order): John Calhoun, Crispin Guppy, Gerardo Lamas, Guy Van de Poel, and James A. Scott.
Superfamily HESPERIOIDEA Latreille, 1809
Gen. Crust. Ins. 4: 187, 207 (as "Hesperides"). Type-genus: Hesperia Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 258, no. 187.
Family HESPERIIDAE Latreille, 1809
The family-group arrangement follows A. Warren et al. (2008), Cladistics 24(5) 642-676, and Warren et al. (2009), Syst. Entomol. 34(3): 467-523, based on molecular and morphological characters.
Subfamily Eudaminae Mabille, 1877
Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 162. Type-genus: Eudamus Swainson, 1831, Zool. Illustr. (2)2(11): pl. 48, unnumbered text.
Genus Phocides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 103. Type-species: Phocides cruentus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 103, no. 1082 (= Hesperia polybius Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 337, no. 281; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 248, no. 857.
= Erycides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 110. Type-species: Papilio pigmalion Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(21): 87, pl. 245, figs. A, B; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 67. First reviser choice of Phocides over Erycides was made by Godman & Salvin (1893), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(110): 292.
= Dysenius Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 67. Type-species: Erycides albicilla Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(11): 169, no. 16 (= Erycides lilea Reakirt, [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 339, no. 47; synonym: a subspecies of Hesperia polybius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 337, no. 281), by original designation.
*1. Phocides pigmalion (Cramer, 1779)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(21): 87, pl. 245, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a] Pigmalion.
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost (van der Meulen collection).
= tenuistriga Mabille & Boullet, 1912
Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 16, 21-22.
Original Combination: P[hocides]. Tenuistriga Stgr.
Type Locality: “Colombie...Perou...Brésil”; suggested to be “Colombia” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 13, from the “type” in BMNH.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH and MNHP.
= iocularis Röber, 1925
Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 159-160.
Original Combination: Phocides iocularis
Type Locality: “Kolumbien”
Types: Lectotype in MTD, designated by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Zool. 6(1): 134.
= disparilis Röber, 1925
Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 160.
Original Combination: Phocides disparilis
Type Locality: “Kolumbien”
Types: Holotype in MTD.
a. Phocides pigmalion okeechobee (Worthington, 1881)
Papilio 1(8): 133.
Original Combination: Erycides Okeechobee
Type Locality: “Marco Island, Florida” [Collier County]
Types: Syntype in USNM.
2. Phocides belus Godman & Salvin, 1893
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 293, no. 2; 3(111): pl. 76, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Phocides belus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Ventana...Tampico...Paso de San Juan”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Hanson et al. (2003), News Lepid. Soc. 45(2): 41, 42-43, 8 figs., cover.
*3. Phocides polybius (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 337, no. 281; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 24, fig. 2, actually figured on pl. 71, D; also figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [51], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Polybius
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost; based on specimens figured by Jones.
= ‡palemon (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 54, pl. 131, fig. F ♀ D; (34): 150 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Palemon
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Syntype in RMNH.
Preoccupied by Papilio palaemon Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1: 471 (Code Article 58.1).
= cruentus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 103, no. 1082; cited Papilio palemon Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): pl. 131, fig. F.
Original Combination: P[hocides]. Cruentus
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio palemon Cramer, 1777, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= palaemonides Röber, 1925
Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 159.
Original Combination: Phocides palaemonides
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of holotype not known.
Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Zool. 6(1): 144, determined this synonymy.
= ‡”gunderi” R. Williams & E. Bell, 1931
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 57(3): 251.
Original Combination: Phocides palemon ab. gunderi
Type Locality: “Rockstone, Essequebo River, British Guiana”
Types: “Holotype” (#7573) in CMNH.
a. Phocides polybius lilea (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 339, no. 47.
Original Combination: Erycides lilea
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Syntype in CMNH.
= albicilla (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(11): 169, no. 16.
Original Combination: [Erycides] albicilla
Type Locality: Not stated; syntype labeled “Mexiko.”
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
= socius (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 112.
Original Combination: E[rycides]. Socius
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= ‡cruentus (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 67, no. 2.
Original Combination: D[ysenius]. cruentus
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Syntype (#15308) in MCZ.
Preoccupied by Phocides cruentus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 103.
= sanguinea (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 68, no. 3.
Original Combination: E[rycides]. sanguinea
Type Locality: “Texas (Capt. Pope, Mexican Boundary Survey)”
Types: Lectotype (#7174) in CMNH, designated by Skinner and R. Williams (1922), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 48(2): 112, no. 3.
= imbreus Plötz, 1879
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(7-9): 406, no. 4; cited unpublished pl. 1198.
Original Combination: [Erycides] Imbreus
Type Locality: “Central-Amer”
Types: Holotype (#4942) in ZMHB.
= spurius (Mabille, 1880)
Bull. Séances Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1880(6): 62; also described in Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (5)10(2): xlvi.
Original Combination: E[rycides]. spurius
Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Bogota.” [Colombia]
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19 (supl. 1): 38.
= decolor (Mabille, 1880)
Bull. Séances Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1880(6): 62; also described in Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (5)10(2): xlvi.
Original Combination: E[rycides]. decolor
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= albiciliata Röber, 1925
Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 159.
Original Combination: Phocides albiciliata
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Holotype in MTD, detailed by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Zool. 6(1): 134.
Genus Proteides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 105. Type-species: Papilio mercurius Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2: 86, no. 780, by designation of Butler (1870), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(76): 93.
= Dicranaspis Mabille, 1878
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 21: 24. Type-species: Papilio idas Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 118, pl. 260, figs. A, B; (24): 175 (index) (= Papilio mercurius Fabricius, 1787, Mant. Ins. 2: 86, no. 780; homonym), by monotypy.
4. Proteides mercurius (Fabricius, 1787)
a. Proteides mercurius mercurius (Fabricius, 1787)
Mantissa Ins. 2: 86, no. 780.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. U[rbicola]. Mercurius
Type Locality: “Cajennae” [French Guiana]
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
= ‡idas (Cramer, 1779)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 118, pl. 260, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (24): 175 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Idas
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Preoccupied by Papilio idas Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2: 284, as established by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 269.
b. Proteides mercurius sanantonio (Lucas, 1857) (emended)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 626-627.
Original Combination: Eudamus San-Antonio
Type Locality: “dans l’île de Cuba” “Le nom de San-Antonio appelle celui du cap nord-est de l’île de Cuba”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Genus Epargyreus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 105. Type-species: Papilio tityrus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 532, no. 382 (= Papilio clarus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 66, pl. 41, figs. E, F; (8): 152 (index); homonym), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 70.
= Eridamus Burmeister, 1875
Revue Mag. Zool. (3)3: 51-59. Type-species: Goniurus tmolis Burmeister, 1875, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3)3: 64, pl. 1, figs. 1 (larva), 8, 9 (portions of larva), by designation of Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 44.
5. Epargyreus zestos (Geyer, 1832)
a. Epargyreus zestos zestos (Geyer, 1832)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl [106], figs. 615 ♀ D, 616 ♀ V (1826); (text): 9, no. 308 (1832, name given).
Original Combination: Proteides Zestos
Type Locality: “Surinam”, probably in error.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 103, listed Proteides zestos without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= oberon (Worthington, 1881)
Papilio 1(8): 132-133.
Original Combination: Endamus Oberon
Type Locality: “Marco Island, Florida” [Collier County]
Types: Syntype in USNM.
= arsaces Mabille, 1903
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 24.
Original Combination: E[pargyreus]. arsaces
Type Locality: “Ile Saint-Thomas” [United States Virgin Islands]
Types: Type(s) in BMNH.
6. Epargyreus clarus (Cramer, 1775)
a. Epargyreus clarus clarus (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 66, pl. 41, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (8): 152 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicola Clarus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname” in error; corrected to “Dayton (Rockingham Co.), Virginia” by Dixon (1955), Entomol. News 66(1): 7.
Types: Type(s) probably lost. L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 3, stated that a neotype was in CMNH, designated by Dixon (1955), Entomol. News 66(1): 7. I was unable to determine that there was any neotype designation by Dixon, only a series was mentioned.
= ‡tityrus (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 532, no. 382.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. U[rbicola] Tityrus
Type Locality: “America”; defined as “Dayton (Rockingham Co.), Virginia” by Dixon (1955), Entomol. News 66(1): 7.
Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.
Preoccupied by Papilio tityrus Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 77.
= argentosus Hayward, 1933
Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 5(23): 175, pl. 9, fig. 7 [actually pl. 10, fig. 4] ♂ genitalia, pl. 11, fig. 4 [actually pl. 14, fig. 7] ♂ V.
Original Combination: Epargyreus argentosus
Type Locality: “Tierra del Fuego” in error.
Types: Holotype in MACN.
= argenteola (Matsumura, 1940)
Insecta Matsumurana 15: 1-2, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Bibacis [sic!] argenteola
Type Locality: “Formosa...Nôkô in the Prov. Taichu near Hori” in error; corrected to “Nearctic” by Evans (1949), Cat. Hesp. Europ. Asia Austr. Brit. Mus.: 477.
Types: Holotype in EIHU.
Shirôzu (1947), Zephyrus 9(4): 270-271, determined that argenteola is a synonym of tityrus (= clarus) and Hsu et al. (2006), Zool. Stud. 45(3): 324, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, discuss and figure the holotype.
= ‡”obliteratus” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1402.
Original Combination: Epargyreus tityrus obliteratus
Type Locality: “near Boston” [Massachusetts]
Types: “Holotype” may be in MCZ.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”smythi” R. Williams, 1927
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 53(3): 262; cited Smyth (1908), Entomol. News 19(5): pl. 10, upper figure (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Epargyreus tityrus aberration smythi
Type Locality: “Charleston, South Carolina” [Charleston County]
Types: “Holotype “ in USNM.
b. Epargyreus clarus huachuca Dixon, 1955
Entomol. News 66(1): 7-9.
Original Combination: Epargyreus clarus huachuca
Type Locality: “Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Arizona”
Types: Syntytpes in CMNH.
c. Epargyreus clarus profugus Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 523-524, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Epargyreus clarus profugus
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Virgin Mountains, Cabin Canyon, 1676 m, T15S R71E S4 on USGS Virgin Peak, Nev.-Ariz. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Epargyreus clarus californicus MacNeill, 1975
In: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 572.
Original Combination: Epargyreus clarus californicus
Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “China Flat, El Dorado Co., California.”
Types: Lectotype in CAS, designated by Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 3: 5.
“Eudamus tityrus californica Hy. Edwards” was proposed in synonymy by Skinner (1891), in: Smith et al., List Lepid. Bor. Am.: 17, no. 627a; a nomen nudum.
*7. Epargyreus exadeus (Cramer, 1779)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 118, pl. 260, fig. C ♂ V; (24): 174 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Ple[bejus]. Urbicol[a] Exadeus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost (van der Meulen collection).
a. Epargyreus exadeus cruza Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 50; cited figures in Skinner (1911), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): pl. 10, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 49, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Epargyreus exadeus] cruza
Type Locality: “Mexico, Cordova, Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Genus Polygonus Hübner, [1825]
Samml. exot. Schmett., 2: pl. [144]. Type-species: Polygonus lividus Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [144], figs. 1-4 (= Papilio leo Gmelin, [1790], Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2363, no. 836; synonym), by monotypy.
= ‡Acolastus Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., (1871): 71. Type-species: Hesperia savignyi [sic!] Latreille, [1824], Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (716), 741-742, no. 35, by original designation. Preoccupied by Acolastus Gerstäcker, 1855, Mber. dt. Akad. Wiss. Berl. [1855]: 636.
= ‡Nennius W. F. Kirby, [1902]
In: Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3 (addit. notes): 105. Type-species: Polygonus lividus Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [144], figs. 1-4 (= Papilio leo Gmelin, 1790, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2363, no. 836; synonym), as replacement name. Proposed to replace Polygonus, erroneously thought to be preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8); a junior objective synonym of Polygonus.
*8. Polygonus leo (Gmelin, [1790])
Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2363, no. 836; cited Papilio amyntas Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 533, no. 384.
Original Combination: [Papilio Plebejus Urbanus] Leo
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio amyntas Fabricius, 1775, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡amyntas (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 533, no. 384.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. U[rbicola] Amyntas
Type Locality: “America” The type locality of Polygonus lividus was suggested to be “Hispaniola” by W. Comstock (1944), Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 541, and the neotype of lividus is the lectotype of amyntas.
Types: Lectotype in ZMUC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 39.
Preoccupied by Papilio amyntas Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79.
= lividus Hübner, [1825]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [144], 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polygonus Lividus
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Hispaniola” by W. Comstock (1944), Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 541.
Types: Type(s) probably lost. Neotype in ZMUC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 39. The neotype is the same specimen as the lectotype of amyntas.
Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 103, listed Astraptes lividus without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= ishmael Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 54.
Original Combination: [Polygonus leo] ishmael
Type Locality: “Haiti”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
a. Polygonus leo arizonensis (Skinner, 1911)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): 209, pl. 10 D&V; ♂ genitalia figured by Skinner and R. Williams (1923), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 48(4): fig. 5.
Original Combination: Erycides amyntas arizonensis n. var.
Type Locality: “Florence, Arizona” [Pima County]
Types: Syntype (#7073) in CMNH.
b. Polygonus leo histrio Röber, 1925
Entomol. Mitt. 14(2): 161.
Original Combination: Polygonus (Acolastus) histrio
Type Locality: “Panama” probably in error.
Types: Holotype in MTD, detailed by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Zool. 6(1): 134.
Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 39, determined that the holotype of this taxon represents the phenotype found in Florida and Cuba.
9. Polygonus savigny (Latreille, [1824])
a. Polygonus savigny savigny (Latreille, [1824])
Enc. méth., 9(Ins.)(2): (716), 741-742, no. 35.
Original Combination: Hesperia Savigny
Type Locality: “Antilles”
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 40.
The lectotype is conspecific with Polygonus manueli, as determined by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), ibid., so the name savigny must be given priority; frequently misspelled savignyi, but this an incorrect subsequent spelling.
= manueli E. Bell & W. Comstock, 1948
Am. Mus. Novit. (1379): 4-6, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Polygonus manueli
Type Locality: “New Bremen, Brasil” [Santa Catharina]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
One paratype, possibly mislabeled, from “Royal Palm Hammock, [Miami-Dade County] Florida” was figured by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 26, fig. 4 ♂ D.
‡”mimeticus” J. Zikán & W. Zikán, 1968
Pesq. agropec. bras. 3: 62.
Original Combination: Polygonus mimeticus
Proposed without a description; a nomen nudum.
Genus Chioides Lindsey, 1921
Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 25-26. Type-species: Eudamus albofasciatus Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 3-4, no. 2, by original designation.
10. Chioides albofasciatus (Hewitson, 1867)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 3-4, no. 2; figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus II, fig. 15 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus albofasciatus
Type Locality: “Guatemala (Polochic Valley)”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 17-18, recently corroborated the species-level status of this taxon.
11. Chioides zilpa (Butler, 1872)
Lepid. Exot. (8): 109, pl. 40, fig. 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: G[oniurus]. Zilpa
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= namba Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 58; cited W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 49, fig. 18 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Chioides zilpa] namba
Type Locality: “Magdalena, N. Sonora, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 18, determined this synonymy.
Genus Typhedanus Butler, 1870
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 497. Type-species: Typhedanus zephus Butler, 1870, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 497, by monotypy (not Cobalus umber Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 203, sensu Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 452).
12. Typhedanus undulatus (Hewitson, 1867)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 4, no. 4; figured by Hewitson (1873), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus II, fig.16 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus undulatus
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= sumichrasti (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 69, no. 5.
Original Combination: T[hymele]. Sumichrasti
Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]
Types: Syntype (#15309) in MCZ.
= elongatus (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 55(3): 4, no. 8; cited unpublished pl. 8.
Original Combination: Goniurus Elongatus
Type Locality: “Brasilien”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC, ZMHB, or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, suggested this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= nicasius (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 4, no. 9; cited unpublished pl. 1.
Original Combination: Goniurus Nicasius
Type Locality: “Brasil”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC, ZMHB, or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, suggested this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
Genus Polythrix E. Watson, 1893
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 16, 19. Type-species: Eudamus metallescens Mabille, 1888, Naturaliste (2)2(28): 108-109, fig. 2, by original designation.
13. Polythrix mexicanus H. Freeman, 1969
J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 10, pl. 5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polythrix mexicanus
Type Locality: “Seven miles south of Valles (grounds of Hotel Covadonga), San Luis Potosi, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH, as noted by H. Freeman (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(3): 244.
Species-genus gender conformation is mexicana.
14. Polythrix octomaculata (Sepp, [1844])
Surinaam. Vlinders 2(13): 123 [22 Aug 1844]; (15): pl. 58, larva, pupa, ♂ D, ♂ V [27 Aug 1844].
Original Combination: Hesperia Octomaculata
Type Locality: “Surinam” from the title of the work.
Types: Type(s) are lost.
H. Freeman (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 278, and (1979), J. Lepid. Soc. 33(2): 125, detailed the occurrence of this taxon in Texas.
= decussata (Ménétriés, 1855)
Enum. corp. anim. (1): 97, 123, no. 1013, pl. 5, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Goniuris [sic!] Decussata
Type Locality: “d’Haiti”
Types: Lectotype in ZIN, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 40.
= decurtata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(11): 170, no. 13.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] decurtata
Type Locality: Not stated; “Brazil” on label of syntype.
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
= calenus (Mabille, 1888)
Naturaliste (2)10(27): 99, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Eudamus calenus
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB or MNHP (Staudinger collection).
= alciphron (Godman & Salvin, 1893)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(109): 285, no. 24; 3(110): pl. 75, figs. 24 ♂ D, 25 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus alciphron
Type Locality: “Mexico, Rincon in Guerrero...Coatepec in Vera Cruz”; holotype from “Rincon.”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
Steinhauser (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (29): 5, considered this a ♀ form and synonym of octomaculata; H. Freeman (1979), J. Lepid. Soc. 33(2): 125, and Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 19, concurred.
= elegans (Hayward, 1933)
Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 5(23): 165, pl. 7 [actually pl. 10] fig. 6 ♂ genitalia, pl. 11 [actually pl. 12], fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Goniurus elegans
Type Locality: “Misiones” [Prov. Misiones, Argentina]
Types: Holotype in MLPA (Breyer collection).
Genus Aguna R. Williams, 1927
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 53(3): 286. Type-species: Eudamus camagura R. Williams, 1926, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): 81-82, by original designation.
= ‡Tmetocerus Poujade, 1896
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1895(4)(26): cxliv. Type-species: Eudamus asander Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 9, no. 13, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Tmetocerus Hartert, 1891, Kat. Vögelsamml. Mus. Senckenberg: 141.
asander group Austin & Mielke, 1998
Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 896.
15. Aguna asander (Hewitson, 1867)
a. Aguna asander asander (Hewitson, 1867)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 9, no. 13, figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus III, fig. 24 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamas asander
Type Locality: “Amazon (Ega)” [Tefé, Brazil]
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Austin and Mielke (1998), Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 896.
= panthius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 186, no. 6.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] panthius
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Austin and Mielke (1998), Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 896.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 134, determined this synonymy based on an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 109) made by Plötz. Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies S.E. Ariz.: 22, also stated that this is a “form” of asander.
= scheba (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 94, no. 56; cited unpublished pl. 117.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Scheba
Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Austin and Mielke (1998), Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 896.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 134, suggested this synonymy based on his examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= euthymides (Mabille & Boullet, 1912)
Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 65, 69.
Original Combination: [Epargyreus Asander] Var. Euthymides Plötz
Type Locality: Not stated; referred to Plötz’ unpublished plate 107.
Types: Type(s) probably based on Plötz’ unpublished figures only.
Mabille (1903), in: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 17a: 24, introduced this name (as Epargyreus euthymides) without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
metophis group Austin & Mielke, 1998
Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 906.
16. Aguna metophis (Latreille, [1824])
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (713), 729, no. 2; figured by Boisduval (1836), Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 13, fig. 5 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Metophis
Type Locality: “Bresil”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Austin and Mielke (1998), Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 906.
claxon group Austin & Mielke, 1998
Revta. bras. Zool. 14(4): 910.
17. Aguna claxon Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 60.
Original Combination: [Aguna] claxon
Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac, Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Genus Zestusa Lindsey, 1925
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 106. Type-species: Plestia staudingeri Mabille, 1888, Naturaliste (2)2(31): 146, fig. 1, as replacement name. Proposed to replace Plestia Mabille, 1888, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= ‡Plestia Mabille, 1888
Naturaliste (2)2(31): 146. Type-species: Plestia staudingeri Mabille, 1888, Naturaliste (2)2(31): 146, fig. 1, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Plestia Stål [1871], Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Förh. 27(7): 768 (nota).
18. Zestusa dorus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 140-141.
Original Combination: Eudamus Dorus
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Mount Graham, Graham County, Arizona, between 5,000 and 8,000 feet above sea level” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 600.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 602, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 45, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.
Genus Codatractus Lindsey, 1921
Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 26. Type-species: Heteropia imitatrix Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(49): 68, fig. 3 (= Telegonus imalena Butler, 1872, Lepid. Exot.: 109, pl. 40, fig. 1; synonym), as replacement name. Proposed to replace Heteropia Mabille, 1889, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= ‡Heteropia Mabille, 1889
Naturaliste (2)3(49): 68. Type-species: Heteropia imitatrix Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(49): 68 (= Telegonus imalena Butler, 1872, Lepid. Exot.: 109, pl. 40, fig. 1; synonym), by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 22. Preoccupied by Heteropia Carter, 1886, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)18: 47.
19. Codatractus alcaeus (Hewitson, 1867)
a. Codatractus alcaeus alcaeus (Hewitson, 1867)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 3, no. 1; figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus II, fig. 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus alcaeus
Type Locality: “Nicaragua”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= montezuma (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 70, no. 10.
Original Combination: T[hymele]. Montezuma
Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]
Types: Syntype (#15317) in MCZ.
20. Codatractus arizonensis (Skinner, 1905)
Entomol. News 16(7): 232; figured by Skinner (1911), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): pl. 10.
Original Combination: [Heteropia melon] [var.] arizonensis
Type Locality: “Baboquivaria [sic!] Mts., Pima County, Arizona”
Types: Syntype (#7074) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 49, fig. 15 ♂ D.
21. Codatractus valeriana (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 99, no. 76; cited unpublished pl. 130.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Valeriana
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and A. Warren (2004), Revta. bras. Zool. 21(2): 308, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, where the status of this taxon was resolved.
= mysie (Dyar, 1904)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 12(1): 40.
Original Combination: Thorybes mysie
Type Locality: “Patagonia Mountains, Arizona” [Santa Cruz County]
Types: Lectotype (#7737) in USNM, designated by Burns (1996), J. Lepid. Soc. 50(3): 210, figs. 52, 59, 66 ♂ genitalia, 79 ♂ D, 80 ♂ V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, figs. 8 ♂ D, 8a ♂ V.
Genus Urbanus Hübner, [1807]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pls. [150], [151], [155], [159]. Type-species: Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163 (as figured by Hübner [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [155]), by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 200. Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): 1-43, revised the proteus group, and (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (111): 1-16, detailed species-group names in this genus.
= ‡Thymele [Illiger], 1807
Allg. Lit.-Zeit. 2(303): 1180. Type-species: Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163, designated by Bridges (1985), Notes on Family- and Genus-group names (IV): 123. Suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232, and placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 48; it is also a junior objective synonym of Urbanus Hübner, [1807].
= ‡Goniurus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 104. Type-species: Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163, by designation of Westwood (1852), in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(54): 510. A junior objective synonym of Urbanus Hübner, [1807].
= ‡Eudamus Swainson, 1831
Zool. Illustr. (2)2(11): pl. 48, unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Urbanus Hübner, [1807].
‡”Lyroptera” Plötz, 1881
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 42(10-12): 500. This name was introduced by Plötz (citing Hopffer) in the synonymy of Eudamus Swainson, 1831. Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 271, stated that the type-species is Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy; L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 7, duplicated this citation. This is incorrect because “Lyroptera” Plötz is a nomen nudum and not available.
22. Urbanus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758)
a. Urbanus proteus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163; cited Merian (1719), Ins. Surinam: pl. 63, fig. 2; figured by Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 42 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus urbicola]. Proteus
Type Locality: “Americes”; “neotype” from “Cherrypoint, Craven Co., N[orth] C[arolina]”, as designated by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): 13, but see below.
Types: Lectotype in UZIU, designated by Aurivillius (1882), K. svenska. VetenskAkad. Handl. (4)19(5): 119-120. A subsequent “lectotype”, in MWNH, was designated by Mielke (1989), Rev. bras. Zool. 6(3):450-451, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, and a “neotype”, in MGCL, was designated by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. no. 62: 13 figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.
The lectotype designated by Aurivillius may not be this species. If not, it may be necessary to ask the I.C.Z.N. to establish a neotype that conforms with the consistent use of this name; see Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 373-374.
= proteoides (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 11; cited unpublished pl. 33.
Original Combination: Goniurus Proteoides
Type Locality: “Nd. America”
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, identified this synonymy through examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
‡”fortis” Skinner & Ramsden, 1924
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 75: 309.
Original Combination: Urbanus fortis
This name was listed in the synonymy of proteus without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
23. Urbanus belli (Hayward, 1935)
An. Soc. Cient. Argent. 119(6): 256; figured by Hayward (1948), Gen. Spec. Anim. Argent. 1: pl. 15, fig. 12 V.
Original Combination: Goniurus belli
Type Locality: “Salta” [Argentina]
Types: Holotype in MLPA (Breyer collection).
Recorded from Texas by A. Warren (1997), News Lepid. Soc. 39(3): 41, figs. F-J.
= alva Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 87.
Original Combination: [Urbanus viterboana] alva
Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac, Veracruz”
Types: Holotype in BMNH; figured by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): fig. 14 ♂ V.
24. Urbanus pronus Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 89.
Original Combination: [Urbanus] pronus
Type Locality: “Ambato, Ecuador”
Types: Holotype in BMNH; figured by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): fig. 17 ♂ V.
= plinius E. Bell, 1956
Am. Mus. Novit. (1778): 1-5; figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 17 ♂ genitalia (holotype?).
Original Combination: Urbanus plinius
Type Locality: “Santa Cruz, Bolivia”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
25. Urbanus esmeraldus (Butler, 1877)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 146-147, no. 233.
Original Combination: Goniurus esmeraldus
Type Locality: “Villa bella”; interpreted to be “Villa Nova, Amazons” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 89. [Brazil]
Types: Holotype in BMNH; figured by Steinhauser (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (62): fig. 19 ♂ V.
26. Urbanus dorantes (Stoll, 1790)
a. Urbanus dorantes dorantes (Stoll, 1790)
Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 172; (3): pl. 39, fig. 9 ♂ V; 383 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus] Urbic[ola]. Dorantes
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost (Breukelerwaerth collection).
= torones (Hübner, 1821)
Index exot. Lepid.: [6].
Original Combination: Goniurus Torones
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Proposed for the figures in Hübner [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [155], figs 1 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (as Urbanus proteus).
= atletes (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862)
Wien entomol. Monatschr. 6(6): 183, no. 169.
Original Combination: Eudamus Atletes
Type Locality: “Brasilia et Nova Granada”; suggested to be “Brazil” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 92.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= amisus (Hewitson, 1867)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 5, no. 5; figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(96): pl. Eudamus II, fig. 10 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus Amisus
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Nicaragua” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 92.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= protillus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(11): 171, no. 19.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] protillus
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested as “Tropical America” by R. Williams (1926), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): 62.
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
= corydon (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 492-493, no. 4; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 65, pl. 25, fig. 2 ♂ V (holotype?).
Original Combination: Goniurus Corydon
Type Locality: “Cuba”; corrected to “Central Valleys of Guatemala” by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 65.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= retractus (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 9, no. 24; cited unpublished pl. 24.
Original Combination: Goniurus Retractus
Type Locality: “Laguayra” [Venezuela]
Types: Holotype may be in ZIN or ZSMC.
= kefersteinii (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 11, no. 32; cited unpublished pl. 32.
Original Combination: Goniurus Kefersteinii
Type Locality: “Caracas” [Venezuela]
Types: Holotype may be in ZIN.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, determined this synonymy through examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= ‡”rauterbergi” (Skinner, 1895)
Entomol. News 6(4): 113.
Original Combination: Eudamus protillus var. rauterbergi n. var. ♂
Type Locality: “Comal County, Texas”; holotype labeled “New Braunfels, Comal Co., Tex.”
Types: “Holotype” (#7062) in CMNH; figured by R. Williams (1926), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): pl. 2, fig. 1; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 49, fig. 12 ♂ V.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
27. Urbanus teleus (Hübner, 1821)
Index exot. Lepid.: [3].
Original Combination: Goniurus Teleus
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Proposed for the figures in Hübner [1808], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [154], figs. 2 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as Urbanus dorantes).
= eurycles (Latreille, [1824])
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (714), 730, no. 5; cited Papilio proteus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 163, Papilio dorantes Stoll, 1790, Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 172; (3): pl. 39, fig. 9; 383 (index), and P. simplicius Stoll, 1790, Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 171, pl. 39, figs. 6, 6e; 384 (index).
Original Combination: Hesperia Eurycles
Type Locality: “Bresil”
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
= zalanthus (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 3, no. 6; cited unpublished pl. 5.
Original Combination: Goniurus Zalanthus
Type Locality: “Allagra” [Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]
Types: Holotype (#5070) in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= latipennis (Mabille & Vuillot, 1891)
Novit. Lepid. (5): 36, pl. 5, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Goniurus latipennis
Type Locality: “Cayenne” [French Guiana]
Types: Holotype may be in MNHP.
28. Urbanus tanna Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 94.
Original Combination: [Urbanus] tanna
Type Locality: “Santa Rita, Colombia, Cauca River”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
29. Urbanus simplicius (Stoll, 1790)
Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 171, pl. 39, figs. 6 ♂ D, 6e ♂ V; 384 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbic[ola]. Simplicius
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= gracillcauda (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 2, no. 1.
Original Combination: Goniurus Gracillcauda
Type Locality: “Central America”
Types: Holotype may be in ZIN or ZSMC.
= pilatus (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 2, no. 3; cited unpublished pl. 2.
Original Combination: Goniurus Pilatus
Type Locality: “Bahia, Surinam”
Types: Syntypes (#5068, 5069) in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 133, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= thiemei (Ehrmann, 1907)
Can. Entomol. 39(9): 321-322.
Original Combination: Thymele Thiemei
Type Locality: “San Pedro Sula, Honduras, Central America”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= borja (Ehrmann, 1907)
Can. Entomol. 39(9): 322.
Original Combination: Thymele Borja
Type Locality: “Barja [sic!], Bolivia, South America”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
30. Urbanus procne (Plötz, 1881)
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 55(3): 3, no. 4; cited unpublished pl. 3.
Original Combination: Goniurus Procne
Type Locality: “Brasilien”
Types: Holotype may be in ZIN or ZSMC.
31. Urbanus doryssus (Swainson, 1831)
a. Urbanus doryssus doryssus (Swainson, 1831)
Zool. Illustr. (2)2(11): pl. 48, fig. 2 ♂ D, unnumbered text.
Original Combination: Eudamus Doryssus
Type Locality: “vicinity of Bahia” [Brazil]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Drury (1782), Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 22, index, pl. 17, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, figured this species as Papilio orion, citing Cramer (1777), Uitl. Kapellen 2(13): 92, pl. 155, figs. A, B. This was a misidentification of Cramer’s species, not a proposal of a new name. Until revisionary work by Steinhauser is published, the synonymy of this species follows Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 2: 383-385.
= brachius (Geyer, 1832)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [105], figs. 609 ♂ D, 610 ♂ V [1826]; (text): 8, no. 305 (1832, name given).
Original Combination: Goniurus Brachius
Type Locality: “Brasil”
Types: Type probably lost.
This name was mentioned (as Goniurus brachyus) by Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 104, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= leucites (Mabille, 1888)
Naturaliste (2)10(27): 98-99, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Eudamus Leucites
Type Locality: “Colombie”
Types: Holotype in ZMHB (Staudinger collection).
= cleopatra (Ehrmann, 1907)
Can. Entomol. 39(9): 323.
Original Combination: Goniurus Cleopatra
Type Locality: “Suapure, Venezuela”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= ‡”interruptus” (R. Williams, 1926)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 52(2): 65; figured by R. Williams (1927), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 53(3): pl. 25, fig. 3.
Original Combination: [Eudamus doryssus] form interruptus
Type Locality: “San Pedro Sula, Honduras”
Types: “Holotype” (#7120) in CMNH.
Consistent with Williams’ use of “race” and “form,” this is an infrasubspecific name.
Genus Astraptes Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 103. Type-species: Papilio aulestes Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(24): 161, pl. 283, figs. E, F, G (= Papilio aulestis Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(24): 173 (index); incorrect original spelling), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 122, no. 137. Hemming (1934), Gen. Names Holarct. Butterflies 1: 158, made a first reviser choice of Astraptes Hübner, [1826] over Telegonus Hübner, [1826]. dos Passos (1959), Lepid. News 12(5-6): 195-198, employed the index spelling of aulestis, thereby avoiding homonymy, but this is subject to a review of Cramer names given a binomial combination in the index. Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 63, incorrectly determined that Papilio narcosius Stoll, 1790, Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 171, pl. 39, fig. 8; 384 (index), was the oldest available name for Papilio aulestes Cramer, 1780, based on this perceived homonymy. Steinhauser (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (111): 1-16, detailed species-group names in this genus.
= Telegonus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 104. Type-species: Papilio talus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): 122-123, pl. 176, fig. D; (16): 151 (index), by designation of Butler (1870), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(75): 56.
= Euthymele Mabille, 1878
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 21: 24. Type-species: Hesperia mercatus Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 332, no. 260 (= Papilio fulgerator Walch, 1775, Naturforscher 7: 115, pl. 1, figs. 2a, 2b; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 86.
‡”Creteus” Westwood, 1852
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (2)(54): 511. This name was introduced by Westwood in the synonymy of Goniloba, which he described as new. Since this name was unintentional (Westwood meant to use Carystus), it is a nomen nudum; see Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 129.
*32. Astraptes fulgerator (Walch, 1775)
Naturforscher 7: 115, pl. 1, figs. 2a ♂ D, 2b ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Fulgerator
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Hebert et al. (2004), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 101(41): 14812-14817, determined that there may be multiple species-level taxa represented by this name. It is therefore impossible to arrange an accurate synonymy at this time; the synonymy below follows Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. (2): 169-173.
= mercatus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 332, no. 260; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 87, fig. D.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Mercatus
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= fulminator (Sepp, [1841])
Surinaam. Vlinders. 1(9): 75, pl. 34, D, V, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Fulminator
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Type(s) are lost.
= ‡”discalis” (Bryk, 1953)
Ark. Zool. (ns)5: 136, no. 312.
Original Combination: Thymele fulgerator fa. discalis
Type Locality: “Roque...Bananenplantage, Ricinus-Blatt, SO Moyob” [Peru]
Types: “Holotype” in NHRS.
Bryk described subspecies in this paper, so this name is clearly infrasubspecific.
a. Astraptes fulgerator azul (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 340, no. 48.
Original Combination: Goniloba azul
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Syntype(s) may be in ANSP or CMNH.
The synonymy below is subject to review in light of possible cryptic species; see Hebert et al. (2004), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 101(41): 14812-14817, and A. V. Brower (2006), Syst. Biodivers. 4(2):127-132.
= misitra (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 42(10-12): 502, no. 8; cited unpublished pl. 61.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Misitra
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Syntypes (#4983-4984) in ZMHB.
= albifasciatus (Röber, 1925)
Entomol. Mitt. 14(1): 96.
Original Combination: Thymele albifasciatus
Type Locality: “Bolivia (Rio Songo, 750 m...)” [La Paz]
Types: Lectoype in MTD, designated by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Zool. 6(1): 135.
= catemacoensis H. Freeman, 1967
J. Lepid. Soc. 21(2): 117-118, pl. 1, 2nd row, ♂ D&V (holotype), 3rd row ♀ D&V, ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Astraptes catemacoensis
Type Locality: “Mexico, Catemaco, Vera Cruz”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
H. Freeman (1982), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(3): 236-237, synonymized this taxon (which he described) under A. f. azul.
33. Astraptes egregius (Butler, 1870)
a. Astraptes egregius egregius (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 494, no. 1; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 65, pl. 25, fig. 11 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Telegonus egregius; Hesperia egregia Herrich-Schäffer, in litt.
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
*34. Astraptes alardus (Stoll, 1790)
Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 171, pl. 39, fig. 7 ♂ D, 7f ♂ V; 382 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbic[ola] Alardus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= fabrici (Ehrmann, 1918)
Lepidoptera 2(4): 29.
Original Combination: Telegonus fabrici
Type Locality: “Cauca Valley, Venezuela”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
a. Astraptes alardus latia Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 111.
Original Combination: [Astraptes alardus] latia
Type Locality: “Costa Rica”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
*35. Astraptes alector (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867)
Reise Novara Zool. (3): 508, no. 883, pl. 71, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus Alector
Type Locality: “Nova Granada: Bogotá” [Colombia]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
a. Astraptes alector hopfferi (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 90, no. 35; cited unpublished pl. 88.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Hopfferi Alector ? var
Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”
Types: Type may be in ZSMC.
= uridon (Dyar, 1912)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 42(1885): 43.
Original Combination: Thracides uridon
Type Locality: “Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#14221) in USNM.
= gilberti H. Freeman, 1969
J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 8-9, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, pl. 4, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Astraptes gilberti
Type Locality: “Seven miles south of Valles, (Grounds of Hotel Covadonga) San Luis Potosi, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodiver. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 549, proposed this synonymy.
*36. Astraptes anaphus (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): 126, pl. 178, fig. F ♂ D; (16): 147 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Anaphus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Holotype in RMNH, discussed by de Jong (1983), Tijdschr. Entomol. 126(11): 240.
= leucogramma (Sepp, [1830])
Surinaam. Vlinder. 1(4): 37, pl. 15, D, V, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Leucogramma
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Type(s) are lost.
= anaphides (Mabille & Boullet, 1912)
Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 75, 88.
Original Combination: [Telegonus Anaphus] Anaphides nov. var.
Type Locality: “Brésil”; “Bahia” on label of the type.
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
Steinhauser (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (111): 7, considered this an unavailable name. Under current rules the use of “form” or “variety” before 1961 may be interpreted as indicating a species-group name (Code Article 45.6.4), which I believe is consistent with Mabille and Boullet’s intent.
a. Astraptes anaphus annetta Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 118.
Original Combination: [Astraptes anaphus] annetta
Type Locality: “Tres Rios, 5,000 ft.: Costa Rica”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Genus Autochton Hübner, 1823
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 13. Type-species: Autochton itylus Hübner, 1823, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 13, pl. [44], figs. 249, 250, by monotypy.
= ‡Cecrops Hübner, 1818
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 30. Type-species: Cecrops zarex Hübner, [1818], Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 30, no. 92, pl. [32], figs. 183, 184, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Cecrops Leach, 1816, Ency. Brit. Suppl. to 4th -6th eds. 1(2): 405.
= Cecropterus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(9): 131. Type-species: Cecrops zarex Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 30, no. 92, pl. [32], figs. 183, 184, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Cecrops Hübner, [1818], preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= Rhabdoides Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): 1854. Type-species: Eudamus cellus Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 73, 4 figs., by monotypy.
37. Autochton cellus (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 73, figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [4] larva, [5] pupa.
Original Combination: Eudamus Cellus
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text), but “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot. A. Clark (1936), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 95(7): 14, suggested that the model for Abbot’s figure came from the vicinity Jacksonborough, Screven County, Georgia, but Abbot spent most of his time in Burke County.
Types: The plate was a reproduction of an Abbot drawing. The types are the specimens that he painted and are probably lost. A “holotype” in BMNH was mentioned by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 121, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
Burns (1984), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (405): 1-38, reviewed this species.
= festus (Geyer, 1837)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: pl. [156], figs. 907 ♀ D, 908 ♀ V [1836]; (text): 27, no. 454 (1837, name given).
Original Combination: Cecrops Festus
Type Locality: Not stated
Types: Type(s) probably lost, but may be in ZMHB, ZSMS or NMW.
= mexicana (Draudt, 1922)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(309): 871; (313): pl. 169a ♂&♀ D.
Original Combination: [Rhabdoides cellus] form mexicana
Type Locality: “Mexiko...Orizaba” [Veracruz]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in SMF.
Steinhauser (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (29): 9, considered this to be a subspecies-level taxon.
= ‡”aereofuscus” (Gunder, 1925)
Entomol. News 36(7): 196, no. 6, pl. 5, fig. 6 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Rhabdoides cellus ab. ♂ aereofuscus
Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County, Arizona”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”leilae” (A. Clark, 1934)
Science 80(2068): 164; figured by A. Clark (1936), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 95(7): pl. 2, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: [Rhabdoides cellus] var. leilae
Type Locality: “vicinity of Washington” [District of Columbia]; further defined as “Maryland, woods just north of the unpaved portion of the Conduit Road 1.1 miles southeast of Great Falls, or just over one-half mile west of the point where the paved road from Washington turns north up the hill, leaving the conduit” by A. Clark (1936), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 95(7): 12.
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
38. Autochton pseudocellus (Coolidge & Clemence, [1910]) ✝
Entomol. News 22(1): 3.
Original Combination: Achalarus pseudocellus
Type Locality: “Ramsey Canon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona. 5,000-7,000 feet altitude”
Types: Syntypes in LACM.
This taxon has apparently been extirpated from the United States, as noted by Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies SE Ariz.: 32.
39. Autochton cincta (Plötz, 1882)
Berl. Entomol. Z. 26(2): 261, no. 9; cited unpublished pl. 232.
Original Combination: [Cecropterus] Cincta
Type Locality: “Oaxaca” [Mexico]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Species-genus gender conformation is cinctus.
= rotundatus (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liii.
Original Combination: Telegonus rotundatus
Type Locality: “America meridionali”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Genus Achalarus Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 71. Type-species: Papilio lycidas J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 39, pl. 20, 4 figs. (= Proteides lyciades Geyer, 1832, in: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [108], figs. 621, 622; 10, no. 311; preoccupied), by original designation.
= Murgaria E. Watson, 1893
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 19, 37. Type-species: Telegonus albociliatus Mabille, 1877, Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 162, no. 12, by original designation.
40. Achalarus lyciades (Geyer, 1832)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [108], figs. 621 ♀ D, 622 ♀ V [1826]; (text): 10-11, no. 311 (1832, name given); cited Papilio lycidas J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 39-40, pl. 20.
Original Combination: Proteides Lyciades
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio lycidas J. E. Smith, 1797, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). This name was mentioned (as Proteides lyciades) by Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 105, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= ‡lycidas J. E. Smith, 1797
In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 39-40, pl. 20, figs. ♂ D, ♂ V, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Lycidas
Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing; the specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost.
Preoccupied by Papilio lycidas Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 25, pl. 113, fig. A; (16): 149 (index).
‡”hedysarum” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1418.
Original Combination: Papilio hedysarum Abb.
This name was mentioned in the synonymy of Achalarus lyciades without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
41. Achalarus casica (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 187, no. 17.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] casica
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 135, determined this synonym through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= epigena (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 493; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 65, pl. 25, fig. 6 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus Epigena; Myscelus Epigena, Herrich-Schäffer, in litt.
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
‡”orestes” W. H. Edwards, 1877
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 58.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Orestes
Lintner intended to describe “Eudamus orestes” in 1867, but never did. Edwards listed it as a Lintner manuscript name. In this and all other listings the name “orestes” is a nomen nudum; see F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 602-603.
42. Achalarus tehuacana (Draudt, 1922)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(309): 871; (313): pl. 169b ♂ V.
Original Combination: R[habdoides] tehuacana
Type Locality: “Tehuacan, Puebla” [Tehuacán, Puebla, Mexico]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in SMF.
Recorded from Texas by Hardy et al. (2010), News Lepid. Soc. 52(4): 107-111,127, 18 figs.
43. Achalarus albociliatus (Mabille, 1877)
a. Achalarus albociliatus albociliatus (Mabille, 1877)
Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 162, no. 12.
Original Combination: Teleg[onus].? albociliatus
Type Locality: “Colombia, Panama, Guatemala”; suggested to be “Colombia” by Evans (1952), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 127.
Types: Syntypes in IRSN.
44. Achalarus toxeus (Plötz, 1882)
Berl. Entomol. Z. 26(2): 258, no. 6; cited unpublished pl. 212.
Original Combination: [Aethilla] Toxeus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#5054) in ZMHB.
= coyote (Skinner, 1892)
Can. Entomol. 24(7): 164.
Original Combination: Eudamus coyote
Type Locality: “Southern Texas”; lectotype from “nr. Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas.”
Types: Syntype(s) (#7075) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, figs. 7 ♂ D, 7a ♂ V.
= nigrociliata (Mabille & Boullet, 1912)
Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (9)16(2): 158, 159.
Original Combination: [Murgaria Albociliata] Var. Nigrociliata
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
Genus Thessia Steinhauser, 1989
Bull. Allyn Mus. (127): 11-12. Type-species: Eudamus athesis Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 8, no. 11, by original designation.
45. Thessia jalapus (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 100, no. 81; cited unpublished pl. 134.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Jalapus
Type Locality: “Jalappe” [Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Holotype (#4960) in ZMHB.
= xerxes (E. Bell, 1934)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 29(3): 90-92, pl. 6, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Telegonus xerxes
Type Locality: “British Honduras” [Belize]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Thorybes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 71. Type-species: Papilio bathyllus J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 43, pl. 22, by original designation.
= ‡Lintneria W. H. Edwards & Butler, 1877
In: W. H. Edwards, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 57, 67. Type-species: Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 44, pl. 126, fig. F; (16): 148 (index) (= Papilio bathyllus J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 43, pl. 22; probably a misidentified type species), by original designation. Preoccupied by Lintneria Butler, 1876, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 9: 620. This genus has been treated as described twice in the same document (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 11, 177) but it is clear that the reference in the text (p. 57) is only that. In the description (p. 67), Hesperia zampa is mentioned as one of the species contained within the new genus Lintneria, but the type is given as above. See comments under Systasea.
= Cocceius Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(114): 336. Type-species: Eudamus pylades Scudder, 1870, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 207, by original designation.
46. Thorybes drusius (W. H. Edwards, [1884])
Can. Entomol. 15(11): 211.
Original Combination: Eudamus Drusius
Type Locality: “So. Arizona”
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 605, fig. ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 4 ♂ D.
= paucipuncta Dyar, 1916
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 51(2139): 4.
Original Combination: Thorybes paucipuncta
Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#19256) in USNM.
47. Thorybes bathyllus (J. E. Smith, 1797)
In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 43-44, pl. 22, figs. ♂ D, ♀ D, ♀ V, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Bathyllus
Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot; suggested to be “Burke County, Georgia” by Calhoun (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(1): 31.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The male specimen which was the model for the image on plate 22 was selected as lectotype by Calhoun (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(1): 31, fig. 21 ♂ D; it is probably lost.
= ‡daunus (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 44, pl. 126, fig. F ♂ D; (16): 148 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Daunus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”, probably in error.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
The original description and illustration do not unambiguously identify this skipper. The type locality as given is outside the range of T. bathyllus, but may be erroneous. Calhoun (2007), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(1): 105-112, analyzed the original drawing and confirmed that Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777, is a nomen dubium.
= syloson (Mabille, 1903)
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 39.
Original Combination: Cocceius syloson
Type Locality: “Cayenne”, in error. Mabille and Boullet [1919], Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (10)2(4-6): 232, corrected this to “Etats-Unis.”
Types: Syntypes in MNHP.
48. Thorybes pylades (Scudder, 1870)
a. Thorybes pylades pylades (Scudder, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 207; cited T. Harris (1862), Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 312, fig. 135 ♂ D&V (as Eudamus bathyllus).
Original Combination: Eudamus Pylades
Type Locality: “Massachusetts”
Types: Syntypes in MCZ; a possible syntype was figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(11): pl. 9, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”immaculata” (Skinner, 1911)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): 177.
Original Combination: Eudamus pylades immaculata n. var. male
Type Locality: “Philadelphia” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” (#7175) in CMNH.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”integra” Lanktree, 1968
Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 80(9): 215-216, pl. XII, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 7 ♂ genitalia (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Thorybes pylades ab. integra
Type Locality: “N. E. of Port Franks in the hinterland of Lake Huron's south-eastern shore”
Types: Location of “holotype” not known.
b. Thorybes pylades indistinctus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 501-502, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V (holotype); 2a ♀ D, 2b ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thorybes pylades indistinctus
Type Locality: “California: San Diego County; Laguna Mountains, Boiling Springs”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Thorybes pylades albosuffusa H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(3): 72.
Original Combination: Thorybes pylades albosuffusa new form
Type Locality: “Fort Davis...Texas” [Jeff Davis County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
While this name was initially described as infrasubspecific, H. Freeman (1949), Texas J. Sci. 1(3): 41, listed it as Thorybes pylades albosuffusa and explained its application as a subspecies-level taxon, making this name available from its original publication (Code Article 45.6.4.1).
49. Thorybes confusis E. Bell, 1923
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 48(3): 205-206.
Original Combination: Thorybes confusis
Type Locality: “Tampa, Florida” [Hillsborough County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ V.
W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 335, deliberately emended this name to confusus, an unjustified emendation (contra W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 67).
50. Thorybes diversus E. Bell, 1927
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(4): 217.
Original Combination: Thorybes diversus
Type Locality: “Plumas County, California”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
*51. Thorybes mexicana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 21.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] mexicana
Type Locality: Not stated; syntype labeled “Mexico.”
Types: Syntype in ZMHB.
Species-genus gender conformation is mexicanus.
= ananius (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 99, no. 77; cited unpublished pl. 131.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Ananius
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) in ZMHB.
Bridges (1988), Cat. Hesp. (I): 11, suggested that ananius was intended as a replacement name for mexicana. If so, it would be a junior objective synonym.
a. Thorybes mexicana aemilea (Skinner, 1893)
Entomol. News 4(2): 64-65.
Original Combination: Eudamus Aemilea
Type Locality: “Fort Klamath, Oregon” [Klamath County]
Types: Syntypes (#7076) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: 325, pl. 46, fig. 39 ♂ D.
b. Thorybes mexicana nevada Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 71, no. 3.
Original Combination: T[horybes]. Nevada
Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada, California (Henry Edwards)”
Types: Syntype (#15828) in MCZ; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 3 ♀ (probably a ♂) D.
c. Thorybes mexicana blanca Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 7.
Original Combination: Thorybes mexicana blanca
Type Locality: “Crooked Creek lab, 10150', 3 airline mi. N Inyo Co. line, Mono Co., California”
Types: Holotype in EMEC.
d. Thorybes mexicana dobra Evans, 1952
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (2): 131.
Original Combination: [Thorybes mexicana] dobra
Type Locality: “Fort Grant, Arizona” [Graham County]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Genus Cabares Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(114): 337. Type-species: Thanaos potrillo Lucas, 1857, in: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 641, by original designation.
52. Cabares potrillo (Lucas, 1857)
a. Cabares potrillo potrillo (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 641.
Original Combination: Thanaos Potrillo
Type Locality: “habite l’île de Cuba” “Ce nom est donné à cette espèce, en souvenir de la montagne aui s’éleve jusq’a 3,000 mètres de haut, non loin de la Trinité”; thus, implied to be “Pico Potrerillo.”
Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.
= paterculus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1863)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 17(9): 141-142.
Original Combination: Thanaos paterculus
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntype (#7148) in ANSP.
Genus Spathilepia Butler, 1870
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(75): 57. Type-species: Papilio clonius Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(7): 126-127, pl. 80, figs. C, D; (8): 152 (index), by original designation.
53. Spathilepia clonius (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(7): 126-127, pl. 80, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; (8): 152 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Clonius
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost (collection L. Juliaans).
Genus Cogia Butler, 1870
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 508. Type-species: Cogia hassan Butler, 1870, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 508, by monotypy.
= Phoedinus Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(114): 335. Type-species: Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 19, by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 35. Not homonymous with “Phoedinus” Doumerc [1835]: 821, 825 (index), which is an incorrect subsequent spelling of Phaedinus Duponchel, 1834, Annls. Entomol. Soc. Fr. 3: 38; not homonymous with “Phoedinus” Duponchel, 1836, Mag. Zool. 6: pl. (Ins.), which is also an incorrect subsequent spelling of Phaedinus Duponchel, 1834; not homonymous with “Phoedinus” Guérin-Méneville, 1838, Rev. Zool. (Soc. Cuvier) 1838: 286, which is a duplication of the above misspelling. Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 20, stated that Godman and Salvin selected the type-species of this genus, but Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 359, correctly fixed the type-species as indicated. Tilden (1949), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 48(1): 4-6, and (1975), J. Lepid. Soc. 29(1): 60-61, discussed the validity of this genus (and the supposed homonymy), as well as its relationship to Cogia. L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 13-14, accepted the erroneous homonymy. Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 7, placed Phoedinus as a synonym of Cogia.
= ‡Anaperus Mabille & Boullet, 1919
Annls. Sci. Nat., Zool. (10)2(4-6): 232. Type-species: Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 19, as a replacement name; introduced to replace Phoedinus, erroneously thought preoccupied. Preoccupied by Anaperus Tröschel, 1860, Inhaltsverz. S. B. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1860: 16, and also a junior objective synonym of Phoedinus.
= ‡Caicella Hemming, 1934
Stylops 3(6): 144. Type species: Eudamus caicus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 19, as replacement name. Introduced to replace Phoedinus, erroneously thought preoccupied (and Anaperus, preoccupied); a junior objective synonym of Phoedinus.
54. Cogia hippalus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
a. Cogia hippalus hippalus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 27.
Original Combination: Eudamus Hippalus
Type Locality: “Tucson and at Prescott”; lectotype from “Tucson.” [Pima County, Arizona]
Types: Lectotype (#33620) in USNM, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 609, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
= gila (Plötz, 1886)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(1-3): 91-92, no. 86b.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Gila
Type Locality: “Arizona”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 151, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 1370) made by Plötz.
55. Cogia outis (Skinner, 1894)
Entomol. News 5(10): 332; figured by Skinner (1911), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): pl. 10.
Original Combination: Eudamus outis
Type Locality: “Blanco County, Texas”; holotype labeled “Round Mt., Texas.”
Types: Syntype (#7072) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 11 ♂ D.
*56. Cogia caicus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
a. Cogia caicus moschus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 141-142.
Original Combination: Eudamus Moschus
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “vicinity of Fort Grant at the foot of Mount Graham, Graham County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 606.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 607, fig. 3 % D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 13 ♂ D (lectotype), 14 ♂ V (paralectotype).
57. Cogia calchas (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 188, no. 22.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] calchas
Type Locality: Not stated; holotype from “Rio.” [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]
Types: Holotype in NMW.
= terranea (Butler, 1872)
Lepid. Exot. (8): 111, pl. 40, fig. 8 ♂ V.
Original Combination: S[pathilepia]. Terranea
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= ‡”anacreon” (Plötz, 1881)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(1-3): 99, under no. 78.
Original Combination: [Eudamus] Calchas [synonym] Anacreon
Type Locality: ‘Venezuela”
This name was listed in synonymy without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Subfamily Pyrginae Burmeister, 1878
Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 245. Type-genus: Pyrgus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 109. Though this name is junior to Pyrrhopygini Mabille, 1877, it is maintained as the most widely used name for this family group (Code Article 35.5).
Tribe Pyrrhopygini Mabille, 1877
Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(179): 161. Type-genus: Pyrrhopyge Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 103.
Subtribe Pyrrhopygina Mabille, 1877
Genus Apyrrothrix Lindsey, 1921
Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 15-16. Type-species: Erycides araxes Hewitson, 1867, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 2, by original designation. The generic arrangement follows Mielke (2002), Revta. bras. Entomol. 19(1):217-228.
*58. Apyrrothrix araxes (Hewitson, 1867)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (1): 2, no. 2.
Original Combination: Erycides Araxes
Type Locality: "Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= cyrillus (Plötz, 1879)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(10-12): 529, no. 38; cited unpublished pl. 1251.
Original Combination: [Pyrrhopyga] [sic!] Cyrillus
Type Locality: “Oaxaca” [Mexico]
Types: Holotype (#4926) in ZMHB.
a. Apyrrothrix araxes arizonae (Godman & Salvin, 1893)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(107): 253, under no. 12.
Original Combination: Pyrrhopyge arizonae
Type Locality: “Arizona...the neighborhood of Fort Grant” [Graham County]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
This was treated as a species-level taxon by Burns and Janzen (2001), J. Lepid. Soc. 55(1): 38; a status questioned by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 3.
Tribe Celaenorrhinini Swinhoe, 1912
In: Moore, Lep. Ind. 10(109): 1. Type-genus: Celaenorrhinus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett.
Genus Celaenorrhinus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 106-107. Type-species: Papilio eligius Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(30): 123-124, pl. 354, fig. H; (34): 249 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 137, no. 236. de Jong (1982), J. Nat. Hist. 16(5): 695-705, discussed the morphology and systematics of Celaenorrhinus, and added Charmion and Orneates to the synonymy. Austin and Steinhauser (1996), Insecta Mundi 10(1/4): 36-37, corroborated this.
= Ancistrocampta C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862
Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 6(6): 183. Type-species: Ancistrocampta syllius C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862, Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 6(6): 184, no. 170, by monotypy.
= Hantana Moore, [1881]
Lepid. Ceylon 1(4): 179. Type-species: Eudamus infernus R. Felder, 1868, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 283 (= Eudamus spilothyrus R. Felder, 1868, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 283; synonym), by original designation. First reviser choice of spilothyrus over infernus was made by Evans (1926), J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 31(1): 67.
= Gehlota Doherty, 1889
J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. II 58(1): 131. Type-species: Plesioneura sumitra Moore, [1866], Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(3): 787, by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 49.
= Narga Mabille, 1891
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(16): lxx. Type-species: Narga chiriquensis Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(16): lxx (= Tagiades monartus Plötz, 1884, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 49, no. 41; synonym), by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 130.
= Orneates Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(114): 345. Type-species: Eudamus aegiochus Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)18(106): 350, by original designation.
= Charmion de Nicéville, 1894
J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. II 63(1): 48. Type-species: Hesperia ficulnea Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 37, no. 33, by original designation.
= Apallaga Strand, 1911
Entomol. Rundsch. 28(18): 143. Type-species: Apallaga separata Strand, 1911, Entomol. Rdsch. 28(18): 144 (= Pterygospidea mokeezi Wallengren, 1857, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. (4)2(1)(no. 4): 54, no. 3; subspecies), by monotypy.
59. Celaenorrhinus fritzgaertneri (Bailey, 1880)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(7): 62-63.
Original Combination: Pleusioneura [sic!] FritzGaertneri
Type Locality: “an old deserted mine...at a depth of eighty feet...near the Volcano de San Miguel, in the vicinity of Lama Larga in the Republic of Salvadore...six hundred feet above the sea level” [El Salvador]
Types: Location of type not known (USNM?).
= variegatus Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 383, no. 2; 3(121): pl. 85, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Celaenorrhinus variegatus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Dos Arroyos, Venta de Zopilote, Tierra Colorada in Guerrero...Jalapa, Coatepec...Guatemala, Volcan de Santa Maria...Nicaragua, Chontales”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Steinhauser (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (29): 10, determined that this taxon represents non-seasonal dimorphism.
60. Celaenorrhinus stallingsi H. Freeman, 1946
Entomol. News 57(8): 185-186, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Celaenorrhinus stallingsi
Type Locality: “Monterrey, Mexico” [Nuevo León]
Types: Holotype in PMNH; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 45, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.
Tribe Carcharodini Verity, 1940
Farfalle diurne Ital. 1: 10 (as “Carcharodidi”). Type-genus: Carcharodus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 110. I.C.Z.N. Opinions 181 and 270 placed Carcharodus on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 686.
Genus Arteurotia Butler & H. Druce, 1872
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 112. Type-species: Arteurotia tractipennis Butler & H. Druce, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 112, by original designation.
61. Arteurotia tractipennis Butler & H. Druce, 1872
a. Arteurotia tractipennis tractipennis Butler & H. Druce, 1872
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 112; figured by Butler (1874), Lepid. Exot.: pl. 64, fig. 5 ♂ D.
Original Combination: A[rteurotia]. Tractipennis
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= ribbei (Staudinger, 1876)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25: 117, no. 34.
Original Combination: Helias (?) Ribbei
Type Locality: “aus Chiriqui” [Panama]
Types: Type(s) probably in ZMHB.
Genus Nisoniades Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 108. Type-species: Papilio bromius Stoll, 1787, Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (1): 37, pl. 8, figs. 1, 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d; (3): 382 (index) (= Papilio mimas Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(5): 83, pl. 52, figs. E, F; (8): 152 (index); synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 228, no. 752.
= ‡Pellicia Plötz, 1879
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(4/6): 176, 179. Type-species: Pellicia macarius Herrich-Schäffer, 1870, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 160, no. 1, by original designation. Preoccupied by Pellicia Herrich-Schäffer, 1870, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 159.
62. Nisoniades rubescens (Möschler, 1877)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 340-341, pl. 4, fig. 29.
Original Combination: [Pellicia] Rubescens
Type Locality: “Surinam...Brasilien”; suggested to be “Surinam” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 49, as implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes should be in NMW.
= bromias (Godman & Salvin, 1894)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(118): 370, no. 4; 3(119): pl. 83, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Pellicia bromias
Type Locality: “Mexico, Acapulco, Chilpancingo, Dos Arroyos, Atoyac, Teapa...Guatemala, Dueñas...Costa Rica, Caché...Panama, Chiriqui”; suggested to be “Mexico” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 49.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= triangulus (Mabille, 1898)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 66(2/3): 198-199.
Original Combination: Achlyodes triangulus
Type Locality: “Tanampaya, Bolivie”
Types: Syntypes probably in ZMHB (Staudinger collection).
= clara (Mabille & Boullet, 1917)
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1916(20): 323.
Original Combination: Pellicia Bromias var. clara
Type Locality: “Guyane française, Brésil, Argentine”; suggested to be “French Guiana” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 49.
Types: Syntypes in MNHP.
= nigra (Mabille & Boullet, 1917)
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1916(20): 323.
Original Combination: Pellicia Bromias var. nigra
Type Locality: “Brésil, Argentine...Colombie, Guyane, Bolivie”; suggested to be “Brazil” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 49.
Types: Syntypes in MNHP.
Genus Pellicia Herrich-Schäffer, 1870
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 159. Type-species: Pellicia dimidiata Herrich-Schäffer, 1870, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 160, no. 1, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 243, no. 824.
= Hemipteris Mabille, 1889
Naturaliste (2)3(61): 216. Type-species: Hemipteris fumida Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(61)[11(61)]: 216 (= Pellicia tyana Plötz, 1882, Berl. Entomol. Z. 26(2): 255, no. 12), by monotypy.
63. Pellicia arina Evans, 1953
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 58; cited Godman & Salvin (1894), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(119): pl. 83, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V (as Pellicia costimacula).
Original Combination: [Pellicia costimacula] arina
Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac, Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Steinhauser (1989), Bull. Allyn Mus. (127): 29, detailed the species-level status of this taxon, corroborating L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 15, 208, note 37.
64. Pellicia dimidiata Herrich-Schäffer, 1870
a. Pellicia dimidiata dimidiata Herrich-Schäffer, 1870
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24(9/10): 160. no. 5; cited unpublished Plötz pl. 199.
Original Combination: Pellicia Dimidiata
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 136, determined the following synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawings made by Plötz.
= didia Möschler, 1877
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 340, pl. 4, fig. 28.
Original Combination: [Pellicia] Didia
Type Locality: “aus dem Innern Suriname”
Types: Holotype may be in NMW.
= corinna Plötz, 1882
Berl. Entomol. Z. 26(2): 254, no. 9; cited unpublished pl. 199.
Original Combination: [Pellicia] Corinna
Type Locality: “Laguayra, Mex.” [Venezuela]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
= nivonicus (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 14, no. 3, cited unpublished pl. 956.
Original Combination: [Achlyodes] Nivonicus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
= bilinea Mabille, 1889
Naturaliste (2)3(61): 216-217, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Pellicia bilinea
Type Locality: “Chiriqui” [Panama]
Types: Syntype probably in ZMHB (Staudinger collection).
= bobae (Weeks, 1906)
Entomol. News 17(6): 203; figured by Weeks (1911), Ill. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 7, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Pamphila bobae
Type Locality: “Suapure, Venezuela”
Types: Holotype (#16717) in MCZ.
= hypsipyle Hayward, 1947
Acta zool. Lilloana 4: 121-122, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pellicia hypsipyle
Type Locality: “Villavicencio, Colombia”
Types: Holotype in IMLA.
Genus Windia H. Freeman, 1969
J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 16-17. Type-species: Windia windi H. Freeman, 1969, J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 17-18, pl. 6, figs. 7, 8, pl. 15, fig. 6, by original designation.
65. Windia windi H. Freeman, 1969
J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 2): 17-18, pl. 6, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype); pl. 15, fig. 6 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Windia windi
Type Locality: “Salada, Colima, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Recorded from Arizona by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 7.
Genus Noctuana E. Bell, 1937
Am. Mus. Novit. (914): 7-8. Type-species: Helias noctua C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867, Reise Novara Zool. (3): 533, no. 942, pl. 74, figs. 1, 2, by original designation.
66. Noctuana stator (Godman & Salvin, 1899)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(148): 460, no. 3; 3(148): pl. 91, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V, 35 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Theagenes stator
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by [Anonymous] (2000), Am. Butterflies 8(1): 43.
Genus Bolla Mabille, 1903
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 46, 72. Type-species: Bolla pullata Mabille, 1903, in: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 72 (= Staphylus imbras Godman & Salvin, 1896, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid Rhop 2(131): 435, no. 11; 3(131): pl. 89, figs. 27 ♂ D, 28 ♂ genitalia, 29 ♀ D; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 43. Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 79, credited Mabille with an original type-species designation, but that was in error as Mabille merely mentioned Bolla in conjunction with pullata.
67. Bolla brennus (Godman & Salvin, 1896)
a. Bolla brennus brennus (Godman & Salvin, 1896)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(131): 434-435, no. 9; 3(131): pl. 89, fig. 23 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Staphylus brennus
Type Locality: “Panama...Volcan de Chiriqui 2500 to 4000 feet, David...Chiriqui”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
68. Bolla clytius (Godman & Salvin, 1897)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(137): 442, no. 2; 3(138): pl. 90, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Pholisora clytius
Type Locality: “Mexico, Tres Marias Is.” [Nayarit]
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= semitincta Dyar, 1924
Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 12(1-3): 15.
Original Combination: Bolla semitincta
Type Locality: “Colima, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Genus Staphylus Godman & Salvin, 1896
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(131): 429. Type-species: Helias ascalaphus Staudinger, 1876, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25: 116, no. 31, by original designation.
= Scantilla Godman & Salvin, 1896
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(131): 437. Type-species: Scantilla opites Godman & Salvin, 1896, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(131): 437; 3(138): pl. 90, figs. 3, 4, 5 (= Tagiades vincula Plötz, 1886, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(1-3): 113; synonym), by monotypy.
69. Staphylus ceos (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 140.
Original Combination: Pholisora Ceos
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “vicinity of Fort Grant, in canyons at foot of Mount Graham, Graham County, Arizona”, by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 612.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 613, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
70. Staphylus mazans (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 335, no. 35.
Original Combination: Carcharodus mazans
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]
Types: Type(s) may be lost.
Reakirt described many taxa from “coll. W. H. Edwards” Some of his types are in the Strecker collection (FMNH), and others might be in W. H. Edwards’ collection (CMNH). L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 208, note 40, were unable to find the type(s) of this taxon.
71. Staphylus hayhurstii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 22, no. 18.
Original Combination: Hesperia Hayhurstii
Type Locality: “Missouri”; suggested to be “vicinity of Sedalia, Missouri” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 610-611.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 611, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.
Genus Pholisora Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 72. Type-species: Hesperia catullus Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 348, no. 323, by original designation.
72. Pholisora catullus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 348, no. 323; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 80, fig. 2 D&V; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [50], fig. 4 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Catullus
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
73. Pholisora mejicanus (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 334, no. 32.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Mejicanus
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]
Types: Type(s) may be in FMNH.
Godman & Salvin (1897), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(137): 441; 3: pl. 90, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V, used mexicana, but cited mejicanus as a synonym, so mexicana is an unjustified emendation.
Genus Hesperopsis Dyar, 1905
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 118. Type-species: Thanaos alpheus W. H. Edwards, 1876, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 206, by original designation. Stanford (1981), in: Ferris and F. Brown, Butterflies Rocky Mtn. States: 87, detailed the genus-level status of this taxon.
74. Hesperopsis libya (Scudder, 1878)
a. Hesperopsis libya joaquina J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (15): 202-203, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperopsis libya joaquina
Type Locality: “California: Kern County; McKittrick”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Hesperopsis libya libya (Scudder, 1878)
Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr. 4(1)(10): 258.
Original Combination: Heteropterus libya
Type Locality: “Beaver Dam”; determined to be “Littlefield, Mohave Co., Arizona: 1846', T40N R15W, 36o 53' N/113o 56' W” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(2): 134.
Types: Syntype (#16590) in MCZ.
c. Hesperopsis libya confertiblanca Scott, 1992
Papilio (n.s.) 6: 173.
Original Combination: Hesperopsis libya confertiblanca
Type Locality: “N Montrose, Montrose Co. Colo.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Hesperopsis libya lena (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Can. Entomol. 14(1): 5-6.
Original Combination: Ancyloxypha Lena
Type Locality: “Montana”
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 645-646, fig. 24 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 36 ♂ V.
75. Hesperopsis alpheus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
a. Hesperopsis alpheus oricus (W. H. Edwards, 1879)
Can. Entomol. 11(3): 51.
Original Combination: Pholisora oricus
Type Locality: “Nevada” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Buffalo Canyon, Desatoga Mtns., Churchill County in areas of Atriplex canescens” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 643-645; corrected to “Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 629, who determined that there are no oricus populations at the type locality as defined by F. Brown and L. Miller.
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): fig. 23 ♂ D&V.
MacNeill (1970), Entomol. News 81(7): 182-183, elevated this taxon to the subspecies-level.
= arizonensis Mabille & Boullet, 1917
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1917(4): 100.
Original Combination: Hesperopsis arizonensis
Type Locality: “Arizona, U. S.”
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
b. Hesperopsis alpheus alpheus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 206.
Original Combination: Thanaos Alpheus
Type Locality: “New Mexico”; defined as “sage brush country in Colfax County, New Mexico” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 641.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 643, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.
= texana Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 8.
Original Combination: Pholisora alpheus texana
Type Locality: “Boca Chica, 20-22 mi. E. Brownsville, Cameron Co. Texas”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Species-genus gender conformation is texanus.
76. Hesperopsis gracielae (MacNeill, 1970)
Entomol. News 81(7): 177-179, figs. 1 top row ♂&♀ D, 2nd row ♂&♀ D (spring), 2 top row ♂&♀ V, 2nd row ♂&♀ V (fall) (including holotype?), 5 ♂ head, 6 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pholisora gracielae
Type Locality: “California, San Bernardino Co., Bennett Wash, vicinity Parker Dam”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 8, and (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 500, considered this taxon to be conspecific with alpheus.
Tribe Erynnini Brues & F. Carpenter, 1932
Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 73: 235-236, couplet 156c (as “Erynninae”). Type-genus: Erynnis Schrank, 1801, Fauna boic. 2(1): 152, no. 197. Brues and Carpenter diagnosed Erynninae in a key; this is the only valid proposal of a family-group name based of the genus Erynnis properly identified.
Genus Gorgythion Godman & Salvin, 1896
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(128): 424. Type-species: Helias pyralina Möschler, 1876, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 343, pl. 4, fig. 31 (= Goniloba begga Prittwitz, 1868, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 29(4-6): 198, no. 60; subspecies), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 88.
= Escalophoides Köhler, 1923
Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 18(12)(Sonderheft): 33. Type-species: Helias tucumana Burmeister, 1878, Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 261-262, no. 7 (= Goniloba begga Prittwitz, 1868, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 29(4-6): 198, no. 60; subspecies), by monotypy.
*77. Gorgythion begga (Prittwitz, 1868)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 29(4-6): 198, no. 60.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] Begga
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= tucumana (Burmeister, 1878)
Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 261-262, no. 7.
Original Combination: Helias Tucumana
Type Locality: “Tucuman, Argentina” implied from name and title of the book.
Types: Type(s) should be in MACN.
a. Gorgythion begga pyralina (Möschler, 1877)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 26: 343, pl. 4, fig. 31 D.
Original Combination: [Helias?] Pyralina
Type Locality: “Paramaribo...dem Innern Surinams”
Types: Type(s) probably in ZMHB.
= marginata Schaus, 1902
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 431.
Original Combination: Gorgythion Marginata
Type Locality: “Peru”
Types: Holotype (#5982) in USNM.
Genus Sostrata Godman & Salvin, 1895
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 397. Type-species: Leucochitonea scintillans Mabille, 1876, Bull. Séances Soc. Entomol. Fr. (5)6(3): cc (= Hesperia bifasciata Ménétriés, 1829, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 1: 193, pl. 7, figs. 6, 7; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 101.
78. Sostrata nordica Evans, 1953
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 126.
Original Combination: [Sostrata bifasciata] nordica
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Llorente et al. (1990), Publ. esp. Mus. Zool. 1: 30, A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 51, A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 552, and other recent authors, have treated nordica as a species-level taxon.
Genus Mylon Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 384. Type-species: Leucochitonea lassia Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 49, no. 10, by original designation.
= Eudamidas Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 386. Type-species: Papilio melander Cramer 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 141, pl. 270, fig. H; (24): 175 (index) (= Papilio maimon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 534, no. 395; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 86.
79. Mylon pelopidas (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 350, no. 331; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 27, fig. 2 D&V.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Pelopidas
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Recorded from Arizona by K. Davis et al. (2005), News Lepid. Soc. 47(4): 103, 104, figs. 1-4, 106, 110-111, fig. 114.
= ozema Butler, 1870
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)18(4): 515, no. 4.
Original Combination: Achlyodes Ozema
Type Locality: “Nicaragua...Honduras, St. Paulo, Tapejos”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= ‡”brunnea” Mabille & Boullet, 1917
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1917(1): 323.
Original Combination: Mylon ozema ab. brunnea
Type Locality: “Mexique, Brésil”
Types: “Holotype” in MNHP.
Genus Grais Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 381. Type-species: Anastrus stigmaticus Mabille, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv, by original designation.
80. Grais stigmaticus (Mabille, 1883)
a. Grais stigmaticus stigmaticus (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv.
Original Combination: Anastrus stigmaticus
Type Locality: “Brasilia”; “Chiriqui (Panama)” on label of holotype.
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
Species-genus gender conformation is stigmatica.
= fumosus (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 26, no. 31; cited unpublished pl. 1017.
Original Combination: [Antigonus] Fumosus
Type Locality: “Brasilien”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Genus Timochares Godman & Salvin, 1896
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(128): 417. Type-species: Leucochitonea trifasciata Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 50, no. 11, by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 55.
81. Timochares ruptifasciata (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 27, no. 33; cited unpublished pl. 1018.
Original Combination: [Antigonus] Ruptifasciata
Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Species-genus gender conformation is ruptifasciatus.
= obscurior Draudt, 1923
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(324): 907; (329): pl. 176i, fig. [7] ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Timochares trifasciata] form obscurior
Type Locality: Not precisely stated; lectotype from “Honduras: San Pedro Sula.”
Types: Lectotype (#L 4052) in SMF, designated by Mielke and Schroeder (1994), Senckenberg. biol. 73(1/2): 139, fig. 10 ♂ genitalia.
Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 26, determined this synonymy.
Genus Anastrus Hübner, [1824]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [149]. Type-species: Anastrus obscurus Hübner, [1824], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [149], figs. 3, 4, by monotypy.
= Echelatus Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 378. Type-species: Anastrus varius Mabille, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv (= Achlyodes sempiternus Butler & H. Druce, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 114; synonym), by selection of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 85.
= Gorgophone Godman & Salvin, 1894
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 378. Type-species: Gorgophone meliboea Godman & Salvin, 1894, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(119): 378; 3(120): pl. 84, figs. 13, 14, by monotypy.
82. Anastrus sempiternus (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
a. Anastrus sempiternus sempiternus (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 114.
Original Combination: A[chlyodes]. Sempiternus
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2003), News Lepid. Soc. 45(1): 5 figs. A, B, 7.
= varius Mabille, 1883
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv-lv.
Original Combination: Anastrus varius
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP.
Genus Chiomara Godman & Salvin, 1899
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(147): 453. Type-species: Achlyodes mithrax Möschler, 1879, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 225, no. 34, by original designation.
83. Chiomara georgina (Reakirt, 1868)
a. Chiomara georgina georgina (Reakirt, 1868)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 20(1/2): 88, no. 53.
Original Combination: Pyrgus Georgina
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Type(s) apparently lost.
Reakirt described many taxa from “coll. W. H. Edwards” Some of his types are in the Strecker collection (FMNH), and others might be in W. H. Edwards’ collection (CMNH). L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 208, note 40, were unable to find the type(s) of this taxon. A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 554, and other recent authors, treated this as a species-level taxon.
84. Chiomara mithrax (Möschler, 1879)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 225, no. 34.
Original Combination: Achlyodes mithrax
Type Locality: “Colombien”
Types: Type(s) probably in NMW.
Recorded from Arizona by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 8.
= noctula (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 15, no. 12; cited unpublished pl. 965.
Original Combination: [Achlyodes] Noctula
Type Locality: “Parà” [Brazil]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB or lost.
= gundlachi Skinner & Ramsden, 1924
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 75: 314.
Original Combination: Cycloglypha gundlachi
Type Locality: “Guantanamo, Cuba”
Types: Holotype (#7083) in CMNH.
‡”selma” (W. F. Kirby, 1879)
Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lepid. Hewitson: 243.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Selma
Type Locality: “Cayenne, Amazon, Venezuela, Rio...Bolivia...Nicaragua...Minas Geraes...Calabar...Delagoa Bay...Ega”
This name was mentioned without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Gesta Evans, 1953
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 171, 200. Type-species: Thanaos gesta Herrich-Schäffer, 1863, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 17: 142, by original designation.
85. Gesta invisus (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 114.
Original Combination: T[hanaos]. Invisus
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 30, and other recent authors, treated G. invisus as a species-level taxon.
= gorgona (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 15, no. 11; cited unpublished pl. 963.
Original Combination: Achlyodes gorgona
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 148, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= llano (Dodge, 1903)
Can. Entomol. 35(3): 78.
Original Combination: Nisoniades llano
Type Locality: “Llano, Texas” [Llano County]
Types: Holotype was in CAS, destroyed in the 1905 San Francisco earthquake and fire.
Genus Ephyriades Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 111. Type-species: Papilio otreus Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 78, pl. 328, fig. F, (34): 252 (index) (= Papilio philemon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 534, no. 392; synonym: a subspecies of Papilio arcas Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 38, pl. 19, figs. 5, 6; 2: index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 164, no. 384.
= Melanthes Mabille, 1903
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 47, 80. Type-species: Nisoniades brunnea Herrich-Schäffer, 1865, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 172, no. 3, by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 48.
= Brachycoryne Mabille, 1883
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liii (as “Brachycorynae”). Type-species: Papilio flyas Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 78, pl. 328, fig. E; (34): 249 (index) (= Papilio philemon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 534, no. 392; synonym: a subspecies of Papilio arcas Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 38, pl. 19, figs. 5, 6; 2: index), by monotypy. It has been considered by some (e.g., Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 80) that this name only became available when Mabille later published it in 1904 (in: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17b): 47, 81); however, Brachycoryne Mabille, 1883, is available from its first use (Code Article 32.5.2.7).
*86. Ephyriades brunnea (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 172, no. 3.
Original Combination: [Nisoniades] brunnea
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper and label of the syntype.
Types: Syntype (#7155) in ANSP.
Species-genus gender conformation is brunneus.
= electra (Lintner, 1881)
Can. Entomol. 13(4): 63-65.
Original Combination: Eudamus Electra
Type Locality: “Hamilton, Ontario”; apparently an accidental import.
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
a. Ephyriades brunnea floridensis E. Bell & W. Comstock, 1948
Am. Mus. Novit. (1379): 17-18, fig. 14, ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Ephyriades brunnea floridensis
Type Locality: “Key Largo, Florida” [Monroe County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Erynnis Schrank, 1801
Fauna boic. 2(1): 152, no. 197. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 71.
= ‡Thymele [Fabricius], 1807
In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 287, no. 39. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Westwood (1840), Intro. Class. Ins. 2, Syn.: 88. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 49; it is also a junior objective synonym of Erynnis Schrank, 1801.
= ‡Thymale Oken, 1815
Lehrbuch Naturgesch. 3(Zool.)(1): 757, 758. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(845): 225. This is possibly an incorrect subsequent spelling of Thymele [Fabricius], 1807, and is also a junior objective synonym of Erynnis Schrank, 1801. The original publication was placed on the list of rejected works in Opinion 417 and this name is unavailable (Code Article 80.7.2).
= ‡Astycus Hübner, 1822
Syst.-alph. Verz.: 1, 3, 5, 6, 8-10. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 200. A junior objective synonym of Erynnis Schrank, 1801.
= ‡Thanaos Boisduval, [1834]
Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(23): 240. Type-species: Papilio tages Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 168, by designation of Blanchard (1840), in: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 469. This name is a junior objective synonym of Erynnis Schrank, 1801; it was unjustifiably emended to “Thanatos” by [Dunning & Pickard] [1859], Accentuated List Brit. Lepid.: 6.
= ‡Hallia Tutt, 1906
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(8/9): 261. Type-species: Thanaos marloyi Boisduval, [1834], Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(24): 241, pl. 47, figs. 6, 7, by original designation. Preoccupied by Hallia Edwards & Haime, 1850, Brit. foss. Corals (Pal. Soc. 3): lxvi.
= Erynnides Burns, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 24-25. Type-species: Nisoniades propertius Scudder & Burgess, 1870, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 298, fig. 11, by original designation.
icelus group Burns, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 27.
87. Erynnis icelus (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 288, fig. 3 ♂ valvae; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2 (8): pl. 28; (9): pl 77; (10): pl. 85; (11): pl. 9, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Icelus
Type Locality: “New England” Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1510-1511, mentioned several possible localities “in the White Mountain valleys and even in the subalpine region of the White Mountains in abundance...in Massachusetts...from Andover...Amherst Notch...Nantucket...vicinity of Boston...in Connecticut...New Britain”; a syntype is from “Center.” [Karner, Albany County, New York]
Types: Syntype in NYSM.
Lintner (1872), Entomol. Contr. 2: 30-31, pl. 7, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, redescribed this taxon from “Center” and “Schoharie, N. Y.”
= bautista (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 36, no. 2; cited unpublished pl. 1048 (as tages).
Original Combination: [Nisoniades] Bautista
Type Locality: “Californien”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
‡”hamamaelidis” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1507.
Original Combination: Nisoniades hamamaelidis Fitch manuscript
Proposed for a manuscript name of Fitch’s without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
88. Erynnis brizo (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
a. Erynnis brizo somnus (Lintner, 1881)
Papilio 1(5): 73-74.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Somnus
Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida”; suggested to be “Georgiana, approximately 5 km south of the city of Merritt Island, Brevard County, Florida” by Calhoun (1993), J. Lepid. Soc. 47(1): 50.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Calhoun (1993), J. Lepid. Soc. 47(1): 50, fig. 1 ♂ D (lectotype); figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 3 ♂ D (lectotype), 4 ♀ D (paralectotype).
b. Erynnis brizo brizo (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (23): pl. 66, figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [3] ♀ D; drawings of larva and pupa suspect.
Original Combination: Thanaos Brizo
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text), but “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot. A. Clark (1936), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 95(7): 14, suggested that the model for Abbot’s figure came from the vicinity of Jacksonborough, Screven County Georgia, but Abbot spent most of his time in Burke County.
Types: The plate was a reproduction of a John Abbot drawing. The types are the specimens that he painted and are probably lost. There may be “types” in USNM or BMNH, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
c. Erynnis brizo burgessi (Skinner, 1914)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 40(3): 203, fig. ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Thanaos burgessi
Type Locality: “Arizona...Mt. Graham”; holotype labeled “Mt. Graham, Arizona.” [Graham County]
Types: Holotype (#7089) in CMNH; a paratype figured by figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 7 ♂ D.
d. Erynnis brizo lacustra (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 69, no. 480; 253, no. 480, pl. 32, figs. 480 ♂ D (lectotype), 480a ♂ V.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Lacustra
Type Locality: “Central California”; “Blue Lakes, California” [Lake County]
Types: Lectotype (#4325) in CAS, designated by Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 58-59.
In its original description, this name was incorrectly applied to E. pacuvius callidus (Grinnell, 1904), a problem resolved by Burns (1964), ibid.
juvenalis group Burns, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 27.
89. Erynnis juvenalis (Fabricius, 1793)
a. Erynnis juvenalis juvenalis (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 339-340, no. 291; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 78, fig. 1.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Juvenalis
Type Locality: “America”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= juvenis (Hübner, [1819])
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 108, no. 1163, cited Papilio juvenalis J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 21.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Juvenis
Type Locality: Not stated, but “Georgia” implied from John Abbot’s figures; “Virginia” is also mentioned by Abbot in his notes for this drawing.
Types: Described, by indication, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. The figures on plate 21 represent Erynnis brizo and either Erynnis juvenalis or Erynnis horatius (Calhoun pers. comm. 2006).
= costalis (Westwood, [1852])
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (2): pl. 79, fig. 3 ♂ D; (54): 519, no. 5.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Costalis
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= ennius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 296, fig. 9 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Ennius
Type Locality: “New England”
Types: Holotype (#15836) in MCZ.
= plautus (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 304, fig. 16 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Plautus
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Holotype (#15830) in MCZ.
b. Erynnis juvenalis clitus (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Papilio 2(9/10): 180.
Original Combination: Thanaos Clitus
Type Locality: Not stated; subsequently listed from “Mt. Graham” by W. H. Edwards (1883), Papilio 3(3): 65; the lectotype is from this locality. [Graham County, Arizona]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 621, figs. 9 ♂ D&V, 10 ♂ genitalia.
W. H. Edwards described this taxon from a mixed series in his possession, but W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 124, selected a specimen from Neumoegen’s collection, not seen by Edwards, as the “type.” F. Brown and L. Miller determined that the true type-series was that in Edwards’ own collection and acted accordingly.
= maestus (Godman, 1899)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(148): 457; 3: pl. 91, fig. 18 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thanaos maestus
Type Locality: “North America, Arizona.--Mexico, Pinal, Puebla”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
90. Erynnis telemachus Burns, 1960
Wasmann J. Biol. 18(1): 148-151, figs. 1♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 3-4 ♂ genitalia (holotype), 6 section of D forewing.
Original Combination: Erynnis telemachus
Type Locality: “Hualapai Mountains, elevation 6,500 feet, 10 miles southeast of Kingman, Mohave County, Arizona”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
91. Erynnis propertius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 298, fig. 11 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Propertius
Type Locality: “California”
Types: Syntypes (#15837) in MCZ; Lintner (1881), Papilio 1(5): 71, discussed the type-series, which included two specimens from “Mokiah Pass”, one from “Juniper Mountains”, one from “Sierra Nevada” and four from “California” Obviously, a Californian specimen should be designated lectotype.
Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 212, included this taxon as a subspecies of E. juvenalis (Fabricius, 1793); Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 94-107, subsequently detailed its species-level status.
= tibullus (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 299, fig. 12 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Tibullus
Type Locality: “California”
Types: Holotype (#15829) in MCZ.
92. Erynnis meridianus E. Bell, 1927
a. Erynnis meridianus meridianus E. Bell, 1927
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 35(3): 261; ♂ genitalia figured by Lindsey et al. (1931), Denison Univ. Bull. 31(2), J. Sci. Lab. 26(1): pl. 25, fig. 6.
Original Combination: Erynnis meridianus
Type Locality: “White Mountains, Arizona”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
93. Erynnis scudderi (Skinner, 1914)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 40(3): 215, fig. ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Thanaos scudderi
Type Locality: “Fort Grant, Arizona”; suggested to be “somewhere on Mount Graham” by Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 113. [Graham County] Scott (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 19: 29, suggests “Huachuca Mts., Ariz.” because he claims this species does not occur on Mount Graham. [Cochise County]
Types: Holotype (#7088) in CMNH; a paratype figured by figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 9 ♂ D.
Burns (1964), ibid., discussed the type locality of this species, emphasizing that Fort Grant is a lowland locality and that the type must have come from the flanks of Mt. Graham.
94. Erynnis horatius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 301-302, fig. 13 ♂ valvae; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): pl. 9, figs. 7 ♀ D, 10 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Horatius
Type Locality: “Massachusetts...New England, Texas”
Types: Syntype (#15832) in MCZ.
= virgilius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 302, fig. 14 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Virgilius
Type Locality: “New England”
Types: Type(s) may be in MCZ.
= petronius (Lintner, 1881)
Papilio 1(5): 70-71.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Petronius
Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida” [Brevard County]
Types: Syntypes (#6248, 6249) in NYSM.
This name was listed as “Nisoniades petronius”, but not described, by Mead (1875), Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): 786; a nomen nudum.
95. Erynnis tristis (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Erynnis tristis tristis (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 311; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2081 ♂ D&V (lectotype).
Original Combination: Thanaos tristis
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 120 ♂ D, 121 ♂ V.
b. Erynnis tristis tatius (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Papilio 2(9/10): 179-180.
Original Combination: Thanaos Tatius
Type Locality: Not stated; subsequently listed from “Mt. Graham” by W. H. Edwards (1883), Papilio 3(3): 65. [Graham County, Arizona]
Types: Holotype (#33630) in USNM, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): figs. 11 ♂ D&V, 12 ♂ genitalia.
= albomarginatus (Godman, 1899)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(148): 458, no. 5; 3(148): pl. 91, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V, 21 ♂ genitalia, 22 ♀ D, 23 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thanaos albomarginatus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Cordova...Guatemala, Chisoy Valley...San Gerónimo...Costa Rica...Irazu...Panama, Chiriqui...Volcan de Chiriqui...Colombia”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
zarucco group Burns, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 28.
96. Erynnis martialis (Scudder, [1870])
Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. 1(2): 335, no. 35.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Martialis
Type Locality: “New Jefferson...open prairie...lower half of Dallas county”; on page 328 Scudder stated “New Jefferson may be anywhere along a devious, hundred-mile route beginning at Denison, including Wall Lake and Grant City, and terminating at New Jefferson.” [Iowa]
Types: Syntype (#15834) in MCZ.
= ausonius (Lintner, 1872)
Entomol. Contr. 2: 34-35, pl. 7, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Ausonius
Type Locality: “Center” [Karner, Albany County, New York]
Types: Holotype (#3256) in NYSM; ♂ genitalia figured by Cook (1905), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 14(3): pl. 2, fig. 2.
‡”quercus” (Butler, 1870)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(77): 97.
Original Combination: [Thanaos] quercûs
This name was mentioned in the synonymy of martialis without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
97. Erynnis pacuvius (Lintner, 1878)
a. Erynnis pacuvius pacuvius (Lintner, 1878)
Entomol. Contr. 4: 60-61.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Pacuvius
Type Locality: “New Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#5200) in NYSM.
W. H. Edwards (1877), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 57, no. 485, listed Thanaos pacuvius in reference to a Lintner publication. There was no prior description of pacuvius by Lintner and this is a nomen nudum.
b. Erynnis pacuvius lilius (Dyar, 1904)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 27(1376): 788.
Original Combination: Thanaos lilius
Type Locality: “Kaslo, British Columbia” inferred from text; holotype from “Kaslo, elevation 1,670 feet, Kootenai District, British Columbia”, as noted by Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 159.
Types: Holotype (#7333) in USNM.
c. Erynnis pacuvius pernigra (F. Grinnell, 1905)
Entomol. News 16(2): 34-35.
Original Combination: Thanaos pernigra
Type Locality: “Mt. Tamalpais, Marin Co., California...in Mill Valley, on the slopes of Mt. Tamalpais”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Species-genus gender conformation is perniger.
d. Erynnis pacuvius callidus (F. Grinnell, 1904)
Entomol. News 15(4): 114-115, figs. 1 valve, 2 uncus, 3 penis.
Original Combination: Thanaos callidus
Type Locality: “Mt. Wilson, Sierra Madre Mountains, Los Angeles County, California. Altitude, 5886 feet” [San Gabriel Mtns.]
Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1337): 1.
98. Erynnis zarucco (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 641-642.
Original Combination: Thanaos Zarucco
Type Locality: “habite l’île de Cuba”
Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.
= diogenes (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 34, no. 62; cited unpublished pl. 1041.
Original Combination: [Antigonus] Diogenes
Type Locality: “Cuba”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
= terentius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 292, fig. 6 ♂ valvae; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): pl. 9, fig. 15 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Terentius
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Syntype (#15833) in MCZ.
Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 8, made a first reviser choice of terentius over ovidius (below). Furthermore, he suggested that terentius be regarded as a mainland subspecies of zarucco. A more substantial analysis is needed. This synonymy follows Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 3: 551-553.
= ovidius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 295, fig. 8 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Ovidius
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Type(s) may be in MCZ.
= naevius (Lintner, 1881)
Papilio 1(5): 69.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Naevius
Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida” [Brevard County]
Types: Syntypes (#7771, 6247) in NYSM.
99. Erynnis funeralis (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 293, fig. 7 ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Nisoniades funeralis
Type Locality: “This Texan species”
Types: Syntype (#15831) in MCZ.
Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 209, followed by Scott (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 20(1): 60, and (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 492, no. 656, considered this taxon to be a subspecies of zarucco (Lucas, 1857); the arrangement employed by Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 3: 526-528, is followed here.
= clericalis Burmeister, 1875
Revue Mag. Zool. (3)3: 60-61, 64, pl. 1, figs. 3 larva, 7 pupa, 10 larval head capsule (not 5).
Original Combination: Phlebodes clericalis
Type Locality: “Cordova” [Córdoba, Argentina]
Types: Syntype in MACN.
= australis (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): liv.
Original Combination: Nisoniades australis
Type Locality: “E Colombia”
Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP.
persius group Burns, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 28.
100. Erynnis baptisiae (W. Forbes, 1936)
Psyche 43(4): 111-112, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia, valvae.
Original Combination: Thanaos baptisiae
Type Locality: “Woods Hole, Mass.” [Barnstable County, Massachusetts]
Types: Holotype (#1391) in CUIC.
101. Erynnis lucilius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 287, fig. 2 ♂ valve; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2 (9): pl. 36, figs. 4, 5, 6; (11): pl. 9, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Lucilius
Type Locality: “New England”
Types: Syntype (#2966) in NYSM.
Lintner (1872), Entomol. Contr. 2: 32-35, pl. 7, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♂ V, subsequently redescribed this species from “Schoharie...Bethlehem” [New York]
102. Erynnis afranius (Lintner, 1878)
Entomol. Contr. 4: 63-64.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Afranius
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
103. Erynnis persius (Scudder, 1863)
Forbes (1936), Psyche 43(4): 104-113, demonstrated that Scudder confused this species and baptisiae, both in biological and morphological details. L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 21, note 60, claimed to follow Burns (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 37: 191-194, in their application of names to this complex. Burns, however, advised against using subspecies for E. persius until the group could be studied in more detail. Austin (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(4): 242, concurred. The situation remains unclear and subspecies are employed following L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), ibid., and Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 69.
a. Erynnis persius persius (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 170, no. 58; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): pl. 9, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; (9): pl. 36, figs. 1, 2, 3, but some of these figures might represent baptisiae; ♂ valvae figured by Scudder & Burgess (1870), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: fig. 1.
Original Combination: Nisoniades Persius
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “New England” implied from the title of the paper. The “type” is from “Mass” according to W. Forbes (1936), Psyche 43(4): fig. 5. Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(10): 1472, mentioned “the White Mountains” as one locality where this species was collected.
Types: Syntype (#15835) in MCZ.
b. Erynnis persius borealis (M. Cary, 1906)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 31(1488): 455.
Original Combination: Thanaos propertius var. borealis
Type Locality: “mouth North Nahanni River, Mackenzie” [Nunavut]
Types: Holotype (#9869) in USNM.
c. Erynnis persius avinoffi (W. Holland, 1930)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 156-157; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, figs. 28 ♂ D (holotype), 29 ♀ D (paratype).
Original Combination: Thanaos avinoffi
Type Locality: “various points in the Yukon Valley, the valley of the Kuskokwim, and various other points in Alaska”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
d. Erynnis persius fredericki H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(3): 74.
Original Combination: Erynnis persius fredericki
Type Locality: “near Lead, Spearfish Canyon...South Dakota” [Lawrence County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
‡”rutilius” Mead, 1875
Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): 787.
Original Combination: Thanaos Rutilius Scudder, manuscript
Type Locality: “Turkey Creek Junction” [Jefferson County, Colorado]
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Tribe Achlyodidini Burmeister, 1878
Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lép.)(1): 245, 254 (as “Achlyodidae”). Type-genus: Achlyodes Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 108.
Genus Achlyodes Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 107-108. Type-species: Papilio busirus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 119-120, pl. 261, figs. A, B, C; 3(24): 174 (index), by designation of Butler (1870), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(77): 98.
= ‡Sebaldia Mabille, 1903
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17a): 77. Type-species: Papilio busirus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(22): 119-120, pl. 261, figs. A, B, C; (24): 174 (index), by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Achlyodes Hübner, [1819].
104. Achlyodes pallida (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 19: 478-479, no. 38.
Original Combination: Helias pallida
Type Locality: “Jalapa, Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by A. Warren et al. (2003), News Lepid. Soc. 45(4):128-131, figs. 1-6.
= ozotes Butler, 1870
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)18(4): 515, no. 3.
Original Combination: Achlyodes Ozotes
Type Locality: “Venezuela”, “Venezuela, Bogota, Bolivia”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= selva Evans, 1953
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 178.
Original Combination: [Achlyodes] selva
Type Locality: “Jalapa, Mexico” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Austin and A. Warren (2002), Dugesiana 9(2): 26, determined this synonymy.
Genus Eantis Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 13 [=9B], fig. 6. Type-species: Urbanus thraso Hübner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [151], figs. 1-4, by monotypy. A. Warren (1996), Phylog. Rev. Skippers mithridates Spec. Group: 188 pp. and (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 553, placed our species in Eantis.
105. Eantis tamenund (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 215-216, no. 20.
Original Combination: Hesperia Tamenund
Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas”; suggested to be “probably close to Norse, Bosque County, Texas” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 615.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 617, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
Tribe Pyrgini Burmeister, 1878
Genus Carrhenes Godman & Salvin, 1895
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 388. Type-species: Leucochitonea fuscescens Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(16): lxii, by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 81.
106. Carrhenes canescens (R. Felder, 1869)
a. Carrhenes canescens canescens (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 476-477, no. 34.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea canescens
Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Type(s) may be in NMW.
Genus Xenophanes Godman & Salvin, 1895
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 387. Type-species: Papilio tryxus Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 87, pl. 334, figs. G, H, by original designation.
107. Xenophanes tryxus (Stoll, 1780)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 87, pl. 334, figs. G, H (as tryxus); (34): 252 (index, as trixus).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Tryxus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= salvianus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 348-349, no. 325; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 94, fig. 4 D&V; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [50], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Salvianus
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= ruatanensis Godman & Salvin, 1895
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(121): 388, no. 2.
Original Combination: Xenophanes ruatanensis
Type Locality: “Honduras, Ruatan I.”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= euphemie (Ehrmann, 1907)
Can. Entomol. 39(9): 318.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea euphemie
Type Locality: “Suapure, Venezuela”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= perplexus E. Bell, 1942
An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol. Méx. 2(4): 456-457, no. 5, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Xenophanes perplexus
Type Locality: “Guerrero” [Mexico]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; the description erroneously stated that the holotype (#4772) is in ENCB.
Genus Antigonus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 108. Type-species: Urbanus erosus Hübner, [1812], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl [153], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, by monotypy.
= Chaetoneura C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862
Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 6(6): 185-186. Type-species: Chaetocneme hippulus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 6(6): 186, no. 172 (= Hesperia nearchus Latreille, [1813], in: Humboldt and Bonpland, Voy. Rég. Équinox., Part 2 (Observ. Zool.) 2(10): 135, pl. 43, figs. 3, 4; synonym), by original designation.
= Systaspes Weeks, 1901
Ill. diurn. Lepid. 1: 20, 29, 116. Type-species: Antigonus corrosus Mabille, 1878, Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(188): 198, no. 23, by monotypy.
108. Antigonus emorsa (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 479- 480.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea emorsa
Type Locality: “von der Haupstadt Mexico in der Nähe von Cuernavaca” [Morelos, Mexico]
Types: Holotype probably in NMW.
Species-genus gender conformation is emorsus.
= albimedia (Draudt, 1922)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(321): 904; (329): pl. 176f, fig. [7] ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Systasea emorsa] form albimedia
Type Locality: “Mexiko”; lectotype from “Guerrero.”
Types: Lectotype (#L 4051) in SMF, designated by Mielke and Schroeder (1994), Senckenberg. biol. 73(1/2): 139, fig. 9, ♂ genitalia.
109. Antigonus erosus (Hübner, [1812])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl [153], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Urbanus Erosus
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Types probably lost.
Recorded from Texas by Knudson et al. (2004), News Lepid. Soc. 46(4): 111, 113, 6 figs.
= westermann (Latreille, [1824])
Enc. méth., 9(Ins.)(2): (725), 791, no. 153.
Original Combination: Hesperia Westermann
Type Locality: “l’Amérique méridionale”
Types: Types may be in MNHP or BMNH.
Genus Systasea W. H. Edwards, 1877
Can. Entomol. 9(6): 120. Type-species: Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 207-208, as replacement name for the genus Lintneria Auctorum. Because there was misunderstanding over the original description of Lintneria, this name was proposed to replace a “ghost.” According to Code Article 67.8, the type-species of Systasea is Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 44, pl. 126, fig. F; (16): 148 (index) (see Thorybes bathyllus); this issue needs to be addressed by the I.C.Z.N. in a petition to assign Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876 as the type-species of Systasea. For now, traditional usage is maintained.
= ‡Lintneria W. H. Edwards, 1877
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 57. Type-species: Hesperia zampa W. H. Edwards, 1876, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 207-208, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Lintneria Butler, 1876, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 9: 620.
= ‡Plesiocera Mabille, 1891
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(17): cvi. Type-species: Plesiocera filipalpis Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(17): cvi (= Leucochitonea pulverulenta R. Felder, 1869, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 478; synonym), by monotypy. Preoccupied by Plesiocera Macquart, 1841, Mém. Soc. R. Sci. Lille 1840: 360. The generic and specific diagnoses of Plesiocera filipalpis were based on the body of S. pulverulenta with a glued-on satyrine head.
110. Systasea pulverulenta (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 19: 478, no. 37.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea pulverulenta
Type Locality: “Orizaba” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in NMW.
= taeniatus (Plötz, 1884)
Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 37: 41, no. 2; cited unpublished pl. 1068.
Original Combination: [Tagiades] Taeniatus
Type Locality: “Oaxaca” [Mexico]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 149, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= filipalpis (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(17): cvi.
Original Combination: Plesiocera filipalpis
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
As noted above, the specific diagnosis was based on the body of this species with a glued-on satyrine head.
111. Systasea zampa (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 207-208.
Original Combination: Hesperia Zampa
Type Locality: “South Apache, Arizona”; corrected to “South [of Fort] Apache, Navajo County Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 613; neotype from “Arizona.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by L. Miller (1970), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 41(5): 183-184, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♂ genitalia; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): fig. 7 ♂ D&V.
The misapplication of the name zampa was explained in the neotype designation, and by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 613-615.
= evansi (E. Bell, 1941)
Entomol. News 52(6): 165-167, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Antigonus evansi
Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona” [Pima County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Celotes Godman & Salvin, 1899
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(147): 452. Type-species: Pholisora nessus W. H. Edwards, 1877, Can. Entomol. 9(6): 192, by monotypy.
112. Celotes nessus (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Can. Entomol. 9(10): 192.
Original Combination: Pholisora nessus
Type Locality: “San Antonio, Texas” [Bexar County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 640, fig. 21♂ D&V.
= notabilis (Strecker, [1878])
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 131.
Original Combination: Spilothyrus Notabilis
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “vicinity of New Braunfels and San Antonio, Southwestern Texas” implied from the introductory text. [Comal and Bexar counties]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
= radiatus (Plötz, 1884)
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 23, no. 1, cited unpublished pl. 907.
Original Combination: [Carcharodus] Radiatus
Type Locality: “Texas”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 147, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
113. Celotes limpia Burns, 1974
Psyche 81(1): 51-55, figs. 1E ♂ D, 1F ♂ V (holotype), 1G ♀ D, 1H ♀ V, 2B ♂ metathoracic pouch, 4 ♂ genitalia, 6 ♀ genitalia, 8 distribution map.
Original Combination: Celotes limpia
Type Locality: “Limpia Canyon, 5000 feet, Davis Mountains., 4 miles WNW of Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in MCZ.
Genus Pyrgus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 109. Type-species: Papilio alveolus Hübner, [1803], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 92, figs. 466, 467 (= Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 167; synonym), by designation of Westwood [1841], in: Brit. Butterflies Transf. (ed. 1): 123. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 706. As a result of the erroneous type-species designation of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793, by Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 187-189, most of what is now known as Pyrgus was previously called Hesperia. The action of Plötz (1879), Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(4-6): 179, of citing malvae as the type-species of Carcharodus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 110, further confused the issue surrounding the identity of Pyrgus. The situation was explained by Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 94-95. Carcharodus does not occur in the Nearctic.
= ‡Urbanus Hübner, [1806]
Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 167, by monotypy. The Tentamen was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97. Opinion 278 placed Urbanus Hübner [1806] on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 86.
= Syrichtus Boisduval, [1834]
Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(23): 230. Type-species: Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 167, by designation of Blanchard (1845), Hist. Ins. 2: 348.
= Scelotrix Rambur, 1858
Cat. Syst. Lépid. Andal.: 63. Type-species: Papilio carthami Hübner, [1813], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 143, figs. 726 [actually 720], 723 [not figs. 721-722] (= Papilio fritillarius Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79, no. 53, as defined by the specimen on pl. 10, fig. 7; synonym), by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 64.
= ‡Bremeria Tutt, 1906
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(10/11): 296. Type-species: Syrichtus bieti Oberthür, 1886, Étud. Entomol. 11: 26, pl. 6, fig. 50, by designation of Lindsey (1921), Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa 9(4): 37. Preoccupied by Bremeria Alpheraky, 1892, in: Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 6: 7, and Bremeria Moore, 1896, Lepid. Ind. 3(25): 9.
= ‡Teleomorpha B. Warren, 1926
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): 18, 46, pl. 10, fig. 7. Type-species: Papilio carthami Hübner, [1813], Samml. europ. Schmett.: pl. 143, figs. 726 [actually 720] ♂, 723 ♂ [not figs. 721-722] (= Papilio fritillarius Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79, as defined by the specimen on pl. 10, fig. 7), by designation of Hemming (1934), Stylops 3(6): 143. A junior objective synonym of Scelotrix Rambur, 1858.
= ‡Hemiteleomorpha B. Warren, 1926
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): 19, 72. Type-species: Papilio malvae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 485, no. 167, by designation of Hemming (1934), Stylops, 3(6): 143. A junior objective synonym of Syrichtus Boisduval, [1834].
= Ateleomorpha B. Warren, 1926
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): 19, 87. Type-species: Hesperia onopordi Rambur, [1842], Faune Entomol. Andal. 2(6): 319, pl. 8, fig. 13, by designation of Hemming (1934), Stylops 3(6): 143.
*114. Pyrgus centaureae (Rambur, [1842])
Faune Entomol. Andal. 2(6): 315-316, pl. 8, fig. 10.
Original Combination: Hesperia Centaureae
Type Locality: “Torneo en Laponie et de la Dalécarlie” [Dalarna, Sweden]
Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP, BMNH, or lost.
de Jong (1972), Tijdschr. Entomol. 115(1): 27, included this species in the subgenus Scelotrix.
a. Pyrgus centaureae wyandot (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 21-22, no. 13; [2]: pl. 5, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Wyandot
Type Locality: “Long Island...Washington, D. C.”; neotype from “Long Island, New York.”
Types: Neotype (possibly a lectotype) in FMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 632, fig. ♂ D&V.
Shapiro (1974), Search 4(3): 23, suggested that this taxon might be a distinct species, a status that Lindsey (1928), Entomol. News 39: 239-242, disputed. More research is needed; see Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 8-9.
b. Pyrgus centaureae freija (B. Warren, 1924)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 72(Proc.): lvi-lvii, pl. B, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ V (lectotype), 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia freija
Type Locality: “Colorado at an altitude of 13,000 ft.; Labrador and other parts of N. America; and in the extreme North of Europe”; lectotype from “Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Lectotype in MHNG (Reverdin collection) designated by B. Warren (1951), Entomol. 84(1061): 217; figured by B. Warren (1926), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): pl. 14, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, pl. 15, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia.
This taxon was further discussed by B. Warren (1935), Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 83(1): 127-129, pl. 7, W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 67-68, and de Jong (1972), Tijdschr. Entomol. 115(1): 57.
= ‡”fasciata” (B. Warren, 1926)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(1): 51.
Original Combination: [Hesperia freija] ab. fasciata
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
‡”reducta” Evans, 1942
Revta. Entomol. (Rio de Janeiro) 13(3): 364.
Original Combination: Pyrgus reducta
This name was listed as a synonym of Pyrgus centaureae without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
c. Pyrgus centaureae loki Evans, 1953
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 214.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus centaureae] loki
Type Locality: “Long [sic!] Peak Trail, Colorado: above timberline” [Long’s Peak, Larimer County]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
115. Pyrgus ruralis (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Pyrgus ruralis ruralis (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 311-312, no. 68; figured by Oberthür (1912), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: pl. 137, fig. 1212 ♀ D&V (lectotype).
Original Combination: Syrichtus ruralis
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Tuolumne Co., Calif.” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 7; corrected to “Hwy. 70 at Murphy Creek, 2.5 road miles SW of Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 1800' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 123 ♀ D, 124 ♀ V.
= caespitatis (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 312, no. 69; figured by Oberthür (1912), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: pl. 137, figs. 1204 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 1205 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Syrichtus caespitatis
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Marin Co., Calif.” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 7; corrected to “Hwy. 70 at Murphy Creek, 2.5 road miles SW of Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 1800' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 126 ♂ D, 127 ♂ V.
= ricara (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 203, no. 6, pl. 1, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ricara
Type Locality: “Empire City, Colorado Territory”; defined as “vicinity of the former site of Empire City, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 626.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 626-628, fig. 15 ♂ D&V.
= petreius (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 195, no. 12.
Original Combination: Syrichtus Petreius
Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “Little Valley, Washoe County, Nevada” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 628, 630; neotype from “Neva.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 630, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.
b. Pyrgus ruralis lagunae Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 7, figured by Scott (1975), J. Lepid. Soc. 29(4): fig. 3 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Pyrgus ruralis lagunae
Type Locality: “N. end, E Laguna...Laguna Mts., San Diego Co., Calif.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
116. Pyrgus xanthus W. H. Edwards, 1878
Field & Forest 3(9): 142-143.
Original Combination: Pyrgus Xanthus
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “Rosita, Custer County, Colorado” by Scott (1975), J. Lepid. Soc. 29(4): 217.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 626, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 15 ♂ D.
= macdunnoughi (Oberthür, 1914)
Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): 86, pl. 264, fig. 2205 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: [Syrichtus] Mac Dunnoughi
Type Locality: “Arizona”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
117. Pyrgus scriptura (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Pyrgus scriptura scriptura (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 312, no. 70; figured by Oberthür (1912), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: pl. 137, fig. 1206 ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Syrichtus scriptura
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of paper; further refined as “Dans les lieux arides”, by Boisduval (1868), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 23, no. 71; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California”, by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.
Types: Holotype in BMNH, figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 129 ♂ D, 130 ♂ V.
‡”pseudoxanthus” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 495, no. 664.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus scriptura] form pseudoxanthus
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Pyrgus scriptura apertorum Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 524, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pyrgus scriptura apertorum
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Cottonwood Pass Road, 0.6 road miles south of Nevada State Route 160 (Pahrump Road) to Cottonwood Pass, 1340 m, T23S R58E S2, 11, 14 and T22S R58E S35 on USGS Goodsprings, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
118. Pyrgus communis (Grote, 1872)
The species-level arrangement presented by Burns (2000), J. Lepid. Soc. 54(2): 52-71, is accepted here, but the synonymy remains tentative and is clearly in need of review.
a. Pyrgus communis communis (Grote, 1872)
Can. Entomol. 4(4): 69-70.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Syrichtus communis
Type Locality: “central Alabama”; suggested to be “vicinity of Demopolis” by Burns (2000), J. Lepid. Soc. 54(2): 62. [Marengo County]
Types: Syntype (#7170) in ANSP.
= ‡tessellata (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 73-74, no. 2.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. tessellata
Type Locality: “Pennsylvania, Maryland, Iowa, Florida, Alabama, Texas, Missouri and California”; defined as “Pennsylvania” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 219; syntypes from “Dallas, Tex...California.”
Types: Syntypes (#15823) in MCZ.
Preoccupied by Hesperia tessellata Hewitson, [1866], Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (3)2(6): 494.
= insolatrix Plötz, 1884
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 4, no. 7; cited unpublished pl. 887.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Pyrgus)] Insolatrix
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
= varus Plötz, 1884
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 20, no. 53, cited unpublished pl. 900.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Syrichthus)] Varus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
= ‡”skinneri” (Gunder, 1927)
Entomol. News 38(2): 51, fig. 2 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Urbanus tesselata var. occidentalis ab. skinneri
Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 62, fig. 7 ♀ D.
‡”albovittata” (Grote, 1873)
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(3): 168.
Original Combination: Hesperia albovittata
Type Locality: “südlichen Theile von Alabama”
Grote referred to specimens in ZMHB under a manuscript name, in a communication with Zeller; it is a nomen nudum.
119. Pyrgus albescens Plötz, 1884
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 4, no. 5, cited unpublished pl. 889.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Pyrgus)] Albescens
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
This taxon has been considered a subspecies or form of P. communis by various authors (e.g., Lindsey et al. (1931), Denison Univ. Bull. 31(2), J. Sci. Lab. 26(1): 46, Tilden (1965), J. Lepid. Soc. 19(2): 91-94, Austin (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(4): 242, and (1986), J. Lepid. Soc. 40(1): 55-58), but Burns (2000), J. Lepid. Soc. 54(2): 52-71, and Calhoun (2002), J. Lepid. Soc. 56(2): 98-103, corroborated its species-level status.
= occidentalis Skinner, 1906
Entomol. News 17(3): 96; figured by Skinner (1906), Entomol. News 17(8): pl. 12, middle row left ♂&♀ D, middle row right ♂&♀ V.
Original Combination: Pyrgus occidentalis
Type Locality: “San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise County, Arizona ...and Brownsville, Texas”; syntype labels read “San Antonio, Texas” and “Alamagordo, N. M.”
Types: Syntype (#7108) in CMNH.
120. Pyrgus philetas W. H. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(4): 43, 46-47, no. 4.
Original Combination: Pyrgus philetas
Type Locality: “Western Texas”; defined as “Archer County” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 623.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 50, fig. 24 ♀ [not ♂] D and F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): fig. 13 ♀ D&V.
Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 222, considered this taxon a subspecies of oileus. Burns and Kendall (1969), Psyche 76(1): 42-43, demonstrated that philetas and P oileus are distinct species.
121. Pyrgus oileus (Linnaeus, 1767)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 795-796, no. 269.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus Urbicola]. Oileus
Type Locality: “Algiriae” [Algeria]; suggested to be “Mexico or the U.S.A.” by Evans (1953), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (3): 221.
Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 356.
This name was resurrected by Evans (1953), ibid., to replace syrichtus, a name previously in wide use.
= syrichtus (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 534, no. 394.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus] U[rbicola] Syrichtus
Type Locality: “America”; Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 349, no. 326, listed “in America meridionali”
Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.
Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 349, no. 326, cited Papilio oileus Linnaeus, 1767, which is further justification for this synonymy.
= montivagus Reakirt, [1867]
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 334, no. 33.
Original Combination: Pyrgus montivagus
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory...Mexico, near Vera Cruz”
Types: Syntype(s) in FMNH.
= adjutrix Plötz, 1884
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 15, no. 38, cited unpublished pl. 882.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Scelothrix)] Adjutrix
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 147, suggested that this is “= Hesperia montivaga, Reak.” through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= fumosa (Reverdin, 1919)
Bull. Soc. Lépid. Genève 4(2): 106, pl. 4, fig. 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: [Hesperia syrichtus] var. (ab.?) fumosa
Type Locality: “Mexique (Vera Cruz); Arizona; Florida (Key West); Jamaica; Cuba; Porto-Rico; Brésil (Chapada); Cuba (Guantanamo)”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably in MHNG (Reverdin collection).
Genus Heliopyrgus Herrera, 1957
In: Herrera et al., Revta. chil. Entomol. 5: 154. Type-species: Syrichtus americanus Blanchard, 1852, in: Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile 7: 44, no. 2, pl. 3, fig. 10, by original designation. Austin and A. Warren (2001), Dugesiana 8(1): 4, resurrected this genus.
122. Heliopyrgus domicella (Erichson, [1849])
a. Heliopyrgus domicella domicella (Erichson, [1849])
In: Schomburgk, Reisen Brit.-Guiana 3: 604.
Original Combination: S[yrichthus]. Domicella
Type Locality: “British Guiana” implied from the title of the work. [Guyana]
Types: Location of type(s) not known (ZMHB?).
= nearchus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 26-27.
Original Combination: Pyrgus Nearchus
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 637. [Pima County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 639, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.
= aconita (Plötz, 1884)
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 3, no. 1.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Pyrgus)] Aconita
Type Locality: “Georgia”, in error.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC.
123. Heliopyrgus sublinea (Schaus, 1902)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 434.
Original Combination: Heliopetes sublinea
Type Locality: “Orizaba, Paso de San Juan, Mexico” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype (#5992) in USNM.
Recorded from Texas by Basham et al. (2005), News Lepid. Soc. 47(1): 9-10, 6 figs.
Genus Heliopetes Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81. Type-species: Papilio niveus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 33, pl. 22, fig. C; (8): 154 (index) (= Papilio arsalte Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 67; synonym), by monotypy.
= Leucoscirtes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 73. Type-species: Syrichtus ericetorum Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 313, no. 71, by original designation.
124. Heliopetes ericetorum (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 313, no. 71; figured by Oberthür (1912), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: pl. 137, fig. 1210 ♂ D&V (lectotype).
Original Combination: Syrichtus ericetorum
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “vicinity of Sawmill Peak at Griffin Gulch, rim of West Branch Feather River, 2 air miles E. of Magalia, Butte County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, figs. 132 ♂ D, 133 ♂ V.
= alba (W. H. Edwards, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 206, no. 6.
Original Combination: Syrichtus Alba
Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Fort Whipple” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 635. [Yavapai County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 637, fig. 19 ♂ D&V.
125. Heliopetes macaira (Reakirt, [1867])
a. Heliopetes macaira macaira (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 334-335, no. 34.
Original Combination: Pyrgus macaira
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]
Types: A syntype in FMNH.
= ‡nivea (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 73-74, no. 2.
Original Combination: L[eucoscirtes]. nivea
Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes (#15321) in MCZ.
Secondarily preoccupied by Papilio niveus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 33, pl. 22, fig. C ♂ D; (8): 154 (index).
= locutia (Hewitson, 1875)
Ill. exot. Butterflies 5: [112], pl. Leucochitonea II, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea Locutia
Type Locality: “Taboga Isl., Panama”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= cnemus Godman & Salvin, 1897
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(137): 448-449, no. 8; 3(138): pl. 90, figs. 25 ♀ D, 26 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Heliopetes cnemus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Lake Chapala...Dos Arroyos, Venta de Zopilote, Acapulco in Guerrero, Atoyac in Vera Cruz”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
‡”eulalia” (Plötz, 1885)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 46(1-3): 39, no. 9.
Original Combination: [Leucochitonea] Locutia [synonym] Eulalia
This name was listed in synonymy without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
126. Heliopetes laviana (Hewitson, 1868)
a. Heliopetes laviana laviana (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 48-49, no. 8; figured by Hewitson (1875), Ill. exot. Butterflies 5(95): pl. Leucochitonea II, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea Laviana
Type Locality: “Nicaragua”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= pastor (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 476, no. 33.
Original Combination: Leucochitonea Pastor
Type Locality: “Lerma” [Mexico State, Mexico]; syntypes from “Lerma, Mexico, 1 male from Ypanema (S. Paulo, Brasilien)”
Types: Syntypes in NMW.
= oceanus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 213-214, no. 16.
Original Combination: Syrichtus Oceanus
Type Locality: “Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 634.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(4): 634, fig. 18 ♂ D&V.
= dividua Röber, 1925
Entomol. Mitt. 14(1): 99.
Original Combination: Heliopetes dividua
Type Locality: “Wes-Kolumbien (Rio Magdalena)”
Types: Holotype in MTD.
127. Heliopetes arsalte (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 67; referred to specimens in Museum Ludovicae Ulricae; figured by Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 23, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus candidus] Arsalte
Type Locality: “in Indiis”; suggested to be “South America, probably the Guianas” by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 301.
Types: Type(s) apparently lost.
= ‡menalcas (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 535, no. 397.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus] U[rbicola] Menalcas
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
Preoccupied by Papilio menalcas Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec. 78.
= niveus (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 33, pl. 22, fig. C ♂ D; (8): 154 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Niveus
Type Locality: “Surinamische” “Surinam”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= ‡crameri Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81.
Original Combination: Heliopetes Crameri
Type Locality: “Surin.” [Surinam]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio niveus Cramer, 1775, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Papilio niveus.
= figara (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)18(4): 510, no. 3.
Original Combination: Pyrgus Figara
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Subfamily Heteropterinae Aurivillius, 1925
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 13(366): 506; (368): 546 (as “Heteropterini”). Type-genus: Heteropterus Duméril, 1806, Zool. analytique: 271. Verity (1940), Farfalle diurne Ital. 1: 86, replaced Cyclopidinae Speyer, 1879, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 40(10-12): 483, 486, with this name. Code Article 40.2 provides that such action taken before 1961, and becoming widely accepted (as it has), is valid.
Genus Carterocephalus Lederer, 1853
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 2: 26. Type-species: Papilio paniscus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 531, no. 377 (= Papilio palaemon Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471, no. 63; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 134, no. 217. The history of this name, and the confusion surrounding it, was summarized by Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 96-97.
= Aubertia Oberthür, 1896
Étud. Entomol. 20: 40. Type-species: Aubertia dulcis Oberthür, 1896, Étud. Entomol. 20: 40, pl. 9, fig. 16 (= Carterocephalus christophi Grum-Grschmaîlo, 1891, Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 25(3/4): 460, no. 44; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 79.
= Pamphilida Lindsey, 1925
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 95. Type-species: Papilio palaemon Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471, no. 63, by original designation.
*128. Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas, 1771)
Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 471, no. 63.
Original Combination: Papilio Palaemon (Plebeius urbicola)
Type Locality: Not stated; mentioned in the body of the text (p. 182) from “Bach Achtuschka” near “Nowodewitschie” [Novodevitschia, Kuybyshevskaya Oblast, Russia]
Types: Type(s), if any exist, may be in ZMHB.
Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not listed.
= brontes ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 160, no. 6.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Brontes
Type Locality: “Wienergegend” implied from the title of the work. [Vienna, Austria]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= paniscus (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 531, no. 377.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejius]. U[rbicola] Paniscus
Type Locality: “Lipsiae” [Leipzig, Germany]
Types: One syntype in ZMUC.
a. Carterocephalus palaemon mesapano (Scudder, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 383-384, no. 94; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Mesapano
Type Locality: “Norway, Me.” [Oxford County, Maine]
Types: Syntype (#15306) in MCZ.
b. Carterocephalus palaemon mandan (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 20-21, no. 11; (4): pl. 5, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Mandan
Type Locality: “Lake Winnipeg”; neotype from “Pine Ridge, Manitoba, Canada.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 262, fig. ♂ D&V.
c. Carterocephalus palaemon skada (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 196, no. 13.
Original Combination: Cyclopides Skada
Type Locality: “Kodiak” [Alaska]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 263-264, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
W. H. Edwards (1870) redescribed Steroptes skada in Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 205, 214, no. 17. The “holotype” of the second described skada was made the neotype of the first to prevent confusion. W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 75, believed that this taxon is the same as albiguttata Christoph, 1893, Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 6(1): 87-88, from “Vilui, Irkut, Guberli, Ural merid.”
= mackenziei Wyatt, 1965
Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 50[76](5): 70-71, pl. 8, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V, 2 ♀ D, 2a ♀ V.
Original Combination: Carterocephalus palaemon mackenziei
Type Locality: “Norman Wells, N.W.T., Kanada” [Northwest Territories]
Types: Holotype in LNKD.
d. Carterocephalus palaemon magnus Mattoon & Tilden, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (51): 641-642, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Carterocephalus palaemon magnus
Type Locality: “California: Sonoma County; Kruse Ranch Road at Plantation, ca. 3 air miles east Highway 1, at Pacific Ocean, or 1 road mile West of junction Seaview Road and Hauser Bridge Road”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Genus Piruna Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 10, 11. Type-species: Pholisora pirus W. H. Edwards, 1878, Field & Forest 3(7/8): 119, by original designation.
129. Piruna pirus (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 119.
Original Combination: Pholisora Pirus
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; suggested to be “Hardscrabble Canyon, Custer County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 264, 265.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 265, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
This taxon was redescribed by W. H. Edwards (1881), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 7.
= semicaeca (Mabille & Boullet, 1917)
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1917(4): 100.
Original Combination: Pholisora Pirus var. semicaeca
Type Locality: “Utah, U. S.”
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
130. Piruna haferniki H. Freeman, 1970
J. Lepid. Soc. 24(4): 247-248, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Piruna haferniki
Type Locality: “Green Gulch, Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas, elev. 5700 ft.”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
131. Piruna polingii (W. Barnes, 1900)
Can. Entomol. 32(2): 42, 44.
Original Combination: Pyrgus Polingii
Type Locality: “Huachuca Mountains, Arizona” [Cochise County]
Types: Syntype in USNM; two figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ V.
*132. Piruna aea (Dyar, 1912)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 42(1885): 44.
Original Combination: Butleria aea
Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico...Oaxaca, Mexico”
Types: Syntypes (#14276) in USNM.
= cingo Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 14, pl. 54 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: [Piruna] cingo
Type Locality: “Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 4600 feet”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= sombra Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 14, pl. 54 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: [Piruna cingo] sombra
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
a. Piruna aea mexicana H. Freeman, 1979
Bull. Allyn Mus. (52): 5-6, figs. 12 ♂ D, 13 ♂ V (holotype), 25 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Piruna mexicana
Type Locality: “9 miles east of Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 426, no. 434, and Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies SE Ariz.: 71, considered this taxon a synonym of Piruna cingo. A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 555, proposed this arrangement.
133. Piruna penaea (Dyar, 1918)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 338.
Original Combination: Butleria penaea
Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#21210) in USNM.
Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 8, applied this name to the skipper previously reported (from Texas) as Piruna microsticta (Godman, 1900), in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2(156): 464, no. 1; 3: pl. 92, figs. 1 ♂ (not ♀) D, 2 ♂ (not ♀) V, 3 ♂ D.
= milpa H. Freeman, 1970
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 78(2): 96, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V (holotype), fig. 22 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Piruna milpa
Type Locality: “Milpillas, Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Subfamily Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809
Tribe incertae sedis ,
The phylogenetic position of the following genera currently remains uncertain, as does their tribal affiliation.
Genus Agathymus H. Freeman, 1959
Lepid. News 12(3/4): 82-83. Type-species: Megathymus neumoegeni W. H. Edwards, 1882, Papilio 2(2): 27-28, by original designation.
134. Agathymus neumoegeni (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
a. Agathymus neumoegeni neumoegeni (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 27-28.
Original Combination: Megathymus Neumoegeni
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; defined as “About ten miles from Prescott, Ariz.” by Ottolengui (1895), Entomol. News 6(7): 218, and “Prescott, Arizona” by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3/4): 79; corrected to “approx. 9 mi S. Prescott, Ariz.” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 139; stated as “Prescott, Yavapai County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 63-64.
Types: Lectotype (#3368) in USNM, designated by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3/4): 79, pl. 2, top row ♂ D&V; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 26 ♂ D&V.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1386.
b. Agathymus neumoegeni judithae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)
Entomol. News 68(1): 5-6, pl. 4, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, 3rd row genitalia of both sexes.
Original Combination: Megathymus judithae
Type Locality: “Hueco Mts., Hueco, Texas, el. 5300 ft.”; defined as “Approximately 8 miles east of Hueco, in the Hueco Mountains, El Paso Co., Texas” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 36.
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
c. Agathymus neumoegeni diabloensis H. Freeman, 1962
Am. Mus. Novit. (2097): 1-5, figs. 1, 2 ♂ D&V, 3, 4 ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Agathymus diabloensis
Type Locality: “5 miles west of Victoria Canyon, Diablo Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
d. Agathymus neumoegeni carlsbadensis (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)
Entomol. News 68(1): 8-10, pl. 3, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, 3rd row genitalia of both sexes.
Original Combination: Megathymus carlsbadensis
Type Locality: “Guadeloupe Mts., Carlsbad Cavern National Park, New Mexico, on the mesa at head of Yucca Canyon, el. 5470 ft.” [Eddy County]
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
e. Agathymus neumoegeni florenceae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)
Entomol. News 68(1): 12-13, pl. 4, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, 3rd row genitalia of both sexes.
Original Combination: Megathymus florenceae
Type Locality: “Davis Mts., Ft. Davis, Texas, el. 6200 ft.”; defined as “Davis Mountains, Scenic Drive, Jeff Davis Co., Texas” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 35.
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
f. Agathymus neumoegeni mcalpinei (H. Freeman, 1955)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): 6, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype), 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V, 30 ♂ genitalia, 31 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus mcalpinei
Type Locality: “5.1 miles north of Marathon, Texas” [Brewster County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
This was spelled “macalpinei” by dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (1): 1, no. 5; an unjustified emendation.
g. Agathymus neumoegeni chisosensis (H. Freeman, 1952)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1593): 1-3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 8 ♂ genitalia, 13 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus chisosensis
Type Locality: “Chisos Basin, Chisos Mountains, Texas”; defined as “Chisos Mountains, el. 5400 ft., Brewster Co., Texas” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 37.
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
The chromosome numbers for various members of this complex are discordant. H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 36-38, recorded a chromosome number of 10 for florenceae and mcalpinei, and 18 for chisosensis. Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 13, cited this as justification for considering chisosensis a distinct species. The species-level status of chisosensis needs further investigation.
135. Agathymus polingi (Skinner, 1905)
Entomol. News 16(7): 232.
Original Combination: Megathymus polingi
Type Locality: “So. Arizona...Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County”; defined as “Baboquivari Mountains, Pima Co., Arizona” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 53.
Types: Syntype (#7059) in CMNH; “paratypes” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 31 ♂ D, 32 ♀ D.
136. Agathymus evansi (H. Freeman, 1950)
Field & Lab. 18(1): 144-145.
Original Combination: Megathymus evansi
Type Locality: “Ramsey Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona” [Huachuca Mtns.]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3/4): pl. 2, 3rd row ♂ D&V, and H. Freeman (1955), Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.
137. Agathymus aryxna (Dyar, 1905)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 141.
Original Combination: M[egathymus]. aryxna
Type Locality: Not specifically stated, cited Megathymus neumoegeni (sensu H. Druce (1897), Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Het. 3(133): 320, pl. 69, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D, from “Mexico...Northern Sonora”); defined as “SE of Nogales, Sonora” by Barnes and McDunnough (1912), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 1(3): 23; further defined as “western slopes of the Patagonia Mtns., S. E. of Nogales, Sonora, Mexico” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 139.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483; restricted to fig. 4 ♀ [sic! ♂] D in H. Druce (1897), Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Het. 3(133): pl. 69; also figured by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3/4): pl. 3, 3rd row ♂ D. The same specimen was designated lectotype by Skinner and R. Williams (1924), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 50(3): 205. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1358.
= drucei (Skinner, 1911)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): 207; cited Megathymus neumoegeni (sensu H. Druce (1897), Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Het. 3(133): pl. 69, fig. 3 ♂ D).
Original Combination: [Megathymus]. drucei
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483; figured by Stallings and Turner (1954), Lepid. News 8(3-4): pl. 3, 2nd row ♂ D&V (as holotype), 4th row ♂ genitalia.
138. Agathymus baueri (D. Stallings & Turner, 1954)
a. Agathymus baueri baueri (D. Stallings & Turner, 1954)
Lepid. News 8(3-4): 80-81, pl. 1, 3rd row ♂ D&V (holotype), 4th row ♀ D&V, pl. 4, 2nd row ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus baueri
Type Locality: “near Verde Hot Springs, Yavapai County, Arizona...elevation 4,000 ft.”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
b. Agathymus baueri freemani D. Stallings & Turner, 1960
Entomol. News 71(5): 109-110, 112, pl. 1, top ♂ D&V (holotype), middle ♀ D&V, bottom ♂ & ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Agathymus freemani
Type Locality: “near Bagdad, Ariz.” [Yavapai County]
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
139. Agathymus gentryi Roever, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (41): 491-492, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V (holotype), 1c ♀ D, 1d ♀ V.
Original Combination: Agathymus gentryi
Type Locality: “Arizona. Pima County, vic. Agua Dulce Spring, 670-790 m, Agua Dulce Mountains”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
140. Agathymus mariae (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1924)
a. Agathymus mariae mariae (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1924)
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(3): 100-101.
Original Combination: Megathymus mariae
Type Locality: “El Paso Texas”; defined as “Franklin Mountains, El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 45.
Types: Holotype in USNM.
b. Agathymus mariae chinatiensis H. Freeman, 1964
J. Lepid. Soc. 18(3): 172-173, pl. 1, 3rd row ♂ D&V, pl. 2, 3rd row ♀ D&V (holotype), pl. 3, figs. 2 ♂ genitalia, 7 ♀ genitalia, 12 cremaster.
Original Combination: Agathymus chinatiensis
Type Locality: “2.7 miles south of Shafter, Texas” [Presidio County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
c. Agathymus mariae lajitaensis H. Freeman, 1964
J. Lepid. Soc. 18(3): 174-175, pl. 1, lower row ♂ D&V, pl. 2, bottom row ♀ D&V (holotype), pl. 3, figs. 3 ♂ genitalia, 8 ♀ genitalia, 13 cremaster.
Original Combination: Agathymus lajitaensis
Type Locality: “10 miles west of Lajita, Texas” [Presidio County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
d. Agathymus mariae rindgei H. Freeman, 1964
J. Lepid. Soc. 18(3): 180-182, pl. 1, top row ♂ D&V, pl. 2 top row ♀ D&V (holotype), pl. 3, figs. 5 ♂ genitalia, 10 ♀ genitalia, 15 cremaster.
Original Combination: Agathymus rindgei
Type Locality: “14 miles north of Bracketville, Texas” [Kinney County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
141. Agathymus gilberti H. Freeman, 1964
J. Lepid. Soc. 18(3): 176-178, pl. 1, 2nd row ♂ D&V, pl. 2 2nd row ♀ D&V (holotype), pl. 3, figs. 4 ♂ genitalia, 9 ♀ genitalia, 14 cremaster.
Original Combination: Agathymus gilberti
Type Locality: “14 miles north of Bracketville, Texas” [Kinney County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
As mentioned under Agathymus neumoegeni chisosensis (H. Freeman, 1952), chromosome numbers for various members of this complex are discordant. H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 46, recorded a chromosome number of 22 for rindgei and 21 for gilberti. These two taxa have the same type locality and cannot be subspecies of the same species. They are either distinct species or synonyms. It is possible that there was an error in the determination of chromosome number. The species-level status of gilberti needs investigation.
*142. Agathymus estelleae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1958)
Lepid. News 11(4-5): 119, 121, pl. 2, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, lower row ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus estelleae
Type Locality: “the plains 56 miles southwest of Reynosa, Mexico, near General Bravo, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, at an elevation of 400 ft.”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
a. Agathymus estelleae valverdiensis H. Freeman, 1966
J. Lepid. Soc. 20(3): 182-183, pl. 1, top row ♂ D&V, bottom row ♀ D&V, pl. 2 ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Agathymus valverdiensis
Type Locality: “28 miles north of Del Rio, Val Verde County, Texas”; H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 49, added “el. 1450 ft.”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Roever (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 415, considered valverdiensis a “weak subspecies” of estelleae. Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 423, considered valverdiensis and estelleae to be subspecies of A. remingtoni D. Stallings & Turner, 1958, Lepid. News 11(4-5): 117.
143. Agathymus stephensi (Skinner, 1912)
Entomol. News 23(3): 126-127.
Original Combination: Megathymus neumoegeni stephensi
Type Locality: “La Puerta, eastern edge of San Diego County, California”; defined as “Mason Valley (La Puerta), San Diego Co., California” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 51.
Types: Syntype (#7060) in CMNH; figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1913), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(1): pl. 1, fig. 7 ♀ D.
144. Agathymus alliae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)
a. Agathymus alliae alliae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1957)
Entomol. News 68(1): 1-4, pl. 1, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, 3rd row, genitalia of both sexes.
Original Combination: Megathymus alliae
Type Locality: “15 miles west of Cameron, Arizona, el. 5000 ft.”; defined as “15 miles west of Cameron, Coconino Co., along canyon of Little Colorado River, el. 5000 ft., Arizona” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 53.
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
b. Agathymus alliae paiute Roever, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (41): 492-493, figs. 3a ♂ D, 3b ♂ V (holotype), 3b ♀ D, 3d ♀ V.
Original Combination: Agathymus alliae paiute
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County, Peek-a-boo Cnyn. [sic!], N end Las Vegas Range, ca. 1770 m”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Megathymus Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 83. Type-species: Eudamus (?) yuccae Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (23-26): pl. 70, figs. [1]-[5] ♂ [not ♀], larva and pupa, by original designation. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1222.
145. Megathymus yuccae (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
a. Megathymus yuccae yuccae (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (24): pl. 70, [1] ♂ D, [2] ♀ V, [3] ♀D, [4] larva, [5] pupa.
Original Combination: Eudamus (?) Yuccae
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text), but “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot; defined as “South Carolina to the southern tip of Florida” by H. Freeman (1943), Entomol. News 54(9): 211; redefined as “Scriven [sic!; Screven] County, Georgia” by H. Freeman (1952), Field & Lab. 20(1): 30; neotype from “Aiken County, South Carolina.”
Types: Types are the specimens figured by John Abbot, and are probably lost. Neotype in AMNH, designated by H. Freeman (1952), Field & Lab. 20(1): 30.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 483 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1387.
= alabamae H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(3): 76-77.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae alabamae
Type Locality: “Anniston, Alabama” [Calhoun County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= buchholzi H. Freeman, 1952
Field & Lab. 20(1): 31-33.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae buchholzi
Type Locality: “Jupiter, Florida” [Palm Beach County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Megathymus yuccae reinthali H. Freeman, 1963
J. Lepid. Soc. 17(2): 91, 93, pl. 1, 3rd row ♂ D&V, 4th row ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae reinthali
Type Locality: “two miles W. Ben Wheeler, Texas” [Van Zandt County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= kendalli H. Freeman, 1965
J. Lepid. Soc. 19(2): 83-84, pl. 1, top row ♂ D&V, 2nd row ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae kendalli
Type Locality: “San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
c. Megathymus yuccae wilsonorum D. Stallings & Turner, 1958
Lepid. News 11(4/5): 129-130, pl. 3, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, lower row ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus wilsonorum
Type Locality: “around Victoria, Tamps., Mexico” [Tamaulipas]
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
d. Megathymus yuccae louiseae H. Freeman, 1963
J. Lepid. Soc. 17(2): 95-96, pl. 1, top row ♂ D&V, 2nd row ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae louiseae
Type Locality: “16 miles north Del Rio, Texas” [Val Verde County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
e. Megathymus yuccae coloradensis C. Riley, 1877
Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 3(36): 567-568 (name given on 568).
Original Combination: [Megathymus yuccae] var. Coloradensis
Type Locality: “Colorado”; suggested to be “near Colorado Springs, Colorado” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23 (suppl.1): 13. [El Paso County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
= stallingsi H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(9): 214-215.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae stallingsi
Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= winkensis H. Freeman, 1965
J. Lepid. Soc. 19(2): 87-88, pl. 1, 3rd row ♂ D&V, lower row ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae winkensis
Type Locality: “Wink, Winkler County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= elidaensis D. Stallings, Turner & V. Stallings, 1966
J. Lepid. Soc. 20(3): 170-172, pl. 4, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), bottom row ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae elidaensis
Type Locality: “New Mexico, Roosevelt County, southwest of Elida”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
= ‡”dee” H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(9): 216-217.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae stallingsi ♀ form dee
Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
f. Megathymus yuccae reubeni D. Stallings, Turner & V. Stallings, 1963
J. Lepid. Soc. 17(2): 87, pl. 3, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), bottom row ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae reubeni
Type Locality: “at an elevation of 5300 feet in the Hueco Mts. of Texas” [El Paso County]
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
g. Megathymus yuccae navajo Skinner, 1911
Entomol. News 22(7): 300.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae var. navajo
Type Locality: “Fort Wingate, New Mexico”; defined as “Fort Wingate, Zuni Mountains, McKinley Co., New Mexico” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 14; holotype labeled “Mountain back of post; Fort Wingate, N. M.”
Types: Syntype (#7052) in CMNH; figured by Skinner (1911), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 37(3): pl. 10.
= arizonae Tinkham, 1954
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 53(2): 81-83, pl. 18, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, pl. 19, figs. 3 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V (holotype); 4 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae arizonae
Type Locality: “Mountain View, Pima County, Arizona”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
= browni D. Stallings & Turner, 1960
Entomol. News 71(5): 112, 114-115, pl. 2, top ♂ D&V (holotype), middle ♀ D&V, bottom ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae browni
Type Locality: “near Salina, Utah” [Sevier County]
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
= albasuffusa R. Wielgus & D. Wielgus, 1974
Bull. Allyn Mus. (17): 1-3, figs. 4 ♀ D, 5 ♀ V (holotype); 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V, 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V, 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Megathymus coloradensis albasuffusa
Type Locality: “Wahweap Campground, Glen Canyon National recreation Area, 5 miles northwest of Glen Canyon Dam, 3700' elevation, Coconino County, Arizona”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
h. Megathymus yuccae martini D. Stallings & Turner, 1956
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 55(3): 150-152; figured by Tinkham (1954), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 53(2): pl. 18, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D; pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae martini
Type Locality: “Little Rock, Los Angeles Co., California”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
= maudae D. Stallings, Turner & V. Stallings, 1966
J. Lepid. Soc. 20(3): 169-170, pl. 3, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), bottom row ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae maudae
Type Locality: “California, San Bernardino County, 21 miles north of Essex, on Cima Road in Providence Mountains”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
i. Megathymus yuccae harbisoni J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (64): 763-764, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Megathymus yuccae harbisoni
Type Locality: “California: San Diego County; 1 mile west of Scissors Crossing”
Types: Holotype in SDMC.
146. Megathymus ursus Poling, 1902
a. Megathymus ursus ursus Poling, 1902
Entomol. News 13(4): 97-98, pl. 4; this figure reproduced by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 72, fig. 1 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Megathymus ursus
Type Locality: “Pinal County, Arizona”; defined as “Santa Catalina Mountains, west of Redington, Pima Co., Arizona” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23 (suppl.1): 25.
Types: Holotype in USNM.
b. Megathymus ursus deserti R. Wielgus, J. Wielgus & D. Wielgus, 1972
Bull. Allyn Mus. (9): 1-4, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V (holotype); 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Megathymus ursus deserti
Type Locality: “Arizona, Maricopa County, 1/2 - 1-1/2 miles north of Camp Creek on road to Seven Springs, 3500-3680 feet elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Megathymus ursus violae D. Stallings & Turner, 1956
Lepid. News 10(1/2): 4-5, pl. 2, top row ♀ D&V (holotype), 2nd row ♂ D&V, lower row ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus violae
Type Locality: “Carlsbad Caverns National Park in the Guadeloupe Mts., New Mexico” [Eddy County]
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
147. Megathymus cofaqui (Strecker, 1876)
a. Megathymus cofaqui cofaqui (Strecker, 1876)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 28(7): 148-150; figured by Strecker [1878], Lepid. Rhop. Het. (15): pl. 15, fig. 2 ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Ægiale Cofaqui
Type Locality: “Georgia”; defined as “somewhere in northern Florida near Georgia” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 140; subsequently defined as “Burke County, Georgia” by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(4): 3.
Types: Holotype in FMNH; figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1912), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 1(3): 36, and Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(4): fig. 5 ♀ D.
= harrisi H. Freeman, 1955
Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): 2, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V, 27 ♂ genitalia, 28 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus harrisi
Type Locality: “Stone Mountain, Georgia” [De Kalb County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
This synonymy determined by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(4): 3.
b. Megathymus cofaqui slotteni Gatrelle, 1999
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(4): 4-5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Megathymus cofaqui slotteni
Type Locality: “Vicinity of Williston, Levy County, Florida”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
148. Megathymus streckeri (Skinner, 1895)
a. Megathymus streckeri streckeri (Skinner, 1895)
Can. Entomol. 27(7): 179; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, fig. 24 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Aegiale Streckeri
Type Locality: “Texas...probably from Arizona...Colorado”; defined as “Petrified Forest area, Arizona” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 141. [Apache County]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH and (#7053) CMNH.
b. Megathymus streckeri texana W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1912
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 1(3): 39-40, no. 2, pl. 2, fig. 9 ♀ (holotype).
Original Combination: Megathymus streckeri texana
Type Locality: “South Texas (Dallas, San Antonio)”; defined as “Kerrville, Texas” by H. Freeman (1963), J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 141. [Kerr County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
= albocincta W. Holland, 1930
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 159-160.
Original Combination: Megathymus albocincta
Type Locality: Stated to be “southwestern Texas” by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 402.
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 71, fig. 17 ♂ D (holotype), 18 ♂ D (paratype).
c. Megathymus streckeri leussleri W. Holland, 1931
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20(2): 262-263; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 72, figs. 10 ♂ D (holotype), 12 ♀ D (allotype).
Original Combination: Megathymus leussleri
Type Locality: “sandhills of Nebraska”; defined as “Valentine, Nebraska” by H. Freeman (1944), Entomol. News 55(4): 104; redefined as “Sand Hills near Valentine, Cherry Co., Nebraska” by H. Freeman (1969), J. Lepid. Soc. 23(suppl. 1): 24.
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
Genus Stallingsia H. Freeman, 1959
Lepid. News 12(3/4): 87-88. Type-species: Megathymus maculosus H. Freeman, 1955, Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): 10-11, figs. 21-24, 32-33, by original designation.
149. Stallingsia maculosus (H. Freeman, 1955)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1711): 10-11, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V, 32 ♂ genitalia, 33 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megathymus maculosus
Type Locality: “Kingsville, Texas” [Kleberg County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Recorded in older literature as smithi H. Druce, 1896, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Het. 2(131): 320, a Mexican congener.
Genus Erionota Mabille, 1878
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 21: 34. Type-species: Papilio thrax Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 794, no. 260, by designation of E. Watson (1893), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893(1): 72, 86.
150. Erionota thrax (Linnaeus, 1767)
a. Erionota thrax thrax (Linnaeus, 1767)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 794, no. 260.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus Urbicola]. Thrax
Type Locality: “Java”
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Corbet and Pendlebury (1956), Butterflies Malay Pen.: pl. 29, fig. 8.
Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 45, substituted the name Erionota torus Evans, 1941, for this species, as it occurs in Hawaii. As explained in the excluded species appendix, this was based on a misidentification of Erionota thrax by Kawazoé and Wakabayashi (1976), Col. Illus. Butterflies Japan: 310-311.
Genus Perichares Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81. Type-species: Papilio coridon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 533, no. 385 (= Papilio philetes Gmelin, [1790], Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2364, no. 842; homonym), by original designation.
151. Perichares adela (Hewitson, 1867)
Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(62): [105], pl. Hesperia I, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Adela
Type Locality: “Rio de Janeiro” [Brasil]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Burns et al. (2008), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 105(17): 6350-6355, determine that this is a species distinct from Perichares philetes (Gmelin, [1790]).
= dolores (Reakirt, 1868)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 20(1/2): 87-88, no. 52.
Original Combination: Goniloba dolores
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, not at ANSP.
= marmorata Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81-82, no. 3.
Original Combination: P[erichares]. marmorata
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Syntype (#15315) in MCZ.
Tribe Thymelicini Tutt, 1905
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(1): 90, 91 (as "Thymelicinae" and "Thymelicidi"). Type-genus: Thymelicus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (8): 113.
Genus Ancyloxypha C. Felder, [1863]
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12(1): 477. Type-species: Hesperia numitor Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 324, no. 228, by original designation. This name has frequently been misspelled, most commonly as “Ancyloxipha.”
152. Ancyloxypha numitor (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 324, no. 228; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 74, fig. 2; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [44], fig. 3 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Numitor
Type Locality: “Indiis”; stated to be “certainly the eastern U.S.” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 30.
Types: Type(s) lost, name based on Jones' figure.
= bion (Fabricius, 1798)
Entomol. Syst. Suppl.: 432.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Bion
Type Locality: “America meridionali”; stated as “certainly the eastern U.S.” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 30.
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
= puer (Hübner, 1823)
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [48], figs. 275 ♂ D, 276 ♂ V [1821]; 17, no. 138 (1823, name given).
Original Combination: Thymelicus Puer
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= marginatus (T. Harris, 1862)
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 308, fig. 131 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Heteropterus marginatus
Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition.
Types: Syntypes (#26353) in MCZ.
= longleyi French, 1897
Can. Entomol. 29(4): 80.
Original Combination: Ancyloxypha Longleyi
Type Locality: “Ridgeland, near Chicago” [Iroquois County, Illinois]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
153. Ancyloxypha arene (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 214-215, no. 18.
Original Combination: Heteropterus Arene
Type Locality: “Arizona”; neotype from “near Tucson.” [Pima County, Arizona]
Types: Neotype (#33628) in USNM, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(1): 267, fig. 5 ♂ D&V. This specimen is the holotype of myrtis (see below).
= ‡myrtis (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 26.
Original Combination: Copaeodes Myrtis
Type Locality: “near Tucson” [Pima County, Arizona]
Types: Holotype (#33628) in USNM.
A junior objective synonym of Ancyloxypha arene (W. H. Edwards, 1871).
= euphrasia (Plötz, 1884)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 166, no. 63; cited unpublished pl. 773.
Original Combination: [Apaustus] Euphrasia
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Types in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 146, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= leporina (Plötz, 1884)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 166, no. 64; cited unpublished pl. 774.
Original Combination: [Apaustus] Leporina
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 146, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= isidorus (Plötz, 1884)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(7-9): 287, no. 11; cited unpublished pl. 780.
Original Combination: [Thymelicus] Isidorus
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Types in ZMHB.
Genus Oarisma Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 75. Type-species: Hesperia powesheik Parker, 1870, Am. Entomol. Bot. 2(9): 271, by original designation.
= Paradopaea Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(156): pl. 92, figs. 23-29. Type-species: Hesperia garita Reakirt, 1866, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 150-151, by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 96.
154. Oarisma poweshiek (Parker, 1870) (emended)
Am. Entomol. Bot. 2(9): 271-272.
Original Combination: Hesperia Powesheik
Type Locality: “a grassy prairie slope, at Grinnell, Iowa” [Poweshiek County]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
This name is emended since it is clearly stated in the text that it was named for the County and the native American. This has been done by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 31, and Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 48.
155. Oarisma garita (Reakirt, 1866)
a. Oarisma garita garita (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 150-151.
Original Combination: Hesperia Garitá
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr.”; suggested to be “Mts. W. of Denver Colo.” by Scott (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 19: 30.
Types: Syntype(s) in FMNH.
= hylax (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 274, no. 16.
Original Combination: Thymeticus [sic!] Hylax
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “South Park and at Twin Lakes, Colorado” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 162; further defined as “vicinity of Twin Lakes, Lake County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(1): 269.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(1): 269-270, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
156. Oarisma edwardsii (W. Barnes, 1897)
Can. Entomol. 29(2): 42.
Original Combination: Thymelicus Edwardsii
Type Locality: “near Denver, Colorado” This species is not currently known from the Denver area or Platte River drainage; the type probably came from the Arkansas River drainage (A. Warren pers. comm. 2006). Suggested to be “Hardscrabble Can., Wet Mts., Custer Co. Colo. by Scott (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 19: 30.
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Genus Copaeodes Speyer, 1877
In: W. H. Edwards, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 49, 64. Type-species: Heteropterus procris W. H. Edwards (1871), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 215 (= Ancyloxipha [sic!] aurantiaca Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 45; synonym), by designation of W. F. Kirby [1879], Zool. Rec. 14(1877)(Ins.): 139.
157. Copaeodes aurantiaca (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 45, no. 1.
Original Combination: Ancyloxipha [sic!] aurantiaca
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Species-genus gender conformation is aurantiacus.
= waco (W. H. Edwards, 1868)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(2): 122.
Original Combination: Hesperia Waco
Type Locality: “Texas”; neotype from “Dallas, Texas.” [Dallas County]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 271, fig. 7 ♂ D&V.
= simplex (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 476, no. 31.
Original Combination: Ancyloxypha simplex
Type Locality: “Cordoba, Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Holotype in NMW.
= procris (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 215, no. 19.
Original Combination: Heteropterus Procris
Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 274, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.
The type series included both C. aurantiaca and C. minima. F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), ibid., selected a specimen of the former as lectotype.
= macra (Plötz, 1884)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45: 284, no. 2; cited unpublished pl. 1500 (nachtrag).
Original Combination: [Thymelicus] Macra
Type Locality: “Nord-Amerika”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC, ZMHB, or lost.
= candida W. G. Wright, 1890
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2)3(4): 34; figured by W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: pl. 30, figs. 411 ♀ [not ♂] D, 411b ♂ [not ♀] D, 411c ♂ V.
Original Combination: Copaeodes candida
Type Locality: “cañons in the foothills of southwestern California”
Types: Lectotype (#3227) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 38.
158. Copaeodes minima (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 196, no. 14.
Original Combination: Hesperia Minima
Type Locality: “Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
Species-genus gender conformation is minimus.
= rayata W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(3): 100, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Copaeodes rayata
Type Locality: “San Benito, Texas” [Cameron County]
Types: Syntype in USNM.
Durden (1982), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(1): 9, claimed this is a winter form, genitalically distinct from minima, but this was disproved by Austin et al. (2008), Florida Entomol. 91(4): 636-642.
‡”singularis” (Plötz, 1884)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(7-9): 284, under no. 1.
Original Combination: [Thymelicus] Waco [synonym] Singularis
Plötz introduced “Thymelicus singularis (Herrich-Schäffer manuscript)” as a synonym of waco without description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Adopaeoides Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(156): 470. Type-species: Apaustus prittwitzi Plötz, 1884, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 165, no. 61, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 825; the same Opinion placed this name on the Official Index of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1766.
= ‡Neadopaea Hayward, 1941
Revta. Mus. La Plata, Zool. (n.s.) 2(14): 285. Type-species: Apaustus prittwitzi Plötz, 1884, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 165, no. 61, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Adopaeoides Godman, 1900.
159. Adopaeoides prittwitzi (Plötz, 1884)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 45(4-6): 165, no. 61; cited unpublished pl. 771.
Original Combination: [Apaustus] Prittwitzi
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC, ZMHB, or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 146, determined that this is “Adopaeoides simplex, Godm. (Nec Feld.)” through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 309, concurred. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 825 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 2209.
Genus Thymelicus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 113. Type-species: Papilio acteon Rottemburg, 1775, Naturforscher 6: 30-31, no. 18, by designation of Butler (1870), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(76): 94.
= Adopoea Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81. Type-species: Papilio linea [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 160, no. 5 (= Papilio sylvestris Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79, no. 51; synonym), by monotypy.
= ‡Pelion W. F. Kirby, 1858
List Brit. Rhop.: [3]. Type-species: Papilio linea [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 160, no. 5 (= Papilio sylvestris Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79; synonym), by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Adopoea Billberg, 1820. McHenry (1962), J. Lepid. Soc. 16(2): 104, examined Kirby’s rare document; this arrangement relies on his appraisal.
= ‡Doricha Moore, 1883
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883(3): 317. Type-species: Papilio sylvestris Poda, 1761, Ins. Mus. graec.: 79, by original designation. Preoccupied by Doricha Reichenbach, 1853, J. Ornithologie 1(Aufzählung Colibris): 12.
160. Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808)
Most of the Palearctic synonymy of this species is not listed. Asou and Sekiguchi (2002), Trans. Lepid. Soc. Japan 53(2): 103-109, detailed the close relationship between Japanese, American and European populations of this species.
a. Thymelicus lineola lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808)
Schmett. Europ. 1(2): 230, no. 19.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Lineola
Type Locality: “Germania”
Types: Type(s) may be in HNHM or lost.
= virgula (Hübner, [1813])
Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 130, figs. 660 ♂ D, 661 ♂ V, 662 ♀ D, 663 ♀ V [1813]; Nachtr.: 5 [1824].
Original Combination: [Papilio] Virgula
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in NMW, but probably lost.
= kirbyi (Reed, 1877)
An. Univ. Chile 51(9): 722.
Original Combination: Pamphila Kirbyi
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in MHNS.
Hayward (1955), Entomol. 88(1110): 262, determined this synonymy.
= ludovicae (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27: 118; (c. r.)(31): lxviii-lxix, in reference to p. 118.
Original Combination: Pamphila Ludovicae
Type Locality: “E Gallia in Montibus Arverniae...et Pyrenaeis” [France]
Types: Syntypes in MNHP and BMNH.
= ‡”pallida” Tutt, 1896
Brit. Butterflies: 136.
Original Combination: [Thymelicus lineola] Ab. pallida
Type Locality: not stated; “Britain” implied from the title of the book.
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly BMNH.
Tribe Calpodini A. Clark, 1948
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 61: 81. Type-genus: Calpodes Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 107. Proposed by indication (see Code Article 13.2.1). Voss (1952), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 45(2): 255, also proposed this name; he did not cite Clark, but established Calpodes as the type-genus, thus validating Clark’s authorship.
Genus Calpodes Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 107. Type-species: Papilio ethlius Stoll, 1782, Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 212, pl. 392, figs. A, B; (34): 249 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82.
161. Calpodes ethlius (Stoll, 1782)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 212, pl. 392, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (34): 249 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicol[a]. Ethlius
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost (Raye de Breukelewaert collection, in RMNH?).
= chemnis (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 331, no. 257; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 86, fig. 2; figured by Donovan (1802), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [49], fig. 1 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Chemnis
Type Locality: “Indiis”; suggested to be “Jamaica” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 50.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= olynthus (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 75, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eudamus ? Olynthus
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.
Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection (USNM and/or BMNH).
Genus Panoquina Hemming, 1934
Entomol. 67(849): 38. Type-species: Hesperia panoquin Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 178-179, no. 81, as replacement name. Proposed to replace Prenes Scudder, 1872, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= ‡Prenes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81. Type-species: Hesperia panoquin Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 178-179, no. 81, by original designation. Preoccupied by Prenes Gistel, 1848, Nat. Thierr.: 10.
162. Panoquina panoquin (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 178-179, no. 81.
Original Combination: Hesperia Panoquin
Type Locality: “Conn.” [Connecticut]
Types: Syntypes may be in MCZ.
= ophis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 216, no 21.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ophis
Type Locality: “Apalachicola, Fla.”; neotype from “St. George’s Island [sic!], Franklin County, Florida.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 62, fig. 25 ♂ D&V.
‡”cochles” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): 1867.
Original Combination: [Prenes panoquin] = Hesperia cochles
Proposed as a Latreille manuscript name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”wimico” (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 55, under no. 361.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Panoquin [synonym] Wimico
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
163. Panoquina panoquinoides (Skinner, 1891)
a. Panoquina panoquinoides panoquinoides (Skinner, 1891)
Entomol. News 2(9): 175; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, fig. 26 ♂ D.
Original Combination: P[amphila]. panoquinoides
Type Locality: “Key West, Fla. and Texas” [Monroe County, Florida]
Types: Syntype (#7103, labeled “holotype”, from “Key West, Fla.”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 23 ♂ D.
164. Panoquina errans (Skinner, 1892)
Entomol. News 3(7): 174-175.
Original Combination: Pamphila errans
Type Locality: “California...Texas”
Types: Syntype (#7102, labeled “holotype”, from “Cal.”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 24 ♂ D.
MacNeill (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 428-429, L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 51, and Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 15, considered P. errans to be a species-level taxon.
165. Panoquina ocola (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
a. Panoquina ocola ocola (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 20, no. 10; (4): pl. 11, fig. 4 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ocola
Type Locality: “Georgia; Florida; Texas”; neotype from “Fla.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 61, fig. 24 ♂ D&V.
= stratyllis (Burmeister, 1878)
Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 276, no. 3.
Original Combination: Pamphila Stratyllis
Type Locality: “Corrientes” [Argentina]
Types: Syntype in MACN.
= heterospila (Mabille, 1878)
Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(198): 238, no. 54.
Original Combination: Pamphila heterospila
Type Locality: “Peruvia”
Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP (Mabille collection).
= ortygia (Möschler, 1883)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 32: 328.
Original Combination: P[amphila]. Ortygia
Type Locality: “dem Innern”; “Surinam” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
166. Panoquina lucas (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 339, no. 290.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Lucas
Type Locality: “Americae meridionalis Insulis”
Types: Lectotype in ZMUC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 59.
= sylvicola (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 55, no. 13.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] sylvicola
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 59.
= woodruffi F. Watson, 1937
Am. Mus. Novit. (906): 6.
Original Combination: Panoquina sylvicola woodruffi
Type Locality: "Aibonito, Puerto Rico"
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
167. Panoquina hecebolus (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81, no. 3.
Original Combination: P[renes]. Hecebolus
Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]
Types: Syntype (#15312) in MCZ.
= parilis (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxi.
Original Combination: Pamphila parilis
Type Locality: “Chiriqui, Honduras” [Panama and Honduras]
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
168. Panoquina evansi (H. Freeman, 1946)
Entomol. News 57(8): 186-187, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia; figured by H. Freeman (1950), Field & Lab. 18(1): fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Calpodes evansi
Type Locality: “Pharr, Texas” [Hidalgo County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 407, and Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 468, considered this taxon a subspecies of Panoquina fusina Hewitson, 1868, Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 30, without justification.
Tribe Anthoptini A. Warren, 2009
In: Warren et al., Syst. Entomol. 34(3): 479, fig, 4, 482, 498. Type-genus: Anthoptus Bell, 1942, Am. Mus. Novit. (1205): 7.
Genus Synapte Mabille, 1904
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17b): 133. Type-species: Carystus salenus Mabille, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lx-lxi, by monotypy.
= ‡Godmania Skinner & Ramsden, 1924
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 75: 321. Type-species: Goniloba malitiosa Herrich-Schäffer, 1865, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 54, no. 11, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Godmania Horvath, 1919, Ann. Mus. Hungar. 17: 211, 222.
169. Synapte pecta Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 51.
Original Combination: [Synapte malitiosa] pecta
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 53, and A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 555, among other recent authors, considered pecta to be a species-level taxon.
170. Synapte salenus (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lx-lxi.
Original Combination: Carystus Salenus
Type Locality: “Colombie”; this locality was doubted by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 53.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
171. Synapte shiva Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 53.
Original Combination: [Synapte syraces] shiva
Type Locality: “Dos Arroyas, Guerrero, 1000 feet” [Mexico]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 53, and A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodiver. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 556, among other recent authors, considered S. syraces (Godman, 1901), in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(161): 595-596, no. 3; 3(163): pl. 103, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♂ genitalia, and S. shiva to be distinct species-level taxa.
Genus Corticea Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 46, 63. Type-species: Hesperia corticea Plötz, 1882, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 56-57, no. 369, by original designation.
172. Corticea corticea (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 56-57, no. 369; cited unpublished pl. 591.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Corticea
Type Locality: “Laguayra” [Venezuela]
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
Tribe Moncini A. Warren, 2008
In: Warren et al., Cladistics 24(5): 4, 8, 17. Type-genus: Monca Evans, 1955, Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 87, 124.
Genus Amblyscirtes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 75. Type-species: Hesperia vialis W. H. Edwards, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 58, no. 8, by original designation. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 386-393, and H. Freeman (1973), J. Lepid. Soc. 27(1): 40-57, arranged this genus into groups. Burns (1990), J. Lepid. Soc. 44(1): 11-27, rearranged some of these groups and commented on the phylogenetic position of the genus.
= Stomyles Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 76. Type-species: Pyrgus textor Hübner, [1831], Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [89], figs. 515, 516; 28, no. 258 (= Hesperia aesculapius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 347-348, no. 321; synonym), by original designation.
= Mastor Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 567. Type-species: Mastor anubis Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 568; 3: pl. 100, figs. 32 ♂ D, 33 ♂ V, 34 ♂ FW venation, 35 ♂ genitalia, by original designation.
= Epiphyes Dyar, 1905
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 132. Type-species: Pamphila carolina Skinner, 1892, Entomol. News 3(9): 222-223, by original designation.
exoteria group Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 386.
173. Amblyscirtes exoteria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 196, no. 54.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] exoteria
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz (pl. 572).
= nanno W. H. Edwards, 1882
Papilio 2(8): 142-143.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Nanno
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 20 ♀ D&V.
= marcus (Strand, 1909)
Int. Entomol. Z. 3(33): 176.
Original Combination: Chapra marcus
Type Locality: “Delagoa Bai” in error. [Africa]
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
174. Amblyscirtes cassus W. H. Edwards, 1883
Papilio 3(4): 72-73.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Cassus
Type Locality: “Mt. Graham, Arizona” [Graham County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 52, fig. 18 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 31 ♂ D.
175. Amblyscirtes aenus W. H. Edwards, 1878
a. Amblyscirtes aenus erna H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(1): 17-18.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes erna
Type Locality: “Palo Duro Canyon, Texas” [Armstrong County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 388, considered erna a synonym of Amblyscirtes fluonia Godman, 1900. Scott [1977], J. Res. Lepid. 15(2): 92, demonstrated that this taxon is conspecific with A. aenus.
b. Amblyscirtes aenus aenus W. H. Edwards, 1878
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 118.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Aenus
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “Hardscrabble Road, Pueblo County, Colorado, in the foothills of the Wet Mountains” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 51.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 51, fig. 17 ♂ D&V.
c. Amblyscirtes aenus megamacula Scott, 1998
Papilio (n.s.) 11: 6, fig. 13 ♂ D (holotype), 14 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes aenus megamacula
Type Locality: “WSW Peña Blanca Lake, Santa Cruz Co. Ariz”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
176. Amblyscirtes linda H. Freeman, 1943
Entomol. News 54(1): 19.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes linda
Type Locality: “Hope Hill Farm, Faulkner Co., Arkansas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
177. Amblyscirtes oslari (Skinner, 1899)
Entomol. News 10(5): 112.
Original Combination: Pamphila oslari
Type Locality: “Chimney Gulch, Colorado” [Jefferson County]
Types: Syntype (#7101) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 39 ♀ D.
aesculapius group Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 388.
*178. Amblyscirtes elissa Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(158): 505, no. 4; 3: pl. 95, figs. 40 ♀ V, 41 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes elissa
Type Locality: “Mexico, Tierra Colorada, Rincon, Dos Arroyos, all in Guerrero”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
a. Amblyscirtes elissa arizonae H. Freeman, 1993
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 62(4): 345-346, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes elissa arizonae
Type Locality: “United States. Arizona: Santa Cruz Co., 0.5 mi W Kino Springs”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
179. Amblyscirtes hegon (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 176, no. 77.
Original Combination: Hesperia Hegon
Type Locality: “White Mountains” [New Hampshire]
Types: Holotype (#8973) in MCZ.
As first reviser, W. F. Kirby (1871), Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 613, no. 16, selected hegon over samoset on the basis of line priority; Scudder applied the names hegon to the female and samoset to the male.
= samoset (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 176-177, no. 78; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(10): pl. 10, fig. 1 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Samoset
Type Locality: “Mass. and N. H.” [Massachusetts and New Hampshire]
Types: Syntypes (#8974) in MCZ.
= nemoris (W. H. Edwards, 1864)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, 507, no. 10; 4[1]: pl. 1, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Nemoris
Type Locality: “Portsmouth, Ohio”; neotype from “3 miles east of Zaleski, Vinton County, Ohio, some 50 miles NE of Portsmouth.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 50, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.
= argina (Plötz, 1884)
Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm. 15: 22, no. 60.
Original Combination: [Pyrgus (Syrichthus)] Argina
Type Locality: “Brisbane”, [Australia], in error.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
180. Amblyscirtes texanae E. Bell, 1927
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(4): 203.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes texanae
Type Locality: “vicinity of Alpine, Brewster County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
181. Amblyscirtes carolina (Skinner, 1892)
Entomol. News 3(9): 222-223.
Original Combination: Pamphila carolina
Type Locality: “about one-half mile south of Hamlet, Richmond County, North Carolina, on the border of a small cane brake”
Types: Syntype(s) (#7096) in ANSP; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 46, fig. 36 ♂ D.
182. Amblyscirtes reversa F. Jones, 1926
Entomol. News 37(7): 197-198, pl. 9, figs. 3 ♂ D, 3a ♂ V, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes carolina reversa
Type Locality: “Suffolk, Virginia” [Nansemond County]
Types: Holotype (#7169) in CMNH.
183. Amblyscirtes aesculapius (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 347-348, no. 321; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 29, fig. 4 D&V.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Aesculapius
Type Locality: “America boreali”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
This species was widely known as A. textor (Hübner, [1831]), until Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 390, replaced textor with aesculapius, a senior, but obscure, generally unused name.
= textor (Hübner, [1831])
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [89], figs. 515 ♀ D, 516 ♀ V [1824]; 28, no. 258 [1831, name given].
Original Combination: Pyrgus Textor
Type Locality: “United States”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= oneko (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 176, no. 76.
Original Combination: Hesperia Oneko
Type Locality: “Connecticut”
Types: Type(s) may be in MCZ.
= wakulla (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 311.
Original Combination: Hesperia Wakulla
Type Locality: “Apalachicola, Florida” [Franklin County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 49, fig. 15 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 16 ♂ D.
vialis group Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 390.
184. Amblyscirtes nereus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 207.
Original Combination: Hesperia Nereus
Type Locality: “South Apache”; defined as “between Camp Apache and the Gila River” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 47. [Navajo-Apache counties, Arizona]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 14 ♂ D&V.
This name was listed as “[Pamphila] nereus”, without a description or indication, by W. H. Edwards (1875), in: Mead, Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): 794; a nomen nudum.
185. Amblyscirtes nysa W. H. Edwards, 1877
Can. Entomol. 9(10): 191-192.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes nysa
Type Locality: “Texas”; lectotype from “Clifton, Bosque County, Texas.”
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 46, fig. 13 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 25 ♀ D.
= similis (Strecker, [1878])
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 131.
Original Combination: Pamphila Similis
Type Locality: Not stated; “vicinity of New Braunfels and San Antonio, Southwestern Texas” implied from the introductory text. [Comal and Bexar counties]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
186. Amblyscirtes eos (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 276-277, no. 20.
Original Combination: Hesperia Eos
Type Locality: “Dallas, Texas” [Dallas County]
Types: Lectotype (#8972) in MCZ, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 42-43, fig. 10 ♂ D&V.
= comus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 206-207.
Original Combination: Hesperia Comus
Type Locality: “Texas”; neotype from “Archer County, Texas.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 44, fig. 11 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 27 ♂ D.
= nilus W. H. Edwards, 1878
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 118-119.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Nilus
Type Locality: “Texas”; defined as “Archer Co., Texas” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 44.
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 45, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.
= quinquemacula (Skinner, 1911)
Entomol. News 22(9): 413.
Original Combination: Pamphila quinquemacula
Type Locality: “Las Cruces, New Mexico” [Dona Ana County]
Types: Holotype (#7107) in CMNH.
187. Amblyscirtes vialis (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 58, no. 8.
Original Combination: Hesperia vialis
Type Locality: “Rock Island, Illinois; Lake Winnipeg”; neotype from “Perryton Twp., Mercer Co., Illinois.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 41, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.
= asella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 203, no. 66.
Original Combination: [Cobalus] asella
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably in ZMHB.
188. Amblyscirtes alternata (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(1): 3-4.
Original Combination: Hesperia alternata
Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Georgia!)”
Types: Holotype may be in NYSM or AMNH.
= meridionalis Dyar, 1905
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 135.
Original Combination: A[mblyscirtes]. meridionalis
Type Locality: “Georgia and Florida”
Types: Syntypes may be in AMNH and/or USNM.
tolteca group Burns, 1990
J. Lepid. Soc. 44(1): 15, 18.
189. Amblyscirtes celia Skinner, 1895
Entomol. News 6(4): 113-114.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes celia
Type Locality: “Blanco, Comal and Nueces Counties, Texas”
Types: Syntype (#7095, labeled as “holotype”, from “New Braunfels, Tex.”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 30 ♂ D.
190. Amblyscirtes belli H. Freeman, 1941
Entomol. News 52(2): 50-51.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes belli
Type Locality: “Lancaster and two miles west of Vickery, Dallas County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
*191. Amblyscirtes tolteca Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 76, no. 3.
Original Combination: A[mblyscirtes]. Tolteca
Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]
Types: Syntype (#15322) in MCZ.
a. Amblyscirtes tolteca prenda Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 389.
Original Combination: [Amblyscirtes tolteca] prenda
Type Locality: “Tucson, Arizona” [Pima County]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
H. Freeman (1993), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 62(4): 343, detailed the subspecies-level status of this taxon.
phylace group Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 392.
192. Amblyscirtes phylace (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 117-118.
Original Combination: Pamphila Phylace
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “foothills of the Wet Mountains in Pueblo County, Colorado, probably along Hardscrabble Road” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 40.
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 8 ♂ D&V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 32 ♂ D.
193. Amblyscirtes fimbriata (Plötz, 1882)
a. Amblyscirtes fimbriata fimbriata (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(7-9): 322, no. 49; cited unpublished pl. 301.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Fimbriata
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#5649) in ZMHB.
= bellus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
Papilio 4(3): 57.
Original Combination: Pamphila Bellus
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 39. [Pima County]
Types: Holotype (#33625) in USNM; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 7 ♂ D&V.
Amblyscirtes fimbriata is currently only known in Arizona from Cochise County, as noted by Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies SE Ariz.: 103.
Genus Vidius Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 87, 121. Type-species: Narga vidius Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(16): lxx, by original designation.
194. Vidius perigenes (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 569, no. 3; 3: pl. 100, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Mastor perigenes
Type Locality: “Mexico, Rincon in Guerrero”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
Genus Monca Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 87, 124. Type-species: Cobalus telata Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 201, no. 43, by original designation.
195. Monca crispinus (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(7-9): 318, no. 25; cited unpublished pl. 277.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Crispinus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype (# 5306) in ZMHB.
Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 57, determined this synonymy.
= tyrtaeus (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 51, no. 348; cited unpublished pl. 581.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Tyrtaeus
Type Locality: “Laguayra” [Venezuela]
Types: Lectotype in EMAU, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 57.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, treated this taxon as a synonym of Megistias telata Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 201, based on an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz; Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 124, concurred. However, E. Bell (1941), Entomol. News 52(7): 183-185, demonstrated that M. telata and M. tyrtaeus are distinct species-level taxa, and Austin et al. (1996), Tropical Lepid. 7(1): 25, corroborated this.
Genus Nastra Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 87, 125. Type-species: Hesperia lherminier Latreille, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (725), 777-778, no. 135, by original designation.
196. Nastra lherminier (Latreille, [1824])
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (725), 777-778, no. 135.
Original Combination: Hesperia l’herminier
Type Locality: “de la Caroline”
Types: Type(s) probably lost; N. Riley (1926), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(2): 240, noted that the type was not in the MNHP.
The specific name as given is in accordance with Code Articles 27 and 32. The emendation of the name to “lherminieri” is unjustified, regardless of the authorship.
= fusca (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(1): 2-3.
Original Combination: Hesperia fusca
Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Georgia!...Florida!)”
Types: Syntype in AMNH.
197. Nastra neamathla (Skinner & R. Williams, 1923)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 49(2): 145-146, no. 33, fig. 33 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Lerodea neamathla
Type Locality: “Central Florida”
Types: Holotype (#7109) in ANSP; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 17 ♂ V.
198. Nastra julia (H. Freeman, 1945)
Entomol. News 56(8): 203, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Lerodea julia
Type Locality: “Pharr, Texas” [Hidalgo County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= hoffmanni (E. Bell, 1947)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1354): 8, fig. 10 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Lerodea hoffmanni
Type Locality: “Colima, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Cymaenes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82. Type-species: Cobalus tripunctus Herrich-Schäffer, 1865, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 53, no. 1, by original designation.
= Megistias Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 571. Type-species: Hesperia tripunctata Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 752, no. 62[a], by original designation.
199. Cymaenes tripunctus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
a. Cymaenes tripunctus tripunctus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 53, no. 1.
Original Combination: Cobalus tripunctus
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntype (#7114) in ANSP.
= jamaca (Schaus, 1902)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 452.
Original Combination: Megistias Jamaca
Type Locality: “Jamaica, British West Indies”
Types: Holotype (#6050) in USNM.
= ‡”sinepunctis” (Avinoff & Shoumatoff, 1946)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 30(16): 293, no. 113.
Original Combination: Lerodea tripuncta sinepunctis ab. nov.
Type Locality: “Cave River” [Clarendon Parish, St. Ann., Jamaica]
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Entomol. 33(2): figs. 7-11 ♂ genitalia, figs. 21, 22 ♂ D&V.
200. Cymaenes trebius (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxiv.
Original Combination: Pamphila Trebius
Type Locality: “Bogota” [Colombia]
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 53, A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx. 2: 557, and other recent authors, considered C. trebius to be a species-level taxon.
= isus (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(160): 574, no. 5; 3(162): pl. 101, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Megistias isus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Acapulco, Dos Arroyos, Rio Papagaio, Venta de Zopilote, Tierra Colorada, Cuernavaca, Atoyac, Fortin, Teapa...Misantla, Jalapa...Orizaba...Paso de San Juan...Guatemala...Nicaragua, Chontales...Costa Rica, Caché, San Francisco...Venezuela; Guiana”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Genus Lerodea Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 80. Type-species: Hesperia eufala W. H. Edwards, 1869, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 311-312, by original designation.
201. Lerodea eufala (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
a. Lerodea eufala eufala (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 311-312.
Original Combination: Hesperia Eufala
Type Locality: “Apalachicola, Florida”; neotype from “Ind[ian]. River.” [Brevard and Volusia counties]
Types: Neotype (possibly lectotype) in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 58, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.
= dispersa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 197, no. 56.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] dispersa
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntype in ANSP.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 142, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 541) made by Plötz.
= floridae (Mabille, 1876)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (5)6(2): 269, no. 16; (bull.): ix, no. 6, referring to p. 269.
Original Combination: Pamphila Floridae
Type Locality: “E. Florida” “Floride, Texas”
Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.
= micylla (Burmeister, 1878)
Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 272-273, no. 7.
Original Combination: Carystus Micylla
Type Locality: “Buénos-Ayres” [Buenos Aires, Argentina]
Types: Syntype in MACN.
‡”obscura” Lindsey, E. Bell & R. Williams, 1931
Denison Univ. Bull. 31(2), J. Sci. Lab. 26(1): 134; cited Mabille (1904), in: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17b): 131.
Original Combination: Lerodea eufala floridae var. obscura
This name was inadvertently proposed by Lindsey et al., who erroneously believed that it had been described by Mabille; a nomen nudum.
202. Lerodea arabus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 26.
Original Combination: Pamphila Arabus
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 56; neotype from “Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., Pima Co., Arizona, 2900'.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 57, fig. 21 ♂ D&V.
= dysaules Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 500, no. 2; 3(158): pl. 95, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V (lectotype).
Original Combination: Lerodea dysaules
Type Locality: “Mexico, Venta de Zopilote in Guerrero”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by A. Warren and Mielke (2005), Revta. bras. Zool. 22(1): 288.
A. Warren and Mielke (2005), Revta. bras. Zool. 22(1): 285-288, determined this synonymy, though others have suggested it (e.g., Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 465).
Genus Mnasilus Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2(160): 569. Type-species: Mnasilus penicillatus Godman, 1900, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2(160): 570; 3(160): pl. 100, figs. 39-42 (= Pamphila allubita Butler, 1877, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 151, no. 257; synonym), by monotypy.
203. Mnasilus allubita (Butler, 1877)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 151, no. 257.
Original Combination: Pamphila allubita
Type Locality: “Obydos...Rio Sapó” [Óbidos, Pará, Brazil...Rio Sapó, Amazonas, Brazil]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Reid and A. Warren (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(4): 115, 117, 2 photos.
= penicillatus Godman, [1900]
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Rhop. 2(160): 570, 3(160): pl. 100, figs. 39 ♂ D, 40 ♂ V, 41 ♂ FW, 42 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Mnasilus penicillatus
Type Locality: “Mexico, San Blas in Jalisco...Frontera, Teapa...Guatemala, San Gerónimo...Panama, Chiriqui...South America, Lower Amazons to Brazil.”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= umbrosus (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lxii-lxiii.
Original Combination: Cobalus umbrosus
Type Locality: not stated.
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= umbrosus (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lxiii.
Original Combination: Cobalus evanidus
Type Locality: “America meridionali”
Types: Syntype(s) probably in BMNH.
= zalma (Plötz, 1886)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(1-3): 89, no 19c.
Original Combination: [Cobalus] zalma
Type Locality: “Panama”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC, ZMHB, or lost.
= amyrna (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxxiii.
Original Combination: Pamphila Amyrna
Type Locality: “Porto Cabello” [Venezuela]
Types: Holotype in ZMHB
= norma (Dyar, 1917)
Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 5(4/6): 65-66.
Original Combination: Vehelius norma
Type Locality: “Plantation Kitty, Georgetown, British Guiana”
Types: Holotype (#21188) in USNM.
Genus Lerema Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82. Type-species: Papilio accius J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 45, pl. 23, by original designation.
= Sarega Mabille, 1904
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17b): 133. Type-species: Sarega staurus Mabille, 1904, in: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17b): 133, by monotypy.
204. Lerema accius (J. E. Smith, 1797)
In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 45-46, pl. 23, figs. ♂ D, ♂ V, ♀ D, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Accius
Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost.
= monoco (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 178, no. 80.
Original Combination: Hesperia Monoco
Type Locality: “southern portions; Conn.Mass.” [Connecticut and Massachusetts]
Types: Syntypes (#15304) in MCZ.
= punctella (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(1): 1.
Original Combination: Hesperia punctella
Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Georgia!)”
Types: Holotype in MCZ.
= nortonii (W. H. Edwards, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(3): 286, 287-288, no. 4.
Original Combination: Hesperia Nortonii
Type Locality: “New Orleans” [Orleans Parish, Louisiana]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 266, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
= parumpunctata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 196, no. 52.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] parumpunctata
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
= pattenii Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82, no. 3.
Original Combination: L[erema]. Pattenii
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Holotype (#15318) in MCZ.
= phocylides (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 52, no. 350; cited unpublished pl. 578.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Phocylides
Type Locality: “Laguayra” [Venezuela]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, suggested this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
‡”curtius” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1768.
Original Combination: [Lerema accius] = Hesperia curtius Abb.
This name was mentioned in the synonymy of Lerema accius without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”chamis” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1768.
Original Combination: [Lerema accius] = Hesperia chamis Boisd. manuscript
Proposed for a Boisduval manuscript name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
205. Lerema liris Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 164.
Original Combination: [Lerema ancillaris] liris
Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac, Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
This was considered a species-level taxon by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 29, 210, note 82, A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 54, and other recent authors.
Genus Vettius Godman, 1901
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(161): 589. Type-species: Papilio phyllus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): 122, pl. 176, figs. B, C; (16): 150 (index), by original designation.
206. Vettius fantasos (Cramer, 1780)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(25): 20, pl. 300, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (34): 249 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urb[icola]. Fantasos
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= abebalus (Stoll, 1781)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(31): 145, pl. 365, figs. G ♂ D, H ♂ V; (34): 247 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urb[icola]. Abebalus
Type Locality: “Kust van Guiné en aan de Kaap de Goede Hoop” “Côte de Guiné & au Cap de Bonne Espérance”, in error.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= eucherus (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(10-12): 452, no. 210; cited unpublished pl. 445, and Papilio fantasos (sensu Sepp [1847], Surinaam. Vlinders [2](21): pl. 82).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Eucherus
Type Locality: “Surinam”
Types: Type(s) in ZSMC.
This name was probably proposed as a replacement for Papilio fantasos (Cramer, 1780), thus a junior objective synonym. Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 140, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
Genus Rhinthon Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(158): 530. Type-species: Proteides chiriquensis Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(53): 127, fig. 1 (= Hesperia osca Plötz, 1882, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 48, no. 334; synonym), by original designation.
207. Rhinthon osca (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 48, no. 334; cited unpublished pl. 537 (557 in BMNH collection).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Osca
Type Locality: “Caracas” [Venezuela]
Types: Holotype (#5219) in ZMHB.
This was considered a species-level taxon by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 30, 210, note 84, A. Warren et al. (1998), J. Lepid. Soc. 52(1): 54, A. Warren (2000), in: Llorente et al., Biodiver. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrópod. Méx.2: 558, and other recent authors.
= cabella (Plötz, 1886)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(1-3): 96-97, no. 315e; cited unpublished pl. 1419.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Cabella
Type Locality: “Porto Cabello” [Venezuela]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 152, determined this synonymy (as chiriquensis) through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= chiriquensis (Mabille, 1889)
Naturaliste (2)3(53): 127, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Proteides Chiriquensis
Type Locality: “Chiriqui” [Panama]
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
= biserta (Schaus, 1902)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 460.
Original Combination: Thracides Biserta
Type Locality: “Trinidad”
Types: Holotype (#6073) in USNM.
Tribe Hesperiini Latreille, 1809
Genus Hylephila Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81. Type-species: Papilio phyleus Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 25-26, pl. 13, figs. 4, 5; 2: index, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 193, no. 544.
= ‡Euthymus Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77. Type-species: Papilio phyleus Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 25-26, pl. 13, figs. 4, 5; 2: index, by original designation. Preoccupied by Euthymus Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 127, and also a junior objective synonym of Hylephila.
= Andinus Hayward, 1940
Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 10(3): 284-285. Type-species: Andinus venustus Hayward, 1940, Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 10(3): 285-286, fig. 9, by original designation.
= ‡Cordillana Hayward, 1941
Revta. Mus. La Plata, Zool. (n.s.) 2(14): 288. Type-species: Andinus venustus Hayward, 1940, Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 10: 285, as replacement name; proposed to replace Andinus Hayward, 1940, erroneously thought preoccupied.
phyleus group MacNeill & Herrera, 1999
J. Lepid. Soc. 52(3): 285 (key), 286-287.
208. Hylephila phyleus (Drury, 1773)
a. Hylephila phyleus phyleus (Drury, 1773)
Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 25-26, pl. 13, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).
Original Combination: Papilio Phyleus
Type Locality: “Antigua, St. Christopher’s, Nevies”; suggested to be “Antigua” by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 311.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Panzer (1785), Diurn. Abbild.: 59, pl. 13, figs. 4, 5, misidentified this species as Papilio phareus Fabricius, 1793, a name that has sometimes been listed in the synonymy of H. phyleus. Likewise, Hübner (1823), Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 11, listed “Hesperia carin” in the synonymy of Phemiades augias Linnaeus, 1763 sensu Hübner, which included H. phyleus; this is a nomen nudum and a misidentification of phyleus.
= ‡”druryi” (Megerle, [1803])
Cat. Ins. Viennae Austriae 28 Novembris 1803, auctionis: [29].
Original Combination: Papilio Druryi
Proposed to replace Papilio phyleus Drury, 1773, erroneously thought pre-occupied. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1710 placed this work on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature.
= bucephalus (Stephens, 1828)
Ill. Brit. Entomol., Haustellata 1: 102-103, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2.
Original Combination: [Pamphila] Bucephalus
Type Locality: “neighborhood of Barnstable in Devonshire [England]”; but suggested to be “from the North American continent” later in the original description.
Types: Location of syntypes not known.
= hala (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 504, no. 2.
Original Combination: Pamphila Hala
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= muertovalle Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10.
Original Combination: Hylephila phyleus muertovalle
Type Locality: “Furnace Creek date grove, Death Valley, Inyo Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
The utility of this name as a trinomial seems questionable.
= eureka Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 502, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (holotype); 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hylephila phyleus eureka
Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Eureka”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
As discussed by Pyle (2002), Butterflies Cascadia:2 70, the utility of this name as a trinomial seems questionable.
= ‡”pallida” Hayward, 1944
Revta. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 12(3): 180.
Original Combination: Hylephila phyleus ab. pallida
Type Locality: “Tucuman” [Argentina]
Types: Holotype in IMLA (Hayward collection).
Genus Pseudocopaeodes Skinner & R. Williams, 1923
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 49(2): 137. Type-species: Copaeodes eunus W. H. Edwards, 1881, Papilio 1(4): 47, no. 5, by original designation.
209. Pseudocopaeodes eunus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
a. Pseudocopaeodes eunus eunus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 43, 47, no. 5.
Original Combination: Copaeodes eunus
Type Locality: “Mt. Hood”; corrected to “the bottoms of Kern River, near Bakersfield, Cal.” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43. [Kern County, California]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, fig. 6 ♂ V, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 12 ♂ D& V.
= wrightii (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Can. Entomol. 14(8): 152.
Original Combination: Copaeodes Wrightii
Type Locality: “Mohave Desert, So. California...over a pass 6,000 feet high...on the high dry plain...for 20 miles to Mohave River. About 60 rods from the river”; defined as “near Victorville, San Bernardino Co., Calif.” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 278, fig. 13 ♂ D&V; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 47, fig. 10 ♂ D.
This was treated as a subspecies-level taxon by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 211, note 103, but was considered a synonym of P. e. eunus by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 12, (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 435, and Austin & J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 503.
b. Pseudocopaeodes eunus alinea Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 12.
Original Combination: Copaeodes eunus alinea
Type Locality: “Afton, San Bernardino Co. Calif.” [San Bernardino County, California]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Pseudocopaeodes eunus flavus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 503, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype); 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pseudocopaeodes eunus flavus
Type Locality: “Nevada: Churchill County; Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge, Loop Road, 1189 m, T20N R32E S4-5 on USGS Foxtail Lake, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 503-504, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V (holotype); 13 ♀ D, 14 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus
Type Locality: “Nevada: Carson City; Eagle Valley, Lompa Lane at Airport Road (the latter combines with Hot Springs Road and Graves Lane), 1417 m, T15N R20E S9 on USGS New Empire, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Genus Hesperia Fabricius, 1793
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 258, no. 187. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, by designation of Dalman (1816), K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(2): 200. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1240 placed this name on the Official Index of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 2178. Due to the erroneous type designation by Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 187-189, most of what is now known as Pyrgus was previously called Hesperia. The name “Steropes” was introduced by Rafinesque (1815), Analyse Nat.: 128, for an unspecified part of what he called “Hesperia Cuvier.” No other information was given. This name is unidentifiable, does not conform to Code Article 12, and is unavailable; it is also preoccupied by Steropes Steven, 1806, Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 1: 166.
= ‡Pamphila [Fabricius], 1807
In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 287, no. 41. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, by designation of Westwood (1840), Intro. Class. Ins. 2: 88. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793.
= ‡Diorthosus Rafinesque, 1815
Analyse Nat.: 128, no. '7' [37]. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, as replacement name for “Hesperia Cuvier”, erroneously thought to be preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793.
= ‡Phidias Rafinesque, 1815
Analyse Nat.: 128, no. 41. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, as replacement name for Pamphila [Fabricius], 1807, erroneously thought to be preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793.
= ‡Symmachia Sodoffsky, 1837
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 10(6): 82, no. 16. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, as replacement name for Hesperia Fabricius, 1793, erroneously thought to be preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793; this name is also preoccupied by Symmachia Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 26.
= Ocytes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 76. Type-species: Hesperia metea Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 177-178, no. 79, by original designation.
= Anthomaster Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78. Type-species: Hesperia leonardus T. Harris, 1862, Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 314, fig. 138, by original designation.
= ‡Urbicola Tutt, 1905
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(1): 84. Type-species: Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Hesperia Fabricius, 1793. Tutt erroneously attributed this name to Barbut, thereby making it a senior synonym of Hesperia; however, Barbut did not use the name in a generic sense (see Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 454), but followed Linnaeus' usage as an interposed adjective.
comma group MacNeill, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 65-67.
210. Hesperia uncas W. H. Edwards, 1863
a. Hesperia uncas uncas W. H. Edwards, 1863
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 19-20, no. 9; (2): pl. 5, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Uncas
Type Locality: “Philadelphia”; corrected to “vicinity of Denver, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 298-299.
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 299, fig. 26 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 27 ♂ D.
= ridingsii Reakirt, 1866
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 151.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ridingsii
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr.”
Types: Holotype in FMNH.
b. Hesperia uncas tomichi M. Fisher, 2008
Papilio (n.s.) 18: 12-13, pl 4, top row left ♂ D, top row center ♂ V (holotype), second row left ♀ D, second row center ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas tomichi
Type Locality: “Colorado: Gunnison Co., Big Mesa, 1 mi. S Hwy 50 off CR31 and SR 149, 7800 Ft.”
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
c. Hesperia uncas lasus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
Papilio 4(3): 54-55.
Original Combination: Pamphila Lasus
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; tentatively defined as “foothills east of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 299-300; corrected to “southeast from there [Tucson] in either Cochise or Santa Cruz County” by Austin and McGuire (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 777.
Types: Holotype (#33623) in USNM; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 27 ♂ D&V.
d. Hesperia uncas grandiosa Austin & McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 778, figs. 1 third row left ♂ D, 2 third row left ♂ V (holotype); 1 third row 3 ♂’s right to left D, 2 3 ♂’s right to left, 1 fourth row 4 ♀’s D, 2 fourth row 4 ♀’s V, 9 ♂ genitalia, 17 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas grandiosa
Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; White River Valley, 1 mile north of Nye County line, 1676 m, T10N R61E S11 on USGS Moorman Spring NE, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Hesperia uncas fulvapalla Austin & McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 777, figs. 3 top row left ♂ D, 4 top row left ♂ V (holotype); 3 top row 3 ♂’s right to left D, 4 top row 3 ♂’s right to left V , 3 second row 4 ♀’s D, 4 ♀’s V, 8 ♂ genitalia, 16 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas fulvapalla
Type Locality: “Nevada: Nye County; Railroad Valley, U.S. Route 6, Lockes Ponds, 1.3 miles south (=southeast) of Lockes, 1463 m, T8N R55E S113 [sic!] on USGS Portuguese Mt., Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Hesperia uncas reeseorum Austin & McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 776, figs. 1 top row left ♂ D, 2 top row left ♂ V (holotype); 1 top row 3 ♂’s right to left D, 2 top row 3 ♂’s right to left V, 1 second row 4 ♀’s D, 2 second row 4 ♀’s V, 7 ♂ genitalia, 15 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas reeseorum
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Reese River Valley, Nevada State Route 722 (previously State Route 2), 4 miles east (=northeast) of Reese River, 1743 m, T19N R43E S32 on USGS Austin, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
g. Hesperia uncas terraclivosa Austin & McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (66): 779, figs. 5 top row left ♂ D, 6 top row left ♂ V (holotype); 5 top row 3 ♂’s right to left D, 6 top row 3 ♂’s right to left V, 5 second row 4 ♀’s D, 6 second row 4 ♀’s V, 11 ♂ genitalia, 18 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas terraclivosa
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Toquima Range, Monitor Valley-Petes Summit Road, 12.0 road miles southeast of Nevada State Route 376, 1950 m, T16N R4E S5 on USGS Spencer Hot Springs, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
h. Hesperia uncas giulianii McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (37): 461-462, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V; 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 6a, b ♂ valvae.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas giuliani
Type Locality: “California, Mono County: Adobe Hills, 5 mi. NW of Adobe Lake, 7100 ft. elevation”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
i. Hesperia uncas macswaini MacNeill, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 85-86, pl. 1, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D (including holotype?), figs. 12 ♂ stigma, 19 ♂ valve, 22 ♂ genitalia, pl. 7 photograph of egg.
Original Combination: Hesperia uncas macswaini
Type Locality: “Blancos Corral, White Mountains, Mono County, California. Elevation 10,400 feet”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
211. Hesperia juba (Scudder, 1874)
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 349, pl. 10, figs. 19 ♂ D&V, 20 ♀ D&V; pl. 11 figs. 5, 6 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pamphila Juba
Type Locality: “California...neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah”; lectotype from “California.”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Skinner and R. Williams (1924), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 50(3): 188; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2082 ♂ D&V (as Hesperia comma).
The name juba is often credited to Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77, no. 1, where he cited Pamphila comma (sensu Boisduval (1852), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 313). Neither Scudder at that time nor Boisduval actually described the taxon, so Boisduval’s reference to comma cannot qualify as an indication (Code Article 12.2). Pamphila juba Scudder, 1872, is a nomen nudum.
= ‡”ogdenensis” (W. Holland, 1931)
Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 372, pl. 52, fig. 9 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: [Erynnis juba] ab. ogdenensis
Type Locality: “Ogden, Utah” [Weber County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
*212. Hesperia comma (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 484, no. 162; cited Linnaeus (1746), Fauna Svecica: 241, no. 793, and Merian (1730), Europ. Ins.: pl. 48.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus urbicola]. Comma
Type Locality: “in Europa”; suggested to be “Sweden” by Verity (1940), Farfalle diurn. Ital. 1: 112, based on citation in Fauna Svecica.
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 314.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1240 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 2838. The Palaearctic synonymy is not listed. Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 52-54, treated North American populations of “comma” as three species-level taxa. This had been done before (e.g., MacNeill (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 89-90), in a slightly different fashion. The treatment presented by Layberry et al. is adopted here, although as noted by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 12, the relationship between assiniboia and colorado requires more study; these two taxa may be conspecific.
a. Hesperia comma hulbirti Lindsey, 1939
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 32(1): 171.
Original Combination: Hesperia hulbirti
Type Locality: “Hurricane Hill in the Olympic Mts., Washington” [Clallam County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; paratypes figured by Lindsey (1942), Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): pl. 4, figs. 4 ♂ V, 11 ♀ V.
b. Hesperia comma manitoba (Scudder, 1874)
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 342, 343, 344 key, 345 key, 346 key, 351, no. 7, pl. 10, figs. 8 ♂ D&V, 9 ♀ D&V, 10 ♀ D&V, 11 ♂ D&V (lectotype); pl. 11, figs. 7, 8 ♂ genitalia; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(10): pl. 17, fig. 4 ♂ D&V from British Columbia.
Original Combination: Pamphila Manitoba
Type Locality: “Colorado...about Pike's Peak...on the shores of Lake Winnipeg...at Labache, and at Rivière du Loup”; lectotype from “Lahache, B. C.” [Lac La Hache, British Columbia]
Types: Lectotype (#15301) in MCZ, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 127.
c. Hesperia comma borealis Lindsey, 1942
Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): 19, pl. 1, fig. 6 ♂ genitalia, pl. 4, fig. 9 ♂ V (holotype), 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia borealis
Type Locality: “Nain, Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Holotype in CUIC.
d. Hesperia comma laurentina (Lyman, 1892)
Can. Entomol. 24(3): 57, 59.
Original Combination: [Pamphila Manitoba] var. Laurentina
Type Locality: “Lower St. Lawrence...Cacouna...Rivière du Loup, Metis...Gaspé”; lectotype from “Gaspe, P. Q.” [Quebec]
Types: Lectotype in LEMQ, designated by Sheppard and Vickery (1975), Can. Entomol. 107(10): 1130, fig. 1 ♂ D.
213. Hesperia assiniboia (Lyman, 1892)
Can. Entomol. 24(3): 57, 59.
Original Combination: [Pamphila Manitoba] var. Assiniboia
Type Locality: “Regina” [Saskatchewan]
Types: Lectotype in LEMQ, designated by Sheppard and Vickery (1975), Can. Entomol. 107(10): 1130, fig. 2 ♂ D.
214. Hesperia colorado (Scudder, 1874)
a. Hesperia colorado colorado (Scudder, 1874)
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 342, 343, 344 key, 345 key, 346 key, 349, no. 4, pl. 10, figs. 16 ♀ D&V, 17 ♀ D&V, 18 ♂ D&V (lectotype); pl. 11, figs. 1, 2 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pamphila Colorado
Type Locality: “Colorado, about the Georgetown and South Park Roads...Arizona”; lectotype from “Colorado”; subsequently suggested to be “Tennessee Pass, 3150 m (=10300 feet), Lake-Eagle Cos. Colorado” by Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 6; however, Guanella Pass (= the road between Georgetown and South Park) is more likely to be the correct type locality (A. Warren pers. comm. 2006). [Park-Clear Creek counties]
Types: Lectotype (#15299) in MCZ, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 126-127.
b. Hesperia colorado ochracea Lindsey, 1941
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 34(4): 770-772.
Original Combination: Hesperia colorado form ochracea
Type Locality: “Platte Canyon, Colo.” [Jefferson-Douglas counties]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Lindsey (1942), Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): pl. 5, fig. 15 ♂ V.
This name is not a primary homonym of “Hesperia ochracea” sensu Staudinger (1871), in: Staudinger and Wocke, Cat. Lepid. Europ. (2nd ed.): 35, Plötz (1883), Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 197, etc.; these usages refer to Pamphila ochracea Bremer, 1861, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg (ser. 3)3(7): col. 473, secondarily placed in Hesperia. That taxon is now in Ochlodes, so the retrieval of this name from secondary homonymy was mandatory since no replacement name was ever proposed (Code Articles 57.3.1, 59.3).
c. Hesperia colorado oroplata Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 8.
Original Combination: Hesperia comma oroplata
Type Locality: “Spring Creek, Fremont Co., Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Hesperia colorado susanae L. Miller, 1962
Entomol. News 73(4): 85-88, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia susanae
Type Locality: “White Mountains, Arizona...Horseshoe Cienega, White Mts., Apache Co., Ariz.; 8000 ft, in dry meadow”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
e. Hesperia colorado mojavensis Austin & McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (39): 481-482, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia comma mojavensis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Kyle Canyon Ski Area (or Run), 2225-2400 m”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Hesperia colorado idaho (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Can. Entomol. 15(8): 148, 151, no. 5.
Original Combination: [Pamphila Colorado] var. Idaho
Type Locality: “Oregon, Washington Terr. and California”; defined as “Lake Tahoe, Placer County, California” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 293-294; subsequently suggested to be “the lowlands at Doyle in Lassen Co. Calif.” by Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 8.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 127; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 3 ♂ D and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 295, fig. 23 ♂ D&V.
g. Hesperia colorado leussleri Lindsey, 1940
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 33(2): 373-374.
Original Combination: Hesperia colorado form leussleri
Type Locality: “Warner’s Hot Springs, San Diego Co., Cal.” [California]
Types: Holotype probably in CMNH; figured by Lindsey (1942), Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): pl. 5, figs. 1 ♂ V.
h. Hesperia colorado tildeni H. Freeman, 1956
Lepid. News 9(6): 196-198, pl., top row ♂ D&V (holotype), bottom row ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia tildeni
Type Locality: “Cherry Flat Reservoir, Santa Clara County, California”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
i. Hesperia colorado harpalus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 3-4.
Original Combination: Pamphila Harpalus
Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “vicinity of Carson City, Ormsby County, Nevada” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 288-290; suggested to be “Sierra Nevada Mts., west of Carson City” by Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 7.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 289, fig. 20 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 19 ♂ D.
As first reviser, Lindsey (1942), Denison Univ. Bull., J. Sci. Lab. 37(1/2): 24, gave priority to harpalus over cabelus (below).
= cabelus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 4.
Original Combination: Pamphila Cabelus
Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “vicinity of Carson City, Ormsby County, Nevada” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 290; suggested to be “Sierra Nevada Mts., west of Carson City” by Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 8; corrected to “California, probably west of the Sierra Nevada” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 630.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 291, fig. 21 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 17 ♂ D (lectotype), 18 ♂ V (paralectotype).
= yosemite Leussler, 1933
Entomol. News 44: 169-170.
Original Combination: Hesperia yosemite
Type Locality: “near Yosemite, Calif.” [Mariposa County, California]
Types: Holotype in OSU.
j. Hesperia colorado oregonia (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Can. Entomol. 15(8): 150.
Original Combination: [Pamphila] Oregonia
Type Locality: “north California...Nevada”; defined as “Trinity County, California” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 291-292; suggested to be “Sierra Nevada Mts., west of Carson City” by Scott (1998), Papilio (n.s.) 11: 8, but this was not acceptable to Shapiro and Forister (2005), J. Lepid. Soc. 59(3): 164 or A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 39-40, who employed F. Brown and L. Miller’s definition.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 293, fig. 22 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 5 ♂ D (lectotype), 6 ♀ D (paralectotype).
k. Hesperia colorado mattoonorum McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (37): 464-465, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V; 18 ♀ D, 19 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia comma mattoonorum
Type Locality: “Low Divide Road (County Rd. 308) at High Divide, 6 air miles E of Hwy. 101 at Smith River, 2,300 ft. elevation, Del Norte County, California”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
l. Hesperia colorado dodgei (E. Bell, 1927)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 35(2): 175.
Original Combination: Pamphila juba race dodgei
Type Locality: “Santa Cruz, California” [Sant Cruz County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
215. Hesperia woodgatei (R. Williams, 1914)
Entomol. News 25(6): 266, no. 71.
Original Combination: Pamphila woodgatei
Type Locality: “Jamez [sic!; Jemez] Mountains, New Mexico” implied from the title of the paper. [Sandoval County]
Types: Syntypes (#7171) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 11 ♂ V.
leonardus group MacNeill, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 134-135.
216. Hesperia ottoe W. H. Edwards, 1866
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 207, no. 7.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ottoe
Type Locality: “Kansas”
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 18 ♂ D&V.
217. Hesperia leonardus T. Harris, 1862
a. Hesperia leonardus leonardus T. Harris, 1862
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 314-315, fig. 138 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Leonardus
Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition of the book; stated to be “Massachusetts” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 110, no. 16. Reverend L. W. Leonard lived in Boston.
Types: Syntypes (#26350) in MCZ.
= lidia Plötz, 1882
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 64, no. 394; cited unpublished pl. 607.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Lidia
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, suggested that this is a “var. of Limochores manataqua Scudd.”, through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz; however, Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 324, considered this a synonym of Hesperia leonardus on the same basis. This name may best be considered a nomen dubium.
= liberia Plötz, 1883
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 220, no. 473; cited unpublished pl. 661.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Liberia
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 320, considered this a senior synonym of Hesperia woodgatei (R. Williams, 1914); however there is little support for that notion.
= stallingsi H. Freeman, 1944
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 38(5): 153-154.
Original Combination: Hesperia leonardus stallingsi new form
Type Locality: “Blendon, Franklin Co., Ohio”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Hesperia leonardus pawnee Dodge, 1874
Can. Entomol. 6(3): 44-45.
Original Combination: Hesperia pawnee
Type Locality: “Glencoe, Nebraska, upon high rolling prairie” [Dodge County]
Types: A syntype (#16583) in MCZ; a syntype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 30 ♂ D.
= ogallala (Leussler, 1921)
Entomol. News 32(7): 206-207.
Original Combination: Pamphila ogallala
Type Locality: “Omaha, Nebraska” [Douglas County]
Types: Holotype in OSU; “paratypes” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♂ V.
c. Hesperia leonardus montana (Skinner, 1911)
Entomol. News 22(9): 413.
Original Combination: Pamphila pawnee montana
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined in error as “Chaffee Co., 7500" by Gillham and Ehrlich (1954), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 80(3/4): 110; subsequently defined as “Buffalo Creek, Jefferson County, Colorado” by Scott and Stanford (1983), J. Res. Lepid. 20(1): 27-28.
Types: Lectotype (#7086) in CMNH, designated by Scott and Stanford (1983), J. Res. Lepid. 20(1): 27; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 29 ♂ D.
218. Hesperia pahaska Leussler, 1938
a. Hesperia pahaska pahaska Leussler, 1938
Entomol. News 49(1): 5-6.
Original Combination: Hesperia pahaska
Type Locality: “canyon region of Sioux County near the town of Harrison, Nebraska”
Types: Holotype in OSU.
b. Hesperia pahaska williamsi Lindsey, 1940
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 33(2): 375-376.
Original Combination: Hesperia pahaska form williamsi
Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mts., Pima Co., Ariz.”
Types: Holotype in CMNH (description says ANSP).
c. Hesperia pahaska martini MacNeill, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 148-150, pl. 1, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♀ D (including holotype?), figs. 5 larval setal pattern, 6 larval head capsule, 7 larval head capsule, 26 ♀ genitalia, pl. 6 egg.
Original Combination: Hesperia pahaska martini
Type Locality: - “4.5 miles southeast of Ivanpah, New York Mtns., San Bernardino Co., Calif.”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
219. Hesperia columbia (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77, no. 2; figured (as Pamphila sylvanoides) by Scudder (1874), Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): pl. 10, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: P[amphila]. Columbia
Type Locality: “California (Henry Edwards)”
Types: Holotype (#15298) in MCZ.
= california (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 65, no. 423; 241, no. 423, pl. 31, figs. 423 ♂ D (lectotype), 423b ♀ D, 423c ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Pamphila] California; Pamphila California n. s.
Type Locality: “Southern California”
Types: Lectotype (#4321) in CAS, designated by MacNeill (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 142.
= erynnioides (Dyar, 1907)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 15(1): 50-51.
Original Combination: Thymelicus erynnioides
Type Locality: “Monterey Co., California”
Types: Holotype (#10252) in USNM.
metea group MacNeill, 1964
Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 151-152.
220. Hesperia metea Scudder, 1863
a. Hesperia metea metea Scudder, 1863
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 177-178, no. 79; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, 11 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Metea
Type Locality: “Conn.” [Connecticut]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Hesperia metea intermedia Gatrelle, 2003
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(3): 4-5, figs. 7 ♂ D&V (holotype), 8 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia metea intermedia
Type Locality: “South Carolina: Pickens County, visc. [sic!] Lake Issaqueena”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Hesperia metea licinus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 275, no. 18.
Original Combination: Pamphila Licinus
Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 28 ♂ D, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 24 ♂ D&V.
As first reviser, H. Freeman (1948), Entomol. News 59(8): 205, gave licinus priority over horus (below).
= horus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 277, no. 22.
Original Combination: Pamphila Horus
Type Locality: “Dallas, Texas” [Dallas County]
Types: Holotype (#8975) in MCZ; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 14 ♀ V, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 25 ♀ D&V.
= belfragei H. Freeman, 1944
Field & Lab. 12(1): 20.
Original Combination: Hesperia metea belfragei new form
Type Locality: “Cedar Hill, Dallas County, Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
221. Hesperia viridis (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Can. Entomol. 15(8): 147.
Original Combination: [Pamphila Juba] var. Viridis
Type Locality: “Los [sic!] Vegas, N. M.”; holotype labeled “Las Vegas, N. M. 7000 ft” [San Miguel County, New Mexico]
Types: Holotype in SEMC, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 19 ♂ D&V.
222. Hesperia attalus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
a. Hesperia attalus attalus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 276, no. 19.
Original Combination: Pamphila Attalus
Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 282, fig. 15 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 24 ♀ V.
= seminole (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77, no. 2.
Original Combination: O[cytes]. Seminole
Type Locality: “Florida to Texas”
Types: Syntypes (#8971) in MCZ.
Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(10): pl. 17, fig. 9 ♀ D, figured a specimen from Texas, which he claimed was drawn from the “type.”
= ‡”quaiapen” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1655.
Original Combination: Erynnis attalus quiapen dimorphic form [♀]
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in MCZ.
b. Hesperia attalus nigrescens Gatrelle, 1999
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(10): 12, figs. 23 ♂ D, 28 ♂ V (holotype); 24 ♀ D, 29 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia attalus nigrescens
Type Locality: “South Carolina: Horry County”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
c. Hesperia attalus slossonae (Skinner, 1890)
Entomol. Am. 6(7): 138.
Original Combination: Pamphila slossonae
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Syntypes (#7765) in CMNH.
ungrouped species Burns, 1987
J. Lepid. Soc. 41(4): 176-177. Burns suggested that H. sassacus, H. miriamae and H. nevada may be closely related, and that H. meskei may be most closely related to the metea group of species.
223. Hesperia meskei (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
a. Hesperia meskei meskei (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Can. Entomol. 9(3): 58-59.
Original Combination: Pamphila Meskei
Type Locality: “Bastrop Co., Texas”
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 33 ♀ D, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): fig. 16 ♀ D&V.
b. Hesperia meskei straton (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(5): 78.
Original Combination: Pamphila straton
Type Locality: “Indian River” [Brevard County, Florida]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 285, fig. 17 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, figs. 32 ♂ D (paralectotype), 34 ♂ V (lectotype).
c. Hesperia meskei pinocayo Gatrelle & Minno, 2003
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(3): 6, figs. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia meskei pinocayo
Type Locality: “Florida: Monroe County, Big Pine Key”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
224. Hesperia dacotae (Skinner, 1911)
Entomol. News 22(9): 412.
Original Combination: Pamphila sassacus dacotae
Type Locality: “Volga, South Dakota” [Brookings County]
Types: Syntype (#7087, labeled as “holotype”, from Volga) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 22 ♂ D.
225. Hesperia lindseyi (W. Holland, 1930)
a. Hesperia lindseyi lindseyi (W. Holland, 1930)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 158-159.
Original Combination: Erynnis lindseyi
Type Locality: “Nellie, California...Ukiah, Calif.”; holotype from “Napa Co.” as reported by MacNeill (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: 161. [Napa County, California]
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, figs. 10 ♂ D (holotype), 11 ♀ D (paratype).
b. Hesperia lindseyi macneilli J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (38): 475-476, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia lindseyi macneilli
Type Locality: “California: Mendocino County; Branscomb Rd. at Laytonville, 1645'”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Hesperia lindseyi eldorado J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (38): 476-477, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia lindseyi eldorado
Type Locality: “California: El Dorado County; west slope Sierra Nevada; Meadow Brook barrens, Traverse Creek; T.12N., R.10E., Sec. 24"
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Hesperia lindseyi septentrionalis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (38): 477-478, 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia lindseyi septentrionalis
Type Locality: “California: Siskiyou Co., Shasta Valley Wildlife Area on Little Shasta River, 4 rd. mi. E. of Montague, 2500 ft. elev.; S.33, T.45N., R.5W”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
e. Hesperia lindseyi mccorklei P. Severns & D. Severns, 2005
J. Lepid. Soc. 59(3): 166-167, figs. 1a ♀ D&V (holotype), 1b ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia lindseyi mccorklei
Type Locality: “Oregon, Douglas County, Hillside north of Jackson Creek Road, 3.8 miles east of the junction with South Umpqua Road (UTMs: N 4755771 m, E 10 514710 m, 1470 ft elevation)”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
226. Hesperia sassacus T. Harris, 1862
a. Hesperia sassacus nantahala Gatrelle & Grkovich, 2003
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(3): 3, figs. 14 ♂ D&V (holotype), 15 ♀ D&V, 16 ♂ V, 18 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia sassacus nantahala
Type Locality: “North Carolina: Clay County, Hwy. 64 at Buck Creek, 3400 ft.”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Hesperia sassacus sassacus T. Harris, 1862
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 315.
Original Combination: Hesperia Sassacus
Type Locality: “Cambridge” [Middlesex County, Massachusetts]
Types: Holotype (#26349) in MCZ.
‡”incerta” (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 173, under no. 70.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. incerta
Scudder compared Hesperia sassacus with “H. incerta”; this name has never been used otherwise and is a nomen nudum.
c. Hesperia sassacus manitoboides (Fletcher, 1889)
Ann. Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 19: 85-86.
Original Combination: Pamphila Manitoboides
Type Locality: “Nepigon”; emended to “Nepigon, Ont., and Sudbury, Ont.” by Fletcher (1903), Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 215. [Nipigon, Thunder Bay County, Ontario]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
The description is of the larva, and might be considered conditional. Fletcher (1903), Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 214-215, and (1904), Can. Entomol. 36(5): 128-129, redescribed this taxon. Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 57, did not recognize this as a subspecies-level taxon.
227. Hesperia miriamae MacNeill, 1959
a. Hesperia miriamae miriamae MacNeill, 1959
Wasmann J. Biol. 17(1): 90-94, figs. 1A ♂ genitalia, uncus, tegumen and vinculum, 1B ♂ genitalia, valve, 1C ♂ genitalia, tegumen and uncus D.
Original Combination: Hesperia miriamae
Type Locality: “Near Mono Pass, northwest Inyo County, California; elevation 12,000 feet”
Types: Holotype in CAS; paratypes figured by MacNeill (1964), Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 35: pl. 1, figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V, 12 ♀ D.
b. Hesperia miriamae longaevicola McGuire, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (37): 463, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V; 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia miriamae longaevicola
Type Locality: “California, Mono Co.: Mt. Barcroft, 13,400 ft. elevation, White Mountains”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
228. Hesperia nevada (Scudder, 1874)
a. Hesperia nevada nevada (Scudder, 1874)
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 342, 343, 344 key, 345 key, 347-348, no. 2, pl. 10, figs. 1 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 2 ♀ D&V, 3 ♀ D&V, 4 ♂ D&V; pl. 11, figs. 3, 4 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pamphila Nevada
Type Locality: “Colorado...on the mountains about the South Park and in the Park itself” “Nevada, California and Oregon”; lectotype from “Colorado”; defined as “S. Park, Colo.” by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 126. [Park County]
Types: Lectotype (#15300) in MCZ, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), ibid.
b. Hesperia nevada sierra Austin, J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (40): 487-488, figs. 1 upper left ♂ D, 2 upper left ♂ V (holotype); 1 upper right ♀ D, 2 upper right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia nevada sierra
Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Carson Range, Tahoe Meadows, Nevada State Route 431, 2.4 miles west of Mt. Rose (road) Summit, 2695 m, R18E T17N S25 on USGS Mt. Rose, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Genus Polites Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78. Type-species: Hesperia peckius W. Kirby, 1837, in: Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 300, pl. 4, figs. 2, 3, by original designation. The generic synonymy follows Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(1): 24-45.
= Hedone Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 79. Type-species: Hesperia brettus Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 75, figs. 3-5 (= Thymelicus vibex Geyer, 1832, in: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [118], figs. 685 ♂ D, 686 ♂ V; 22, no. 343; synonym), by original designation.
= Limochores Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 80. Type-species: Hesperia manataaqua Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 175 (= Hesperia origenes Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 328, no. 245; synonym), by original designation.
= Pyrrhosidia Scudder, 1874
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2(3)(4): 346 (nota). Type-species: Hesperia mystic W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 16, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, by original designation.
= ‡Chaerophon Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(156): 462, 474. Type-species: Pamphila citrus Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(55): 144-145, fig. 1 (= Hesperia subreticulata Plötz, 1883, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 213, no. 454; synonym), by original designation. Preoccupied by Chaerophon Dobson, 1878, Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus.: 431.
= Poanopsis Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 486. Type-species: Pamphila puxillius Mabille, 1891, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxx, by original designation.
= Yvretta Hemming, 1935
Stylops 4(1): 3. Type-species: Pamphila citrus Mabille, 1889, Naturaliste (2)3(55)[11(55): 144-145, fig. 1 (= Hesperia subreticulata Plötz, 1883, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 213, no. 454; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Chaerophon Godman, 1900, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
rhesus group Burns, 1994
J. Lepid. Soc. 48(1): 32-33.
229. Polites rhesus (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 116.
Original Combination: Pamphila Rhesus
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “west of Pueblo, Colorado, along road to Hardscrabble Canyon” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 274-275. [Pueblo County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 275, fig. 10 (labels), 276, fig. 11 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, figs. 45 ♂ D (lectotype), 46 ♀ (paralectotype).
= axius (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 213, no. 452; cited unpublished pl. 1448 (nachtrag).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Axius
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: Type(s) in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 153, suggested this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
230. Polites carus (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Can. Entomol. 15(2): 34.
Original Combination: Pamphila Carus
Type Locality: “West Texas”; defined as “Archer County, Texas” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 276.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 275, fig. 11 ♀ D&V, 276 (labels); figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 51, fig. 44 ♀ D.
themistocles group MacNeill, 1993
J. Lepid. Soc. 47(3): 178.
231. Polites peckius (W. Kirby, 1837)
a. Polites peckius peckius (W. Kirby, 1837)
In: J. Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 300, no. 1, pl. 4, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Peckius
Type Locality: “taken with the preceding” [Polyommatus Lucia] “Lat. 54o”; suggested to be “NE U.S. or SE Canada” by Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 69.
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 332, treated peckius as a synonym of coras (see below); however, Stanford (1981), in: Ferris and F. Brown, Butterflies Rocky Mtn. States: 118, and most authors since, used peckius as the name for this taxon (but see Mielke (2004), in: Lamas, Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 77, and (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 5: 1206-1209). In accordance with current usage, Stanford’s arrangement is followed.
= ‡coras (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 51-52, pl. 31, fig. F ♀ D; (8): 152 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Urbicola Coras
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”, possibly in error.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
This name was resurrected from obscurity by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 332, who applied it as a senior synonym of peckius. Cramer’s figure is not recognizable as this taxon, and the given locality is not within its range as currently known. The locality could be erroneous, since many Cramer names are given this consideration; however, it is not possible to prove that the figure represents this taxon, so the name coras is best considered a nomen dubium.
= wamsutta (T. Harris, 1862)
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 318, fig. 141 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Wamsutta
Type Locality: “Massachussets” implied from the title of the first edition of the book; stated to be “Massachusetts” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 111-112, no. 20.
Types: Syntype (#26351) in MCZ.
‡”enys” (Butler, 1870)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(76): 93.
Original Combination: [Pamphila] Enys
Butler mentioned “Pamphila enys” without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
b. Polites peckius surllano Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 69, pl. 4, 4th row right ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Polites peckius surllano
Type Locality: “Green Mountain, Jefferson Co. Colorado”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
232. Polites sabuleti (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Polites sabuleti sabuleti (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 316-317, no. 80; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, figs. 2091 ♂ D&V, 2092 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Sabuleti
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “general region between San Francisco and Eldorado County, California” by Austin (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 2; further defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23, figs. 150 ♂ D, 151 ♂ V.
b. Polites sabuleti channelensis J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (24): 317-318, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti channelensis
Type Locality: “California: Santa Barbara County; Santa Rosa Island; China Camp, 50' elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Polites sabuleti aestivalis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (15): 201-202, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti aestivalis
Type Locality: “California: Trinity County; Highway 3 near Dan Rice Creek, southeast of Scott Mtn. Summit”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Polites sabuleti tecumseh (F. Grinnell, 1903)
Entomol. News 14(1): 11.
Original Combination: Pamphila sabuleti var. tecumseh
Type Locality: “Little Crabtree Meadow near Mt. Whitney” [California]
Types: Syntypes may be in CAS.
= chispa (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 66, no. 441; 247, no. 441, pl. 31, figs. 441 ♂ D (lectotype), 441b ♀ D, 441c ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Pamphila] Chispa; Pamphila Chispa n. s.
Type Locality: “Sierra Nevadas of California” “Sierra Nevadas of Central California”
Types: Lectotype (#4323) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. No. 118: 40.
Austin (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 6, discussed this name and concluded that its taxonomic status is uncertain.
e. Polites sabuleti albamontana Austin, 1987
Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 6-7, figs. 2a second row ♂ ♀ D, 2b second row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is♂).
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti albamontana
Type Locality: “Nevada: Esmeralda County; White Mountains, Trail Canyon, 9000', T1S, R33E, S9, 10, 17"
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Polites sabuleti genoa (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 207, no. 435; cited unpublished pl. 1446 (nachtrag).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Genoa
Type Locality: “Nevada”; suggested to be “near Genoa...Carson River Valley, Douglas Co.” by Austin (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 3.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC, ZMHB, or lost.
g. Polites sabuleti alkaliensis Austin, 1987
Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 4-5, figs. 2a third row ♂ ♀ D, 2b third row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is ♂).
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti alkaliensis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Granite Mountains, (Fortynine Mountain), Nevada State Route 8A, 1.3 mi west of Nevada State Route 34, 5950', T24N, R19E S8, located on USGS Vya, Nevada, 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
h. Polites sabuleti sinemaculata Austin, 1987
Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 7-9, figs. 2a first row ♂ ♀ D, 2b first row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is ♂).
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti sinemaculata
Type Locality: “Nevada: Humboldt County; Baltazor Hot Spring, Nevada State Route 140, 5.0 miles west of Denio Junction, 4213', T46N, R28E, S13 on USGS Denio, Nevada-Oregon, 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
i. Polites sabuleti basinensis Austin, 1988
Bull. Allyn Mus. (120): 1.
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti basinensis
Proposed to replace Polites sabuleti pallida Austin, 1987, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡pallida Austin, 1987
Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 9-10, figs. 2a bottom row ♂ ♀ D, 2b bottom row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is ♂).
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti pallida
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Reese River Valley, Nevada State Route 722 (formerly Nevada State Route 2), 4.0 miles (north) east of Reese River, 5720', T19N, R43E, S32 on USGS Austin, Nevada, 15' quadrangle. This is an expansive alkaline flat”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Secondarily preoccupied by Pamphila pallida Skinner, 1911, Entomol. News 22(9): 412.
j. Polites sabuleti nigrescens Austin, 1987
Bull. Allyn Mus. (109): 10-12, figs. 2a fourth row ♂ ♀ D, 2b fourth row ♂ ♀ V (holotype is ♂), 4a ♂ ♀ V, 4b ♂ ♀ D.
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti nigrescens
Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Steptoe Valley, Warm Springs, 5900', T21N, R63E, S25 on the USGS Monte Neva Hot Springs, Nevada, 7.5' quadrangle. This is a flat valley bottom”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
k. Polites sabuleti chusca (W. H. Edwards, 1873)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 346.
Original Combination: Hesperia Chusca
Type Locality: “Arizona”; suggested to be “probably northern Mohave County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 55.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 18 ♂ D, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 54, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
= comstocki Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(1): 7-8, no. 12, pl. 1, figs. 4 ♂ D, 4a ♂ V, 5 ♀, 5a ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti var. comstocki
Type Locality: “El Centro, Imperial County, California”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
l. Polites sabuleti ministigma Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 9.
Original Combination: Polites sabuleti ministigma
Type Locality: “8 mi. W. Crestone, Saguache Co., Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
233. Polites draco (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 274-275, no. 17.
Original Combination: Pamphila Draco
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Twin Lakes, Lake Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 162.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 49, fig. 4 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book: pl. 53, figs. 15 ♂ D (lectotype), 16 ♀ D (paralectotype).
MacNeill (1993), J. Lepid. Soc. 47(3): 180-181, detailed the species-level status of this taxon.
234. Polites mardon (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
a. Polites mardon mardon (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 43, 47-48, no. 6.
Original Combination: Pamphila mardon
Type Locality: “Mount Hood”; corrected to “the small prairies numerous near Puget Sound, Washington Territory. It was abundant near Tenino” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43; further defined as “Tenino Prairie, Thurston County, Washington” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 53.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 54, fig. 7 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 26 ♂ D (lectotype), and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 12 ♀ D (paralectotype).
b. Polites mardon klamathensis Mattoon, J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (65): 768-770, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polites mardon klamathensis
Type Locality: “Oregon: Jackson County; Soda Mountain Road between first and second power transmission line crossing, 3.0 to 3.8 road miles south of Highway 66 at Greensprings summit, 4,500' to 4,800' elevation, T40S-R3E S9 Southern Cascade Range, ca. 12 airline miles southeast of Ashland”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
235. Polites themistocles (Latreille, [1824])
a. Polites themistocles themistocles (Latreille, [1824])
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (723), 769, no. 115.
Original Combination: Hesperia Themistocles
Type Locality: “l’Amerique méridionale”
Types: Type(s) possibly in MNHP or BMNH.
N. Riley (1926), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(2): 239, claimed that themistocles was proposed to replace Papilio taumas Fabricius, 1787; if so, then the type data for thaumas would replace those for themistocles.
= ‡taumas (Fabricius, 1787)
Mantissa Ins. 2: 84, no. 746.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejii]. U[rbicolae]. Taumas
Type Locality: “America boreali”
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
Preoccupied by Papilio thaumas Hufnagel, 1766, Berl. Mag. 2: 62 (Code Article 58.11).
= ‡phocion (Fabricius, 1798)
Entomol. Syst. Suppl.: 431.
Original Combination: Hesperia U[rbicolae]. Phocion
Type Locality: “America meridionali”
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
Preoccupied by Hesperia phocion Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 335, no. 274.
= cernes (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Cernes
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.
Types: Types are the specimens illustrated by Émile Blanchard, probably from Boisduval’s collection. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 328, stated that the “type” is in the BMNH, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
= ahaton (T. Harris, 1862)
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 317, fig. 140 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ahaton
Type Locality: “Milton” [Norfolk County, Massachusetts]
Types: Syntypes in MCZ.
b. Polites themistocles turneri H. Freeman, 1944
Entomol. News 55(2): 47-48.
Original Combination: Polites themistocles turneri
Type Locality: “Jesmond, British Columbia”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
baracoa group MacNeill, 1993
J. Lepid. Soc. 47(3): 177-178.
236. Polites baracoa (Lucas, 1857)
a. Polites baracoa baracoa (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 650.
Original Combination: Hesperia Baracoa
Type Locality: “dans l’île de Cuba”
Types: Syntype in MNHP.
= amadis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1863)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 17(9): 142.
Original Combination: Pamphila Amadis
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntype (#7149) in ANSP.
= myus (French, 1885)
Can. Entomol. 17(1): 33-34.
Original Combination: Pamphila myus
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Location of type(s) not known (USNM?).
origenes group MacNeill, 1993
J. Lepid. Soc. 47(3): 178.
237. Polites origenes (Fabricius, 1793)
a. Polites origenes origenes (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 328, no. 245; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 74, fig. 2; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [48], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. U[rbicola]. Origenes
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) lost, name based on Jones' figure.
This name was resurrected from obscurity by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 328, based on the unpublished figures in “Jones’ Icones” in OMU, and has generally been used since. Calhoun (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(4): 119-123, 9 figs, neatly summarizes all of the issues and confirms this treatment.
= manataaqua (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 175-176, no. 74; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, 11 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Manataaqua
Type Locality: “Massachusetts...Georgia”
Types: Syntypes (#15303) in MCZ.
b. Polites origenes rhena (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 115-116.
Original Combination: Pamphila Rhena
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “vicinity of Pueblo, Pueblo Co., Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 47.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 47, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
= alcina (Skinner, 1893)
Entomol. News 4(6): 212-213; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, fig. 25 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Pamphila alcina
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: Syntypes (#7090) in CMNH and FMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 5 ♂ D.
238. Polites mystic (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
a. Polites mystic mystic (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 15-16, no. 3, pl. 1, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Mystic
Type Locality: “Connecticut; Michigan; Canada West”; neotype from “Hunter, Greene Co., New York.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 51, fig. 5 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 22 ♂ D.
This name was also proposed by Scudder (1863), Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 172, and was credited to Scudder by many subsequent authors.
= ‡”mystic” (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 172-173, no. 69.
Original Combination: Hesperia Mystic
Type Locality: “White Mountains to Maryland”
Types: Syntypes in MCZ.
Preoccupied by Hesperia mystic Edwards, 1863. The question of authorship was settled by F. Brown (1980), J. Lepid. Soc. 34(1): 74-75.
= ‡”weetamoo” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1707.
Original Combination: Thymelicus mystic weetamoo melanic variety
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” was from Lintner and may be in NYSM.
= ‡”nubs” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1707.
Original Combination: Thymelicus mystic nubs
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” may be in MCZ.
While the text clearly describes this taxon as infrasubspecific, it was proposed as a trinomial and might be considered available.
b. Polites mystic dacotah (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 277, no. 21.
Original Combination: Hesperia Dacotah
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Georgetown, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 52.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 23 ♂ D, and F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 61, did not recognize this as a subspecies-level taxon.
= pallida (Skinner, 1911)
Entomol. News 22(9): 412.
Original Combination: Pamphila mystic pallida
Type Locality: “Volga, South Dakota” [Brookings County]
Types: Syntypes (#7091) in CMNH.
239. Polites sonora (Scudder, 1872)
a. Polites sonora siris (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 43, 47, no. 7.
Original Combination: Pamphila siris
Type Locality: “Mount Hood”; corrected to “the small prairies numerous near Puget Sound, Washington Territory. It was abundant near Tenino” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43; further defined as “Tenino Prairie, Thurston Co., Washington” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 46.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 46, fig. 2 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 9 ♂ D.
b. Polites sonora sonora (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78, no. 3.
Original Combination: O[chlodes]. Sonora
Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada (Henry Edwards), California”
Types: Syntype (#15826) in MCZ.
c. Polites sonora flavaventris Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 525, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polites sonora flavaventris
Type Locality: “Nevada: Humboldt County; Pine Forest Range, Blue Lake Road, 6.7 road miles west of Nevada state route 140, Alta Creek Basin, 1829 m, T45N R30E S7 on USGS Denio, Nev.-Ore. 15' guadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Polites sonora longinqua Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 525-526, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ D (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Polites sonora longinqua
Type Locality: “Nevada: Esmeralda County; White Mountains, Trail Canyon, 2620 m, T1S R33E S10 on USGS Davis Mountain, Nev.-Calif. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Polites sonora utahensis (Skinner, 1911)
Entomol. News 22(9): 413.
Original Combination: Pamphila sylvanoides utahensis
Type Locality: “Park City, Utah” [Summit County]
Types: Syntypes (#7099, labeled as “holotype”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 13 ♂ V.
vibex group MacNeill, 1993
J. Lepid. Soc. 47(3): 178.
240. Polites vibex (Geyer, 1832)
a. Polites vibex vibex (Geyer, 1832)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [118], figs. 685 ♂ D, 686 ♂ V [1826]; (text): 22, no. 343 (1832, name given).
Original Combination: Thymelicus Vibex
Type Locality: “West Indies”
Types: Type probably lost.
Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 113, mentioned T. vibex without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= brettus (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (25): pl. 75, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ D, 5 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Brettus
Type Locality: Not stated; “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.
Types: Types are the specimens illustrated by Émile Blanchard, probably from Boisduval’s collection, possibly in MNHP or BMNH.
= wingina (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 173-174, no. 71.
Original Combination: Hesperia Wingina
Type Locality: “southern portions of N. England”
Types: Syntypes in MCZ.
= morganta (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 203, no. 426; cited unpublished pl. 1444 (nachtrag).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Morganta
Type Locality: “Süd-Amerika”, in error; corrected to “North America” by Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 153.
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), ibid., determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= unna (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 204, no. 429; cited unpublished pl. 637.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Unna
Type Locality: “Philadelphia” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy (under brettus) through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
‡”margarita” (Draudt, 1923)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(332): 931.
Original Combination: [Thymelicus] margarita
Draudt cited this as a Plötz name in the synonymy of brettus, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
b. Polites vibex brettoides (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Papilio 3(4): 71-72.
Original Combination: Pamphila Brettoides
Type Locality: “West Texas...Graham Mountains, Arizona”; lectotype from “Texas”; defined as “vicinity of Archer County, Texas” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 44.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 45, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 26 ♂ D.
c. Polites vibex praeceps (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 79, no. 2.
Original Combination: H[edone]. praeceps
Type Locality: “Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]
Types: Syntype (#15313) in MCZ.
= sulfurina (Mabille, 1878)
Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(197): 233-234, no. 39.
Original Combination: P[amphila]. sulfurina
Type Locality: “Mexicanam”; also mentioned specimens from “Cayenna” and “Venezuela”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= lumida (Möschler, 1879)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 217-218, no. 23.
Original Combination: Pamphila Lumida
Type Locality: “Colombien”
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
= phormio (Mabille, 1878)
Petites Nouv. Entomol. 2(197): 233, no. 38.
Original Combination: Pamphila Phormio
Type Locality: “Para, Brasiliae”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= golenia (Möschler, 1879)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 218, no. 21.
Original Combination: Pamphila Golenia
Type Locality: “Colombien”
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
= zenckei (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 196, no. 402; cited unpublished pl. 1437 (nachtrag).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Zenckei
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 152, determined this synonymy (as vibex) through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= clara (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 203, no. 425; cited unpublished pl. 635.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Clara
Type Locality: “Californien”, presumably in error.
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy (as brettus) through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= stigma (Skinner, 1896)
Can. Entomol. 28(7): 188.
Original Combination: Pamphila stigma
Type Locality: “southern border of New Mexico and S.-W. Texas”
Types: Syntypes (#7098) in CMNH and FMNH; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 28 ♂ D.
= hypozona (Dyar, 1918)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 339-340.
Original Combination: Lerema hypozona
Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#21216) in USNM.
‡”combinata” (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 206, under no. 433.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Golenia = Combinata
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy (as vibex) through an examination of an unpublished drawing (pl. 636, from “Colombia”) made by Plötz. This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Wallengrenia Berg, 1897
An. Mus. Nac. (Buenos Aires) (2)5: 254-255. Type-species: Hesperia premnas Wallengren, 1860, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 4(2): 38, no. 20, by original designation. The arrangement here follows Burns (1985), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (423): 1-39.
= Catia Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(156): 462, 481. Type-species: Hesperia drury Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (723), 767, no. 110 (= Papilio otho J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 31-32, pl. 16; subspecies), by original designation.
241. Wallengrenia otho (J. E. Smith, 1797)
a. Wallengrenia otho otho (J. E. Smith, 1797)
In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 31-32, pl. 16, figs. ♂ D, ♂ V, ♀ D, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Otho
Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes for the original drawing by John Abbot.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost.
= pustula (Geyer, 1832)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [108], figs. 625 ♂ D, 626 ♂ V [1826]; (text): 11, no. 313 (1832, name given).
Original Combination: Thymelicus Pustula
Type Locality: “Georgien”; probably based on a specimen from John Abbot.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 113, listed T. pustula without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”lacordairii” (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Rhop. 2(156): 483.
Original Combination: Catia pustula (= Pamphila lacordairii Boisd)
Godman introduced the name lacordairii in the synonymy of pustula without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
b. Wallengrenia otho clavus (Erichson, [1849])
In: Schomburgk, Reisen Brit-Guiana 3: 603-604.
Original Combination: Hesperia clavus
Type Locality: “British Guiana” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 68.
Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 294, determined this synonymy and suggested that this may be a species-level taxon.
= curassavica (Snellen, 1887)
Tijdschr. Entomol. 30: 28-30, pl. 2, figs. 3, 3a ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Curassavica
Type Locality: “Curaçao” implied from the title of the paper. [Netherlands Antilles]
Types: Syntype(s) in RMNH.
= helva (Möschler, 1877)
Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 26: 336, pl. 4, fig. 20.
Original Combination: Pamphila helva
Type Locality: “aus dem Innern Suriname”
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 68.
= winslowi (Weeks, 1906)
Psyche 13(2/3): 69-70; figured by Weeks (1911), Ill. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 10, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Polites winslowi
Type Locality: “Suapure, Venezuela”
Types: Holotype (#16724) in MCZ.
= jobrea (Dyar, 1918)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 338-339.
Original Combination: Catia jobrea
Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#21212) in USNM.
242. Wallengrenia egeremet (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 174-175, no. 73.
Original Combination: Hesperia Egeremet
Type Locality: “Mass....Georgia...Western States...N. England”
Types: Syntype (#15827) in MCZ.
= ursa (Worthington, 1880)
Can. Entomol. 12(3): 49, no. 1.
Original Combination: Pamphila ursa
Type Locality: “Lake Co., Ind., near Ills. Line”
Types: Location of type(s) not known (USNM?).
= cinna (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 58, no. 377; cited unpublished pl. 598.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Cinna
Type Locality: “Union” [United States]
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Genus Pompeius Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 301, 335. Type-species: Hesperia pompeius Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (722), 765, no. 105, by original designation.
243. Pompeius verna (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 57, no. 6.
Original Combination: Pamphila verna
Type Locality: “Illinois”; neotype from “Perryton Township, Mercer County, Illinois”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 57, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.
= pottawattomie (Worthington, 1880)
Can. Entomol. 12(3): 50, no. 2.
Original Combination: Pamphila pottawattomie
Type Locality: “neighborhood of the Chicago massacre, Cook Co., Ill....Lake Co., Ind.”
Types: Syntype in USNM.
= vetulina (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 58, no. 377; cited unpublished pl. 597.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Vetulina
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= sigida (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxvii.
Original Combination: Pamphila Sigida
Type Locality: “Australie”, in error.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= sequoyah (H. Freeman, 1942)
Entomol. News 53(4): 104.
Original Combination: Polites verna sequoyah
Type Locality: “Hope Hill Farm, Faulkner County, Arkansas and Little Rock, Arkansas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Atalopedes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78. Type-species: Hesperia huron W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 16-17, no. 4, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2 (= Hesperia campestris Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 316; subspecies), by original designation. Burns (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 11-32, suggested that Atalopedes and Hesperia are closely related.
= Pansydia Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 81. Type-species: Hesperia mesogramma Latreille, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (722), 765, no. 106, by original designation.
244. Atalopedes campestris (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Atalopedes campestris campestris (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 316, no. 79; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2090 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia campestris
Type Locality: “dans les lieux arides”; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 22.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 22, figs. 147 ♂ D, 148 ♂ V.
= tenebricosus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 504, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype); 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Atalopedes campestris tenebricosus
Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Eureka”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 45, determined this synonymy.
b. Atalopedes campestris huron (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 16-17, no. 4, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Huron
Type Locality: “Illinois, Georgia, Texas, Washington, D.C.”; neotype from “Evanston, Illinois” [Cook County]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 59, fig. 10 ♂ D&V.
Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 65, did not recognize this as a subspecies-level taxon.
= kedema (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(4): 504, no. 3.
Original Combination: Pamphila Kedema
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= augustus (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 213, no. 453; cited unpublished pl. 676.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Augustus
Type Locality: “Brasilien”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
= amphissa (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 221, no. 476; cited unpublished pl. 667.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Amphissa
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 145, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
Genus Atrytone Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77. Type-species: Hesperia iowa Scudder, 1868, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 401 (= Hesperia arogos Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 3-5; subspecies), by original designation.
245. Atrytone arogos (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
a. Atrytone arogos arogos (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Arogos
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.
Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 340, noted that the “type” is in the BMNH, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
= mutius (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 199, no. 413; cited unpublished pl. 625.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Mutius
Type Locality: “Georgia”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
b. Atrytone arogos iowa (Scudder, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 401.
Original Combination: Hesperia Iowa
Type Locality: “Iowa”; defined as “Denison and New Jefferson, Iowa” by Scudder [1870], Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. 1(2): 330. [Denison, Crawford County; Jefferson, Greene County]
Types: Syntype (#15307) in MCZ.
Genus Problema Skinner & R. Williams, 1924
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 50(1): 62. Type-species: Pamphila byssus W. H. Edwards, 1880, Can. Entomol. 12(11): 224, by original designation.
246. Problema byssus (W. H. Edwards, 1880)
a. Problema byssus byssus (W. H. Edwards, 1880)
Can. Entomol. 12(11): 224-225.
Original Combination: Pamphila Byssus
Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida” [Brevard County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 63, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 41, fig. 20 ♀ D (paralectotype), pl. 53, fig. 38 ♂ D (lectotype).
b. Problema byssus kumskaka (Scudder, 1887)
Can. Entomol. 19(3): 45-48.
Original Combination: Atrytone Kumskaka
Type Locality: “Iowa...Western States”; stated to be “Denison, Iowa” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 42. [Crawford County]
Types: Syntype (#10756) in MCZ; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 39 ♂ D, supposedly sent to W. H. Edwards by Scudder.
247. Problema bulenta (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 67, figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [3] ♀ D, [4] larva, [5] pupa.
Original Combination: Hesperia Bulenta
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “Georgia” implied from other drawings of the species by John Abbot.
Types: Types were the specimens that John Abbot painted and are probably lost.
F. Jones (1926), Entomol. News 37(7): 193-197, pl. 9, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♀ V, fig. of ♂ genitalia, detailed the rediscovery of this species, and provided the first written description of the taxon.
Genus Poanes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 76. Type-species: Hesperia massasoit Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 171, no. 65, by original designation. Burns (1992), J. Lepid. Soc. 46(1): 1-23, discussed the probability that this genus is polyphyletic, and created species groups. The first group includes hobomok, zabulon and taxiles, while the second group includes massasoit, viator, aaroni and yehl (massasoit may belong in its own group). Burns also transferred melane to Poanes from Paratrytone, and noted that at least some Poanes species may belong in Ochlodes.
= Phycanassa Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77. Type-species: Hesperia viator W. H. Edwards, 1865, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 202-203, pl. 1, fig. 5, by original designation.
= ‡Paratrytone Dyar, 1905
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 136. Type-species: Pamphila howardi Skinner, 1896, Can. Entomol. 28(7): 187 (= Pamphila aaroni Skinner, 1890, Entomol. News 1(1): 6; subspecies), by original designation. Preoccupied by Paratrytone Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 487.
248. Poanes hobomok (T. Harris, 1862)
a. Poanes hobomok hobomok (T. Harris, 1862)
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 313-314, fig. 137 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Hobomok
Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition of the book; stated to be “Massachusetts” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 110, no. 15.
Types: Syntypes (#26348) in MCZ.
= pocahontas (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 171-172, no. 67; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, fig. 9 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Pocahontas
Type Locality: “Mass. and Conn.” [Massachusetts and Connecticut]
Types: Syntypes (#15825) in MCZ and CMNH.
= quadaquina (Scudder, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 381, no. 76.
Original Combination: Hesperia Quadaquina
Type Locality: “West Roxbury, Mass....Quincy, Mass....Guilford, Conn....New Haven, Conn.”
Types: Syntype (#15824) in MCZ; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 44 ♀ D.
= ridingsii F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940
Can. Entomol. 72(4): 83.
Original Combination: Poanes hobomok form ridingsii
Type Locality: “Riding Mtns., Manitoba”
Types: Holotype in CNC.
This name is considered available from its original description, since Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 250, treated it as a subspecies-level taxon (Code Article 45.6.4.1).
= ‡”alfaratta” W. Holland, 1930
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 159; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 45 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Poanes hobomok var. ♀ alfaratta
Type Locality: “Kansas”
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.
= ‡”friedlei” F. Watson, 1920
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 28(3-4): 232.
Original Combination: Poanes hobomok f. ♀ pocahontas ab. friedlei
Type Locality: “Van Cortland Park, New York City, N. Y.” [Bronx County, New York]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”pallida” F. Watson, 1921
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 29(3-4): 172-173.
Original Combination: Poanes hobomok ab. pallida
Type Locality: “near Dunwoodie, Westchester County, New York”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
b. Poanes hobomok monofacies Gatrelle, 2002
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(8): 6-7, figs. 17 ♂ D, 19 ♂ V (holotype); 18 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V, 21 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V, 22 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V, 25 ♂ D, 27 ♂ V, 26 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Poanes hobomok monofacies
Type Locality: “North Carolina: Macon County, near summit of Chestnut Mountain, 3,500', FS Rd. 4563”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Poanes hobomok wetona Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 9.
Original Combination: Poanes hobomok wetona
Type Locality: “Sand Gulch S. Greenwood, 7200', Custer Co., Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in LACM; figured by Gatrelle (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(8): figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
249. Poanes zabulon (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (26): pl. 76, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Zabulon
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “l’Amérique septentrionale” implied from the title of the book.
Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 348, noted that the “type” is in the BMNH, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
= erratica (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 210, no. 446; cited unpublished pl. 656.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Erratica
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Type(s) in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 145, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
‡”ogeechensis” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1617.
Original Combination: [Atrytone zabulon] = Papilio ogeechensis Abb.
This name was mentioned in the synonymy of Atrytone zabulon without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
250. Poanes taxiles (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 5-6.
Original Combination: Pamphila Taxiles
Type Locality: “Arizona...South Colorado...Nevada...Oak Creek Canon, South Colorado”; defined as “Oak Creek Canyon, Custer County [sic!], Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 73-74. [Fremont County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 74, fig. 22 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 47, fig. 31 ♂ D.
= psaumis (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 489, no. 1; 3: pl. 94, figs. 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Phycanassa psaumis
Type Locality: “Mexico, Bolaños in Jalisco”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
251. Poanes massasoit (Scudder, 1863)
a. Poanes massasoit massasoit (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 171, no. 65.
Original Combination: Hesperia Massasoit
Type Locality: “Carver, Mass.” [Plymouth County]
Types: Syntype (#15305) in MCZ.
= suffusa (Laurent, [1891])
Entomol. News 3(1): 15-16.
Original Combination: Pamphila massasoit var. suffusa
Type Locality: “around Philadelphia...in low meadow- or swamp-lands” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: Syntype (#7172) in CMNH.
= hughi A. Clark, 1931
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 21(1): 7-9, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Poanes massasoit hughi
Type Locality: “Beltsville, Maryland; bog between the railway station and the experiment farm of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture” [Prince Georges County]
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by A. Clark and L. Clark (1951), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116(7): frtspc. fig. 11 ♂ V, pl. 26, fig. c ♂ D.
b. Poanes massasoit chermocki W. Andersen & Simmons, 1976
J. Lepid. Soc. 30(1): 19-20, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Poanes massasoit chermocki
Type Locality: “New Bridge, Dorchester County, Maryland”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
252. Poanes viator (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
a. Poanes viator viator (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 202-203, no. 5, pl. 1, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia viator
Type Locality: “Northern Illinois...New Orleans”; neotype from “Goose Lake Prairie, Grundy Co., Ill.”
Types: Neotype in INHS, designated by Shapiro (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 9(2): 110, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 21 ♂ D&V.
b. Poanes viator zizaniae Shapiro, 1971
J. Res. Lepid. 9(2): 110, 113, figs. 2 a ♂ D, b ♂ D, c ♂ D, d ♀ D, e ♂ D (holotype), f ♀ D, g ♂ V, h ♂ V, i ♂ V, j ♀ V.
Original Combination: Poanes viator zizaniae
Type Locality: “Tinicum Wildlife Preserve, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania”
Types: Holotype in CUIC.
253. Poanes aaroni (Skinner, 1890)
a. Poanes aaroni aaroni (Skinner, 1890)
Entomol. News 1(1): 6-7; figured by [Skinner] (1892), Entomol. News 3(3): 49, pl. 2, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V, and (1897), Entomol. News 8(6): pl. 7, 4th row ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Pamphila aaroni
Type Locality: “Cape May, N. J.” implied from the title of the paper. [Cape May County, New Jersey]
Types: Lectotype (#7093) in CMNH, designated by Gatrelle (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(2): 6.
b. Poanes aaroni minimus Gatrelle, 1999
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(10): 9, figs. 13 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 14 ♀ D, 19 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Poanes aaroni minimus
Type Locality: “South Carolina: Orangeburg County, Bull Swamp”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
c. Poanes aaroni howardi (Skinner, 1896)
Can. Entomol. 28(7): 187.
Original Combination: Pamphila Howardi
Type Locality: “Florida...Georgiana, on the Indian River” [Brevard County]
Types: Lectotype (#7092) in CMNH, designated by Gatrelle (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(2): 6; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 46, figs. 38 ♂ D (lectotype), pl. 54, fig. 1 ♀ D (paralectotype).
d. Poanes aaroni bordeloni Gatrelle, 2000
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(2): 8-9, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V, 12 ♀ D&V, 13 ♂ DFW, 16 ♀ DFW.
Original Combination: Poanes aaroni bordeloni
Type Locality: “Texas: Jefferson County, Sabine Pass”
Types: Holotype at TAMU.
254. Poanes yehl (Skinner, 1893)
Entomol. News 4(6): 212; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 40 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Pamphila yehl
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Holotype in FMNH.
‡”baiva” (Butler, 1870)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 7(76): 93.
Original Combination: [Pamphila] Baiva
Butler cited this as a Boisduval name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
255. Poanes melane (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
a. Poanes melane melane (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 312.
Original Combination: Hesperia Melane
Type Locality: “California”; defined as “San Francisco Bay area, California” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 75.
Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 75, fig. 23 ♂ D&V.
b. Poanes melane vitellina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min Ver. Regensb. 23(12): 199, no. 25.
Original Combination: [Cobalus] vitellina
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in NMW.
Burns (1992), J. Lepid. Soc. 46(1): 14, suggested that this may be a species-level taxon.
‡”marmarosa” (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 495.
Original Combination: Pamphila marmarosa
Godman cited this as a Staudinger name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Stinga Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 300, 317. Type-species: Pamphila morrisoni W. H. Edwards, 1878, Field & Forest 3(7/8): 116, by original designation. A. Warren & Austin (2009), Zootaxa 2197: 1–19, discuss the variation, distribution, and systematics of this genus.
256. Stinga morrisoni (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
Field & Forest 3(7/8): 116-117.
Original Combination: Pamphila Morrisoni
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”; defined as “Hardscrabble Canyon, Custer County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 279, 280.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1977), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 103(2): 280, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 26 ♂ D (lectotype), 27 ♀ D (paralectotype).
Genus Ochlodes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 78. Type-species: Hesperia nemorum Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 314 (= Hesperia agricola Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 314; subspecies), by original designation. Chiba and Tsukiyama (1996), Butterflies 14: 3-16, revised this genus. The relative precedence of the various taxa named by Boisduval has not been unequivocally stated anywhere. This arrangement generally follows L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 42, Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 72, and Mielke (2005), Cat. Amer. Hesp. 5: 1112-1116.
257. Ochlodes sylvanoides (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Ochlodes sylvanoides sylvanoides (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 313-314, no. 71; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, figs. 2083 ♂ D&V, 2084 ♂ D&V, 2085 ♀ D&V [this species?].
Original Combination: Hesperia sylvanoides
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Tuolumne gold fields, Tuolumne Co. Calif.” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10; corrected to “Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 20, based on the lectotype and Lorquin’s itinerary.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21, figs. 135 ♂ D, 136 ♂ V.
= pratincola (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 315, no. 77; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, figs. 2088 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia pratincola
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Broderick, Yolo Co., Calif.” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11; corrected to “Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 22, figs. 144 ♀ D, 145 ♀ V.
Tilden and Smith (1986), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 227, suggested that pratincola is a species-level taxon, occurring in south-central California, flying in June (earlier than sylvanoides). The restriction of the type locality as given above removes the name pratincola from that consideration. If such a taxon is “rediscovered” in the future, it would require a new name.
= francisca (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 220, no. 472; cited unpublished pl. 666.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Francisca
Type Locality: “Californien, Mexico”
Types: Syntypes in ZHMB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 145, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
b. Ochlodes sylvanoides santacruza Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11.
Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides santacruza
Type Locality: “Santa Cruz Is. Calif...Central Valley” [Santa Barbara County, California]
Types: Holotype in EMEC.
Species-genus gender conformation is santacruzus.
c. Ochlodes sylvanoides catalina J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (23): 313-314, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides catalina
Type Locality: “California: Los Angeles County; Santa Catalina Island; Toyon Bay”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Ochlodes sylvanoides orecoasta Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11.
Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides orecoasta
Type Locality: “Cullaby Lake, Clatsop Co., Ore.” [Oregon]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Species-genus gender conformation is orecoastus.
e. Ochlodes sylvanoides bonnevilla Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10.
Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides bonnevilla
Type Locality: “Thomas Can., Ruby Mtns., Elko Co., Nev.” [Nevada]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Species-genus gender conformation is bonnevillus.
f. Ochlodes sylvanoides omnigena Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 526, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Ochlodes sylvanoides omnigena
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Toiyabe Mountains, Kingston Canyon, 2285 m, T16N R43E, S27, 28 on USGS Millett Ranch, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
g. Ochlodes sylvanoides napa (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 202, pl. 1, figs. 3 ♂ D&V, 4 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Napa
Type Locality: “Empire City, Colorado Territory”; defined as “Empire in Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 71.
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 71, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.
The neotype is the same specimen designated as lectotype by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 39; this specimen was not in Edwards' original type-series, and could not be a candidate for lectotype. No syntypes were found, so Brown and Miller decided that the specimen should be the neotype. Weidemeyer (1864), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 541, listed “[Hesperia] napa” without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= amanda (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 197, no. 404; cited unpublished pl. 617.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Amanda
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, suggested that this is “a var. of the N.- American Erynnis ottoe, Edw., ♂” through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz. This name should probably be considered a nomen dubium.
258. Ochlodes agricola (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Ochlodes agricola agricola (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 314-315, no. 76; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2087 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia agricola
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “slope between Yellow Bluff and Cavallo Point, 2 miles SSE of Sausalito, Marin County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2) 21, figs. 141 ♂ D, 142 ♂ V.
= yreka (W. H. Edwards, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 207-208, no. 9.
Original Combination: Hesperia Yreka
Type Locality: “San Francisco” [San Francisco County, California]
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 66, fig. 17 ♂ D&V. This is the same specimen designated as lectotype by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 40.
Weidemeyer (1864), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 541, listed “yrika” without a description or indication; it is both a misspelling and a nomen nudum.
b. Ochlodes agricola nemorum (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 314, no. 75; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2086 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia nemorum
Type Locality: “le bord des bois”; defined as “Broderick, Yolo Co., Calif.” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 11; corrected to “Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 21, figs. 138 ♂ D, 139 ♂ V.
= milo (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Can. Entomol. 15(2): 34-35.
Original Combination: Pamphila Milo
Type Locality: “Mt. Hood, Oregon”; considered more likely from “the prairies of western Washington” and suggested to be “Tenino in Thurston County, Washington” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 69; this is also impossible. See discussion below.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 18 ♂ D&V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 52, fig. 44 ♂ D. This is the same specimen designated lectotype by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 40.
The originally stated type locality and the subsequent “restriction” are both incorrect. Ochlodes agricola has never been documented in Washington, and the only records from Oregon are in the southwestern part of the state (A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 55). Many localities provided to Edwards by Morrison were erroneous; some of these were later corrected by Morrison.
c. Ochlodes agricola verus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 4-5.
Original Combination: Pamphila Verus
Type Locality: “Havilah, California” [Kern County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 40; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 19 ♂ D&V.
259. Ochlodes yuma (W. H. Edwards, 1873)
a. Ochlodes yuma sacramentorum Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 528, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Ochlodes yuma sacramentorum
Type Locality: “California: Sacramento County; Sacramento River Valley, Sherman Island, 3 m”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Ochlodes yuma yuma (W. H. Edwards, 1873)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 346.
Original Combination: Hesperia Yuma
Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Owens Lake, Inyo County, California” by F. Brown (1958), Lepid. News 11(4/5): 154; neotype from “Darwin Falls, Inyo Co., California.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 42-43; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 15 ♂ D&V.
c. Ochlodes yuma lutea Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (43): 527, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Ochlodes yuma lutea
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Toiyabe Mountains, Bowman Creek, 1859 m, T15N R43E S13 near Nye County Line on USGS Millett Ranch, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Ochlodes yuma scudderi (Skinner, 1899)
Entomol. News 10(5): 111-112; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Pamphila scudderi
Type Locality: “White River, Colorado” [Rio Blanco County]
Types: Syntype (#7097, labeled as “holotype”) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 2 ♂ D.
e. Ochlodes yuma anasazi S. Cary & Stanford, 1995
Bull. Allyn Mus. (140): 2-3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Ochlodes yuma anasazi
Type Locality: “New Mexico: Taos Co., Rio Grande Gorge near Questa”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Genus Paratrytone Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 487. Type-species: Paratrytone rhexenor Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 488, no. 1; 3: pl. 93, figs. 41, 42, 43, by original designation. Burns (1992), J. Lepid. Soc. 46(1): 1-23, discussed the circumscription of this genus; he removed melane (to Poanes) and added snowi (from Ochlodes).
260. Paratrytone snowi (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Can. Entomol. 9(2): 29-30.
Original Combination: Hesperia Snowi
Type Locality: “Colorado, at Ute Pass” [Teller County]
Types: Lectotype in SEMC, designated by Tilden (1961), Entomol. News 72(2): 41; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 67, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.
Genus Anatrytone Dyar, 1905
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 13(3): 140. Type-species: Hesperia delaware W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 19, no. 8, pl. 5, fig. 2 (= Hesperia logan W. H. Edwards, 1863, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 18-19, no. 7, pl. 1, fig. 5; synonym), by original designation. This genus was resurrected by Scott (1992, Papilio [N.S.]#6): 148-150, and this was confirmed by Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 273-337.
= Mellana Hayward, 1948
Acta zool. Lilloana 5: 98. Type-species: Atrytone mella Godman, 1900, in: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 492-493, no. 5; 3: pl. 94, figs. 14 ♂ D, 15 ♂ V, 16 ♂ genitalia, by original designation. Actually, Hayward misidentified Pamphila perfida Möschler, 1879, Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 28: 221, no. 28, as mella, as determined by Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 293-294. This is a case of a misidentified type species. The type-species is Atrytone mella Godman, 1900, as designated by Pelham (2008), J. Res. Lepid. 40: 91 (under Code Article 70.3), misidentified in the original designation by Hayward (1948).
logan group Burns, 1994
J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 280-285.
261. Anatrytone logan (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
a. Anatrytone logan logan (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 18-19, no. 7, pl. 1, fig. 5 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Logan
Type Locality: “Lansing, Michigan...Philadelphia”; neotype from “Kanawha River, Kanawha County, West Virginia”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 61, fig. 11 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 25 ♀ D.
= delaware (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 19, no. 8, pl. 5, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Delaware
Type Locality: “Philadelphia”; neotype from “Kanawha River, Kanawha County, West Virginia”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 61, fig. 12 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 46, fig. 24 ♂ D.
Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 77, no. 2, made the first reviser choice of logan over delaware.
b. Anatrytone logan lagus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 5.
Original Combination: Pamphila Lagus
Type Locality: “western Texas...southern Colorado...Nevada...Oak Creek Canon”; defined as “Oak Creek Canon, Custer County [sic!], Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 61. [Fremont County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 62, fig. 13 ♂ D&V.
262. Anatrytone mazai (H. Freeman, 1969)
J. Lepid. Soc. 23 (suppl. 2): 39, pl. 13, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); pl. 15, fig. 8 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Atrytone mazai
Type Locality: “Mexcala, Guerrero, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Quasimellana Burns, 1994
J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 299-302. Type-species: Atrytone mexicana E. Bell, 1942, An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol. Méx. 2(4): 461-462, no. 11, fig. 5, by original designation.
eulogius group Burns, 1994
J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 302-303.
263. Quasimellana eulogius (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 64, no. 393; cited unpublished pl. 608.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Eulogius
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) in ZMHB.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= mellona (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 493, no. 6; 3: pl. 94, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V, 19 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Atrytone mellona
Type Locality: “Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan...Soledad, Tierra Colorada, Dos Arroyos, Rio Papagaio, and Acaguizotla [sic!; Acahuizotla], all in Guerrero...Atoyac...Orizaba...Valladolid in Yucatan...Guatemala, Pacific coast, Polochic and Chisoy Valleys...San Gerónimo...Panama, Chiriqui...Guiana”; defined as “Mexico” by Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 356.
Types: Syntypes (one labeled as “holotype”) in BMNH.
= heberia (Dyar, 1914)
Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 2(1): 5.
Original Combination: Atrytone heberia
Type Locality: “Non Pareil Plantation, British Guiana” [Georgetown, Guyana]
Types: Lectotype (#18116) in USNM, designated by Burns (1994), J. Lepid. Soc. 48(4): 304.
= oaxaca (H. Freeman, 1979)
Bull. Allyn Mus. (52): 10-11, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♂ V (holotype), 29 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Mellana oaxaca
Type Locality: “Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Genus Notamblyscirtes Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 70. Type-species: Amblyscirtes simius W. H. Edwards, 1881, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 6-7, by original designation. Burns (1990), J. Lepid. Soc. 44(1): 18-21, removed simius from Amblyscirtes. Scott (1992), Papilio (n.s.) 6: 160-161, listed simius as “Not-‘Amblyscirtes’”, but it was clear from the context and diagnosis that he did not propose a new name; that shortcoming was rectified as above.
264. Notamblyscirtes simius (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 6-7.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes Simius
Type Locality: “Oak Creek Canyon, Colorado...Pueblo, Colorado”; defined as “Oak Creek Canyon, Custer County [sic!], Colorado” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 54. [Fremont County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 54, fig. 19 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 47, fig. 8 ♂ D.
‡”nigra” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes simius form nigra
Type Locality: “southern Colorado...Arizona”
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”rufa” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 10.
Original Combination: Amblyscirtes simius form rufa
Type Locality: “southern Colorado...Arizona”
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
Genus Euphyes Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 80. Type-species: Hesperia metacomet T. Harris, 1862, Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 317 (= Hesperia vestris Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 317; subspecies), by original designation. Shuey (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 160-172, discussed relationships between the various species and groups in this genus.
dion group Shuey, 1989
J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 160.
265. Euphyes pilatka (W. H. Edwards, 1867)
a. Euphyes pilatka pilatka (W. H. Edwards, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(3): 286, 287, no. 3.
Original Combination: Hesperia Pilatka
Type Locality: “St. Augustine, Florida” [St. Johns County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): fig. 29 ♂ D&V.
The city of Palatka, Florida was spelled “Pilatka” until 1853. Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 80, spelled this name “palatka”, both in the text and in the reference to Edwards’ original description, representing an unjustified emendation.
= floridensis (Plötz, 1883)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(4-6): 196, no. 401; cited unpublished pl. 616.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Floridensis
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 144, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
b. Euphyes pilatka klotsi L. Miller, Harvey & J. Miller, 1985
Florida Entomol. 68(2): 325-327, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 11 ♂ genitalia, 12-15 ♂ valvae, 19 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Euphyes pilatka klotsi
Type Locality: “Florida: Monroe Co., Sugarloaf Key, T66S, R27E, Sec. 23”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
266. Euphyes conspicua (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
a. Euphyes conspicua orono (Scudder, 1872)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 79, no. 4.
Original Combination: H[edone]. Orono
Type Locality: “northern states (probably)”; “Maine” implied from the name of Chief Orono of the Penobscot Nation.
Types: Holotype (#16581) in MCZ.
Elevated to the subspecies-level by L. Miller et al. (1985), Florida Entomol. 68(2): 333-334.
b. Euphyes conspicua conspicua (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 17, no. 5; (2): pl. 5, fig. 5 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia Conspicua
Type Locality: “Lansing, Michigan”; neotype from “Dansville State Game Area, Ingham County, Michigan”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 79, fig. 26 ♀ D&V.
Species-genus gender conformation is conspicuus.
= pontiac (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 17-18, no. 6: (4): pl. 11, fig. 5 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Pontiac
Type Locality: “Lansing, Michigan”; neotype from “Dansville State Game Area, Ingham County, Michigan”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 81, fig. 27 ♂ D&V.
c. Euphyes conspicua buchholzi (P. Ehrlich & Gillham, 1951)
Entomol. News 62(6): 188-189.
Original Combination: Atrytone conspicua buchholzi
Type Locality: “Valley, Nebraska” [Douglas County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
267. Euphyes berryi (E. Bell, 1941)
Entomol. News 52(6): 167.
Original Combination: Atrytone berryi
Type Locality: “Monticello, Florida” [Jefferson County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
268. Euphyes dion (W. H. Edwards, 1879)
Can. Entomol. 11(12): 238-239.
Original Combination: P[amphila]. Dion
Type Locality: “Nebraska...southern shore of Lake Michigan...Indiana...Hamilton, Ont.”; defined as “Whiting, Lake County, Indiana” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 81.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 82, fig. 28 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 36 ♂ D (lectotype), 37 ♀ V (paralectotype).
= alabamae (Lindsey, 1923)
Entomol. News 34(7): 210.
Original Combination: Atrytone (Euphyes) alabamae
Type Locality: “Mobile County, Alabama”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Shuey (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 163-165, determined this synonymy.
= macguirei H. Freeman, 1975
J. Lepid. Soc. 29(4): 227-229, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Euphyes macguirei
Type Locality: “Benbrook Res., Tarrant Co., Texas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Shuey (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 161-163, determined this synonymy.
269. Euphyes bayensis Shuey, 1989
J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 165-166, figs. 8, 1st column top ♂ D (holotype), 2nd ♂ D, 3rd ♂ D, 4th ♀ D, bottom ♀ D, second column top ♂ D, 2nd ♂ D, 3rd ♂ D, 4th ♀ D, bottom ♀ D, 9 1st column top ♂ V (holotype), 2nd ♂ V, 3rd ♂ V, 4th ♀ V, bottom ♀ V, second column top ♂ V, 2nd ♂ V, 3rd ♂ V, 4th ♀ V, bottom ♀ V, figs. 10-21 ♂ genitalia, figs. 34-45 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Euphyes bayensis
Type Locality: “Bay St. Louis, Hancock County, Mississippi”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
270. Euphyes dukesi (Lindsey, 1923)
a. Euphyes dukesi dukesi (Lindsey, 1923)
Entomol. News 34(7): 209-210.
Original Combination: Atrytone (Euphyes) dukesi
Type Locality: “Mobile County, Alabama”
Types: Holotype in USNM; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.):pl. 54, fig. 26 ♂ D.
b. Euphyes dukesi calhouni Shuey, 1996
J. Lepid. Soc. 50(1): 46-47, figs. 1, 2, 3 ♂ genitalia, 7, 8, 9, 10 ♀ genitalia, 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V (?holotype).
Original Combination: Euphyes dukesi calhouni
Type Locality: “Florida, Pasco County, ‘Cabbage Swamp.’“
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
vestris group Shuey, 1993
J. Lepid. Soc. 47(4): 271, 272.
271. Euphyes bimacula (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
a. Euphyes bimacula bimacula (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York 8: 433-434.
Original Combination: Hesperia bimacula
Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Philadelphia!)”
Types: Holotype may be in NYSM.
= acanootus (Scudder, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 381-382, no. 84.
Original Combination: Hesperia Acanootus
Type Locality: “Lexington, Mass.” [Middlesex County, Massachusetts]
Types: Holotype may be in MCZ.
b. Euphyes bimacula arbogasti Gatrelle, 1999
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(10): 6, figs. 21 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 22 ♀ D, 27 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphyes bimacula arbogasti
Type Locality: “South Carolina: Berkeley County, nr. jct. of I-26 and hwy. 17-A”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Euphyes bimacula illinois (Dodge, 1872)
Can. Entomol. 4(11): 217-218.
Original Combination: Hesperia illinois
Type Locality: “Burcan [sic!] County, Illinois...upon grassy slopes on the high rolling prairie that forms the divide between the Illinois and Rock rivers” [Bureau County, Illinois]. Neotype from “Denine Crossing, Grundy County, Illinois.”
Types: Syntype (#1872) in ANSP. Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(10): 5, figs. 11 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, designated a “neotype” in MGCL, but this is invalid if the ANSP specimen is a syntype.
= ‡”contradicta” (Leussler, 1933)
Entomol. News 44(3): 71.
Original Combination: Atrytone bimacula ♀ aberration contradicta
Type Locality: “Valley, Nebraska” [Douglas County]
Types: Holotype in OSU.
272. Euphyes arpa (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1837])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (23): pl. 68, figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [3] ♀ D, [4] larva, [5] pupa.
Original Combination: Hesperia Arpa
Type Locality: Not stated (there is no text); “Georgia” implied from John Abbot’s notes for this drawing.
Types: Types are the specimens that John Abbot painted and are probably lost. Evans (1955), Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 362, noted that the “type” is in BMNH, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
273. Euphyes vestris (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Euphyes vestris harbisoni J. Brown & McGuire, 1983
Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 20(3): 58-62, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphyes vestris harbisoni
Type Locality: “13.3 km east of Dulzura, north slope of Tecate Peak, elevation 500m, San Diego County, California”
Types: Holotype (#L-49) in SDMC.
b. Euphyes vestris vestris (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 317-318, no. 83; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2093 ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Hesperia? vestris
Type Locality: “les lieux arides”; defined as “Spanish Ranch Road at Meadow Valley Creek, vicinity of fire station in Meadow Valley, 3600', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23.
Types: Holotype in BMNH, figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23, figs. 153 ♀ D, 154 ♀ V.
= osceola (Lintner, 1878)
Entomol. Contr. 4: 57-58.
Original Combination: Pamphila Osceola
Type Locality: “Mendocino, California”; syntype labeled “Ca.” [Mendocino County]
Types: Syntype (#5698) in NYSM; “paratypes” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 53, fig. 40 ♂ D, 41 ♀ D; a possible syntype in CMNH (W. H. Edwards collection).
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 57, discussed this name and its position of the synonymy of E. v. vestris.
= californica (Mabille, 1883)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 27(c.r.)(31): lxviii.
Original Combination: Pamphila Californica
Type Locality: “Californie”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
c. Euphyes vestris kiowah (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 150.
Original Combination: Hesperia Kiowah
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; holotype from “Colorado”
Types: Holotype in FMNH.
= ‡”immaculatus” (R. Williams, 1914)
Entomol. News 25(6): 267.
Original Combination: [Pamphila vestris] immaculatus n. var.
Type Locality: “Jamez [sic!; Jemez] Mountains, New Mexico” implied from the title of the paper. [Sandoval County]
Types: “Lectotype” (#7168) in CMNH, designated by Mielke (1989), Revta. bras. Entomol. 33(2): 350, figs. 5, 6 ♀ genitalia, 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
d. Euphyes vestris metacomet (T. Harris, 1862)
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 317.
Original Combination: Hesperia Metacomet
Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition of the book; stated to be “Massachusetts” by Morris (1862), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. [4]: 110, no. 18.
Types: Syntypes (#26352) in MCZ.
= rurea (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 58, no. 7.
Original Combination: Pamphila rurea
Type Locality: “Rock Island, Illinois”; neotype from “Perryton Township, Mercer County, Illinois”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 77, fig. 24 ♂ D&V.
= osyka (W. H. Edwards, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(3): 286, 288, no. 5.
Original Combination: Hesperia Osyka
Type Locality: “vicinity of New Orleans” [Orleans Parish, Louisiana]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1980), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106(1): 78, fig. 25 ♂ D&V.
Durden (1982), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(1): 9, treated this as a subspecies-level taxon.
‡”baeis” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): 1865.
Original Combination: [Euphyes osyka] = Hesperia baeis Boisd. manuscript
Proposed for a Boisduval manuscript name in the synonymy of osyka without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Asbolis Mabille, 1904
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. (17b): 134. Type-species: Goniloba sandarac Herrich-Schäffer, 1865, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 54, no. 10 (= Eudamus capucinus Lucas, 1857, in: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 625-626; synonym), by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 25: 79.
274. Asbolis capucinus (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 625-626.
Original Combination: Eudamus Capucinus
Type Locality: “habite l’île de Cuba”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= sandarac (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 54, no. 10.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] sandarac
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntype (#7157) in ANSP.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 137, determined that this taxon is synonymous with palaea, through an examination of an unpublished drawing made by Plötz (pl. 271).
= palaea (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. one hundred new spec. Hesp. (2): 31, no. 21; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(70): pl. Hesperia IV, fig. 31 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia palaea
Type Locality: Not stated; given as “Cuba” by Hewitson (1869), Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(70): [111] and on holotype label.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Genus Atrytonopsis Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(157): 497. Type-species: Hesperia deva W. H. Edwards, 1877, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 292, by original designation.
275. Atrytonopsis hianna (Scudder, 1868)
a. Atrytonopsis hianna hianna (Scudder, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 382-383, no. 92; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(12): pl. 10, figs. 31 ♂ D&V, 32 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Hesperia Hianna
Type Locality: “Quincy and Dorchester, Mass.” [Quincy is in Norfolk County]
Types: Syntypes (#15334) in MCZ.
= grotei (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 54, no. 360; cited unpublished pl. 360 (pl. 573 in BMNH).
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Grotei
Type Locality: “Union” [United States]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 143, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
b. Atrytonopsis hianna turneri H. Freeman, 1948
Entomol. News 59(8): 205-206.
Original Combination: Atrytonopsis turneri
Type Locality: “Barber Co., Kansas”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
276. Atrytonopsis loammi (Whitney, 1876)
Can. Entomol. 8(4): 76-77; figured by Skinner (1900), Entomol. News 11(4): pl. 2, fig. 27 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Lerema loammi
Type Locality: “Jacksonville, Fla.” [Duval County]
Types: Location of syntype(s) not known (ANSP or DCM?).
Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 457, treated this as a subspecies of A. hianna.
= regulus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 5.
Original Combination: Pamphila Regulus
Type Locality: “upper St. John's River, Orange Co., Florida” Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 43, suggested that this may be in modern Lake, Osceola or Seminole counties.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 34-35, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
= apostologica (Strand, 1921)
Archiv. Naturgesch. (A)86(7): 160-161.
Original Combination: Parnara apostologica
Type Locality: “Stemper, Fl.” [Hillsborough County, Florida]
Types: Holotype in DEI.
277. Atrytonopsis deva (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 292.
Original Combination: Hesperia Deva
Type Locality: “Prescott”; neotype suggested to be from “vicinity of Tucson” [Pima County, Arizona]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 38, fig. 6 ♀ D&V.
278. Atrytonopsis lunus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
Papilio 4(3): 56.
Original Combination: Pamphila Lunus
Type Locality: “Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 35.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 35, fig. 6 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 15 ♂ D (lectotype), 16 ♀ V (paralectotype).
279. Atrytonopsis vierecki (Skinner, 1902)
Entomol. News 13(7): 213.
Original Combination: Pamphila vierecki
Type Locality: “Dry Canon, Alamagordo, New Mexico” [Otero County]
Types: Syntypes (#7105) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 3 ♂ D.
280. Atrytonopsis pittacus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 138-139.
Original Combination: Pamphila Pittacus
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 33, fig. 3 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 11 ♂ D.
281. Atrytonopsis python (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 139.
Original Combination: Pamphila Python
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ V (paratype).
= margarita (Skinner, 1913)
Can. Entomol. 45(12): 426.
Original Combination: Pamphila margarita
Type Locality: “Jemez Springs, New Mexico” [Sandoval County]
Types: Syntypes (#7106) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 54, fig. 12 ♂ D.
282. Atrytonopsis cestus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
Papilio 4(3): 57.
Original Combination: Pamphila Cestus
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; suggested to be “vicinity of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 31.
Types: Holotype (#33624) in USNM; figured by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
283. Atrytonopsis edwardsi W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 135, pl. 8, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Atrytonopsis edwardsi
Type Locality: “Redington, Ariz....Babaquivera [sic!] Mts., Ariz.”; lectotype from “Redington”; Burns (1983), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84(3): 337, suggested that the type locality is “higher ground to the west, to wit, the ‘Santa Catalina Mountains.’” [Pima County]
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by Burns (1983), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84(3): 337, fig. 13 ♂ D&V, figs. 25-27 ♂ genitalia.
= ‡”polingi” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(7): 195, no. 3, pl. 5, fig. 3 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Atrytonopsis edwardsi ab. ♂ polingi
Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County, Arizona”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
Genus Nyctelius Hayward, 1948
Acta zool. Lilloana 5: 99. Type-species: Hesperia nyctelius Latreille, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 746, no. 47[a], by original designation.
284. Nyctelius nyctelius (Latreille, [1824])
a. Nyctelius nyctelius nyctelius (Latreille, [1824])
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 746, no. 47[a].
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Nyctelius
Type Locality: “Brésil & à Surinam”
Types: Syntype in BMNH (not in MNHP), as noted by N. Riley (1926), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 74(2): 234.
= ares (C. Felder, [1863])
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12(1): 477, no. 65.
Original Combination: Hesperia Ares
Type Locality: “Rio de Janeiro” [Brazil]
Types: Holotype probably in NMW.
= coscinia (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19(3/4): 54, no. 9.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] coscinia
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntype (#7141) in ANSP.
‡”aegialea” (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 52, under no. 346.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Coscinia [synonym] Aegialea
This name listed in synonymy without description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Conga Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 266, 294. Type-species: Pamphila chydaea Butler, 1877, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 152, no. 259, by original designation.
285. Conga chydaea (Butler, 1877)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1877(2): 152, no. 259.
Original Combination: Pamphila chydaea
Type Locality: “Serpa, in the bush” [Amazonas, Brazil]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= valo (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxv.
Original Combination: Pamphila Valo
Type Locality: “Bogota” [Colombia]
Types: Holotype probably in MNHP.
= vala (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxvi.
Original Combination: Pamphila Vala
Type Locality: “Chiriqui” [Panama]
Types: Holotype probably in ZMHB.
= actor (Mabille, 1891)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 35(c.r.)(18): clxxxii.
Original Combination: Pamphila Actor
Type Locality: “Chiriqui” [Panama]
Types: Types in ZMHB.
Genus Decinea Evans, 1955
Cat. Am. Hesp. Brit. Mus. (4): 266, 286. Type-species: Hesperia decinea Hewitson, 1876, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)18(108): 452, by original designation.
286. Decinea percosius (Godman, 1900)
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(159): 536, no. 4; 3(158): pl. 95, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V, 24 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Cobalus percosius
Type Locality: “Mexico, Atoyac...Guatemala, Zapote...Panama, Chiriqui [Mus Staudinger]”; a specimen from Atoyac was figured. [Atoyac, Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Genus Oligoria Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 82. Type-species: Hesperia maculata W. H. Edwards, 1865, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 202, pl. 1, fig. 6, by original designation.
287. Oligoria maculata (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 202, pl. 1, fig. 6 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hesperia maculata
Type Locality: “New Orleans”; neotype from “Edgard, St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and L. Miller (1987), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 113(1): 59, fig. 23 ♀ D&V.
= deleta (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 202, no. 54.
Original Combination: [Cobalus] deleta
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in NMW.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 141, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 507) made by Plötz.
= grossula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 202, no. 56.
Original Combination: [Cobalus] grossula
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in NMW.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 141, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing (pl. 507) made by Plötz.
= norus (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 44(1-3): 36, no. 268; cited unpublished pl. 518.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Norus
Type Locality: “New-Orleans” [Louisiana]
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 142, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
‡”orthomenes” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(11): 1761.
Original Combination: [Oligoria maculata] = Hesperia orthomenes
Scudder mentioned “Hesperia orthomenes Boisduval manuscript” in the synonymy of this species without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
Genus Thespieus Godman, 1900
In: Godman & Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(158): 519. Type-species: Hesperia dalman Latreille, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (717), 747, no. 48, by original designation.
288. Thespieus macareus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 23(12): 192, no. 53.
Original Combination: [Goniloba] macareus
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 66.
= emacareus (Plötz, 1882)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 43(10-12): 438, no. 148; cited unpublished pl. 393.
Original Combination: [Hesperia] Emacareus
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZSMC or lost.
Godman (1907), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)20(116): 139, determined this synonymy through an examination of the unpublished drawing made by Plötz.
= cacajo Dyar, 1913
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 44(1951): 280.
Original Combination: Thespieus cacajo
Type Locality: “Naranjo, Guerrero, Mexico, 3,000 feet”
Types: Lectotype (#14489) in USNM, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 66, but the original description noted that the holotype (#21216) is in the USNM.
Superfamily PAPILIONOIDEA Latreille, [1802]
Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 3: 387 (as “Papilionides”). Type-genus: Papilio Linnaeus, 1758. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Papilio on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 703. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Papilionidae [Leach], [1815] (as “Papilionida”), in: Brewster's Edinburgh Ency. 9: 127, on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 233, and placed Papilionida [Leach] on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 271; I.C.Z.N. Direction 116 deleted this entry, corrected as above, and placed Papilionides on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 500.
Family PAPILIONIDAE Latreille, [1802]
Subfamily Parnassiinae Duponchel, [1835]
In: Godart, Hist. Nat. Lépid. Fr. Suppl. 1(22): 380. Type-genus: Parnassius Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab.): 185, 199.
Tribe Parnassiini Duponchel, [1835]
Genus Parnassius Latreille, 1804
Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab.): 185, no. 472, 199. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by monotypy. Koçak (1981), Priamus 1(2): 51 (nota), claimed that Parnassius was first used as a proper genus by Schneider (1785), Nomen. Entomol.: 34 (as “2 Parnassius F.”). Schneider did not use the name in a generic sense, but as an interposed adjective; Wagener (1988), Nota Lepid. 11(3): 237-238, discussed this issue. Nomina collectiva are descriptive epithets applying to individual variants below the subspecies-level. They frequently lack a description or indication and are almost always cited in some kind of quadrinomial combination. In the following synonymies, nomina collectiva are referenced for each taxon, but not listed individually.
= ‡Doritis [Fabricius], 1807
In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 283, no. 22. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by designation of Dalman (1816), K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 60. A junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804.
= ‡Parnassis Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 90. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by designation of Hemming (1939), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)8(7): 136. A junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804. This name may have been a misspelling, emendation, or a new description by Hübner; see Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Entomol.) Suppl. 9: 345.
= ‡Therius Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 75. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 199. A junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804.
= Tadumia Moore, 1902
Lepid. Ind. 5(53): 116. Type-species: Parnassius acco Gray, [1853], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1(Pap.): 76, no. 350, pl. 12, figs. 5, 6, by original designation.
= Kailasius Moore, 1902
Lepid. Ind. 5(53): 118. Type-species: Parnassius charltonius G. Gray, [1853] Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1(Pap.): 77, no. 355, pl. 12, fig. 7, by original designation.
= Koramius Moore, 1902
Lepid. Ind. 5(53): 120. Type-species: Doritis delphius Eversmann, 1843, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 16(3): 541, pl. 7, fig. 1A, B, by original designation.
= Lingamius Bryk, 1935
Tierreich 65: 538-540. Type-species: Parnassius hardwickii G. Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell. (J. E. Gray) (1): 32, by original designation. This name was proposed twice by Bryk (1932), Parnassiana 2(1): 1, and Parnassiana 2(2): 20; no diagnosis or type-species designation was included in either publication. Since these names were proposed after 1930, they are not available (Code Articles 13.1.1, 13.3, 67.4.1).
= Eukoramius Bryk, 1935
Tierreich 65: 630, 673-674. Type-species: Parnassius imperator Oberthür, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 6(3)(bull.)2(5): lxxvi-lxxvii, by monotypy. This name was proposed by Bryk (1934), Parnassiana 3(3): 43; without a diagnosis or type-species designation; since this name was proposed after 1930, it is not available (Code Articles 13.1.1, 13.3, 67.4.1).
= Driopa Korshunov, 1988
Nov. Maloizvestiye Vidy Fauny Sib. No. 20: 65-67. Type-species: Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 42, by original designation.
= Erythrodriopa Korshunov, 1988
Nov. Maloizvestiye Vidy Fauny Sib. No. 20: 67. Type-species: Parnassius ariadne Lederer, 1853, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 3: 354, by original designation.
= Sachaia Korshunov, 1988
Nov. Maloizvestiye Vidy Fauny Sib. No. 20: 67-68. Type-species: Parnassius tenedius Eversmann, 1851, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 24(2)(11): 621-622, no. 10, by original designation.
= ‡Adoritis Koçak, 1989
Priamus 4(4): 165-167. Type-species: Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 42, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Driopa Korshunov, 1988.
= Quinhaicus Korshunov, 1990
Chlenist. Gelmint. sbornik trudov: 99. Type-species: Parnassius szechenyii Frivaldszky, 1886, Természettud. Füz. 10(1): 39, pl. 4, figs. 1, 1a, by original designation.
= Kreizbergius Korshunov, 1990
Chlenist. Gelmint. sbornik trudov: 102. Type-species: Parnassius simo G. Gray, [1852], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 76, no. 351, pl. 12, figs. 3, 4, by original designation.
= Eversmanniodriopa Korb, 2005
Cat. Butterflies ex USSR: 13. Type-species: Parnassius eversmanni [Ménétriés], [1850], in: Simashko, Russk. Fauna (17)(Lepid.): Pl. 4, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, legend, by original designation.
*289. Parnassius eversmanni [Ménétriés], [1850]
In: Simashko, Russk. Fauna (17)(Lepid.): Pl. 4, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, legend.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. Eversmanni
Type Locality: Not stated; “Russia” implied from the title of the work; defined as “Kansk” by Ménétriés (1855), Enum. corp. anim. (1): 74, no. 110. [Krasnoyarsk Kray, Russia]
Types: Holotype in ZIN; figured by Chikolovets et al. (2002), Butterflies Transbaikal Siberia: pl. 48, fig. 4 ♂ D.
Nekrutenko and Kerzhner (1986), Entomol. Obozr. 65(4): 774, discussed this species. Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1932), Parnassiana 2: 92-93, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 139, and (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 18.
= ‡altaica Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (26-29): 319, pl. 64, fig. 19 ♂ D; ind. syst.: xxiii.
Original Combination: [Parnassius eversmanni] race altaica
Type Locality: “Tchuja Mts., 1800-2400 m, S.-E. de l’Altaï” implied from the legend to plate 64.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH and ZMKU.
Preoccupied by Parnassius intermedius var. altaica Ménétriés, 1859, in: Schrenck, Reise Amur-Lande 2(1): 12, 13.
= lacinia Hemming, 1934
Stylops 3(9): 198.
Original Combination: Parnassius eversmanni lacinia
Proposed as a replacement name for Parnassius eversmanni race altaica Verity, [1911], with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡”flavescens” O. Bang-Haas, 1927
Horae Macrolepid. 1(1): 7.
Original Combination: [Parnassius eversmanni felderi] ab. flavescens
Type Locality: “Sajan-Gebirgen” [Sayan Mountains, Krasnoyarski Kray, Russia]
Types: “Holotype” in ZMHB.
= ‡”ampliusdecora” Eisner, 1928
Int. Entomol. Z. 22(32): 302.
Original Combination: [Parnassius eversmanni eversmanni] ab. ampliusdecora
Type Locality: “Sajan-Gebirge” [Sayan Mountains, Krasnoyarski Kray, Russia]
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.
a. Parnassius eversmanni thor Hy. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(1): 4.
Original Combination: Parnassius Thor
Type Locality: “about 800 miles up the Yukon river, Alaska”
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 1 ♀ D.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1934), Parnassiana 3(1): 15, Bryk (1934), Parnassiana 3(2): 32, and Eisner (1978), Zoöl. Meded. 53(11): 109.
= ‡meridionalis Eisner, 1978
Zoöl. Meded. 53(11): 109, pl. 2, figs. 9 ♀ D, 10 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Parnassius eversmanni meridionalis
Type Locality: “Pink Mt., B. C., 122o 30' long., 57 o lat.” [British Columbia]
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.
Preoccupied by Parnassius apollo meridionalis Pagenstecher, 1909, Entomol. Z. 22(44): 187.
= pinkensis Gauthier, 1984
Entomol. Z. 94(21): 319.
Original Combination: Parnassius eversmanni pinkensis
Proposed to replace meridionalis Eisner, 1978, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡”kohlsaati” Gunder, 1932
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 123.
Original Combination: Parnassius eversmanni race thor tr. f. kohlsaati
Type Locality: “McKinley National Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
290. Parnassius clodius Ménétriés, 1855
a. Parnassius clodius strohbeeni Sternitzky, 1945 ✝
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club 23: 82-83.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius strohbeeni
Type Locality: “Santa Cruz, California” [Santa Cruz County]
Types: Holotype (#27214) in MCZ.
= ‡”dodgei” Gunder, 1932
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 123; cited J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 5, fig. 6 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius tr. f. dodgei
Type Locality: “Santa Cruz Hills, Santa Cruz, California” [Santa Cruz County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
b. Parnassius clodius clodius Ménétriés, 1855
Enum. corp. anim. (1): 7, no. 109; 73, no. 109.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius
Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “Marin county...Bear Valley” by J. Shepard and S. Shepard (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 405.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZIN.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1932), Parnassiana 2(6-8): 96, (1937), Parnassiana 5(1/3): 4, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 141, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 87.
= ‡”castus” Bryk, 1913
Arch. Naturgesch. (A)79(3): 2-3, no. 7; cited Parnassius clodius (sensu W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](7): pl. Parnassius 1, fig. 5 ♂ D).
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius ab. castus
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” (#375) in ZMHB.
c. Parnassius clodius claudianus Stichel, 1907
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 58: 15, no. 5c (nota 1); cited Parnassius clodius (sensu Verity [1907], Rhop. Pal.: pl. 22, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D, 19 ♀ D).
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius claudianus
Type Locality: “Washington”; “western Washington” according to J. Shepard and S. Shepard (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 405.
Types: Syntypes (#27918, 27919, 27920, 27921) in ZMHB. The specimen cited by Verity (fig. 19, ♀ from British Columbia) is in ZMKU.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 142, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 88-89.
= baldus Ehrmann, 1918
Lepidoptera 2(4): 29.
Original Combination: Parn[assius]. smintheus v. baldus
Type Locality: “Olympic Mountains, Washington” [Clallam County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= ‡kallias Ehrmann, 1918
Lepidoptera 2(6): 41.
Original Combination: Parn[assius]. clodius var. kallias
Proposed to replace baldus Ehrmann, 1918, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of baldus.
d. Parnassius clodius pseudogallatinus Bryk, 1913
Arch. Naturgesch. (A)79(3): 3; cited Parnassius clodius (sensu Verity [1907], Rhop. palae. (7-8): pl. 22, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D, 19 ♀ D); figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: fig. 158 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius var. pseudogallatinus
Type Locality: “Brit. Columb. (Yale 1890)”
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB and BMNH.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 143, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 89.
= hel Eisner, 1956
Zoöl. Meded. 34(18): 243-244, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius hel
Type Locality: “Stevens Pass, Mts. Cascade, Washington, 4500'” [King-Chelan counties]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1956), Zoöl. Meded. 34(18): 243, pl. 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 89.
e. Parnassius clodius incredibilis Bryk, 1935
Tierreich 65: 162-163.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. clodius incredibilis
Type Locality: “S. Elja Berg (Alaska)” [Mt. St. Elias, Alaska.]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Bryk & Eisner 1932, Parnassiana 2(6-8): 99, listed this name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum. It is possible that the type of this taxon was mislabeled.
f. Parnassius clodius sol Bryk & Eisner, 1932
Parnassiana 2(6-8): 97, fig. 6 ♂ D (holotype); figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: fig. 157 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: [Parnassius clodius] sol
Type Locality: “Nevada”; corrected to “Sierra-Nevada” [California] by Eisner (1961), Zool. Meded. 37(11): 172; defined as “California...Baxters, Placer County” by J. Shepard and S. Shepard (1975), in: Howe, Butterflies N. Am.: 405.
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by the authors at the time of the original description.
= ‡”sulfureus” Gunder, 1932
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 124.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius race baldur tr. f. sulfureus
Type Locality: “Davis Creek, Modoc County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
g. Parnassius clodius baldur W. H. Edwards, 1877
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 12, no. 24; cited Parnassius clarius (sensu W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](7): pl. Parnassius 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Parnassius Baldur
Type Locality: “California, Sierras; Utah; Montana”; defined as “Tioga Pass” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 5. [Mono-Tuolumne counties, California]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 5, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1932), Parnassiana 2: 97, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 142, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 87-88.
= ‡”lorquini” Oberthür, 1891
Étud. Entomol. 14: 7, 17-18, pl. 2, fig. 17 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius ab. lorquini
Type Locality: “Californie”
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH?
= ‡”lusca” Stichel, 1907
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 58: 14, no. 5bα (nota 1).
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius baldur forma lusca
Type Locality: “Californien”
Types: “Holotype” may be in SMNS (Seitz collection).
= ‡”binigrimaculella” Gunder, 1926
Entomol. News 37(1): 8-9, no. 13, pl. 1, figs. 13 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius var. baldur ab. ♂ binigrimacullela
Type Locality: “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
h. Parnassius clodius altaurus Dyar, 1903
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 5(4): 290-291.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius var. altaurus
Type Locality: “Alturas Lake, near Saw-tooth Mt., Idaho, 7,000-9000 feet”
Types: Holotype (#6769) in USNM.
Dyar [1903], Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 52: 1, no. 1, listed this name without a description or indication; a nomen nudum. A nomen collectivum was proposed for this taxon by Bryk and Eisner (1932), Parnassiana 2(6): 96.
= gallatinus Stichel, 1907
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 58: 15, no. 5d (nota 2); cited Parnassius clodius (sensu Elrod and Maley (1906), Bull. Univ. Montana 30, (Biol. Ser.) 2(10): fig. 15 ♀&♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius gallatinus
Type Locality: “aus dem südlichen Teile von Montana”; suggested to be “Gallatin Co. Mont./ Elev. 6800" by Kohler (1978), J. Lepid. Soc. 32(1): 1-2.
Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by Kohler (1978), J. Lepid. Soc. 32(1): 1-2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V are of the sole paralectotype).
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 143, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 89.
= immaculata Skinner, 1911
Entomol. News 22(3): 108; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 7 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Parnassius immaculata
Type Locality: “Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming”
Types: Holotype (#7025) in ANSP; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book. (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 3 ♂ D.
= shepardi Eisner, 1966
Zoöl. Meded. 41(8): 145-146, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius clodius shepardi
Type Locality: “Wawawai, Snake River, Whitman Co., Washington, U.S.A.”
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 59, discussed this taxon and its placement in synonymy.
i. Parnassius clodius menetriesii Hy. Edwards, 1877
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(12): 164-165.
Original Combination: Parnassius Menetriesii n. var. of Clodius
Type Locality: “Bear Valley, Sierra Nevada...Lake Tahoe...Downieville, Cal[ifornia]...Mt. Nebo, Utah”; lectotype from “Mt. Nebo, Utah.” [Juab-Utah counties]
Types: Lectotype in AMNH; designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1918), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 62; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 3 ♂ D.
A nomen collectivum was proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 90.
*291. Parnassius phoebus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 181, no. 561; cited Jones’ Icones 2: pl. 2, fig. 2.
Original Combination: P[apilio] P[arnasius]. Phoebus
Type Locality: “Siberia”; “neotypes” from “Altai: Ongodai, Kurai Paß, Arassam Quelle.” [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: Type(s) presumed lost. “Neotypes” in ZMHB, designated by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: 219, figs. 215 ♂ D, 215a ♀ D, but this action violated Code Article 75. Bryk designated two neotypes, which is improper procedure. It is here presumed that one will eventually be accepted.
Nekrutenko and Kerzhner (1986), Entomol. Obozr. 65(4): 776, discussed the probable type locality for this species. They determined that Pallas (collector of the original specimen) probably sent the type to Drury, which became the basis for William Jones’ unpublished figure. The details of Pallas’ journey indicate two regions from which phoebus might have been collected: 1) the Irtysh Valley, Western and Northern Altai, or 2) the Transbaikalian area of the Yenisey. Nekrutenko and Kerzhner considered that the Altai region was more probable. The nomenclature proposed by J. Shepard and Manley (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (58): 717-726, is followed. Also see Gluschenko and Martynenko (1997), Anim. Veg. World Far East: 31-40, (2000), Kurentsov’s Ann. Mem. Mtgs. 11: 63-96, Martynenko et al. (2003), Helios 4: 75-91, Churkin (2004), Helios 5: 110-114, and Omoto, et al. (2004), Gene 326: 141–147, where divergent arguments are presented.
= ‡”altaica” Ménétriés, 1859
In: Schrenck, Reise Amur-Lande 2(1): 12-13, under no. 53.
Original Combination: Parnassius Phoebus var. intermedius Forme altaica
Type Locality: “l'Altai” [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: Lectotype in ZIN, designated by Nekrutenko and Kerzhner (1986), Entomol. Obozr. 65(4): 775.
= halasicus Huang & Murayama, 1992
Tyo to Ga 43(1): 3, fig. 4 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus halasicus
Type Locality: “Halasai, Altai, 1700-1900 m, grassland in forest zone to subalpine grassland” [Xinjiang Uygur, China]
Types: Holotype in Xinjiang University, China.
= ‡”virginea” Austaut, 1910
Entomol. Z. 24(11): 55.
Original Combination: Parnassius Ruckbeil ab. virginea
Type Locality: ”Barkoul” [Barkol, Xinjiang Uygur, China]
Types: Location of “type(s)” not known; possibly at MNHP?
= ‡”alpestris” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (26-29): 314, pl. 63, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D; (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius var. intermedius forme alpestris, from the legend to plate 63 and the index.
Type Locality: “l’Altaï...hauts sommets” implied from the text, “Tchuja mountains, 1800-2400m” from the legend to plate 63. [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: “Syntypes” in BMNH and ZMKU.
= ‡”melanica” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (26-29): 314, pl. 63, fig. 18 ♂ D (“holotype”); (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius var. intermedius ♀ ab. melanica, from the legend to plate 63 and the index.
Type Locality: “l’Altaï...des vallées” implied from the text, “Kuraipan, 2100m., Altai” from the legend to plate 63. [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH.
= ‡”leucostigma” Austaut, 1912
Int. Entomol. Z. 6(13): 87, 125.
Original Combination: Parnassius Ruckbeil ab. leucostigma
Type Locality: “alpe de Chamil-Hami” “alpes de Chamil” [Hami, Xinjiang Uygur, China]
Types: Location of “holotype” not known; possibly at MNHP?
= ‡”punctatus” Bryk, 1912
Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 57.
Original Combination: Parnassius delius ab. punctatus
Type Locality: “Altai” [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: “Holotype” probably in RMNH.
= ‡”reciprocus” Bryk, 1913
Soc. Entomol. 28(16): 95.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus var. intermedia ab. reciprocus
Type Locality: “Altai” [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: “Holotype” probably in RMNH.
a. Parnassius phoebus apricatus Stichel, 1906
Berl. Entomol. Z. 51(1): 87, pl. 2, figs. 13a ♂ D, 13b ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus apricatus
Type Locality: “aus Kadiak, Insel südlich von Alaska, Nord-Amerika” [Kodiak Island, Alaska]
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB; figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: figs. 234 ♂ D, 234a ♀ D.
= elias Bryk, 1934
Parnassiana 3(2): 31-32, no. 41; figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: fig. 233 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus elias
Type Locality: “St. Ilja (Alaska)” [Mt. St. Elias]
Types: Holotype in RMNH; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, fig. 3 ♂ D.
= alaskensis Eisner, 1956
Zoöl. Meded. 34(18): 244-245, pl. 3 figs. 7 ♂ D (holotype), 8 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus alaskensis
Type Locality: “Mt. Kinley Park, Alaska centr.”; stated as “Mount McKinley National Park” by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 95. [Denali National Park]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
This was spelled “alaskaensis” by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 95, representing either an incorrect subsequent spelling of alaskensis Eisner, 1956, or an unjustified emendation.
b. Parnassius phoebus golovinus W. Holland, 1930
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(3): 155-156; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 69, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Parnassius golovinus
Type Locality: “Golovin Bay” [NW Alaska]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 69, figs. 3 ♂ D (lectotype) 4 ♂ V (paralectotype), 5 ♀ D (paralectotype), 6 ♀ V (paralectotype).
292. Parnassius behrii W. H. Edwards, 1870
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Parnassius 3, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Parnassius Behrii
Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada”; defined as “top of Mt. Lyell, at an altitude of nearly 11,000 ft.” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 11; neotype from “Tioga Pass, Cal.” [Mono-Tuolumne counties, California]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 12, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 97.
= niger W. G. Wright, 1905
Butterflies W. Coast: 47, no. 10; 79, no. 10, pl. 2, fig. 10 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: [Parnassius Smintheus var.] Niger, Parnassius Niger n. v.
Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada”; “Summit, Cal.” [Donner Summit, Sierra County, California]
Types: Holotype (#4278) in CAS.
= astriotes Fruhstorfer, 1923
Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius astriotes
Type Locality: “California, Süd-Ost Sierra”
Types: Syntypes in ZSMC.
293. Parnassius smintheus E. Doubleday, 1847
a. Parnassius smintheus sternitzkyi McDunnough, 1937
Can. Entomol. 68(12): 273-274, figs. of ♂ D (holotype) and ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus var. sternitzkyi
Type Locality: “Castle Lake, Siskiyou Co. Calif.” [California]
Types: Holotype (#4116) in CNC.
W. H. Edwards (1862), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 225, no. 10, redescribed Parnassius smintheus from “California” A “neotype” of this misidentification was designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 6; this is the holotype of sternitzkyi.
b. Parnassius smintheus olympianna Burdick, 1941
Can. Entomol. 73(7): 117-118, figs. ♂ D, ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus olympianna
Type Locality: “Hurricane Ridge, Olympic Range, Clallam Co., Washington”
Types: Holotype (#5191) in CNC.
Species-genus gender conformation is olympiannus.
= guppyi Wyatt, 1969
Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 54[80](9-12): 132-133, pl. 15, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus guppyi
Type Locality: “Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver-Insel, Britisch Kolumbien, Kanada, 1500 m”
Types: Holotype in LNKD.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 96-97.
c. Parnassius smintheus yukonensis Eisner, 1969
Zoöl. Meded. 43(14): 175; figured by Eisner (1976), Zool. Verh. (146): pl. 2, fig. 9 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus yukonensis
Type Locality: “5 miles s.w. Haines Junction, Yukon” [Yukon Territory]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
d. Parnassius smintheus smintheus E. Doubleday, 1847
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(3): 26; 27, no. 8, pl. 4*, fig. 4 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius Smintheus
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; defined as “vicinity of Rock Lake, [near Jasper] Alberta (53o27'N, 118.o16'W)” by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 40-41.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 41.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 150, (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 96, and (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 25, no. 273.
= nanus Neumoegen, 1890
Entomol. Am. 6(4): 61-62.
Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus var. nanus
Type Locality: “near Fort Calgarry [sic!]...at Spence's Bridge, both places being in British Columbia” [Fort Calgary is in Alberta]
Types: Syntypes in USNM; two figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, figs. 4 ♀ D (‘Ft. Calgary’), 5 ♂ D (“British Columbia”).
McDunnough (1936), Can. Entomol. 68(10): 223, discussed the Spence’s Bridge locality. Upon any future lectotype designation, the position of this taxon in the synonymy of P. smintheus may require revision.
= manitobaensis Bryk & Eisner, 1935
Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55.
Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] manitobaënsis
Type Locality: “Manitoba, End-Mountains”; corrected to “End Mountain, Alta.” by McDunnough (1936), Can. Entomol. 68(2): 43; further defined as “End Mountain, near Exsham, Alberta” by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 96. [Exshaw]
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
= ‡”nigerrima” Verity, [1907]
Rhop. palae. (7/8): pl. 16, fig. 23 ♀ D (“holotype”) [28 Feb 1907]; (11-12): 108 [31 Oct 1907]; (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: Parnassius delius var. smintheus forme hermodur ab. nigerrima
Type Locality: “Montagnes Rocheuses de la Colombie Britannique” implied from the legend to plate 16.
Types: “Holotype” in ZMKU.
Date of publication is that of plate 16; original combination is from page 108.
= ‡”minor” Verity, [1907]
Rhop. palae. (7/8): pl. 16, fig. 21 ♂ D (“holotype”) [28 Feb 1907]: (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius var. smintheus forme minor
Type Locality: “Montagnes Rocheuses de la Colombie Britannique” implied from the legend to plate 26.
Types: “Holotype” in ZMKU.
Date of publication is that of plate 16; original combination is from the legend to plate 16.
= ‡”minusculus” Bryk, 1912
Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 58, fig. 4 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parnassius v. smintheus ab. minusculus
Type Locality: “Colorado” apparently in error.
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.
Original combination given on figure.
= ‡”ernestinae” Bryk & Eisner, 1935
Parnassiana 3(4/5): 51.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus smintheus form ernestinae
Type Locality: “Ptarmigan-Paß 135o 20'/ 50o 20” [Alberta]
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.
= ‡”verity” Ehrmann, 1918
Lepidoptera 2(4): 30.
Original Combination: Parnassius verity
Proposed to replace minor Verity, [1907], but unavailable names cannot be replaced (Code Article 1.3.4).
‡”rocky” Grum-Grshimaïlo, 1890
In: Romanov, Mém. Lépid. 4: 149 (note 9).
Original Combination: [Parnassius Smintheus var.] Rocky
Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
e. Parnassius smintheus magnus W. G. Wright, 1905
Butterflies W. Coast: 47, no. 13; 80-81, no. 13, pl. 2, figs. 13 ♂ D (lectotype), 13b ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Parnassius Smintheus var.] Magnus; Parnassius Magnus n. v.
Type Locality: “British Columbia”; “Enderby, B. C.”
Types: Lectotype (#4279) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 5.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 152, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 97-98.
= xanthus Ehrmann, 1918
Lepidoptera 2(3): 21-22.
Original Combination: Par[nassius]. Smintheus var. xanthus
Type Locality: “Moron [sic!], Idaho” [Moscow, Latah County, Idaho]
Types: Syntypes in CMNH.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 152, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 98-99.
= idahoensis Bryk & Eisner, 1931
Parnassiana 1(5): 5-6, fig. 4 ♂ D&V, 5 ♀ D&V; figured by Bryk (1935), Tierreich 65: figs. 231, ♂ D&V (holotype), 231a ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: P[arnassius] phoebus idahoensis
Type Locality: “Wallace, Idaho” [Shoshone County]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
= montanula Bryk & Eisner, 1935
Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55; figured by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): pl. 4, figs. 5 ♀ D (holotype), 6 ♂ D, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] montanula
Type Locality: “Turah, Montana” [Missoula County]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
= ‡”mendica” Stichel, 1907
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 58: 20, no 9hα (nota 1); cited Neumoegen (1890), Entomol. Am. 6(4): 61, and W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: 79.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. phoebus smintheus forma mendica
Type Locality: “Montana, Brit. Columbia, Colorado”
Types: “Types” should be in ZMHB.
Upon any future lectotype designation, the position of this taxon in the synonymy of P. smintheus may require revision.
f. Parnassius smintheus maximus Bryk & Eisner, 1937
Parnassiana 5(1-3): 7; cited Parnassius phoebus sayii (sensu Bryk and Eisner (1935), Parnassiana 3(4/5): 54); figured by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): pl. 4, figs. 1 ♀ D (holotype), 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus maximus
Type Locality: “Judith Mts., Montana, U.S.A.” [Fergus County]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
= ‡”pseudocorybas” Verity, [1909]
Rhop. palae. (11/12): 107 [31 Oct 1907]; (24/25): pl. 24, figs. 12 ♂ D, 13 ♀ D [31 Dec 1909]; (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius var. apricatus forme pseudocorybas
Type Locality: “Montana” implied from the text, “Montana, Montagnes Rocheuses” from the legend to plate 24.
Types: Location of “types” not known (possibly in MNHP).
Date of publication and original combination determined from the legend to plate 24.
g. Parnassius smintheus sayii W. H. Edwards, 1863
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Parnassius 2, figs. 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Parnassius Sayii
Type Locality: “Pikes Peak”; corrected to “gold region west of Denver” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 6; neotype from “Running Creek Field Sta., 6950', Elbert Co., Colo., T9S R65W, SW ¼ 25" [Colorado]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 9, fig. 2 ♀ D&V.
Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon and its synonyms by Bryk and Eisner (1935), Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 151, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 98, 100, 102, 103, 104.
= hermodur Hy. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(1): 4.
Original Combination: Parnassius Hermodur
Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 8 ♀ D.
Scott (1992), Papilio (n.s.) 6: 6-7, treated this as a subspecies-level taxon, a position which would require a thorough reevaluation of the synonymy of P. s. sayi.
= polus Ehrmann, 1917
Lepidopterist 1(7): 54-55.
Original Combination: Parnassius polus
Type Locality: “Ashcroft, Pidkin [sic!] County, Colorado” [Pitkin County]
Types: Syntypes in CMNH.
= montanus Ehrmann, 1918
Lepidoptera 2(4): 29-30.
Original Combination: Parn[assius]. smintheus v. montanus
Type Locality: “Bullion Peak, Colorado” [Park County]
Types: Syntypes in CMNH.
= utahensis Rothschild, 1918
Novit. Zool. 25(1): 233.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus utahensis
Type Locality: “Park City, Utah” [Summit County]
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= catullius Fruhstorfer, 1923
Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.
Original Combination: Parnassius delius catullius
Type Locality: “Colorado, Pikes Peak...ca. 12-13 500 fuß” [El Paso-Teller counties]
Types: Syntypes said to be in Fruhstorfer collection, but may be in SMNS (Seitz collection).
= aristion Fruhstorfer, 1923
Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius aristion
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: Holotype said to be in ZSMC, but may be in SMNS (Seitz collection).
= sordellus Fruhstorfer, 1923
Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius sordellus
Type Locality: “Nordamerika--näherer Fundort unbekannt”
Types: Syntypes possibly in ZSMC.
= hollandi Bryk & Eisner, 1935
Parnassiana 3(4/5): 53; figured by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): pl. 23, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] hollandi
Type Locality: “La Sal Mts., Turpus Valley, Californien [sic!]” [Grand-Wayne counties, Utah]
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
ZMHB was originally noted as the repository of the type, but Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 24, claimed to have deposited the holotype and allotype in RMNH.
= dakotaensis Bryk & Eisner, 1935
Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, figs. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] dakotaensis
Type Locality: “Black Hills, Mt. Roosevelt, Dakota merid.” [Lawrence-Pennington counties, South Dakota]
Types: Holotype noted to be in RMNH, but “syntype” series apparently split between that institution and ZMHB.
= rotgeri O. Bang-Haas, 1938
Parnassiana 6(3/4): 20, pl. 1, figs. 6 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D.
Original Combination: P[arnassius]. phoebus rotgeri
Type Locality: “Colorado, westl. von Denver, Evans mont., Clear Creek, 3800 m” [Mount Evans, Clear Creek County, Colorado]
Types: Syntypes probably in ZMHB.
= rubina Wyatt, 1961
Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 46[72](9): 145-146, pl. 11, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus rubina
Type Locality: “Liberty Peak, 3,120 m, Ruby Gebirge, südlich von Elko, Nevada”; redefined as “above Liberty Lake, Ruby Mountains, Elko County, Nevada” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 630.
Types: Holotype in LNKD.
= ‡”leonhardi” Bryk, 1912
Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 57, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parnassius v. smintheus ab. Leonhardi
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: “Holotype” should be in MTD; figured by Bryk (1921), Entomol. Tidskr. 42(2): 114, fig. 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ D.
Original combination as given on figure.
= ‡”mariae” Bryk, 1912
Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 57-58, fig. 3 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parnassius v. smintheus ab. Mariae
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: “Holotype” should be in MTD (O. Bang-Haas collection).
= ‡”quincunx” Bryk, 1915
Arch. Naturgesch. (A)80(7): pl. 9, fig. 67 ♂ (“cotype”); (9): 140, text.
Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus ab. quincunx
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Colorado, U.S.A.” by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 25.
Types: “Cotype” in RMNH; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, fig. 6 ♂ D.
= ‡”fermata” Bryk, 1921
Entomol. Tidskr. 42(2): 112-114, figs. 1 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus ab. fermata
Type Locality: “Denver Colorado Rocky mountains”
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, fig. 6 ♂ D.
= ‡”melanophorus” Bryk, 1921
Entomol. Tidskr. 42(2): 114, fig. 2 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: [Parnassius smintheus] ab. melanophorus
Type Locality: “Denver Colorado Rocky mountains”
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.
= ‡”reducta” O. Bang-Haas, 1938
Parnassiana 6(3/4): 20.
Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus rotgeri] f[orm]. reducta
Type Locality: “Colorado, westl. von Denver, Evans mont., Clear Creek, 3800 m” [Mount Evans, Clear Creek County, Colorado]
Types: “Holotype” should be in ZMHB.
h. Parnassius smintheus pseudorotgeri Eisner, 1966
Zoöl. Meded. 41(8): 144.
Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus pseudorotgeri
Type Locality: “Elwood-Pass, Rio Grande Co., Colorado, U.S.A.”
Types: Holotype in RMNH.
Eisner (1964), Zoöl. Meded. 40(16): 135-136, credited this name to F. Chermock; a nomen nudum. Subsequently, Eisner (1966), adopted the name and described it based on his own specimens.
Subfamily Papilioninae Latreille, [1802]
Tribe Troidini Talbot, 1939
Fauna Brit. Ind., Butterflies 1 (ed. 2): 60 (key), 61. Type-genus: Troides Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 88.
Subtribe Troidina Talbot, 1939
Genus Parides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 87. Type-species: Princeps echelus Hübner, [1815], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [126], figs. 1, 2 (= Princeps echemon Hübner, [1813], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [121], figs. 3, 4; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 241, no. 811.
Subgenus Parides Hübner, [1819]
= Hectorides Hübner, 1821
Index. exot. Lepid.: [1], [2]. Type-species: Papilio agavus Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 11, index, pl. 9, fig. 4, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 184, no. 502.
= Endopogon Lacordaire, 1833
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]2: 384. Type-species: Papilio sesostris Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 34, pl. 211, figs. F, G; (24): 176, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 162, no. 377.
= Ascanides Geyer, 1837
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: 32. Type-species: Papilio triopas Godart, 1819, Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (14), 33, no. 23 (= Parides chabrias ygdrasilla Hemming (1935), Entomol. 68(2)[861]: 41; homonym), by monotypy.
= Blakea Grote, 1876
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(2): 118. Type-species: Papilio gundlachianus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 14: 294, no. 75, by original designation.
‡”Mineroides” Bryk, 1930
Lepid. Cat. 37: 63. This name was published in synonymy without description or indication; a nomen nudum.
*294. Parides eurimedes (Stoll, 1782)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 199, pl. 386, pl. 386, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V ; (34): 249 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eques Troj[anus]. Eurimedes
Type Locality: “Berbices”
Types: Syntype (#665199) in BMNH; figured by Chainey (2005), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 145(3): fig. 11 ♂ D.
= ‡arcas (Stoll, 1781)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(32): 174, pl. 378, fig. C ♀ D&V; (34): 247 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eques Trojanus Arcas
Type Locality: “Brasilien” “Brazil”
Types: Type(s) maybe in BMNH or lost.
Preoccupied by Papilio arcas Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 38, pl. 19, figs. 5, 6; 2: (index).
a. Parides eurimedes mylotes (H. Bates, 1861)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (2)5(8): 346 (nota), 360; cited Papilio mylotes G. Gray, 1856, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 64, no. 258.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Mylotes and [Papilio Eurimedes] Local var. Mylotes
Type Locality: “Nicaragua”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
First mentioned by G. Gray (1856), List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 64, no. 258, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= caleli (Reakirt, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 138-139, no. 8.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Caleli
Type Locality: “Guatemala” “near the Copán river”
Types: Syntype in FMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 59, fig. H ♂ D.
= tonila (Reakirt, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 140, no. 10.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Tonila
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Holotype in FMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 59, fig. I ♀ D.
= aristomenes (C. Felder & R. Felder, [1865])
Reise Novara (1): 38, no. 27, pl. 7, fig. a ♀ D.
Original Combination: Papilio Aristomenes
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntypes probably in BMNH.
This taxon was listed without a description or indication by C. Felder and R. Felder (1864), Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 14: 286, no. 108; a nomen nudum.
‡”docimus” (G. Gray, 1856)
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 64, no. 259.
Original Combination: Papilio docimus
Published without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
295. Parides alopius (Godman & Salvin, 1890)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(87): 197-198, no. 12; 3(87): pl. 65, figs. 10 ♀ D, 11 ♀ V; cited Papilio alopius G. Gray, 1856, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 58, no. 231.
Original Combination: Papilio alopius
Type Locality: “Mexico, Los Remedios in Chihuahua...Ciudad in Durango”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
This name was mentioned by G. Gray (1856), List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 58, no. 231, and Weidemeyer (1863), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 146, each time without a description or indication; nomina nuda.
= lopiusa (Schaus, 1911)
Entomol. News 22(10): 439.
Original Combination: Papilio lopiusa
Type Locality: “Guadalajara, Mexico” [Jalisco]
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 55, fig. M ♂ V.
This may be a hybrid taxon, as Schaus suggested in the original description.
= ‡”tepoztecatl” R. de la Maza, 1976
Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(1): 5, 7, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Parides alopius ab. tepoztecatl
Type Locality: “pueblo Tepoztlán, en el Estado de Morelos” [Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in de la Maza collection.
Subtribe Battina Munroe & Ehrlich, 1960
J. Lepid. Soc. 14(3): 171, defined on 170 (as “Battiti”). Type-genus: Battus Scopoli, 1771, Intro. Hist. Nat.: 433.
Genus Battus Scopoli, 1777
Intro. Hist. Nat.: 433, no. 173. Type-species: Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 11, by designation of Lindsey (1925), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 18(1): 80.
= Laertias Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 84. Type-species: Papilio philenor Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 535, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 64.
= ‡Ithobalus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 88. Type-species: Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 11, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 198, no. 579. A junior objective synonym of Battus Scopoli, 1777.
= Battuosa Möhn, 1999
In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Schmetterlinge Erde. 5: 6. Type-species: Papilio belus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 23, pl. 112, figs. A, B; (16): 148 (index), by original designation.
296. Battus philenor (Linnaeus, 1771)
a. Battus philenor philenor (Linnaeus, 1771)
Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 535.
Original Combination: Papilio E[ques]. T[rojanus]. Philenor
Type Locality: “America”
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 363, fig. 14 ♀ D.
= astinous (Drury, 1773)
Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 21, pl. 11, figs. 1 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Troj[anus] Astinous
Type Locality: “New York, Maryland and Virginia”
Types: Types probably lost.
= nezahualcoyotl (Strecker, 1885)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 37(7/8): 174.
Original Combination: Papilio Nezahualcoyotl
Type Locality: “New Mexico, close to the Mexican border”
Types: Holotype in FMNH.
The holotype phenotypically represents what is recognized as Battus philenor acauda (Oberthür, 1879). This may be a case of individual variation or mislabeling.
= ‡serpentariae (Fabricius, 1938)
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 23-24, no. 20; cited Papilio philenor Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 535, and J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 3.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Serpentariae
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio philenor based on the name of a foodplant in Smith and Abbot; a junior objective synonym of philenor.
= ‡”obsoleta” (Ehrmann, 1900)
Can. Entomol. 32(11): 348.
Original Combination: Papilio philenor, Var. obsoleta ♂, nov. var.
Type Locality: “S. W. Penn’a.” [Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 9 ♂ D.
= ‡”wasmuthii” (A. C. Weeks, 1901)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 9(2): 82-83, pl. 6 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio philenor aberr. Wasmuthii
Type Locality: “in front of his residence” [Brooklyn, Kings County, New York]
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.
b. Battus philenor hirsuta (Skinner, 1908)
Entomol. News 19(4): 149.
Original Combination: Papilio phflenor [sic!] hirsuta
Type Locality: “Plumas County, California, 9,500 feet elevation”
Types: Syntype (#7028) in ANSP; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 5 ♀ D.
= ‡”inghami” (Gunder, 1927)
Entomol. News 38(9): 268, pl. A, figs. E ♀ D, E2 ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio philenor race hirsuta tr. fm. inghami
Type Locality: “Fairfax, California” [Marin County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
297. Battus polydamas (Linnaeus, 1758)
a. Battus polydamas polydamas (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 11; cited Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 31, but that figure represents Papilio androgeus.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus]. Polydamas
Type Locality: “Americes”; suggested to be “Surinam” by F. Brown (1968), J. Lepid. Soc. 22(2): 82.
Types: Lectotype in UZIU, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 369.
= ‡anguicidas (Fabricius, 1938)
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 34, no. 55; cited Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 11.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Anguicidas
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio polydamas, based on the name of a foodplant; a junior objective synonym of polydamas.
b. Battus polydamas lucayus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 521-522, no. 51g.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. polydamas lucayus
Type Locality: “Bahamas: Nassau and New Providence”; lectotype from “Bahamas Nassau.”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Racheli and Pariset (1992), Fragm. Entomol. 23(suppl.): 67.
Racheli and Pariset (1992), Fragm. Entomol. 23(suppl.): 64-67, treated this taxon as a synonym of B. p. polydamas; this arrangement follows L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 60, and Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: 28.
Tribe Leptocircini W. F. Kirby, 1896
In: Allen, Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2: xviii, 307-308 (as “Leptocircinae, Leptocirciti”). Type-genus: Leptocircus Swainson, 1833, Zool. Illustr. (2)3(23): pl. 106, unnumbered text. The application of this family-group name is discussed by Smith and Vane-Wright (2001), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 70(2): 506-508.
Genus Eurytides Hübner, [1821]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [92]. Type-species: Eurytides iphitas Hübner, [1821], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [92], figs. 3, 4, by monotypy.
= Bellerographium Möhn, 2002
In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Butterflies World. Part. 14: 5. Type-species: Papilio bellerophon Dalman, 1823, Analecta Entomol.: 37, no. 1, by original designation.
Subgenus Neographium Möhn, 2002
In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Butterflies World. Part. 14: 2. Type-species: Papilio philolaus Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 256, no. 80, by original designation. The use of the name Protographium Munroe (1961), Can. Entomol. 93(suppl. 17): 16, 18, 37, 41, 51, for this subgenus was supported by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: 30. de Jong (2003), Ins. Syst. 17(1): 147-148, determined that adding the type species of Protographium (Papilio leosthenes E. Doubleday, 1846, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]18(121): 372) to the New World assemblage renders the group paraphyletic.
= Asiographium Möhn, 2002
In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Butterflies World. Part. 14: 4. Type-species: Papilio asius Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 2: 5, no. 17, by original designation.
= Eurygraphium Möhn, 2002
In: Bauer and Frankenbach, Butterflies World. Part. 14: 4. Type-species: Papilio thyastes Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: index, pl. 35, fig. 1, by original designation.
marcellus group K. Brown, 1991
Entomol. Z. 101(21): 399.
298. Eurytides marcellus (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 4, pl. 98, figs. F ♂ D, G ♂ V; (16): 149 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Achiv[us]. Marcellus
Type Locality: “Virginien” “Virginie”
Types: Possible syntype (#665081) in BMNH.
= ‡ajax (Linnaeus, 1758) in partim
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 26; cited Ray (1710), Hist. Ins.: 111, no. 2, and Edwards (1743), Nat. Hist. Birds 1: pl. 34.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Achivus] Ajax
Type Locality: “America boreali”
Types: Type(s) lost.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 286 suppressed this name, and placed it on the Official Index of Unavailable and Rejected Names as name no. 68. The original description of ajax applied to several different insects. Linnaeus based his description on figures from earlier authors, and in North America the species figured include Eurytides marcellus (Cramer, 1777), Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758 and P. polyxenes asterius (Stoll, 1782).
= telamonides (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 14: 303, no. 205; cited Papilio ajax (sensu Palisot de Beauvois (1805), Ins. Afr. Amér.: 71, pl. 2, fig. 2).
Original Combination: [Papilio] Telamonides
Type Locality: “America sept. (Unio austral.)”
Types: Syntypes in NMW and BMNH.
The reference to Palisot de Beauvois qualified as an indication and made this name available (Code Articles 12.1 and 12.3).
= ‡”walshii” (W. H. Edwards, [1872])
Butterflies N. Am. [1](9): [1-2], pl. Papilio 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Papilio] Ajax var. Walshii
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No “types” designated.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”abbottii” (W. H. Edwards, [1872])
Butterflies N. Am. [1](9): [2], pl. Papilio 1, fig. 6 ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Papilio Ajax] var. Abbotii
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No type(s) designated.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”floridensis” (W. Holland, 1898)
Butterfly Book: 307, pl. 44, fig. 2 ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Papilio ajax winter form] floridensis
Type Locality: “St. Johns River, in Florida”
Types: “Syntypes” in CMNH.
= ‡”lecontei” (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)
Novit. Zool.. 13(3): 690, no. 138d’; cited Papilio marcellus (sensu Boisduval and Le Conte (1829), Hist. Lepid. Amér. sept. (1): pl. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3, larva, 4 pupa).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. marcellus f. aest. Le Contei
Type Locality: “Nashville” [Davidson County, Tennessee]
Types: “Syntypes” in BMNH.
= ‡”tockhorni” (Schultz, 1908)
Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.
Original Combination: Papilio ajax ab. (nov.) tockhorni
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “holotype” not known.
= ‡”broweri” (Gunder, 1927)
Entomol. News 38(9): 269.
Original Combination: Papilio marcellus tr. fm. broweri
Type Locality: “Willard, Missouri” [Greene County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”pricei” (W. D. Field, 1936)
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 18-19.
Original Combination: Iphiclides marcellus gen. aest. Le Contei tr. f. pricei
Type Locality: “Greenwood Co., Kansas”
Types: “Holotype” probably in USNM.
= ‡”nigrosuffusa” (W. D. Field, 1936)
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 19.
Original Combination: Iphiclides marcellus gen. aest. Le Contei tr. f. nigrosuffusa
Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]
Types: “Holotype” probably in USNM.
= ‡annonae (Fabricius, 1938)
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 49, no. 108; cited Papilio marcellus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 4, pl. 98, figs. F, G; (16): 149 (index), and Papilio ajax (sensu J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 4).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. A[chivus]. Annonae
Proposed as a replacement name for ajax and marcellus based on an erroneous foodplant name in Smith and Abbot; a junior objective synonym of Papilio marcellus.
‡”cubensis” (Boullet & Le Cerf, 1912)
Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris Suppl. [1]18(2): 41.
Original Combination: [Papilio] marcellus-cubensis
Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
299. Eurytides philolaus (Boisduval, 1836)
a. Eurytides philolaus philolaus (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 256, no. 80.
Original Combination: Papilio Philolaus
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
= ‡ajax (Eimer, 1889)
Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 1: 212.
Original Combination: Papilio Philolaus Ajax
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Location of “type(s)” not known.
Preoccupied by Papilio ajax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 26.
= ‡”nigrescens” (Eimer, 1889)
Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 1: 213.
Original Combination: Papilio Philolaus nigrescens
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Location of “type(s)” not known.
Preoccupied by Papilio nigrescens Eimer, 1889, Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 1: 88.
= ‡”niger” (Eimer, 1889)
Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 1: 214, pl. 4, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: [Papilio] Philolaus niger
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Location of “holotype” not known.
= ‡”felicis” (Fruhstorfer, 1904)
Soc. Entomol. 19(4): 25.
Original Combination: Papilio philolaus ab. felicis
Type Locality: “Honduras”; syntype from “San Pedro Sula, Honduras.”
Types: “Syntype” in BMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 65, fig. I ♀ D.
= ‡”vazquezae” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 61, fig. 1B ♂ D.
Original Combination: Eurytides philolaus forma vazquezae
Type Locality: “Zoquiapan, Pue. (colln. Inst. Biol. UNAM)...Cañon del Novillo, Tamps....Tamán, S.L.P...Fortín, Ver....Mesa de San Diego, Pue....El Salto, S.L.P.”
Types: “Syntypes” in UNAM and de la Maza collection.
Genus Mimoides K. Brown, 1991
Entomol. Z. 101(20): 375. Type-species: Papilio ariarathes, Esper, 1788, Ausl. Schmett. (4): 57, pl. 14, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂V, by original designation.
300. Mimoides phaon (Boisduval, 1836)
a. Mimoides phaon phaon (Boisduval, 1836)
Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 319-320, no. 160.
Original Combination: Papilio phaon
Type Locality: “Mexique...Pérou”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
Reported for Texas by Reid (2008), News Lepid. Soc. 50(3/4): 75, 87.
= ulopos (G. Gray, [1853])
Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 69, no. 312.
Original Combination: Papilio Ulopos
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= xenarchus (Hewitson, 1861)
Ill. exot. Butterflies 2(39): [5], pl. Papilio V, fig. 12 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Papilio Xenarchus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= eridamus (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 248-249, no. 25.
Original Combination: Papilio Eridamus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype in FMNH.
= metaphaon (Butler, 1874)
Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1874(4): 434.
Original Combination: Papilio Metaphaon
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntype(s) probably in BMNH.
= immarginatus (Oberthür, 1879)
Étud. Entomol. 4: 97, under phaon, no. 298
Original Combination: [Papilio phaon] var. A immarginatus
Type Locality: “Mexíque”
Types: Holotype probably in BMNH.
= pharax (Godman & Salvin, 1890)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 211, no. 36, (167): 729; 3: pl. 67, fig. 8 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Papilio pharax
Type Locality: “British Honduras, Corosal”
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= praxenus (Ehrmann, 1919)
Lepidoptera (Boston) 3(5): 36.
Original Combination: Papilio ulopus [sic!] praxenus
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
Tribe Papilionini Latreille, [1802]
Genus Papilio Linnaeus, 1758
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 458. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by designation of Latreille (1810), Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins.: 350, 440. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 703. The generic and subgeneric arrangement follows J. Miller (1987), Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 186(4): 365-512.
Subgenus Papilio Linnaeus, 1758
= ‡Amaryssus Dalman, 1816
K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 60. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Papilio.
= ‡Aernauta Berge, 1842
Schmetterlingsbuch: 19, 106-109. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by designation of Hemming (1934), Entomol. 67(849): 38. A junior objective synonym of Papilio.
= ‡Achivus W. F. Kirby, 1896
In: Allen, Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2: 286. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Papilio.
= ‡Princeps Hübner, [1806]
Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27, by monotypy. The Tentamen was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97; Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 83.
*301. Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27; referred to many earlier authors.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Achivus] Machaon
Type Locality: “Europae”
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 344.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 107. Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not listed. The evidence that machaon and bairdii are conspecific is compelling to many authors; see Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 164-170, no. 5; Sperling (1987), Quaest. Entomol. 23(2): 198-315, (1993), Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 165: 233-242, and Sperling and Harrison (1994), Evolution 48(2): 408-422.
= reginae Retzius, 1783
Gen. Spec. Ins.: 30, no. 5; cited de Geer (1771), Mém. Hist. Ins. 2: 185, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3, and Papilio machaon Linnaeus (1758), Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Reginae
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s), if they existed, are probably lost.
= ‡umbellatarum Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 46-47, no. 98; cited Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 462, no. 27.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. A[chivus]. Umbellatarum
Proposed as a replacement name for machaon based upon a foodplant; a junior objective synonym of machaon.
a. Papilio machaon aliaska Scudder, 1869
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 12: 407.
Original Combination: Papilio Aliaska
Type Locality: “most of them at Nulato...others...at a short distance below the Ramparts, and also just above them” “cañons, commencing two hundred miles below Fort Yukon” [Alaska]
Types: Syntype (#2144) in MCZ.
Eitschberger (1993), Atalanta (Münnerstadt) 24(1/2): 30, figs. 27, 34-38, 46, treated this as a species-level taxon, with hudsonianus and pikei as subspecies.
= joannisi Verity, [1907]
Rhop. palae. (1): 12 [31 Dec 1908]; (7/8): pl. 10, fig. 16 ♂ D (not fig. 17) [28 Feb 1907]; (30-36): ind. syst.: xiv [31 Oct 1911]
Original Combination: P[apilio] machaon var. joannisi
Type Locality: “l’Alaska” implied from the text, “Nulato, Alaska” from the legend to plate 10.
Types: Syntype in MZS.
Considered available from the date and original combination on the legend to plate 10.
= petersii A. Clark, 1932
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 81(2934): 8-9, pl. 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), pl. 5, fig. 3 ♂ D, pl. 6, fig. 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio machaon petersii
Type Locality: “Koyukuk River, central Alaska (lat. 67o-69o N., long. 151o W)”
Types: Holotype (#34479) in USNM.
b. Papilio machaon hudsonianus A. Clark, 1932
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 81(2934): 6-8, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Papilio machaon hudsonianus
Type Locality: “Kettle Rapids, Nelson River, Manitoba, on the Hudson Bay Railway”
Types: Holotype (#34478) in USNM.
= avinoffi F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1937
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 36(1): 11-12.
Original Combination: Papilio machaon race Avinoffi
Type Locality: “Whirlpool River, Riding Mts., Manitoba”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= kahli F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1937
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 36(1): 12-13.
Original Combination: Papilio nitra form Kahli
Type Locality: “Riding Mts., Manitoba”
Types: Holotype stated to be in CMNH.
The taxa avinoffi and kahli apparently derived from hybridization and long term introgression between P. polyxenes asterius and P. machaon hudsonianus. They are placed under the senior name in this synonymy. For discussion and explanation of the complex relationships between members of the Papilio machaon complex, see Sperling (1987), Quaest. Entomol. 23(2): 198-315, (1993), Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 165: 233-242, and Sperling and Harrison (1994), Evolution 48(2): 408-422.
‡”kwakwapooshesi” Seyer, 1977
Mitt. Entomol. Ges. Basel (nf)27(4): 113.
Original Combination: Papilio machaon kwakwapooshesi (Chermock in litt.)
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”prestoni” Seyer, 1977
Mitt. Entomol. Ges. Basel (nf)27(4): 113.
Original Combination: Papilio machaon prestoni (Chermock in litt.)
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”frechini” Seyer, 1977
Mitt. Entomol. Ges. Basel (nf)27(4): 113.
Original Combination: Papilio machaon frechini (Chermock in litt.)
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”comstocki” Scott & Troubridge, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 1.
Original Combination: Papilio polyxenes kahli form comstocki
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”comstocki” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 167, no. 5.
Original Combination: [Papilio machaon] hudsonianus form comstocki
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
c. Papilio machaon pikei Sperling, 1987
Quaest. Entomol. 23(2): 219-221, pl. 1, figs. e ♂ D&V, f ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio machaon pikei
Type Locality: “Canada, Alberta, Dunvegan (s. Fairview)”
Types: Holotype in CNC.
d. Papilio machaon oregonia W. H. Edwards, 1876
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 208; figured by W. H. Edwards (1880), Butterflies N. Am. 2(9): pl. Papilio 7, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Hippocrates Var. Oregonia
Type Locality: “Columbia River”; defined as “the Dalles, Columbia River” by W. H. Edwards (1880), Butterflies N. Am. 2(9): [29-31]; neotype from “Hepner [sic!], Oregon, some miles upstream.” [Heppner, Morrow County]
Types: Neotype (#36915) in AMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 24, fig. ♀ D&V.
Species-genus gender conformation is oregonius.
e. Papilio machaon dodi McDunnough, 1939
Can. Entomol. 71(10): 216-217, fig. ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Papilio machaon var. dodi
Type Locality: “Red Deer River, Alta. (50 miles N. E. of Gleichen)”; defined as “Dorothy, Alberta” by Kondla (1981), Blue Jay 39(3): 144.
Types: Holotype (#4913) in CNC.
f. Papilio machaon bairdii W. H. Edwards, 1866
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1880), Butterflies N. Am. 2(9): pl. Papilio 10, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Bairdii
Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Fort Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 14. [Yavapai County]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 15, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
= utahensis Strecker, [1878]
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 128.
Original Combination: Papilio (Asterius) var. Utahensis
Type Locality: “Utah”
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
= hollandii W. H. Edwards, 1892
Can. Entomol. 24(3): 50, no. 4.
Original Combination: Papilio Hollandii
Type Locality: “West Colorado”; defined as “Glenwood Springs, Garfield County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 17; lectotype from “Roaring Forks, Colo.”
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 18, fig. 5 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 40, fig. 3 ♂ D.
= brucei W. H. Edwards, 1895
Can. Entomol. 27(9): 239.
Original Combination: Papilio Brucei
Type Locality: “Glenwood Springs, Colorado” [Garfield County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. M. Brown, 1975, Trans. amer ent. Soc. 101(1): 21, fig. 6 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 40, fig. 4 ♀ [not ♂] D.
This name was mentioned without a description or indication by W. H. Edwards (1893), Can. Entomol. 25(10): 253; a nomen nudum.
‡”ampliata” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 2.
Original Combination: Papilio bairdii form ampliata
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”comstocki” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 2.
Original Combination: Papilio bairdii form comstocki
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
302. Papilio brevicauda Saunders, 1868
a. Papilio brevicauda brevicauda Saunders, 1868
In: Packard, Guide Study Ins.: 245-246 (nota).
Original Combination: Papilio Brevicauda
Type Locality: “St. John’s, Newfoundland” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
= anticostiensis Strecker, 1873
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (2): 10-11, pl. 2, fig. 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio Anticostiensis
Type Locality: “Fox Bay, Anticosti Island; Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
b. Papilio brevicauda gaspeensis McDunnough, 1934
Can. Entomol. 66(4): 84.
Original Combination: [Papilio brevicauda] gaspeensis
Type Locality: “Mt. Lyall, Gaspe Co., Que.” [Quebec]
Types: Holotype (#3735) in CNC.
c. Papilio brevicauda bretonensis McDunnough, 1939
Can. Entomol. 71(7): 157, pl. 22 ♂ D (holotype), ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Papilio brevicauda] [race] bretonensis
Type Locality: “Baddeck, N. S.” [Nova Scotia]
Types: Holotype (#4549) in CNC.
303. Papilio joanae J. Heitzman, 1973
J. Res. Lepid. 12(1): 3, 4, 7, figs. 1(A) ♂ D, (B) ♂ V (holotype); (C) ♀ D, (D) ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio joanae
Type Locality: “Warsaw, Benton County, Missouri, elevation 800-880 feet, in forest area”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
As noted by Sperling and Harrison (1994), Evolution 48(2): 408-422, this taxon is closely related to Papilio machaon.
*304. Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, 1775
Syst. Entomol.: 444-445, no. 10.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques]. T[rojanus]. Polyxenes
Type Locality: “America”; further defined as “Americae meridionali insulis” by Fabricius (1781), Spec. Ins. 2: 4, no. 13; defined as “Cuba” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 547.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
a. Papilio polyxenes asterius (Stoll, 1782)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(33): 194-196, pl. 385, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; 4(34): 248 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Achiv[us]. Asterius
Type Locality: “Noord-Amerika en wordt in Niewjork, Virginien en Carolina” “l’Amerique Septentrionale, dans la Nouvelle York, en Virginie & dans la Caroline”
Types: Possible syntype in RMNH.
This is one of the species implied in Linnaeus' original description of Papilio ajax (see Eurytides marcellus), based on Petiver (1709), Gazophylacium: pl. 6, fig. 12.
= ampliata Ménétriés, 1857
Enum. corp. anim. (2): 99-100, under no. 60.
Original Combination: [Papilio Asterias] var. Ampliata
Type Locality: “l’Amerique septentrionale”; suggested to be “Mexico” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 545.
Types: Type(s) probably in ZIN.
= calverleyi Grote, 1864
Proc. Ent. Soc . Philad. 2(4): 441-442, pl. 10.
Original Combination: Papilio Calverleyi
Type Locality: “New York State...immediate neighborhood of the village of New Lots, Queen's County, Long Island”
Types: Holotype probably in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 41, fig. 6 ♀ D.
= asterioides Reakirt, [1867]
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 331-332, no. 27.
Original Combination: Papilio asterioides
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#7011) in ANSP.
= curvifascia Skinner, 1902
Entomol. News 13(6): 183.
Original Combination: Papilio polyxenes var. curvifascia
Type Locality: “Rincon, New Mexico” [Dona Ana County]
Types: Syntype (#7026) in CMNH; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 70, fig. 12 ♂ D.
= gracehus Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 23, no. 18.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Gracehus
Type Locality: “Philadelphia” [Philadlephia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: Location of type not known.
This name is probably a printer’s error for gracchus.
= ‡”viridis” Cockerell, 1889
Entomol. 22(314): 199.
Original Combination: Papilio asterias var. pupae viridis
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No “type” designated (a variety of the pupa).
= ‡”alunata” Skinner & E. Aaron, 1889
Can. Entomol. 21(7): 127-128.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. asterias [sic!], var. ♀ alunata
Type Locality: “Philadelphia, Pa.” implied from the title of the paper; “syntype” labeled from “Fairmont Park, Phila.” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Syntype” (#7012) in ANSP.
= ‡”mediocauda” Eimer, 1895
Artb. Verwandtsch. Schmett. 2: 118, 138.
Original Combination: Papilio mediocauda ♂
Type Locality: “Canada”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
This taxon was given a binomial combination, but the appended “♂” indicates an infrasubspecific name. It was listed as Papilio Asterias (P[apilio]. mediocanda) on page 118; an incorrect original spelling. This misspelling occurred in the list of figures given on the plates, and is a printers error judging from the derivation of the name. This taxon might represent P. brevicauda or P. polyxenes asterius.
= ‡”semialba” Ehrmann, 1900
Can. Entomol. 32(11): 348.
Original Combination: Papilio asterias, Var. semi-alba ♂, nov. var.
Type Locality: “S. W. Penn’a.” [Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 1 ♂ D.
= ‡”masculina” Reiff, 1911
Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 7(7/8): 235.
Original Combination: [Papilio polyxenes] ab. masculina
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ (ex Bussey Institute).
= ‡”ehrmanni” Ehrmann, 1925
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(2): 84.
Original Combination: Papilio ehrmanni n. ab. (of asterius)
Type Locality: “Hammet Place, Allegheny Co., Pa.” [Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 2 ♂ D.
I treat this name as if proposed in the form “Papilio asterius ab. ehrmanni.”
= ‡”gertrudis” Kruck, 1931
Entomol. Rdsch. 48(22): 236, fig. 2 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. asterius ab. gertrudis ab. nov.
Type Locality: “Mexiko-Süd, Dep. Oaxaca”
Types: “Holotype” in Kruck collection.
= ‡”forsythae” Wood, 1937
Entomol. News 48(10): 273, pl. 4, ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio ajax forsythae new aberration
Type Locality: “Florida City, Florida” [Miami-Dade County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”pseudoamericus” F. Brown, [1943]
Entomol. News 53(10): 291.
Original Combination: [Papilio ajax race] pseudoamericus
Type Locality: “Troy, Illinois” [Madison County]
Types: “Holotype” in Meiners collection, St. Louis, Missouri.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”subamplicata” Dufrane, 1946
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 106.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. polyxenes asterius f. subamplicata
Type Locality: “Temple, Pa. (E. U. A.)” [Berks County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” probably in IRSN.
b. Papilio polyxenes coloro W. G. Wright, 1905
Butterflies W. Coast: 86, no. 25, pl. 3, fig. 25 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: [Papilio Zelicaon var.] Coloro; Papilio Coloro n. v.
Type Locality: “Colorado Desert of California” “Colorado Desert of southeastern California”; defined as “Whitewater Hill, Coachella Valley, Colorado Desert, Riverside Co.” by Ferris and J. Emmel (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (76): 2.
Types: Holotype (#4281) in CAS; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 92, fig. W ♂ D&V.
= rudkini J. A. Comstock, 1935
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 34(2): 143-144.
Original Combination: Papilio bairdii form rudkini
Type Locality: “Ibanpah [sic!] Mts., Calif.” [Ivanpah Mountains, San Bernardino County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
= ‡”clarki” F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1937
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 36(1): 8-9.
Original Combination: Papilio rudkini form Clarki
Type Locality: “Ibanpah [sic!] Mts., Calif.” [Ivanpah Mountains, San Bernardino County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
= ‡”comstocki” F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1937
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 36(1): 10.
Original Combination: Papilio rudkini form comstocki
Type Locality: “Clark Mt., Mojave Desert, Calif.” [San Bernardino County]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
305. Papilio zelicaon Lucas, 1852
Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 136-138.
Original Combination: Papilio Zelicaon
Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “San Francisco, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78. [San Francisco County]
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
= zolicaon Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 281-2, no. 3.
Original Combination: Papilio zolicaon
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of paper.
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
= californica Ménétriés, 1855
Enum. corp. anim. (1): 69-70, under no. 58; cited Papilio zolicaon Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 281-2, no. 3.
Original Combination: P[apilio] Machaon var. Californica
Type Locality: “Californie”
Types: Type(s) probably in ZIN.
= nitra W. H. Edwards, [1884]
Papilio 3(7-10): 158, 162, no. 3; figured by W. H. Edwards (1888), Butterflies N. Am. 3(6): pl. Papilio 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Nitra
Type Locality: “some parts of Montana, and probably in Brit. Am.”; “Judith Mtns., Montana” implied from the title of the paper. The lectotype is from “Mt. Judith, Montana.” [Fergus County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 26, fig. 8 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 41, fig. 2 ♂ D.
= gothica C. Remington, 1968
Postilla 119: 2-6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 6 ♂ D, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ V, 16 ♂ V, 17 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio gothica
Type Locality: “Gothic, 9500', Gunnison Co., Colorado”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
= ‡”impunctata” Fischer, 1908
Soc. Entomol. 23(17): 129.
Original Combination: Papilio zolicaon ab. impunctata
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”melanotaenia” Fischer, 1908
Soc. Entomol. 23(17): 129.
Original Combination: Papilio zolicaon ab. melanotaenia
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”formosa” Fischer, 1908
Soc. Entomol. 23(17): 129-130.
Original Combination: Papilio zolicaon ab. formosa
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”mcdunnoughi” Gunder, 1928
Can. Entomol. 60(7): 162, pl. A, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio zelicaon tr. f. mcdunnoughi
Type Locality: “Waterton lakes, Alta., Can.” [Alberta]
Types: “Holotype” in CNC.
This was spelled “macdunnoughi” by dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 1: 35, representing an unjustified emendation.
‡”comstocki” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 1-2.
Original Combination: Papilio zelicaon form comstocki
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”ampliatanitra” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 1-2.
Original Combination: Papilio zelicaon form ampliatanitra
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
306. Papilio indra Reakirt, 1866
a. Papilio indra shastensis J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (55): 701-702, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra shastensis
Type Locality: “California: Shasta County; McCloud Bridge Campground, Shasta Lake”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Papilio indra indra Reakirt, 1866
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 123-124.
Original Combination: Papilio Indra
Type Locality: “Pike's Peak, Colorado Terr.” [El Paso-Teller counties] This species is not currently known from the Pikes Peak area; the holotype probably came from the area west of Golden, Jefferson County, most likely Lookout Mountain or Mount Zion (A. Warren pers. comm. 2006).
Types: Holotype (#7010) in ANSP.
c. Papilio indra phyllisae J. Emmel, 1982
J. Lepid. Soc. 35(4): 297-298, figs. 3 ♂ D&V (holotype), 4 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra phyllisae
Type Locality: “Butterbredt Peak and ridge running to the southwest, 4900'-5900', Kern Co., California, S. 30 & S. 31, T. 29 S., R. 36 E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Papilio indra pergamus Hy. Edwards, 1874
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]5(27): 423-424.
Original Combination: Papilio Pergamus
Type Locality: “near Santa Barbara”; corrected to “Devil Canyon, about 11 km NNW of San Bernardino, San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California” by S. Miller (1984), J. Res. Lepid. 23(2): 175.
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
e. Papilio indra fordi J. A. Comstock & Martin, 1956
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 54(3): 144-145, pl. 40, figs. 3 ♂ D (holotype), 4 ♀ D; pl. 41, figs. 3 ♂ V (holotype), 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra fordi
Type Locality: “Granite Mountains, a few miles north and east of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, California”
Types: Holotype in LACM; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 67, fig. 5 ♂ D.
f. Papilio indra parvindra J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Griffin, 2008
J. Res. Lepid. 40: 118-119.
Original Combination: Papilio indra parvindra
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio indra pygmaeus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Griffin, 1998, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡pygmaeus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Griffin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (57): 712, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra pygmaeus
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; eastern Mojave Desert; Dead Mts. NNW of Needles; peak of Mt. Manchester, 3560-3600' el., SW 1/4 of S.18, T.11N., R.22E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
This name is preoccupied by Papilio menestheus pygmaeus Aurivillius, 1898, K. svenska. VetenskAkad. Handl., ny följd 31: 478.
g. Papilio indra martini J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1966
Entomol. News 77(3): 57-60, fig. 1 upper left ♂ D (holotype), upper right ♀ D, lower left ♂ V (holotype), lower right ♀ V, fig. 2 left column, bottom ♀ D, right column ♀ D.
Original Combination: Papilio indra martini
Type Locality: “Gilroy Canyon, elevation 5,600 feet, Providence Mountains, San Bernardino County, California”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
h. Papilio indra panamintensis J. Emmel, 1982
J. Lepid. Soc. 35(4): 300-301, figs. 5 ♂ D&V (holotype), 6 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra panamintenis
Type Locality: “Thorndike Campground, Wildrose Canyon, 7400', Panamint Range, Inyo Co., California, S. 35, T. 19 S., R. 45 E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
i. Papilio indra nevadensis T. Emmel & J. Emmel, 1971
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 47(3): 220-222, fig. 1 ♂ D&V, ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra nevadensis
Type Locality: “Jett Canyon, 6,600 feet elevation, east side; Toiyabe Range, Nye County, Nevada”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
j. Papilio indra calcicola J. Emmel & Griffin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (56): 707-708, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio indra calcicola
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Muddy Mountains; canyon east of Buffington Pockets; 5.9 air miles north and 0.3-0.4 air miles east of 5363' Muddy Peak, 3,400-3,800' elevation; T18S R65E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
k. Papilio indra minori Cross, 1937
Proc. Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. 16(1): 4-5, fig. ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Papilio indra minori
Type Locality: “'Black Ridge Breaks'...Mesa County” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
l. Papilio indra kaibabensis Bauer, 1955
Lepid. News 9(2/3): 49-50, figs. 3rd row ♀ D, ♂ D (holotype), 4th row ♀ V, ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Papilio indra kaibabensis
Type Locality: “Bright Angel Point, Grand Canyon, Coconino Co., Ariz.” [Arizona]
Types: Holotype may be in the Grand Canyon National Park Naturalist Workshop collection, or in USNM.
Subgenus Sinoprinceps Hancock, 1983
Smithersia 2: 35. Type-species: Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 751, no. 34; corrigenda, by original designation.
307. Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767 (emended)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 751, no. 34; corrigenda.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques]. A[chivus]. Xanthus
Type Locality: “India orientalis”; suggested to be “Canton” by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 392. [China]
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 392, fig. 20 ♂ D.
This name was emended to xuthus in the index; xanthus is an incorrect original spelling. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 286 placed xuthus on the Official List of Names Available in Zoology as name no. 117 and xanthus on the Official List of Rejected and Unavailable Names in Zoology as name no. 69. Most of the synonymy is not listed.
= xuthulus Bremer, 1861
Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg (3)3: cols. 463-464, no. 1; figured by Bremer (1864), Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg (ser. 7)8(1): pl. 1, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio xuthulus
Type Locality: “Bureja-Gebirge” [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]
Types: Type(s) in ZIN.
= xuthulinus Murray, 1874
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(126): 166.
Original Combination: Papilio Xuthulinus
Type Locality: “immediate neighborhood of Yokohama” [Japan]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in BMNH.
Subgenus Heraclides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 83-84. Type-species: Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 187, no. 517. Zakharov et al. (2004), Syst. Biol. 53(2):193-215, suggested that this group (with the present synonymy) might be considered a genus-level taxon.
= Calaides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 86. Type-species: Papilio androgeus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 24-25, pl. 16, figs. C, D; (8): 151 (index), by designation of Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 358.
= Priamides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 87. Type-species: Priamides hipponous Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 87, no. 896 (= Papilio anchisiades Esper, 1788, Ausl. Schmett. (4): 53, no. 22, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2; junior objective synonym), by designation of Hemming (1935), Entomol. 68(861): 39.
= Troilides Hübner, [1825]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [111]. Type-species: Troilides tros Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [111], figs. 1, 2 (= Papilio polybius Swainson, 1822, Zool. Illustr. (1)2(18): pl. 94, unnumbered text; synonym: a subspecies of Papilio torquatus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): pl. 177, figs. A, B; (16) 151 (index)), by monotypy.
= ‡Thoas Swainson, 1833
Zool. Illustr. (2)3(26): pl. 121, unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536, by tautonymy; a junior objective synonym of Heraclides Hübner, [1819].
*308. Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771
Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536; cited Drury (1770), Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: pl. 22, figs. 1, 2, Daubenton [1765], Miscellanea: pl. 69, and Seba (1764), Locuplet. Rerum Nat. Thes. 4: pl. 38, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio E[ques]. A[chivus]. Thoas
Type Locality: “Guadelupa, Surinamo”
Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 386.
= archimedes (Fabricius, 1938)
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 46, no. 97.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Archimedes
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in ‘Museum Gallicum.’
a. Papilio thoas autocles Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 557-558, no. 66c; cited Papilio thoas (sensu Godman & Salvin (1890), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(89): pl. 69, fig. 4, and Maynard (1891), Man. N. Am. Butterflies: fig. 10b).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. thoas autocles
Type Locality: “Guerrero” [Mexico]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= ‡”nigrocaudata” Vázquez, 1948
An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 19(1): 234-235.
Original Combination: Papilio thoas autocles f[orma]. nigro-caudata
Type Locality: “Mapastepec, Chis...Tierra Blanca, Ver.” [Mexico]
Types: “Syntypes” in UNAM and MGCL.
= ‡”ochracea” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 63.
Original Combination: Papilio thoas autocles forma ochracea
Type Locality: “Yaxchilan, Chis.” [Chiapas, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in UNAM.
= ‡”nigrimarginata” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 63.
Original Combination: Papilio thoas autocles ab. nigrimarginata
Type Locality: “Tajín, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in de la Maza collection.
309. Papilio cresphontes Cramer, 1777
Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): 106-107, pl. 165, figs. A ♀ D&V, pl. 166, fig. B ♂ D; (16): 148 (index); cited Daubenton [1765], Miscellanea: pl. 69.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Achiv[us]. Cresphontes
Type Locality: “Noord-Amerika, te Nieuwjork en op het Eiland Jamaika...Zuid-Carolina” “l’Amerique Septentrionale, à la nouvelle-York & dans l’Isle de la Jamaïque...Caroline Méridionale”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= ‡oxilus (Hübner, [1819])
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 83, no. 850; cited Papilio cresphontes Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): pls. 166 A & 165 B: (16): 148 (index).
Original Combination: Heraclides Oxilus
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio cresphontes Cramer, 1777, erroneously thought preoccupied, with the same data; a junior objective synonym of cresphontes.
= pennsylvanicus F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1945
Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci. 19: 38-39.
Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes pennsylvanicus
Type Locality: “State College, Pa.” [Centre County, Penssylvania]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= ‡”lurida” Schultz, 1908
Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.
Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes ab. (nov.) lurida
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”luxuriosa” Reiff, 1911
Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 7(5/6): 159.
Original Combination: [Papilio thoas cresphontes] ab. luxuriosa
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ.
= ‡”intacta” Strand, 1918
Soc. Entomol. 33(12): 47.
Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes ab. intacta
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known, possibly in DEI.
= ‡”maxwelli” Franck, 1919
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 14(1): 3, fig. 2 (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes var. maxwelli
Type Locality: Not originally stated; said to be “St. Petersburg, Fla.” by Franck (1919), Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 14(3): 101. [Pinellas County, Florida]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM, according to Calhoun (1992), J. Lepid. Soc. 46(3): 238.
= ‡”forsythae” Gunder, 1933
Can. Entomol. 65(8): 171.
Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes tr. f. forsythae
Type Locality: “Florida City, Florida” [Miami-Dade County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”melanurus” Hoffmann, 1940
An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Méx. 11(2): 633-634.
Original Combination: Papilio cresphontes forma melanurus
Type Locality: “Chilpancingo e Iguala” [Guerrero, Mexico]
Types: “Syntypes” in AMNH.
*310. Papilio astyalus Godart, 1819
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (20), 62, no. 102.
Original Combination: Papilio Astyalus
Type Locality: “Brésil”
Types: Holotype should be in MNHP.
= lycophron (Hübner, [1823])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [100], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Heraclides Lycophron
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= mentor Dalman, 1823
Analecta Entomol.: 37-38, no. 2.
Original Combination: Papilio Mentor
Type Locality: “Brasilia?”
Types: Holotype possibly in NHRS.
= ‡pirithous Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 358-359, no. 201.
Original Combination: Papilio Pirithous
Type Locality: “Cuba...Missions de l’Uraguay”; defined as “Uruguay” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 573.
Types: Type(s) probably in BMNH.
Preoccupied by Papilio pirithous Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 790, no. 235.
= ‡oebalus Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 360-361, no. 204.
Original Combination: Papilio Œbalus
Type Locality: “l’Amerique du Sud”
Types: Type(s) probably in BMNH.
Preoccupied by Papilio oebalus Hofmannsegg, 1804, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 3: 185.
= ‡”delunensis” Niepelt, 1916
In: Strand, Lepid. Niepelt. 2: 21, pl. 13, fig. 10.
Original Combination: Papilio lycophron ab. delunensis
Type Locality: “Brazil”
Types: Location of “type(s)” not known, possibly DEI.
= ‡”paulina” Krüger, 1934
Entomol. Rdsch. 51(14): 152.
Original Combination: Papilio lycophron ♀ f. paulina
Type Locality: “São Paulo...Minas Geraës” [Brazil]
Types: “Holotype” possibly in ZMUH.
= ‡”thersitoides” Rousseau-Decelle, 1943
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 48(8): 111.
Original Combination: Papilio lycophron lycophron f. ind. ♂ thersitoides
Type Locality: “Bella Vista, Parana, Argentinien”
Types: “Holotype” in MNHP.
= ‡”suffusa” Rousseau-Decelle, 1943
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 48(8): 111.
Original Combination: Papilio lycophron ♀ pirothous f. ind. ♀ suffusa
Type Locality: “Paraguay”
Types: “Holotype” in MNHP.
‡”drepanon” G. Gray, 1856
List Spec. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. (1): 53, no. 202.
Original Combination: Papilio Drepanon
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
a. Papilio astyalus pallas G. Gray, [1853]
Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 39, no. 193, pl. 6, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; under Papilio oebalus.
Original Combination: Papilio Pallas
Type Locality: “Mexico”; stated to be “Oajaca” by E. Doubleday [1845], List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 17. [Oaxaca]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
This name was listed without a description or indication by E. Doubleday [1845], List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 17, and (1846), in: Gen. diurn. Lepid.(1)(2): 17, no. 168; both are nomina nuda.
= hozaus Ehrmann, 1921
Lepidoptera 5(1): 3.
Original Combination: Papilio hozaus
Type Locality: “Costa Rica”
Types: Type(s) probably in CMNH.
b. Papilio astyalus bajaensis J. Brown & Faulkner, 1992
Butterflies Baja Calif.: 54.
Original Combination: Papilio astyalus bajaensis
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio (Heraclides) astyalus occidentalis J. Brown and Faulkner, 1984, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡occidentalis J. Brown & Faulkner, 1984
Bull. Allyn Mus. (83): 5-6, figs. 3a ♂ D, 3b ♂ V, 3c ♀ D.
Original Combination: Papilio (Heraclides) astyalus occcidentalis
Type Locality: “San Antonio microwave tower, Baja California Sur, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in SDMC.
Preoccupied by Papilio blumei occidentalis Martin, 1915, Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 291): 75.
311. Papilio ornythion Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 354, no. 196.
Original Combination: Papilio Ornythion
Type Locality: “Yukatan” [Mexico]
Types: Holotype probably in BMNH.
*312. Papilio aristodemus Esper, 1794
Magaz. Neuest. Ausl. Ins. 1: 8, pl. papill. exot. 2, fig. 2 ♂ D&V; figured by Esper (1801), Ausl. Schmett. (16): 240, pl. 59, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Achiv[us]. Aristodemus
Type Locality: “Port-au-Prince” [Haiti]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= cresphontinus Martyn, 1797
Psyche: 8, pl. 3, fig. 8; pl. 4, fig. 10.
Original Combination: Papilio Cresphontinus
Type Locality: “Port-au-Prince” [Haiti]
Types: Location of “type(s)” not known.
= ‡daphnis G. Gray, [1853]
Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 39, no. 198.
Original Combination: Papilio Daphnis
Type Locality: “Antilles?”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Preoccupied by Papilio daphnis [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 182, no. 2.
a. Papilio aristodemus ponceanus Schaus, 1911
Entomol. News 22(10): 438-439.
Original Combination: Papilio ponceanus
Type Locality: “Miami, Florida” [Miami-Dade County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
= driophilus Clench, 1979
J. Lepid. Soc. 32(4): 273-274.
Original Combination: Papilio aristodemus driophilus
Type Locality: “Cutlass Bay, near Dolphin Head, southern Cat Island, Bahamas”
Types: Holotype (#680) in CMNH.
Simon and L. Miller (1986), Bull. Allyn Mus. (105): 13, determined this synonymy.
*313. Papilio andraemon (Hübner, [1823])
a. Papilio andraemon andraemon (Hübner, [1823])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pls. [98], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, [99], figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Heraclides Andraemon
Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Cuba” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 571.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Documented from Florida by Cannon (2006), Am. Butterflies 14(3/4): 4-15.
= hernandezi (R. Torre, 1936)
Mems. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 10(5): 333-334, pl. 24, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio (Heraclides) andraemon hernandezi
Type Locality: “Ampliación de Almendares, Marianao, Habana, Cuba”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in IZAC.
b. Papilio andraemon bonhotei Sharpe, 1900
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1900(2): 201, no. 19, pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V, 1b ♀ D, 1c ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio bonhotei
Type Locality: “Nassau” [Bahamas]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
*314. Papilio androgeus Cramer, 1775
Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 24-25, pl. 16, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; (8): 151 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Trojan[us]. Androgeus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Surinam”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= orestes Meerburgh, [1777]
Afbeeld. Gewass.: [15] D2, [16] D2 verso, pls. 26 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio (Orestes)
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= polycaon Cramer, 1779
Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 17-18, pl. 203, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V ; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Achiv[us]. Polycaon
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= piranthus Cramer, 1779
Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 18-19, pl. 204, figs. A ♀ D, B ♀ V: (24): 176 (index); cited Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 31, Seba (1765), Locuplet. Rerum. Nat. Thes. 4: pl. 38, figs. 13, 14, and Kleemann (1765), Beytr. Nat. Ins. 1: pl. 8, figs. 1, 2.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Achiv[us]. Piranthus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= acanthus Gmelin, [1790]
Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(5): 2231, no. 290B, under Papilio androgeus; cited Papilio piranthus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 18-19, pl. 204, figs. A, B; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: Papilio Acanthus
Type Locality: “Surinamo”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= bagous Fruhstorfer, 1910
In: Koch-Grünberg, Zwei Jahre Indianern 2: 357-358, no. 54.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Androgeus bagous
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “oberen Rio Negro” implied from the introduction (pp. 350-351), “nordwest-Brasilien” from the title of the work.
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in ZMHB or BMNH.
= ‡”mira” Fassl, 1922
Entomol. Rdsch. 39(1): 1.
Original Combination: Papilio androgeus ♀ form. mira
Type Locality: “Manicoré” [Amazonas, Brazil]
Types: “Holotype” in NHMB.
= ‡”feyeri” Niepelt, 1924
Int. Entomol. Z. 18(11): 49.
Original Combination: Papilio androgeos ♀ forma feyeri
Type Locality: “Ecuador”
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 87, fig. I ♀ D.
= ‡”fassli” Knop, 1925
Entomol. Z. 39(11): 43.
Original Combination: Papilio Androgeus var. Fassli
Type Locality: “Manicoré Brasilien” [Amazonas, Brazil]
Types: “Holotype” in NHMB.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”decellei” Krüger, 1934
Entomol. Rdsch. 51(14): 151.
Original Combination: Papilio androgeus ♀ androgeus ab. Decellei
Type Locality: “São Paulo de Olivenca” [Amazonas, Brazil]
Types: “Holotype” possibly in ZMUH.
= ‡hibisci Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 34, no. 57; cited Papilio androgeus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 24-25, pl. 16, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V’ (8): 151 (index).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Hibisci
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio androgeus, based on a supposed foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of androgeus.
= ‡altheae Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 48, no. 107; cited Papilio polycaon Cramer (1779), Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 17-18, pl. 203, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. A[chivus]. Altheae
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio polycaon Cramer (1779), based on a supposed foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of polycaon.
a. Papilio androgeus epidaurus Godman & Salvin, 1890
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 224-225, no. 55; 3(89): pl. 69, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V, 3 ♂ valve.
Original Combination: Papilio epidaurus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Ciudad, Ventanas in Durango...Cordova...San Lorenzo near Cordova...Atoyac...Guatemala, forests of Northern Vera Paz, Yzabal, Polochic valley...Panzos...Pacific coast...El Reposo...Nicaragua, Chontales...Costa Rica...Panama, Bugaba...Calobre...Veraguas...Lion Hill...San Domingo”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= ‡”ochracea” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65, fig. 4 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio androgeus epidaurus forma ochracea
Type Locality: “Yaxchilán, Chis.” [Chiapas, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in UNAM.
*315. Papilio anchisiades Esper, 1788
Ausl. Schmett. (4): 53-55, pl. 13, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D&V; cited Papilio anchises (sensu Cramer, 1782, Uitl. Kapellen 4(27): pl. 318, figs. A , B), and Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 17.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Equ[es]. Troj[anus]. Anchisiades
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the citations.
Types: Location of type(s) not known. Esper might have based his description on Cramer’s illustration of anchises.
Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (3): 106, discussed the name Papilio anchises Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 10 (a taxon currently in the genus Parides), and designated Cramer’s fig. A as the lectotype of P. anchisiades.
= ‡hipponous (Hübner, [1819])
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 87, no. 896; cited Papilio anchises Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(27): pl. 318, figs. A-D.
Original Combination: P[riamides]. Hipponous
Proposed to replace Papilio anchises (sensu Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(27): 58-59, pl. 318, fig. A; not anchises). The lectotype is Cramer’s figure, designated by Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (3): 107. A junior objective synonym of anchisiades.
= archelaus Godart, 1819
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (14), 32, no. 19; cited Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 17, Papilio anchises Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(27): pl. 318, figs. A-D, Stoll (1787), Aanhangs. Werkes Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (1): pl. 1, fig. 2 larva, and Princeps anchises (sensu Hübner [1812], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [119]).
Original Combination: Papilio Archelaus
Type Locality: “Guyane au Brésil”
Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP.
= theramenes C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861
Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(3): 74, no. 9.
Original Combination: Papilio Theramenes
Type Locality: “Venezuela, in provincia Caracas”
Types: Syntype in BMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 81, fig. C ♀ D.
= matusiki (K. Johnson & Rozycki, 1986)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 94(3): 388-389, figs. 1A ♂ D, 1B ♂ V (holotype), 3H ♂ genitalia, 5A ♂ valve.
Original Combination: Heraclides matusiki
Type Locality: “Venezuela, Caripito” [Monagas]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 81, figs. K ♂ V, 7 ♂ D.
a. Papilio anchisiades idaeus Fabricius, 1793
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 16, no. 48; cited Jones’ Icones 1: pl. 25; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [19], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus] Idaeus
Type Locality: “Madras” in error. [India]
Types: Type(s) probably lost; based on specimens figured by Jones.
= pandion H. Bates, 1863
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863(2): 242, no. 5.
Original Combination: Papilio Anchisiades var. pandion
Type Locality: “Southern Mexico”
Types: Holotype probably in BMNH.
This butterfly was listed without a description or indication by Bates (1861), Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (2)5(8): 338; a nomen nudum.
= ‡pandion C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Reise Novara Zool. (1): 79-80, no. 61.
Original Combination: Papilio Pandion
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Preoccupied by Papilio anchisiades var. pandion H. Bates, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863(2): 242, no. 5.
= pandonius Staudinger, 1894
Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 7(1): 104 (nota).
Original Combination: [Papilio] Pandonius
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio pandion C. Felder & R. Felder, [1865].
*316. Papilio rogeri Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 278-279, no. 102.
Original Combination: Papilio Rogeri
Type Locality: “Yukatan” [Mexico]
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
a. Papilio rogeri pharnaces E. Doubleday, 1846
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]18(121): 374-375; figured by G. Gray [1853], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 64, no. 282, pl. 5 fig. 1 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pharnaces
Type Locality: “America Merid.”; Godman & Salvin (1890), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 231-232, no. 64, noted that all specimens in the BMNH were from “Oaxaca.” [Mexico]
Types: Holotype in the Loddiges collection, possibly in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Bordelon (1998), News Lepid. Soc. 40(2): 38.
= phanostratus Godman & Salvin, 1890
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 232, no. 65.
Original Combination: Papilio phanostratus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Jalapa” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= polycharmus Godman & Salvin, 1890
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(88): 232, no. 66; 3(90): pl. 70, fig. 10 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Papilio polycharmus
Type Locality: “Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan” [Sinaloa]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= ‡”paucimaculata” Vázquez, 1947
An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 18(1): 249-252, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio pharnaces forma masculina paucimaculata
Type Locality: “Empalme Escobedo, Guanajuato” [Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”dissimilis” Vázquez, 1957
An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 27(2): 478, fig. 6 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio pharnaces f[orma]. dissimilis
Type Locality: “El Ocotal, Chis.” [Chiapas, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
Subgenus Pterourus Scopoli, 1777
Intro. Hist. Nat.: 433, no. 173. Type-species: Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 459, no. 5, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 64. Zakharov et al. (2004), Syst. Biol. 53(2):193–215, suggested that this group (with the present synonymy) could be considered a genus-level taxon.
= Jasoniades Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 83. Type-species: Papilio turnus Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536 (= Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 199-200, no. 590. As first reviser, Hemming (1934), Gen. Names Holarct. Butterflies 1: 147, gave precedence to Jasoniades over Euphoeades.
= Euphoeades Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 83. Type-species: Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 172, no. 431.
= ‡”Caudati” Koch, 1860
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 21(4-6): 230. Type-species: Papilio turnus Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.) 2: 536 (= Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9; synonym), by designation of Hemming (1935), Entomol. 68(861): 40. This name as proposed is not a noun in the nominative singular, and is thus invalid (Code Article 11.8).
= Pyrrhosticta Butler, 1872
Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 86. Type-species: Papilio laetitia Butler, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 84-85 (= Caliades menatius Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 86; subspecies), by monotypy.
= Motasiona Niculescu, 1979
Revue roum. Biol. (Ser. Biol. Anim.) 24(1): 9-10. Type-species: Papilio zagreus E. Doubleday, 1847, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]19(125): 174-175, by original designation.
317. Papilio canadensis Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 586-587, no. 79; cited Papilio glaucus (sensu Gosse (1840), Can. Nat.: fig., Saunders (1874), Can. Entomol. 6: fig. 1, (1875), Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 1874, figs. 13, 14, (1881), Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ontario 1880: figs. 40, 41, W. H. Edwards (1877), Butterflies N. Am. 2(6): pl. Papilio 5, fig. 1 ♂ D, and Maynard (1891), Manual N. Am. Butterflies: pl. 1, fig. 1).
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus canadensis
Type Locality: “Newfoundland”; holotype from “St. John’s.” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
R. Hagen et al. (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(4): 245-246, elevated this taxon to species-level.
= arcticus Skinner, 1906
Entomol. News 17(10): 379.
Original Combination: Papilio rutulus arcticus
Type Locality: “Eagle City, Alaska...Athabaska River, Canada”
Types: Syntypes (#7027) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 6 ♂ V.
= ‡”fletcheri” Kemp, 1900
Entomol. News 11(5): 482.
Original Combination: Papilio turnus ab. fletcheri
Type Locality: “Elizabeth, New Jersey” implied from the text. [Union County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”borealis” Boullet & Le Cerf, 1912
Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris Suppl. [1]18(2): 24.
Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus-canadensis] f[orm]. borealis?
Type Locality: “Terre-Neuve, Dear River” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: “Holotype” in MNHP.
= ‡”deficiens” Dufrane, 1946
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 115.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. glaucus canadensis ab. deficiens
Type Locality: “Etats-Unis d’Amérique, sans localité précise”
Types: “Holotype” may be in ISRN.
318. Papilio appalachiensis (Pavulaan & D. Wright, 2002)
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 8, 11-13, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ D (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pterourus appalachiensis
Type Locality: “Buck Creek Serpentine Barrens, 3200', Clay County, North Carolina”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Scriber and Ording (2005), Entomol. Exp. Appl. 115(1): 247-264, corroborated species-level status for this taxon.
319. Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758
a. Papilio glaucus glaucus Linnaeus, 1758
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9; Linnaeus (1764), Mus. Lud. Ulr. [1]: 190, no. 9, cited Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 24, fig. 1.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus]. Glaucus
Type Locality: “America”; neotype from “Sandbridge, Virginia Beach, Virginia.” [Virginia Beach City]
Types: Type(s) apparently lost. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 6, fig. 19 ♀ D.
This species formed part of the type series of Papilio ajax (see Eurytides marcellus), based on Ray (1710), Hist. Ins.: 111, no. 2.
= antilochus Linnaeus, 1758
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 463, no. 28; cited Petiver (1699), Mus. Petiver. Cent. Rar. Nat. Cont. (6/7): 50. no. 505, and Catesby (1743), Nat. Hist. Carolina 2: pl. 83.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Achivus] Antilochus
Type Locality: “America septentrionali”; neotype from “Corapeake, Gates Co., NC.” [North Carolina]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost or unrecognizable. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 6-7, fig. 17 ♂ D.
= turnus Linnaeus, 1771
Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 536.
Original Combination: Papilio E[quites]. A[chivus]. Turnus
Type Locality: “America”
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 389.
= alcidamus Cramer, 1775
Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 62, pl. 38, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (8): 151 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Eq[ues]. Achivus Alcidamus
Type Locality: “Jamaika...Nieuw-Jork en Carolina” “Jamaïque...Nouvelle York & dans la Caroline”; defined as “New York, Carolina” by Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 583; supposed neotype from “Sandbridge, Virginia Beach, VA.” [Southampton County]
Types: Probable syntype (#665024) in BMNH; the “neotype” in MGCL, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(7): 7, fig. 18 ♂ D, is not valid (Code Article 75.3.4).
= ‡lauri Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 22, no. 13; cited Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 460, no. 9.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Lauri
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, 1758, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of Papilio glaucus.
= ‡”delunaris” Schultz, 1908
Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus ab. (nov.) delunaris
Type Locality: “Seranton, N.-Amerika”; corrected to “Scranton” by Schultz (1908), Entomol. Z. 22(29): 119. [Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania]
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”perfulva” Schultz, 1908
Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus ab. (nov.) pervulva; an incorrect original spelling. Corrected to “perfulva” by Schultz (1908), Entomol. Z. 22(29): 119.
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”imperfecta” Reiff, 1911
Z. wiss InsektBiol. 7(5/6): 157.
Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus turnus] ab. imperfecta
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ.
= ‡”wheeleri” Reiff, 1911
Z. wiss InsektBiol. 7(5/6): 158.
Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus turnus] ab. wheeleri
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ.
= ‡”paupercula” Reiff, 1911
Z. wiss InsektBiol. 7(5/6): 158.
Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus turnus] ab. paupercula
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ.
= ‡”niger” Hering, 1912
Z. wiss InsektBiol. 8(7/8): 234, fig. ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Papilio turnus] ab. niger
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “holotype” not known.
= ‡”dietzi” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 38(9): 266, pl. 5, fig. A ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus form turnus tr. f. dietzi
Type Locality: “Van Courtland [sic!] Park, New York” [Bronx County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”gerhardi” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 38(9): 266-267, pl. 5, fig. B ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus form turnus tr. f. gerhardi
Type Locality: “Evansville, Indiana” [Vanderburgh County]
Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.
‡”ehrmanni” McDunnough, 1938
Mem. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 5.
Original Combination: [Papilio glaucus] ab. ehrmanni
This name was listed in the synonymy of Papilio glaucus without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”nigra” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 1.
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus form nigra
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Papilio glaucus maynardi Gauthier, 1984
Shilap Revta. Lepid. 12(3): 210.
Original Combination: Papilio glaucus maynardi
Proposed to replace Papilio turnus australis Maynard, 1891, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). This taxon may best be considered a “clinal phenotype,” as suggested by Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 44.
= ‡australis Maynard, 1891
Manual N. Am. Butterflies: 12; appendix, 215, no. 15a.
Original Combination: Papilio turnus australis
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Holotype in MCZ.
Preoccupied by Papilio rumina australis Esper, 1781, Schmett. 1(2)(4): 115, pl. 72, fig. 4.
*320. Papilio alexiares Höpffer, 1866
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 27(1-3): 31, no. 12.
Original Combination: [Papilio] Alexiares
Type Locality: “Mexico”; Rothschild and Jordan (1906), Novit. Zool. 13(3): 592, stated that “Vera Cruz: Cuesta de Misantla, Mexico” was the known range.
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB.
a. Papilio alexiares garcia Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 592, no. 83a.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. alexiares garcia
Type Locality: “Monterrey, San Luis Potosi” [Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Grishin and A. Warren (2004), News Lepid. Soc. 46(3): 75, 83, 15 figs. Various recent authors (e.g. Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: 33, Llorente et al. (1996), Biodivers. Taxon. Biogeogr. Artrop. Méx.: 545, (1997), Pap. Pier. Méx.: 8, 15, 51, 137, 162, 198, and Lamas (2004c), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 97) have considered alexiares and garcia to be subspecies of P. glaucus; however, relationships between these taxa require further elaboration.
321. Papilio rutulus Lucas, 1852
Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 138-140.
Original Combination: Papilio Rutulus
Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “vicinity of Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River, 2400', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998) Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78.
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.
= ‡rutulus Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 279-280, no. 1
Original Combination: Papilio rutulus
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
Preoccupied by Papilio rutulus Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 138-140.
= arizonensis W. H. Edwards, 1883
Papilio 3(1): 3-4; figured by W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(13): pl. Papilio 13, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Papilio] Rutulus var. Arizonensis
Type Locality: “Arizona and South Colorado”; stated to be “vicinity of Fort Grant, Cochise [sic!] Co., and on Graham Mountain” in the introduction to the paper. [Graham County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 28, fig. 9 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book. (rev. ed.): pl. 70, fig. 2 ♂ D.
= ammoni Behrens, 1887
Can. Entomol. 19(10): 199.
Original Combination: Papilio Rutulus, var. Ammoni
Type Locality: “Nevada”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in AMNH.
= ‡”hospitonina” Boullet & Le Cerf, 1912
Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris Suppl. [1]18(2): 25.
Original Combination: [Papilio rutulus] ab. hospitonina
Type Locality: “États-Unis, île Vancouver” [British Columbia]
Types: “Holotype” in MNHP.
= ‡”fannyae” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 38(9): 267, pl. 5, fig. C ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio rutulus tr. f. fannyae
Type Locality: “Yoncalla, Oregon” [Douglas County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
322. Papilio eurymedon Lucas, 1852 (1805)
Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 140-141.
Original Combination: Papilio Eurymedon
Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “vicinity of Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River, 2400', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78.
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V.
Wakeham-Dawson (2003), Bull. Zool. Nomen. 60(4): 311-312, established Papilio eurymedon Lucas 1852, as a nomen protectum (Code Article 23.9.2).
= ‡antinous Donovan, 1805
Epitome Ins. New Holland: pl. 16 and explicative page.
Original Combination: Papilio Antinous
Type Locality: “New South Wales” in error. [Australia]
Types: Holotype in ANIC; figured by Upton (1985), J. Lepid. Soc. 38(3): 158, fig. 2 ♂ D.
This name was discovered as a senior synonym of P. eurymedon by Upton (1985) ibid. However, Wakeham-Dawson (2003), Bull. Zool. Nomen. 60(4): 311-312, established Papilio antinous Lucas 1852, as a nomen oblitum (Code Article 23.9.2).
= ‡eurymedon Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 280-281, no. 2
Original Combination: Papilio eurymedon
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
Preoccupied by Papilio eurymedon Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(3): 140-141.
= albanus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Reise Novara Zool. (1): 93-94, no. 71.
Original Combination: Papilio Albanus
Type Locality: “California”; defined as “Queen Lily Campgrouned, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 2400' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 88.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 88, figs., 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
This taxon was listed without a description or indication by C. Felder and R. Felder (1864), Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 14: 314, no. 349; a nomen nudum.
= ‡”subnigrata” Schultz, 1908
Entomol. Z. 22(23): 92.
Original Combination: Papilio eurymedon ab. (nov.) subnigrata
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”cocklei” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(7): 200, no. 12, pl. 5, fig. 12 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio eurymedon form albanus ab. ♂ cocklei
Type Locality: “Kaslo, British Columbia, Canada”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 1, fig. 1 ♂ D.
= ‡”columbiana” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 38(9): 267-268, pl. 5, fig. D ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio eurymedon form albanus tr. f. columbiana
Type Locality: “Kaslo, British Columbia, Canada”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”lewisii” W. F. Kirby, 1884
Papilio 4(5-6): 104.
Original Combination: Papilio Lewisii (Peale manuscript)
This taxon is either a nomen nudum or an unjustified replacement name.
323. Papilio multicaudata W. F. Kirby, 1884
a. Papilio multicaudata multicaudata W. F. Kirby, 1884
Papilio 4(5-6): 104.
Original Combination: Papilio Multicaudata
Proposed to replace Papilio daunus Boisduval, 1836, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡daunus Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 342, no. 182.
Original Combination: Papilio Daunus
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by Austin and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (53): 692-693.
Preoccupied by Papilio daunus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(11): 44, pl. 126, fig. F; (16): 148 (index).
= ‡”ragani” W. Barnes, 1928
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 5(1): 5.
Original Combination: Papilio daunus ragani ab. nov.
Type Locality: “Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona” [Pima County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
b. Papilio multicaudata pusillus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (54): 694-695, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio multicaudatus pusillus
Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; north end of Independence Mountains (Bull Run Mountains), Nevada State Route 11A, 6.7 road miles east (= northeast) of Nevada State Route 226, 1800-2000 m, T43N R52E S2, 3, 10, 15, 16, 21 and T44N R52E S35, 36 on USGS Bull Run, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
*324. Papilio garamas (Geyer, [1829])
In: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [20], 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphoeades Garamas
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= asclepius (Geyer, [1829])
In: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [22], 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Heraclides Asclepius
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
The relative precedence of garamas over asclepius follows Lamas (2004c), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 97.
= cincinnatus Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 346, no. 186.
Original Combination: Papilio Cincinnatus
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Holotype may be in MNHP or BMNH.
= ‡”amisa” (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 646, no. 117ba’.
Original Combination: [Papilio garamas garamas] ♀ f. amisa
Type Locality: “West Mexico: Guadalajara, Cuernavaca, Oaxaca”; lectotype from “Cuernavaca.” [Morelos]
Types: “Lectotype” in BMNH, designated by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 95, fig. E ♀ D.
= ‡”homeroides” Draudt, 1931
Entomol. Rdsch. 48(9): 103.
Original Combination: Papilio garamas ab. homeroides ♀ ab. nov
Type Locality: “Hauptstadt Mexiko” [D. F., Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” possibly in MTD (Draudt collection).
= ‡”splendida” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65, fig. 5 ♂ D, front cover ♂ D.
Original Combination: Papilio garamas forma splendida
Type Locality: “Atlixco, Pue....Izúcar de Matamoros, Pue.” [Puebla, Mexico]
Types: “Syntypes” in Velázquez and de la Maza collections.
= ‡”ampliata” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65, fig. 6 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio garamas forma ampliata
Type Locality: “Zimapán, Hgo.” [Hidalgo, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in Velázquez collection.
= ‡”diazi” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65, fig. 7 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Papilio garamas ab. diazi
Type Locality: “Tepoztlán, Mor.” [Morelos, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in Velázquez collection.
a. Papilio garamas abderus Höpffer, 1856
Neue Schmett.: [1], no. 1, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Abderus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB.
Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2000), News Lepid. Soc. 42(1): 7, pl. 1, fig. 1.
= ‡”amerias” (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 646, no. 117ab’.
Original Combination: [Papilio garamas abderus] ♀ f. amerias
Type Locality: “Eastern Mexico: Vera Cruz”; lectotype from “Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico.”
Types: “Lectotype” in BMNH, designated by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 95, fig. I ♀ D.
325. Papilio victorinus E. Doubleday, 1844
a. Papilio victorinus victorinus E. Doubleday, 1844
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1)14(93): 418; figured by G. Gray [1853], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.: 35, no. 69, pl. 6, fig. 3 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Victorinus
Type Locality: “west coast of America” in error.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Adams (1984), J. Lepid. Soc. 37(4): 318.
= helleri C. Felder & R. Felder, [1865]
Reise Novara Zool. (1): 91-92, no. 70, pl. 13, figs. c ♂ D, d ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Helleri
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH; figured by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: pl. 98, fig. F ♀ D.
This taxon was listed without a description or indication by C. Felder and R. Felder (1864), Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 14: 313, no. 336; a nomen nudum.
= amphissus Höpffer, 1866
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 27(1-3): 27-28, no. 8.
Original Combination: [Papilio] Amphissus
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) may be in ZMHB.
= ‡”eritromaculata” Beutelspacher, 1976
Revta. Soc. Méx. Lepid. 2(2): 65.
Original Combination: Papilio victorinus form fem. eritromaculata
Type Locality: “Cerro El Vigía, Santiago Tuxtla, Ver....Chiltepec, Oax.” [Mexico]
Types: “Syntypes” in UNAM and de la Maza collection.
326. Papilio pilumnus Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 340-341, no. 181.
Original Combination: Papilio pilumnus
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Holotype probably in BMNH or MNHP.
327. Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758
a. Papilio troilus troilus Linnaeus, 1758
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 459, no. 5.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques Trojanus]. Troilus
Type Locality: “in Indiis” in error; suggested to be “lower Delaware River” by F. Brown (1968), J. Lepid. Soc. 22(2): 81; neotype from “Charleston Co., SC, visc. [sic.] Middleton Place Plantation.” [South Carolina]
Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 388-389; neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(4):. 5, fig. 5 ♂ D.
= ‡ilioneus J. E. Smith, 1797
In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 3-4, pl. 2, figs. ♂ D, ♂ V, ♀ D, larvae, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Ilioneus
Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the title of the work; neotype from “River Road, Burke County, GA.”
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(4): 3-4, fig. 4 ♂ D.
Preoccupied by Papilio illioneus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(5): 81-82, pl. 52, fig. A; (8): 153 (index).
= radiatus Strecker, 1900
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 17.
Original Combination: Papilio troilus var. radiatus
Type Locality: “Washington, D.C.; Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania”
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
= ‡”texanus” Ehrmann, 1900
Can. Entomol. 32(11): 348.
Original Combination: Papilio troilus, Var. Texanus ♂, nov. var.
Type Locality: “Houston, Texas”; suggested to be “Florida” by Tyler et al. (1994), Swallowtail Butterflies Am.: 306, pl. 93 legend.
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡anethi Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 21, no. 11; cited Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 459, no. 5.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. T[rojanus]. Anethi
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of Papilio troilus.
= ‡”flava” Dufrane, 1946
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 115.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. t[roilus]. troilus ab. flava
Type Locality: “Pocono Monta, Pa., E. U. A.” [Pocono Mountains, NE Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” may be in MRAC.
= ‡”addenda” Dufrane, 1946
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 115.
Original Combination: [Papilio troilus troilus] ab. addenda
Type Locality: “Pocono Monta, Pa., E. U. A.” [Pocono Mountains, NE Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” may be in MRAC.
= ‡”obliterata” Dufrane, 1946
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 116.
Original Combination: [Papilio troilus troilus] ab. obliterata
Type Locality: “E. U. A., sans localité précise”
Types: “Holotype” may be in MRAC.
= ‡”berioi” Dufrane, 1946
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 82(5/6): 115.
Original Combination: [Papilio troilus troilus] ab. berioi
Type Locality: “Pocono Monta, Pa., E. U. A.” [Pocono Mountains, NE Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” may be in MRAC.
b. Papilio troilus fakahatcheensis (Gatrelle, 2000)
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(4): 10-11, figs. 8 ♂ D (holotype), 10 ♂ V, 11 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Pterourus troilus fakahatcheensis
Type Locality: “Florida: Collier County, visc. [sic!] Copeland”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
328. Papilio palamedes Drury, 1773
a. Papilio palamedes palamedes Drury, 1773
Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 37-38, pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Equ[es]. Ach[ivus]. Palamedes
Type Locality: “Carolina”
Types: Type(s) probably lost or unidentifiable.
= chalcas Fabricius, 1775
Syst. Entomol.: 453, no. 44.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. E[ques]. A[chivus]. Chalcas
Type Locality: “America”
Types: Syntypes in HMUG.
Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 31, no. 90, implied this synonymy.
b. Papilio palamedes leontis Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
Novit. Zool. 13(3): 599, no. 86b.
Original Combination: Papilio palamedes leontis
Type Locality: “Monterrey, Mexico” [Nuevo León]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Recorded from southern Texas by H. Freeman (1951) Field & Lab. 19(1): 32.
Family PIERIDAE Swainson, 1820
Zool. Illustr. (1)1(3): pl. 15, unnumbered text. Type-genus: Pieris Schrank 1801, Fauna boica 2(1): 152, no. 198. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Pieris on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 704. I.C.Z.N. Direction 112 gave Pieridae precedence over Coliadinae whenever their type genera are considered to be in the same family-group taxon. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 500 placed Pieridae on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 206, placed Pierides on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 238, placed Pieridina Herrich-Schäffer, 1853, Lep. exot. Spec. nov.: 54, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 239, and placed Pierididae Reuter, 1896, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 240. The “Official List” must be corrected as the authorship for Pieridae is listed as Duponchel, [1835], in: Godart, Hist. Nat. Lépid. Fr. Suppl. 1(22): 381. Swainson’s application of the name was much earlier. The higher-level arrangement of the family adopted largely follows Braby et al. (2006), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 147(2): 239–275.
Subfamily Dismorphiinae Schatz, 1886
In: Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 2(2): 56, 57 (as “Dismorphiden”). Type-genus: Dismorphia Hübner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 10.
Genus Enantia Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 96. Type-species: Papilio licinia Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(13): 90, pl. 153, figs. E, F; (16): 149 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 10(2): 162, no. 376. See Llorente (1984), Folia Entomol. Méx. 58: 3-206, for a revision of the genus.
= Licinia Swainson, 1820
Zool. Illustr. (1)1(3): pl. 15, unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio melite Linnaeus, 1763, in: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 20, no. 56, by original designation.
329. Enantia albania (H. Bates, 1864)
a. Enantia albania albania (H. Bates, 1864)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(1): 6, no. 10.
Original Combination: Leptalis albania
Type Locality: “Guatemala. Motagua Valley”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= mita (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 340, no. 49.
Original Combination: Leptalis mita
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Syntype in CMNH.
= ‡”immaculata” (Hoffmann, 1940)
An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Méx. 11(1): 277, fig. 2 ♂ D, ♀ D.
Original Combination: Dismorphia (Enantia) amalia forma immaculata
Type Locality: “Córdoba, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
Subfamily Coliadinae Swainson, 1821
Zool. Illustr. (1)1(4): pl. 22, unnumbered text (as “Coliadae”). Type-genus: Colias [Fabricius], 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284, no. 24. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Coliadinae on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 227. The same Direction placed Coliana on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 265. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 146 placed Colias on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 572.
Genus Kricogonia Reakirt, [1864]
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 355. Type-species: Colias lyside Godart, 1819, in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 98, no. 30, by original designation.
330. Kricogonia lyside (Godart, 1819)
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (87), 98, no. 30.
Original Combination: Colias Lyside
Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Haiti” by N. Riley (1975), Field Guide Butterflies W. Indies: 131.
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 154, no. 125.
N. Riley (1972), J. Lepid. Soc. 26(4): 228, determined that the historical use of the name castalia for this species was based on misdeterminations. The original description of castalia referred to the figure of Glutophrissa drusilla in Jones’ Icones.”
= terissa (Lucas, 1852)
Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(9): 429.
Original Combination: Rhodocera Terissa
Type Locality: “Saint-Domingue et la Jamaïque”
Types: Syntypes in MNHP.
= ‡terissa (Boisduval, 1870)
Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 10.
Original Combination: [Rhodocera Lyside] Terrissa
Type Locality: “Mexique...Guatemala”
Types: Type(s) should be in MNHP or BMNH.
Preoccupied by Rhodocera terissa Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(9): 429.
= fantasia Butler, 1871
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1871(2): 170, pl. 7, fig. 6 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Kricogonia Fantasia
Type Locality: “Nicaragua”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= lanice Lintner, [1885]
Papilio 4(7/8): 138-130, no. 11.
Original Combination: Kricogonia Lanice
Type Locality: “Brownsville, Texas...Hidalgo...Lomita Ranch” implied from the introduction to the paper. [Cameron and Hidalgo counties]
Types: Syntype (#5861) in NYSM and ANSP.
This name was listed without a description or indication by W. H. Edwards (1884),Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(3/4): 262, no. 60; a nomen nudum.
= unicolor Godman & Salvin, 1889
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(79): 151, no. 2.
Original Combination: Kricogonia unicolor
Type Locality: “Guatemala, San Gerónimo...Haiti; Jamaica”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= xanthophila Röber, 1909
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 89; (41) pl. 26d, fig. [4] ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Kricogonia lyside] xanthophila form nov.
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Lectotype in MTD, designated by Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 23(91): 344.
= occidentalis S. Torre, 1988
Revta. Biol. (La Habana) 2(2): 57.
Original Combination: Kricogonia lyside occidentalis
Type Locality: “Varadero y en otras regiones de la parte occidental de Cuba”
Types: Syntypes in IZAC, AMNH and ANSP.
‡”anorbus” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.
Original Combination: Kricogonia lyside female form anorbus
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
Genus Nathalis Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 589. Type-species: Nathalis iole Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 589, no. 9, by monotypy.
331. Nathalis iole Boisduval, 1836
a. Nathalis iole iole Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 589-590, no. 1.
Original Combination: Nathalis iole
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Syntypes in MNHP.
= felicia Poey, [1852]
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: pl. 18, figs. 18 ♂ V, 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D, 21 ♀ V [Oct 1852]; 443-444, no. 14 [Jun 1854].
Original Combination: Nathalis Felicia
Type Locality: “Habana...Cárdenas” [Cuba]
Types: Type(s) probably in MNHC; a possible syntype in ZMHB.
= irene Fitch, 1857
Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. 16(1856): 485-486, no. 212.
Original Combination: Nathalis Irene
Type Locality: “valley of the Mississippi”; J. Barnes (1988), Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. (461): 112, no. 333, noted that Fitch’s original specimen was labeled “Tullehassie, AR. [sic!]” [Tullahassee, Wagoner County, Oklahoma]
Types: Holotype (#2717) either lost or destroyed; J. Barnes (1988), ibid., determined that there are no extant specimens in the NYSM.
= luteolus Reakirt, [1864]
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 350-351, no. 2.
Original Combination: N[athalis]. luteolus
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Syntype in FMNH.
= ‡”pallida” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.
Original Combination: Nathalis iole tr. f. pallida
Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”immaculata” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.
Original Combination: Nathalis iole form immaculata
Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”albida” Avinoff & Shoumatoff, 1941
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 28(15): 309-310, pl. 36, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Nathalis iole ab. albida
Type Locality: “an isolated elevation of over 3,000 feet called Low River, or All Sides, in Trelawny” [Jamaica]
Types: Types in CMNH.
= ‡”viridis” Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944
Entomol. News 55(4): 92.
Original Combination: Nathalis iole f. hiem. viridis
Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”alayoi” S. Torre, 1951
Mems. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 20(2): 89, pl. 44, fig. 2 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: [Nathalis iole] [form] alayoi
Type Locality: “500m del Castillo Peñas Altas, Playa de Bellamar, Matanzas” indicated in the legend to the plate. [Cuba]
Types: “Holotype” (#2767) in IZAC.
Genus Eurema Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 96. Type-species: Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 144, pl. 273, fig. A; 3(24): 174 (index) (= Pieris daira Godart, 1819, in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (109), 137, no. 59; homonym), by designation of Butler (1870), Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35.
= ‡Heurema Agassiz, 1846
Nomencl. zool. (4to ed.)(12)(index univ.): 181. An unjustified emendation of Eurema Hübner, [1819].
= Lucidia Lacordaire, 1833
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]2: 387. Type-species: Papilio albula Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 43, pl. 27, fig. E; (8): 151 (index), by monotypy.
= Sphaenogona Butler, 1870
Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35, no. 15; 44, no. 15. Type-species: Terias bogotana C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(3): 84, no. 41 (= Terias mexicana Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 655, pl. 19 [=3C], fig. 1; subspecies), by designation of W. F. Kirby (1896), in: Allen, Nat. Libr. Lepid. 2: 230.
332. Eurema daira (Godart, 1819)
a. Eurema daira sidonia (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 465-466, no. 2.
Original Combination: Terias Sidonia
Type Locality: "Campeche" [Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH and NHMW.
= cepio (Godman & Salvin, 1889)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(80): 169, no. 18; 3(80): pl. 64, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Terias Cepio
Type Locality: "Mexico, Mazatlan...Presidio...Acapulco...Tepetlapa, Cuernavaca...Patzcuaro...Puebla, Orizaba...Cordova...Atoyac”; figured specimens from “Tepetlapa, in the State of Guerrero, at an altitude of 3000 feet.”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
b. Eurema daira daira (Godart, 1819)
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (109), 137, no. 59; cited Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(24): pl. 273, fig. A, and Herbst (1792), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 5: pl. 117, fig. 7.
Original Combination: Pieris Daira
Proposed to replace Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). Klots (1929), Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9(3): 125, made a first reviser choice of daira over demoditas; Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Suppl. 9: 182, concurred.
= ‡delia (Cramer, 1780)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 144, pl. 273, fig. A ♂ D; 3(24): 174 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Delia
Type Locality: “Virginiën” “Virginie”
Types: Syntype (#665101) in BMNH; figured by Chainey (2005), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 145(3): fig. 29 ♂ D.
Preoccupied by Papilio delia [Denis & Schiffermüller], [1775], Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 179, no. 6.
= ‡demoditas Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 96, no. 1016; cited Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(24): pl. 273, fig. A; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: Eurema Demoditas
Proposed to replace Papilio delia Cramer, 1780, preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Pieris daira Godart, 1819, by first reviser choice.
= jucunda (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (6): 52-53 [May 1830]; (7): pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D [Jun 1830].
Original Combination: X[anthidia].Jucunda
Type Locality: “dans l’Etat de New-York, dans Virginie, la Louisiane, etc.”; “Georgia” implied from John Abbot’s drawing.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost.
= lemnia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
Reise Novara (2): 205, no. 213.
Original Combination: Terias Lemnia
Type Locality: “Brasilia Meridional: Bahia” in error. [Brazil]
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= ‡”fusca” L. Harris, 1931
Trans. Georgia Nat. Club 1(1): 11, no. 36, pl. (“holotype”); figured by L. Harris (1972), Butterflies Georgia: cpl. 3, fig. 5 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Eurema jucunds ab. fusca
Type Locality: “Atlanta” [Fulton County]
Types: “Holotype” in EUM.
= ‡”delioides” Haskin, 1933
Entomol. News 44(5): 121.
Original Combination: Eurema demoditas, form delioides
Type Locality: “Auburndale, Florida” [Polk County]
Types: “Types” in USNM.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 207, no. 59.
Original Combination: [Eurema daira ♀] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”rosa” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 207, no. 59.
Original Combination: [Eurema daira] winter form rosa
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
c. Eurema daira palmira (Poey, [1852])
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 198, no. 14 (Oct 1852); pl. 24, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D (May 1853).
Original Combination: T[erias]. Palmira
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntype (#7801) in ANSP.
Smith et al. (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (70): 1-8, discussed the presence of this subspecies in Florida and concluded that all populations in Florida are best considered E. d. daira; see Calhoun and Anderson (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(1): 58, for notes on the occurrence of this taxon in southern Florida.
= ebriola (Poey, [1853])
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 250, no. 9, pl. 24, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ D, 11 ♀ V, 12 ♀ D, 13 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Terias Ebriola
Type Locality: “Cárdenas...Habana” [Cuba]
Types: Syntypes (#7769, 7802) in ANSP.
= albina (Poey, [1853])
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 251-252, no. 10, pl. 24, figs. 14 ♂ D, 15 ♂ V, 16 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Terias Albina
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntype (#7803) in ANSP.
= ‡cubana Herrich-Schäffer, 1865
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensb. 18(11/12): 166, no. 6.
Original Combination: [Terias] cubana
Proposed as a replacement name for Terias albina Poey [1853], erroneously thought preoccupied.
d. Eurema daira eugenia (Wallengren, 1860)
Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 4(2): 33-34, no. 2.
Original Combination: Terias eugenia
Type Locality: “Insula St. Joseph” [Isla San José, Archipiélago de las Perlas, Panama]
Types: Syntype in NHRS.
= solana (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 240, no. 6.
Original Combination: Terias solana
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]
Types: Syntype in FMNH.
= persistens (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 110.
Original Combination: T[erias]. Persistens
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= ‡”pallidula” Klots, 1929
Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9(3): 125, pl. 1, fig. 8 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: [Eurema jucunda] f. ♀ pallidula
Type Locality: “Barrios, Guatemala”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
333. Eurema boisduvaliana (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
Reise Novara (2): 200, under no. 203.
Original Combination: T[erias]. Boisduvaliana
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype should be in MNHP or BMNH.
Proposed for the ♂ of Terias mexicana Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 655.
Lamas (2004), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 106, treated boisduvaliana as a subspecies of Eurema arbela Geyer, 1832, in: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl [111], figs. 615 ♀ D, 616 ♀ V [1826]; (text): 14, no. 321 (1832, name given). This possibility remains to be thoroughly investigated.
= ingrata (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 465, no. 1.
Original Combination: Terias ingrata
Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in NMW and BMNH.
‡”rosa” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 207, no. 57.
Original Combination: [Eurema boisduvaliana] winter form rosa
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
334. Eurema mexicana (Boisduval, 1836)
a. Eurema mexicana mexicana (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 655, no. 3, pl. 19 [= 3C], fig. 1 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Terias Mexicana
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Type(s) should be in MNHP or BMNH.
Boisduval described mexicana from a mixed series; the name was restricted to Boisduval’s ♀ by C. Felder and R. Felder (1865), Reise Novara (2): 200.
= damaris (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
Reise Novara (2): 198, no. 200.
Original Combination: Terias Damaris
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= depuiseti (Boisduval, 1870)
Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 11-12.
Original Combination: Terias Depuiseti
Type Locality: “Honduras...Mexique”
Types: Syntype in USNM.
= biedermanni (Ehrmann, 1925)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(2): 84.
Original Combination: Eurema biedermanni
Type Locality: “Palmerlee, Arizona” [Cochise County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by Holland (1927), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17(2): pl. 25, fig. 6 ♀ D.
= ‡”recta” Klots, 1929
Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9(3): 135, pl. 3, fig. 61 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Eurema mexicana ab. recta
Type Locality: “Texas”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”rosa” Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944
Entomol. News 55(4): 87.
Original Combination: Eurema mexicana f. heim. rosa
Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
*335. Eurema salome (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861)
Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 5(3): 84, no. 42.
Original Combination: Terias Salome
Type Locality: “Ecuador”
Types: Type(s) should be in BMNH (Felder collection).
= ‡”lurida” (d’Almeida, 1928)
Annls. Soc. ent. Fr. 97(3/4): 373-374.
Original Combination: Terias arbela aberr. arbela lurida
Type Locality: “Tojûju, Pérou” [Peru]
Types: Holotype in UFPC.
a. Eurema salome jamapa (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 239, no. 5.
Original Combination: Terias jamapa
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]
Types: Type(s) might be in CMNH; noted not to be in FMNH by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 89.
*336. Eurema albula (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 43, pl. 27, fig. E ♀ D; (8): 151 (index).
Original Combination: [Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus] Cand[idus] Albula
Type Locality: “Surinamsch” “Suriname”; “neotype” from “Crique Spariwine, mount St. Hermínio, Guiana Francesca.” [French Guiana]
Types: Type(s) probably lost; d’Almeida (1945), Arq. Zool. São Paulo 4(3): 90, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 30 ♂ D&V, designated one of these as the neotype (#2020) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.
Recorded from Texas by Chuah and Cushing (1995), Tropical Lepid. 6(1): 43, figs. 1, 1a.
= ‡cassiae (Sepp, [1843])
Surinaam. Vlinders [2](14): pl. 56.
Original Combination: Papilio Cassiae
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Type(s) are lost.
Preoccupied by Papilio cassiae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10): 471, no. 82.
= clara (H. Bates, 1861)
J. Entomol. 1(4): 243, no. 12.
Original Combination: T[erias]. clara
Type Locality: “Amazon Valley” implied from the title of the paper. [Brazil]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= tapeina (H. Bates, 1861)
J. Entomol. 1(4): 244, no. 14.
Original Combination: T[erias]. Tapeina
Type Locality: “Pará” [Brazil]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= melacheila (Möschler, 1877)
Verh. zool.-bot Ges. Wien 26: 297.
Original Combination: [Terias] Melacheila
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Type(s) probably in ZMHB.
a. Eurema albula celata (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 466, no. 4.
Original Combination: Terias celata
Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in NMW.
= leucilla (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 466, no. 5.
Original Combination: Terias Leucilla
Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in NMW.
Genus Pyrisitia Butler, 1870
Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35, no. 17; 44, no. 17. Type-species: Papilio proterpia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 478, no. 152, by original designation.
337. Pyrisitia proterpia (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 478, no. 152.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidi]. Proterpia
Type Locality: “Iamaica”
Types: Syntypes in HMUG.
= gundlachia (Poey, [1853])
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 246, no. 4, pl. 24, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Terias Gundlachia
Type Locality: “isla de Cuba...Cárdenas”
Types: Syntype (#7770) in ANSP.
= longicauda (H. Bates, 1864)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(2): 32, no. 13.
Original Combination: Terias Longicauda
Type Locality: “Guatemala, interior”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= watsonia (Klots, 1923)
Entomol. News 34(10): 301.
Original Combination: Eurema proterpia watsonia
Type Locality: “Rio Bamba, Ecuador, South America”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= morleyi (Coxey, 1932)
Entomol. News 43(2): 33.
Original Combination: Eurema gundlachia race morleyi
Type Locality: “Higra, 4000 feet elevation, Ecuador”
Types: Holotype (#7752) in CMNH.
= ‡”imitatrix” (d'Almeida, 1932)
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 37(3): 44.
Original Combination: Terias proterpia ab. ♀ imitatrix
Type Locality: “Guaiocoromo...Colombie”
Types: “Lectotype” in UFPC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 325, fig. 3 ♀ D&V.
‡”atzin” (Arias, 1968)
Exp. cient. españ. siglo XVIII, Exp. Bot. Nueva España: 394.
Original Combination: Tlotzin Atzin
Types: Types probably never designated.
338. Pyrisitia lisa (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])
a. Pyrisitia lisa lisa (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (6): 53-55 [May 1830]; (7): pl. 19, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 larva, 7 pupa [Jun 1830].
Original Combination: X[anthidia]. Lisa
Type Locality: “dans les différentes parties des États-Unis”
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. A “type” is in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such “types” from the Boisduval collection.
= clappii (Maynard, 1891)
Man. N. Am. Butterflies: 216, appendix, no. 90a.
Original Combination: Terias lisa clappii
Type Locality: “Enterprise, Florida” [Volusia County]
Types: Syntype (#16607) in MCZ.
= ‡”alba” (Strecker, 1878)
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 85, no. 76a.
Original Combination: [Terias Lisa] ab. a. ♀ Alba
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Type(s)”, if they can be identified, may be in FMNH.
= ‡”immaculata” (Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944)
Entomol. News 55(4): 88.
Original Combination: Eurema lisa f. aest. immaculata
Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
b. Pyrisitia lisa centralis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 168, no. 12.
Original Combination: [Terias] centralis
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
339. Pyrisitia nise (Cramer, 1775)
a. Pyrisitia nise nise (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 31, pl. 20, figs. K ♀ D, L ♀ V; 1(8): 154 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. dan[aii]. Candidi Nise
Type Locality: “Jamaica” “Jamaïque”; “neotype” from “along the road near Millbank, Portland Parish, Jamaica, B. W. I.”
Types: Neotype in RMNH, designated by Klots and Heineman (1957), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)26(11/12): 212-213, pl. 1, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
d’Almeida (1945), Arq. Zool. São Paulo 4(3): 90, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 22 ♂ D&V, designated one of these, from “River Maroni, Guiana Francesca,” as the neotype (#1652) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3. The subspecific arrangement follows Smith et al. (1994), Butterflies W. Ind. & Fla.: 150.
= ‡neda (Godart, 1819)
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (109), 135-136, no. 54; cited Papilio nise Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): pl. 20, figs. K, L; (8): 154 (index), and Herbst (1792), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins. 5: pl. 106, figs. 8, 9.
Original Combination: Pieris Neda
Proposed to replace Papilio nise Cramer, 1775, erroneously thought to be preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of nise.
= larae (Herrich-Schäffer, 1862)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 16(6-8): 120.
Original Combination: Terias larae
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntype (#7304) in ANSP.
b. Pyrisitia nise nelphe (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 19: 466, no. 3.
Original Combination: Terias Nelphe
Type Locality: “Potrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in NMW and BMNH.
= venustula (Staudinger, 1875)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25: 93, no. 3.
Original Combination: Terias (Terias) Venustula
Type Locality: “den unteren Regionen von Chiriqui” [Panama]
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB.
= linda (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
Papilio 4(3): 53.
Original Combination: Terias Linda
Type Locality: “Mexico, short distance from the boundary line of Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Nogales, Sonora” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 49. [Mexico]
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 50, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.
*340. Pyrisitia dina (Poey, 1832)
Cent. Lépid. Cuba (2): [35-36], [no. 12], pl. [12], figs. [1] ♀ D, [2] ♀ V.
Original Combination: Terias Dina
Type Locality: “côte du Nord” [Cuba]
Types: Syntype (#7800) in ANSP.
= citrina (Poey, [1852])
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: pl. 18, figs. 4 ♂ V, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V (Oct 1852); 247-248, no. 6 (May 1853).
Original Combination: T[erias]. Citrina
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Type(s) may be lost.
a. Pyrisitia dina helios (M. Bates, 1934)
Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 133-134.
Original Combination: Eurema dina helios
Type Locality: “New Providence (Nassau)” [Bahamas]
Types: Holotype (#19564) in MCZ.
b. Pyrisitia dina westwoodii (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 666-667, no. 22.
Original Combination: Terias Westwoodii
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Syntypes in MNHP and BMNH.
= calceolaria (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 110.
Original Combination: T[erias]. Calceolaria
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
341. Pyrisitia messalina (Fabricius, 1787)
Mantissa Ins. 2: 22, no. 236.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Messalina
Type Locality: “India”; defined as “Cuba” by Klots (1929), Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9(3): 131.
Types: Type(s) apparently lost.
Kimball (1965), Arthrop. Florida, vol. 1, Lepid. Florida: 35-36, and Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 44, noted that the occurrence of this species in Florida is questionable.
= gnathene (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 680, no. 46.
Original Combination: Terias Gnathene
Type Locality: “Yucatan, Mexique” apparently in error.
Types: Syntype(s) in Roger collection, probably lost.
= bulaea (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 680-681, no. 47.
Original Combination: Terias Bulaea
Type Locality: “Sénégal” in error; suggested to be “American” by Poey [1853], Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: 153-154, and Klots (1929), Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 9: 131, who placed this name in synonymy.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= iradia (Poey, [1852])
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba 1: pl. 18, figs. 14 ♂ V, 15 ♂ D, 16 ♀ D, 17 ♀ V [Oct 1852]; 253 [May 1853].
Original Combination: Terias Iradia
Type Locality: “Cienfuegos...Zapata, y Sabana de Guamacaro” [Cuba]
Types: Syntype (#7766) in ANSP.
= blakei (Maynard, 1891)
Man. N. Am. Butterflies: 216, appendix, no. 93*.
Original Combination: Terias Blakei
Type Locality: “on all of the Bahamas which I visited...Sandford, Florida” [Seminole County]
Types: Syntype (#16606) in MCZ.
Genus Abaeis Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 97. Type-species: Papilio nicippe Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 31, pl. 210, figs. C, D; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Butler (1870), Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35.
= ‡Xanthidia Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (5): 48. Type-species: Papilio nicippe Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 31, pl. 210, figs. C, D; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 288, no. 1081. A junior objective synonym of Abaeis Hübner, [1819].
342. Abaeis nicippe (Cramer, 1779)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 31, pl. 210, figs. C, D; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Nicippe
Type Locality: “Virginiën” “Virginie”; “neotype” from “Arizona, EUA.”
Types: Syntypes (#665378, 665379, possibly 665080) in BMNH. d’Almeida (1945), Arq. Zool. São Paulo 4(3): 90, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 11 ♂ D&V, designated one of these, from “River Maroni, Guiana Francesca,” as the neotype (#1652) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.
= ‡”flava” (Strecker, 1878)
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat. Lepid: 85, no. 68a.
Original Combination: [Terias Nicippe] ab. a. ♂ ♀ Flava
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Syntypes” in FMNH.
= ‡”dammersi” (Gunder, 1930)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 29(2): 52, no. 40, pl. 19 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Eurema nicippe tr. f. dammersi
Type Locality: “San Bernardino, California” [San Bernardino County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”callae” (W. D. Field, 1936)
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.
Original Combination: Eurema nicippe tr. f. callae
Type Locality: “Donna, Texas” [Hidalgo County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”pallens” (Whittaker & D. Stallings, 1944)
Entomol. News 55(4): 88.
Original Combination: Eurema nicippe f. aest. pallens
Type Locality: “Caldwell, Kansas” [Sumner County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
‡”rosa” (Scott, 1986)
Butterflies N. Am.: 206, no. 55.
Original Combination: [Eurema nicippe winter form] rosa
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
Genus Colias [Fabricius], 1807
In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284, no. 24. Type-species: Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 71, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 146.
= ‡Eurymus Horsfield, [1829]
Descr. Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. E. India Co. (2): 129, 134. Type-species: Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 71, by original designation. Preoccupied by Eurymus Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 117, and a junior objective synonym of Colias.
= Scalidoneura Butler, 1871
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871(1): 250-251. Type-species: Scalidoneura hermina Butler, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871(1): 251, pl. 19, fig. 5, by original designatio (= Colias euxanthe C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara (2): 196, no. 196; synonym).
= Eriocolias J. Watson, 1895
Entomol. 28(385): 167. Type-species: Papilio edusa Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 2: 23, no. 240, by original designation (= Papilio croceus Geoffroy 1875, in: Fourcroy, Entomol. Paris 2: 250, no. 48; synonym).
= ‡Coliastes Hemming, 1931
Entomol. 64(12)[823]: 273. Type-species: Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 71, by original designation; a junior objective synonym of Colias.
= Mesocolias Petersen, 1963
J. Res. Lepid. 1(2): 144-145. Type-species: Colias vauthierii Guérin-Méneville, [1830], in: Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, 1(Zool.)Atlas(18): pl. Ins. 15, fig. 2, by original designation.
= Protocolias Petersen, 1963
J. Res. Lepid. 1(2): 144-145. Type-species: Colias imperialis Butler, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871(1): 250, pl. 19, fig. 2, by original designation (= Colias ponteni Wallengren, 1860, Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 4(2): 33, no.1; synonym).
= Palaeocolias Berger, 1986
Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 21-22, 32. Type-species: Colias ponteni Wallengren, 1860, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 4(2): 33, by original designation.
= Neocolias Berger, 1986
Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 21, 32. Type-species: Papilio erate Esper, 1805, Die Schmett. 1(suppl.)(2)(11): 13-14, pl. 119 (Cont. 74), fig. 3, by original designation.
= Eucolias Berger, 1986
Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 22, 33. Type-species: Papilio palaeno Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 272, no. 1041, by original designation.
= Similicolias Berger, 1986
Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 23, 33. Type-species: Papilio lesbia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 477, no. 149, by original designation.
= Paracolias Berger, 1986
Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 24, 34. Type-species: Colias dimera E. Doubleday, [1847], in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1): pl. 9, fig. 3; (7): 74, no. 15, by original designation.
= Asiocolias Korb, 2005
Cat. Butterflies ex USSR: 20. Type-species: Colias christophi Grum-Grshimaïlo, 1885, in: Romanov, Mém. Lépid. 2: 220, by original designation.
‡”Ganura” Zetterstedt, [1839]
Ins. Lappon. (5): col. 908. Type-species: Papilio hyale Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 469, no. 71. This name was published in synonymy and is unavailable (Code Article 11.6); a nomen nudum.
343. Colias philodice Godart, 1819
a. Colias philodice philodice Godart, 1819
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (87), 100-101, no. 35.
Original Combination: Colias Philodice
Type Locality: “l'Amérique septentrionale, particulièrement dans la Virginie”; defined as “Virginia” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 185.
Types: Location of type not known.
= dorippe Godart, 1819
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (87), 101, no. 36; cited Papilio palaeno (sensu Cramer (1775), Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): pl. 14, figs. F, G).
Original Combination: Colias Dorippe
Type Locality: “Cap de Bonne-Espérance” in error. [Cape Good Hope, South Africa]
Types: Type(s) may be lost.
= anthyale (Hübner, 1823)
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [54], figs. 307 ♂ D, 308 ♂ V [1821]; (text): 21, no. 154 (1832, name given).
Original Combination: Zerene Anthyale
Type Locality: “Pennsylvanien” [Pennsylvania]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= santes Fitch, 1854
Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. 13(1853): 378.
Original Combination: Colias santes
Type Locality: “New York”; J. Barnes (1988), Bull. New York St. Mus. (461): 112, no. 334, noted that the original specimen (#6680) was labeled “Salem, NY.” [Washington County, New York]
Types: Probably lost; J. Barnes (1988), ibid., noted that there were no extant specimens in the NYSM.
= tegea Sievers, 1859
Etud. Entomol. (Motschulsky) 8: 146.
Original Combination: Colias Tegea
Type Locality: “environs de New York”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
‡”notatus” (Megerle, 1803)
Cat. Ins. Viennae Austriae 28 Novembris 1803, auctionis: [81], no. 436.
Original Combination: [Papilio] notatus
Type Locality: “Georgia”
Types: Probably none designated.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1710 placed this work on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature. This name has at times been credited to A. Clark and L. Clark (1941), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 43(4): 83, no. 1; their mention of the name represents a nomen nudum.
= ‡”alba” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58a; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 2, fig. 6 ♀ D, pl. Colias III, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] ab. a. ♀ Alba
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Type(s)” may be in CMNH.
= ‡”nig” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58b; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] ab. b. ♂ Nig
Type Locality: “near Palmyra, New York...Montreal, Canada”; “lectotype” from “Montreal.” [Quebec]
Types: The specimen from Montreal in FMNH is the sole remaining “syntype”; L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 220, note 281, designated this as “lectotype.”
= ‡”virida” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58c.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] ab. c. ♀ Virida
Type Locality: “taken at the same time and place as the preceding [nig]” “near Montreal, Canada” [Quebec]
Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.
= ‡”hybrida” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58d; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, fig. 1 ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] ab. d. ♀ Hybrida
Type Locality: “Illinois, Georgia”; determined to be “Rock Island, Illinois” from Edwards’ figure. [Rock Island County]
Types: “Holotype” is the specimen figured by W. H. Edwards (1876), ibid., possibly in CMNH.
= ‡”albinic” W. H. Edwards, [1885]
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(3/4): 264, under no. 68; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 2, fig. 6 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] var. Albinic
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”melanic” W. H. Edwards, [1885]
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(3/4): 264, under no. 68; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, figs. 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] var. Melanic
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”maria” W. H. Edwards, 1885
Papilio 4(9-10): 171.
Original Combination: C[olias]. [philodice] maria
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” lost.
This name represents a cyanide-stained specimen, inadvertently described.
= ‡”nigridice” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(8): 1114; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Eurymus phil[odice]. [♂ form] nigridice
Type Locality: “Palmyra, N. Y.” [Wayne County, New York]
Types: “Holotype” is the specimen figured by W. H. Edwards (1876), ibid., possibly in CMNH.
= ‡”miscidice” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(8): 1115.
Original Combination: E[urymus]. p[hilodice]. [♀ form] miscidice
Type Locality: “Lynn, Mass.” [Essex County, Massachusetts]
Types: “Holotype” in Sanborn collection, location not known.
= ‡”pallidice” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(8): 1115; 3(8): pl. 7, fig. 6 ♀ D (“holotype”); cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 2, fig. 6 ♀ D; pl. Colias III, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: E[urymus]. p[hilodice]. [♀ form] pallidice
Type Locality: “New England” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Location of “syntypes” not known, may be at MCZ.
= ‡”suffusa” Cockerell, 1889
Entomol. 22(310): 55.
Original Combination: C[olias]. philodice suffusa
Type Locality: “Massachusetts”
Types: “Type” figured by Maynard (1886), Butterflies N. England: pl. vii, fig. 57c, may be based on a specimen in the MCZ.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”alba” Ehrmann, 1890
Entomol. News 1(6): 93.
Original Combination: Colias philodice, Ab. alba
Type Locality: “Sarver Station, Butler County, Pa.” [Pennsylvania]
Types: Type either unrecognizable or lost.
Redescribed by Ehrmann (1890) in Entomol. News 1(8): 130.
= ‡”luteitincta” Wolcott, 1893
Can. Entomol. 25(4): 104, under no. 50.
Original Combination: Colias philodice, var. luteitincta
Type Locality: “Batavia, Ills....Grand Rapids” [Kane County, Illinois; Kent County, Michigan]
Types: Type may be in USNM.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”albinic” Skinner, 1898
Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop.: 68, no. 415; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 2, fig. 6 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] var. albinic
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 78), but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”melanic” Skinner, 1898
Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop.: 69, no. 415; cited W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(5): pl. Colias 3, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Philodice] var. melanic
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 78), but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”nigrina” Strecker, 1900
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 19; cited Strecker (1878), Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 82, no. 58b.
Original Combination: Colias philodice ♂ form nigrina
Type Locality: “Bethlehem, Pa...Montreal, Can...Orillia, Can.” [Lehigh and Northhampton counties, Pennsylvania; Quebec and Ontario]
Types: “Syntypes” in FMNH.
This amounts to a re-description of Colias philodice ab. ♂ nig which was not cited by name.
= ‡”alba” Röber, 1909
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 91.
Original Combination: [Colias philodice] ab. alba
Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Philadelphia.” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Lectotype” in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 23(91): 344.
= ‡”nigrofasciata” Reiff, 1917
Lepidopterist 1(3): 22-23, pl. 3 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias philodice f[orm] nigrofasciata
Type Locality: “Belchertown, Massachusetts” [Hampshire County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”rothkei” Reiff, 1917
Lepidopterist 1(11): 84, pl. 7 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Colias philodice ab. rothkei
Type Locality: “Susquehanna Valley, Pa.” [Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”plicaduta” Nakahara, 1926
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(5): 222-223.
Original Combination: Colias philodice f. plicaduta
Type Locality: “Ithaca, N. Y.” [Tompkins County, New York]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”inversata” Nakahara, 1926
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(5): 223.
Original Combination: Colias philodice ab. inversata
Type Locality: “Midvale, Allegheny Co., Pa.” [Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”minor” F. Chermock, 1927
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(2): 118.
Original Combination: Colias philodice form plicaduta ab. minor
Type Locality: “N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa.” [Allegheny County, Pennyslvania]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”ehrmanni” F. Chermock, 1927
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(2): 118.
Original Combination: Colias philodice from [sic!] plicaduta ab. Ehrmanni
Type Locality: “N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa.” [Allegheny County, Pennyslvania]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”alba” F. Chermock, 1927
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 22(2): 119.
Original Combination: Colias philodice from [sic!] plicaduta var. alba
Type Locality: “N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa.” [Allegheny County, Pennyslvania]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”albida” F. Chermock, 1928
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 23(4): 173.
Original Combination: Colias philodice f. plicaduta var. albida
Proposed as a replacement name for alba F. Chermock, 1927, but that name is infrasubspecific and therefore not subject to homonymy.
= ‡”raritus” (Gunder, 1928)
Can. Entomol. 60(7): 163, pl. A, figs. 2 ♀ D, 2a ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Eurymus philodice tr. f. raritus
Type Locality: “Scranton, Pa.” [Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”serrata” (F. Chermock, 1929)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 21.
Original Combination: Eurymus philodice var. serrata
Type Locality: “Rossgrove, near Aspinwall, Pa.” [Allegheny County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”minor” Dufrane, 1947
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 69.
Original Combination: [Colias philodice f. anthyale] minor
Type Locality: “Temple, Pa. E. U. A.” [Berks County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Syntype” in IRSN.
Dufrane probably used the name minor as a qualifier for a small specimen.
= ‡”reducta” Dufrane, 1947
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 69.
Original Combination: [Colias philodice f. anthyale] ab. reducta
Type Locality: “Temple, Pa. E. U. A.” [Berks County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Syntype” in IRSN.
‡”alba” Pilate, 1882
Papilio 2(5): 65.
Original Combination: [Colias] Philodice ♀ var. Alba
Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum
‡”vernalis” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 198, no. 38.
Original Combination: [Colias philodice] form vernalis
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Colias philodice eriphyle W. H. Edwards, 1876
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 202.
Original Combination: Colias Eriphyle
Type Locality: “Lake Labache [sic!], in British Columbia” [Lake La Hache]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 87, fig. 20 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 35, fig. 15 ♂ D.
= hagenii W. H. Edwards, [1884]
Papilio 3(7-10): 160-161, 163, no. 11.
Original Combination: Colias Hagenii
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains from Colorado to B. Am....Pueblo, Col....various localities...So. Colorado to Montana and Dacotah (Bismarck)”; defined as “northeastern corner of South Park, Park Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 87.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 90, fig. 21 ♂ D&V.
= kootenai Cockle, 1910
Can. Entomol. 42(6): 203-204.
Original Combination: Colias Kootenai
Type Locality: “Kaslo and in Northern British Columbia” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes in CNC.
= ‡”autumnalis” Cockerell, 1888
W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 42.
Original Combination: [Colias Eurytheme Eriphyle] autumn brood autumnalis
Type Locality: “Swift Creek, Custer Co., Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
= ‡”nigricosta” (F. Chermock, 1929)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 21.
Original Combination: Eurymus eurytheme f. eriphyle var. nigricosta
Type Locality: “Edmonton, Alberta, Canada”
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
= ‡”laurae” (F. Chermock, 1929)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 21.
Original Combination: Eurymus eurytheme f. eriphyle ab. laurae
Type Locality: “Edmonton, Alberta, Canada”
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
c. Colias philodice vitabunda Hovanitz, 1943
Am. Mus. Novit. (1240): 2, 3-4.
Original Combination: Colias chrysotheme vitabunda
Type Locality: “McKinley National Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= ‡”pallidissima” Bowman, 1942
Can. Entomol. 74(2): 25.
Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme alberta] ab. ♀ pallidissima
Type Locality: “Fort Vermillion, Alta.” [Alberta]
Types: “Syntypes” in CNC; figured by Ferris (1972), Bull. Allyn Mus. (5): 17, 21 ♀ D, 22 ♀ V, 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.
344. Colias eurytheme Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 286, no. 13.
Original Combination: Colias eurytheme
Type Locality: “toute la Californie...aussi le Mexique et quelques parties des Etats-Unis”; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 8.
Types: Lectotype USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 49, fig. 42 ♂ D, labeled “Californie.”
= amphidusa Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 286-287, no. 14.
Original Combination: Colias amphidusa
Type Locality: “Du nord de la Californie”; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9.
Types: Lectotype USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 49, fig. 44 ♂ D, labeled “Californie.”
= californiana Ménétriés, 1855
Enum. corp. anim. (1): 80, under no. 253.
Original Combination: [Colias Edusa] var. Californiana
Type Locality: “Nouvelle Californie”
Types: Type(s) should be in ZIN.
= xenodice C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859
Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 3(12): 394-395, no. 35.
Original Combination: Colias Xenodice
Type Locality: “Assam”; holotype labeled “Illinois.”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= keewaydin W. H. Edwards, 1869
Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): [47]-[49], pl. Colias 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♂ D, 8 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias Keewaydin
Type Locality: “valley of the Mississippi from Nebraska and Illinois to Texas and westward to the Pacific...Middle States and Canada”; defined as “Sedalia, Missouri” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 78-81. [Pettis County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 81, fig. 18 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 36, fig. 9 ♂ D.
= ariadne W. H. Edwards, 1870
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 12-13, no. 4; figured by W. H. Edwards (1878), Butterflies N. Am. 2(7): pl. Colias 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Ariadne
Type Locality: “Mokeluma Hills [sic!], California” [Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 83, fig. 19 ♂ D&V.
= graeca O. Bang-Haas, 1927
Horae Macrolepid. 1(8): 44, 113.
Original Combination: Colias chrysotheme graeca
Bang-Haas adopted Colias chrysotheme var. chrysotheme race graeca Verity [1911] to represent a subspecies-level taxon (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1) He called figure 5 the male type and figure 6 the female type and, in accordance with his statement on page xix of the same work, this may be accepted as a holotype and allotype designation. The male is a specimen of Colias eurytheme Boisduval, 1852.
= ‡”graeca” Verity, 1911
Rhop. Palaearctica: 359; pl. 72, figs. 5 % D (holotype), 6 & D; ind. syst.: xl.
Original Combination: [Colias chrysotheme var. chrysotheme] race graeca
Type Locality: “Grèce” in error.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5).
= ‡”alba” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat. Lepid: 82, no. 60b; cited W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): pl. Colias 3, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Chrysotheme var. a. gen. 2 Eurytheme] ab. b. Alba
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Type(s)” possibly in CMNH.
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 80), but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”flava” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 83, no. 60c.
Original Combination: [Colias Chrysotheme var. a. gen 2 Eurytheme] ab. c. Flava
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” possibly in FMNH.
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 80), but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”alba” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 83, no. 60e; cited W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): pl. Colias 4, fig. 9 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Chrysotheme var. d Keewaydin] ab. e. ♀ Alba
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Holotype” possibly in CMNH.
It is doubtful that this can be considered the description of a new taxon. It has been listed in checklists and catalogues (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 80), but is included for the sake of completeness.
= ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1887
W. Am. Sci. 3(31): 217.
Original Combination: C[olias]. eurytheme var. pallida
Type Locality: “near West Cliff [sic!], Custer Co., Colorado” [Westcliffe]
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
= ‡”typica” Cockerell, 1888
W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 41-43.
Original Combination: Colias eurytheme typica
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “vic. of Westcliffe, Custer Co., Colorado” implied from the text of the paper.
Types: Type(s) probably lost (or never existed).
Name was inadvertently proposed.
= ‡”intermedia” Cockerell, 1888
W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 42 (in part).
Original Combination: [Colias Eurytheme] form intermedia
Type Locality: “Swift Creek, Custer Co., Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
= ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1888
W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 42 (in part).
Original Combination: [Colias Eurytheme] intermedia [female form] pallida
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “vic. of Westcliffe, Custer Co., Colorado” implied from the text of the paper.
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
= ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1888
W. Am. Sci. 4(33): 42 (in part).
Original Combination: [Colias Eurytheme] keewaydin [female form] pallida
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; “vic. of Westcliffe, Custer Co., Colorado” implied from the text of the paper.
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
= ‡”fumosa” Strecker, 1900
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 19.
Original Combination: Colias eurytheme [♀] ab. fumosa
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.
= ‡”neuburgeri” Geest, 1905
Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 1(9): 379, no. 3.
Original Combination: Colias Eyrytheme [sic!] ab. Neuburgeri
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of “type” not known.
= ‡”alba” Röber, 1909
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 93.
Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme] ab. alba
Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Nevada, Verdi.” [Washoe County]
Types: “Lectotype” in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 142, no. 10.
= ‡”albina” Röber, 1909
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 93.
Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme] ab. albina
Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Nevada, Verdi.” [Washoe County]
Types: “Lectotype” in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 142, no. 10.
= ‡”unicitrina” (Gunder, 1924)
Entomol. News 35(3): 158, pl. 2, fig. J ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Eurymus eurytheme amphidusa ab. ♂ unicitrina
Type Locality: “Upland, Los Angeles Co., California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”rudkini” (Gunder, 1932)
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 277-278.
Original Combination: Eurymus eurytheme tr. f. rudkini
Type Locality: “San Marino, Los Angeles Co., Calif.”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”vernalis” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 196, no. 37.
Original Combination: [Colias eurytheme] form vernalis
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
345. Colias occidentalis Scudder, 1862
a. Colias occidentalis occidentalis Scudder, 1862
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9: 109-111, unnumbered fig.
Original Combination: Colias Occidentalis
Type Locality: “Gulf of Georgia...Fort Simpson, British America”; lectotype from “Gulf of Georgia.” This locality was interpreted to be “near Port Townsend, Wash. Terr., Gulf of Georgia” by H. Hagen (1883), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 22: 164. [Jefferson County, Washington]
Types: Lectotype (#16603) in MCZ, designated by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1918), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 65; the same specimen was later designated lectotype by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (116): 19, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V, 31 ♂ D UV.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 196, no. 36.
Original Combination: [Colias occidentalis] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Colias occidentalis chrysomelas Hy. Edwards, 1877
Pac. Coast Lepid. (24): 8-9, 11.
Original Combination: C[olias]. Chrysomelas
Type Locality: “Napa County, Cal.” [California]
Types: Lectotype (#3448 2308) in AMNH, designated by Ferris (1993), Bull. Allyn Mus. (138): 38, figs. 56 ♂ D, 57 ♂ V, 58 ♂ D UV.
On page 9 this taxon was spelled “chryomelas,” an incorrect original spelling. L. Miller and F. Brown (1983), in: Hodges, et al., MONA Check List: 52, spelled this name “chrysomelaena,” an unjustified emendation of chrysomelas.
= ‡”shastae” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 88, under no. 63a.
Original Combination: Eurymus occidentalis chrysomelas form shastae
Type Locality: “Shasta Retreat, Siskiyou Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
c. Colias occidentalis sullivani Hammond & McCorkle, 2003
J. Lepid. Soc. 57(4): 275-276, figs. 1st row left ♂ D (holotype), 1st row left center ♀ D, 2nd row left ♂ V, 2nd row left center ♀ V, 3rd left ♂ V, left center ♂ V, right center ♂ V, right ♂ V, 4th row left ♂ D, 4th row left center ♂ V, 4th row right center ♂ V, 4th row right ♂ V.
Original Combination: Colias occidentalis sullivani
Type Locality: “Oregon, Harney County, Alvord Desert road at north end of Steens Mountains, T29N, R36E, sec. 25, 26”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
d. Colias occidentalis pseudochristina Ferris, 1989
Bull. Allyn Mus. (128): 2-9, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♂ D UV, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ V, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♂ V, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 13 ♀ D, 14 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias pseudochristina
Type Locality: “Summit Co., Utah along the North Fork of the Provo River”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= wasatchia Gillette, 1989
Utahensis 8(4): 41-44, pl. 1, upper left ♂ D, lower left ♂ V (holotype), upper right ♀ D, lower right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias occidentalis wasatchia
Type Locality: “A ridge 2.3 mi. west of the SW end of Strawberry Reservoir, elev. (2408m)/7900 ft, on the west side of the W Strawberry Rsv road, and 1.9 mi. south of East Portal, Wasatch Co., Utah”
Types: Holotype in BYU.
346. Colias christina W. H. Edwards, 1863
Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 165, and Hammond and McCorkle (2003), J. Lepid. Soc. 57(4): 274-278, suggested that this taxon is conspecific with C. occidentalis. The arrangement of christina and occidentalis as geographic subspecies is evocative, but the arrangement proposed by A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 87-91, is maintained until further information becomes available.
a. Colias christina kluanensis Ferris, 1981
Bull. Allyn Mus. (63): 1-3, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 4 ♀ D, 5 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias alexandra kluanensis
Type Locality: “Haines Junction, Y. T., Canada” [Yukon Territory]
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= yukonensis Berger, 1986
Lambillionea 86(7/8, suppl.): 45.
Original Combination: [Colias] Yukonensis
Type Locality: “Yukon (Canada)”
Types: Location of types not known, possibly none designated.
It is considered that the key containing this name barely qualifies as a description.
b. Colias christina christina W. H. Edwards, 1863
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, 79-80, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Colias 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Christina
Type Locality: “portage of the Slave River”; W. H. Edwards (1884), Papilio 4(2): 30, added “about latitude 60o”; defined as “near the Slave River between Fort Smith, Northwest Territories and Fitzgerald, Alberta” by Kondla (1995), Alberta Naturalist 25(4): 76. [Northwest Territories]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 63.
= alberta Bowman, 1942
Can. Entomol. 74(2): 25.
Original Combination: Colias eurytheme alberta
Type Locality: “Wembley, Alta.” [Alberta]
Types: Holotype in CNC; figured by Ferris (1972), Bull. Allyn Mus. (5): 13, fig. ♂ D&V.
Ferris (1972), Bull. Allyn Mus. (5): 7-9, suggested that this taxon may be a form of C. eurytheme, but Masters (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 9(2): 97-99, and Kondla (1991), Utahensis 6(4): 45, presented evidence supporting this synonymy.
= ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1889
Entomol. 22(312): 128, no. 2f; cited Colias christina (sensu Lyman (1884), Can. Entomol. 16(1): 6).
Original Combination: C[olias]. christina ♀ pallida
Type Locality: Not stated; Lyman (1884), ibid., recorded the type from “North-west Territories.”
Types: “Type” is the specimen mentioned by Lyman, may be in LEMQ.
c. Colias christina sacajawea Kohler, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 8-9, pl. 1, 4th row left ♂ D, 5th row left ♂ V (holotype), 4th row center ♀ D, 5th row center ♀ V, 4th row right ♀ D&V, 5th row right ♀ V, pl. 2, 1st row left ♂ D, 2nd row left ♂ V, 1st row center ♂ D&V, 2nd row center ♂ V, 1st row right ♀ D&V, 2nd row right ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Colias christina sacajawea
Type Locality: “Elkhorn Creek, Beartooth Game Range, Lewis & Clark Co., Montana”
Types: Holotype in Kohler collection, will be deposited in BYU.
d. Colias christina pseudocolumbiensis C. Guppy & J. Shepard, 2001
Butterflies B. C.: 172-173, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Colias alexandra pseudocolumbiensis
Type Locality: “BC, Hall Creek at Hwy. 33” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in BCPM.
e. Colias christina columbiensis Ferris, 1973
J. Lepid. Soc. 27(1): 68-71, figs. 6a, 6b ♂ D&V (holotype); 6c, 6d ♀ D&V, 6e ♂ D UV (holotype), 6f same.
Original Combination: Colias alexandra columbiensis
Type Locality: “Anderson Lake, D'Arcy, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
The status of columbiensis and pseudocolumbiensis needs further study.
f. Colias christina krauthii Klots, 1935
Am. Mus. Novit. (767): 1-2.
Original Combination: Colias christina krauthii
Type Locality: “twelve miles west of Custer, Black Hills, South Dakota” [Custer County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
347. Colias alexandra W. H. Edwards, 1863
a. Colias alexandra altamont Kondla & Kohler, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 11-12, pl. 1, 1st row left ♂ D, 2nd row left ♂ V (holotype), 1st row center ♀ D, 2nd row center ♀ V, 1st row right ♀ D, 2nd row right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias alexandra altamont
Type Locality: “Arrow Creek breaks, Hwy. 80, 19 mi. N. of Stanford, Fergus Co., Montana”
Types: Holotype in Kohler collection, will be deposited in BYU.
b. Colias alexandra astraea W. H. Edwards, 1872
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, no. 1.
Original Combination: Colias Astraea
Type Locality: “near the Yellowstone Lake” [Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming]
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown (1973),Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): fig. 17 ♂ D&V.
c. Colias alexandra alexandra W. H. Edwards, 1863
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14-15, no. 1; [4]: pl. 11, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Colias 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Alexandra
Type Locality: “Pikes Peak...Rocky Mountains”; defined as “foothills west of Denver, Colorado” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 60.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 62, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”alba” Strecker, 1878
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 81, no. 55a.
Original Combination: [Colias Alexandra] ab. a. ♀ Alba
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type apparently lost, if it ever existed.
Strecker may not have intended to describe this as a new taxon.
= ‡”pallida” Cockerell, 1889
Entomol. 22(312): 128, no. 2f; cited W. H. Edwards (1887), Can. Entomol. 19(12): 229 (actually 230).
Original Combination: C[olias]. alexandra ♀ pallida
Type Locality: Not specifically stated; the white female mentioned by W. H. Edwards is from “Colorado.”
Types: Type, if it can be identified, is probably in CMNH.
d. Colias alexandra altiplano M. Fisher & Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 10-11, pl. 6, 3rd row left ♂ D, 4th row left ♂ V (holotype), 3rd row center ♀ D, 4th row center ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias edwardsii (alexandra?) altiplano
Type Locality: “Piney Creek, 6000 ft., Arapahoe Co., Colorado”
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
e. Colias alexandra apache Ferris, 1988
Bull. Allyn. Mus. (116): 8-11, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias alexandra apache
Type Locality: “13 mi. E. of McNary, 2520 m, Apache Co., Arizona”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Colias alexandra edwardsii W. H. Edwards, 1870
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 11, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1870), Butterflies N. Am. [1](6): pl. Colias 6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Edwardsii
Type Locality: “near Virginia City, at high elevations” [Storey County, Nevada]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 67, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 68, fig. 24 ♂ D (lectotype), 25 ♀ D (paralectotype).
= emilia W. H. Edwards, 1870
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 12, no. 3.
Original Combination: Colias Emilia
Type Locality: “Oregon”; neotype from “Crump Lake, 4500', Lake County, Oregon.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 72, fig. 15 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”hatui” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no. 67a.
Original Combination: Eurymus alexandra edwardsi form ♀ hatui
Type Locality: “Stockton, Utah” [Tooele County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
348. Colias harfordii Hy. Edwards, 1877
Pac. Coast. Lepid. (24): 9.
Original Combination: Colias Harfordii
Type Locality: “Contra Costa Co...Havilab [sic!], Kern Co.” [Havilah, Kern County, California]
Types: Lectotype (#3436 7003) in AMNH, designated by Ferris (1993), Bull. Allyn Mus. (138): 14, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♂ D UV.
The first reviser choice of harfordii over barbara was made by Skinner (1898), Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop.: 69.
= barbara Hy. Edwards, 1877
Pac. Coast. Lepid. (24): 7-8, 11.
Original Combination: Colias Barbara
Type Locality: “Santa Barbara...Gilroy”; lectotype from “San Bernardino California.” [San Bernardino County]
Types: Lectotype (#3440 7005) in AMNH, designated by Ferris (1993), Bull. Allyn Mus. (138): 13.
= ‡”weaverae” (Gunder, 1924)
Entomol. News 35(3): 156-157, pl. 2, fig. G ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Eurymus hartfordii ab. ♀ weaverae
Type Locality: “Warner Springs, San Diego County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 80, suggested that this may be a hybrid with C. eurytheme, but Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (116): 5, considered this within the normal range of variation in C. harfordii.
= ‡”martini” (Gunder, 1931)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 45.
Original Combination: Eurymus harfordii form ♀ martini
Type Locality: “South side of Arrowhead Lake, San Bernardino Co., Calif.” [Calfornia]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
349. Colias meadii W. H. Edwards, 1871
a. Colias meadii meadii W. H. Edwards, 1871
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 267-268, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Colias 8, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Meadii
Type Locality: Not stated; W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): [59], noted “Colorado...on the ‘divide’...Mt. Lincoln...Kenosha House”; defined as “Mosquito Pass” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 158-159; further defined as “Mosquito Pass, Park-Lake Counties, Colorado” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 91.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 93, fig. 22 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 36, fig. 5 ♂ D (lectotype), 6 ♀ D (paralectotype).
= ‡”andelis” Grum-Grshimailo, 1907
Opisan. puteshest. Zapad. Kitai 3: 424; cited W. H. Edwards (1892), Can. Entomol. 24(3): 54-55.
Original Combination: [Colias meadii] v? ab? andelis
Type Locality: “Hall Valley...Gibson Mountain” [Park and Saguache Counties, Colorado]
Types: “Syntypes” possibly in CMNH.
= ‡”medi” (Gunder, 1934)
Can. Entomol. 66(6): 125.
Original Combination: Eurymus meadii f. ♀ medi
Type Locality: “Breckenridge Peak (11,000 f.), Empire Co., Colorado” [probably Summit County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 194, no. 34.
Original Combination: [Colias meadii meadii] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Colias meadii elis Strecker, 1885
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 37(2): 24; (3): 25.
Original Combination: Colias Elis
Type Locality: “at an elevation of 10,000 feet...summit of ‘Kicking Horse Pass’, in the Rocky Mountains, between Alberta Territory and British Columbia, at the boundary between the United States and the British possessions, about 300 miles north of Montana”; defined as “Kicking Horse Pass, Banff National Park, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 39.
Types: Syntypes in FMNH; two figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 36, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♀ D.
= ‡”lambillioni” Dufrane, 1947
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1-2): 70.
Original Combination: [Colias elis] ab. lambillioni
Type Locality: “Canada”
Types: “Holotype” probably in MRAC.
c. Colias meadii lemhiensis N. Curtis & Ferris, 1985
Bull. Allyn Mus. (91): 2-7, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Colias meadii lemhiensis
Type Locality: “near Meadow Creek Lake, 4 mi. W. of Gilmore, 9100' (2775m), Lemhi Range, Salmon National Forest, Lemhi Co., Idaho”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
350. Colias johanseni Troubridge & Philip, 1990
Can. Entomol. 122(1/2): 16-17, figs. 1A ♂ D, 1B ♂ V (holotype); 2A ♀ D, 2B ♀ V, 3A ♂ V, 3B ♂ V.
Original Combination: Colias johanseni
Type Locality: “Canada, District of Mackenzie, Bernard Harbour, altitude 10 m” [Nunavut]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
351. Colias rankinensis Verhulst, 2009
Lambillionea 109(4): 421-422, pl. [1], figs. 1 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype), 2 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V, 3 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V 4 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V, 5 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V, 12 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V, 13 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V, pl [2], figs. 1 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V (holotype), 2 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V, 3 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V 4 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V, 5 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V, 11 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V, 12 ♀ D, 17 ♀ V, 13 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V, 14 ♀ D, 19 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias rankinensis
Type Locality: “Canada, Nunavut, Rankin Inlet, N 62°48’32.19, O 92° 6’26.25’”
Types: Holotype in Verhulst collection.
352. Colias hecla Lefèbvre, 1836
a. Colias hecla hecla Lefèbvre, 1836
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]5: 383-387, pl. 9B, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Hecla
Type Locality: “l'Islande”; determined to be “Groenlandia” by Zetterstedt, [1839], Ins. Lappon. (5): col. 908-909, no. 3.
Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.
= glacialis M'Lachlan, 1878
J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 14(74): 108.
Original Combination: Colias Hecla, var. Glacialis
Type Locality: “lat. 81o45'...Hayes Sound, lat. 79o...Discovery Bay” [latitude 81o45' refers to Lady Franklin Bay, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH; two figured by Ferris (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (63): figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, and (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (71): figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, 16 ♀ D, 17 ♀ V.
= zetterstedti Grum-Grshimailo, 1890
In: Romanov, Mém. Lépid. 4: 297, (note 157).
Original Combination: [Colias Hecla] var. Zetterstedti
Type Locality: “Groënland”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= pallida [Skinner], 1892
Entomol. News 3(3): 49, pl. 2, fig. 4 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias hecla var. pallida
Type Locality: “Greenland”; syntypes from “West Coast...McCormick Bay, Herbert Island and Disco.”
Types: Syntype (#7030) in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 75, fig. 4 & D.
The plate and accompanying legend were Skinner’s work as editor, although this is not stated in the publication. This taxon was redescribed by Skinner and Mengel (1892), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 44(5): 156-157.
= groenlandica Rühl, 1893
In: Rühl & Heyne, Palae. Grossschmett. 1(3): 158.
Original Combination: [Colias Hecla] var. groenlandica
Type Locality: “Labrador, Grönland”; “Greenland” implied from the derivation of the name.
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= ‡chrysothemoides Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (26-29): 356; (30-36): pl. 71, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♀ D; ind. syst.: xxxvii.
Original Combination: [Colias hecla hecla] forme chrysothemoides
Type Locality: “Territoire de Barren, 114o30' long. O., 67o40' lat. N., Am. boréale” implied from the legend to plate 71. [vic. Coppermine, Northwest Territories]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= ‡”palamedes” Hemming, 1934
Stylops 3(5): 98, no. 17.
Original Combination: Colias hecla palamedes
Proposed to replace Colias hecla var. pallida Skinner and Mengel 1892, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 44(5): 156-157, an unavailable name.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 194, no. 33.
Original Combination: [Colias hecla hecla] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Colias hecla hela Strecker, 1880
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(5): 33-34.
Original Combination: Colias Hela
Type Locality: “a considerable distance above Fort Churchill on west coast of Hudsons's Bay”; suggested to be “the vicinity of Eskimo Point” by Ferris (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (71): 10. [Arviat, Nunavut, Canada]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH; figured by Ferris (1982), Bull. Allyn Mus. (71): figs. 35 ♂ D, 36 ♂ V, 37 ♀ D, 38 ♀ V, 39 ♀ D, 40 ♀ V.
c. Colias hecla zamolodchikovi Churkin & Grieshuber, 2001
Helios 2: 178-180, pl. 15, figs. 5 ♂ D (holotype), 6 ♂ V, pl. 16, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias hecla zamolodchikovi
Type Locality: “Russia, East Chukotka, 20 km SE Ioni Lake, Gilmimlviem, [65o 48' N, 173o 22' W]” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Holotype in DSM.
353. Colias canadensis Ferris, 1982
Bull. Allyn Mus. (71): 11-14, figs. 49 ♂ D, 50 ♂ V (holotype); 51 ♀ D, 52 ♀ D, 53 ♂ D, 54 ♂ V, 55 ♀ D, 56 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias hecla canadensis
Type Locality: “mile 209, Alaska Highway, British Columbia, Canada”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (116): 12, elevated this taxon to the species-level.
*354. Colias tyche (Böber, 1812)
Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 3: 21, no. 7, pl. 1, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V; 320 (index, binomial combination).
Original Combination: [Papilio] Dan[aus]. Tyche
Type Locality: “Sibérie” implied from the title of the paper, but stated to be “des environs du lac Baïkal” by Böber, (1809), Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 2: 303. [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]
Types: Syntypes probably lost.
Grieshuber (1998), Lambillionea 98(1)(Tome 2): 126-134, 98(3)(Tome 2): 453-468, and (1998) 98(4)(Tome 1): 509-522, revised this species, and proposed the following synonymy.
= melinos Eversmann, 1847
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 20(2)(3): 72-73, no. 7, pl. 3, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias Melinos
Type Locality: “Sibiria orientali”; suggested to be “environs of Ulan-Ude” by Grieshuber (2004), Helios 5: 8. [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]
Types: Lectotype in ZIN, designated by Grieshuber (2004), Helios 5: 6-7, pl. 1, fig. 12 ♂ D.
= chloe Eversmann, 1847
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 20(2)(3): 73-74, no. 8, pl. 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Colias Chloë
Type Locality: “Sibiria orientali, in provincia Irkutskensi, circa Kiachtam”; suggested to be “environs of Ulan-Ude” by Grieshuber (2004), Helios 5: 6. [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]
Types: Lectotype in ZIN, designated by Grieshuber (2004), Helios 5: 5-6, pl. 1, fig. 10 ♂ D.
= magna Rühl, 1893
In: Heyne, Palae. Grossschmett. 1(3): 153.
Original Combination: [Colias Melinos] var. magna
Type Locality: “Baikalien” [Republic of Buryatia, Russia]
Types: Location type(s) not known.
= alpina Elwes, 1899
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond.(4)1899(3): 304, 319-320.
Original Combination: Colias melinos var. alpina
Type Locality: “the high bare mountains south of the Tchuja Steppe” Elwes' earlier itinerary (pages 298-299) allows the further definition to "Tachety River, Tschuja Steppe, 30 mi S Kuch Agatch, Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia." [Altai Mountains, Altai Republic, Altay kray, Russia]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH, ZMHB, and ZIN.
= vitimensis Austaut, 1899
Naturaliste (2)13(307): 284.
Original Combination: Colias Melinos V[ar]. Vitimensis
Type Locality: “des règions alpines de la Siberie orientale, où la rivière Vitim va se jeter dans le fleuve Lèna” [Sakha Autonomous Republic, Russia]
Types: Syntypes possibly in BMNH.
= herzi Staudinger, 1901
In: Staudinger and Rebel, Cat. Lepid. Palae. (3rd ed.): 15, no. 90a; cited Colias melinos Herz (1899), Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 11(2): 235.
Original Combination: [Colias Melinos] v. Herzi
Type Locality: “Sib. S. or. (Vilui)”; lectotype from “Podeibi” [Bodajbo, Irkutskaya oblast, Russia]
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Grieshuber, 2006, Helios 7: 79, pl. 16, fig. 4 ♂ D.
= deckerti Verity, [1909]
Rhop. palae. (21-23): 236 [30 Apr 1909]; (30-36): pl. 72, 27 ♂ D, 28 ♀ D; ind. syst.: xxxvi [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: [Colias melinos] var. deckerti
Type Locality: “Monts Apfel”; suggested to be “Pokrovka” by Grieshuber (1998), Lambillionea 98(1)(Tome 2): 130-131, no. 2. [Pokrofka, Chita Oblast, Russia]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH and ZMKU; figured by Chikolovets et al. (2002), Butterflies Transbaikal Siberia: pl. 7, figs. 8 ♂ D, 23 ♀ V.
= ‡”chryseis” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): 354, pl. 70, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♀ D; ind. syst.: xxxvi.
Original Combination: [Colias melinos] race chryseis
Type Locality: “l’Amour [Amur Oblast, Russia]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= ‡”montana” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): 354, pl. 70, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♀ D; ind. syst.: xxxvi.
Original Combination: [Colias melinos] race montana
Type Locality: “l’Altaï” implied from the text, “Montagnes de Tchuja, 1800-2400 m., S.E. l’Altaï” from the legend to plate 70. [Altai Republic, Altay Kray, Russia]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= montana Bollow, 1930
In: Seitz (1931), Grossschmett. Erde 1(Suppl.)(14): 108.
Original Combination: [Colias melinos chryseis
Bollow adopted Colias melinos race montana Verity [1911] to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= chryseis Bollow, 1930
In: Seitz (1931), Grossschmett. Erde 1(Suppl.)(14): 108-109.
Original Combination: [Colias melinos chryseis
Bollow adopted Colias melinos race chryseis Verity [1911] to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= ‡”ludmilla” Hemming, 1933
Entomol. 66(12)[847]: 278, no. 23.
Original Combination: Colias melinos ludmilla
Proposed to replace Colias melinos race chryseis Verity, 1911, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= jeholensis Matsumura, 1939
Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan 9(20): 344, no. 19; 348, no. 19, pl. 13, fig. 16 ♂ D (actually fig. 6).
Original Combination: Colias herzi form jeholensis
Type Locality: “Jehol...Mt. Kingan” [Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, China]
Types: Syntypes probably in EIHU.
= relicta Kurentsov, 1970
Butterflies Far East USSR: 38, fig. 28(4) ♂ D, fig. 29(8) ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: C[olias]. m[elinos]. relicta
Type Locality: [the mountains at the source of the Okhota River, where it favors a few peaks in the Verkhoyansk Range, to an elevation of 3000 meters above sea level]; holotype from [Burgakhchan]. [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Holotype in the IPBV; registered by Azarova (1986), Syst. Ecol. Lepid. Far East USSR: 122, no. 4; figured by Churkin et al. (2001), Helios 2: pl. 8, figs. 13 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V.
a. Colias tyche kolosovae Churkin, Grieshuber, Bogdanov & Zamolodchikov, 2001
Atalanta 32(1/2):262.
Original Combination: Colias tyche kolosovae
Proposed as a replacement name for Colias tyche olga Churkin, Grieshuber, Bogdanov & Zamolodchikov, 2001, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡olga Churkin, Grieshuber, Bogdanov & Zamolodchikov, 2001
Helios 2: 109-110, pl. 9, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ D (holotype); 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ D, 5 ♀ D, 15 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Colias tyche olga
Type Locality: “Russia, East Chukotka, 20 km SE Ioni Lake, Gilmimlviem, [65o 48' N, 173o 22' W]” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Holotype in DSM.
Preoccupied by Colias olga Romanoff, 1882, Romanoff, 1882, Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 17(3/4): 127, pl. 4, figs. 1-3.
b. Colias tyche thula Hovanitz, 1955
Wasmann J. Biol. 13(1): 2-4, fig. 1 ♂ D (holotype), ♀ D, fig. 2 ♂ V (holotype), ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias nastes thula
Type Locality: “near the Meade River, Alaska Territory, Alaska, N 70o 45' x 156o 30' W” [Meade River, S of Point Barrow, Alaska]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
c. Colias tyche boothii J. Curtis, 1835
In: Ross, Voy. Search Northwest Pass., Appendix: lxv-lxvi, no. 10, pl. A, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D, 5 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Colias] Boothii
Type Locality: “Arctic Regions”; determined from itineraries in vol. 1 and a letter from John Ross in vol. 2, Addenda: 732-735, to be the area bounded by 69.30 o-70.9o N lat. and 91.52o-93.0o W long., in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]
Types: Syntypes in USNM, ZMHB, BMNH and possibly UMO; figured by Verity [1907], Rhop. palae. (11/12): pl. 43, fig. 37 ♂ D, pl. 44, fig. 4 ♂ V and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, fig. 30 ♂ D, and W. Holland and Avinoff (1935), Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(part 2, section 5): pl. 26, figs. 12, 12a ♂ D&V, 12, 13a ♀ D&V.
= chione J. Curtis, 1835
In: Ross, Voy. Search Northwest Pass., Appendix: lxvi-lxvii, no. 11, pl. A, fig. 6 ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Colias] Chione
Type Locality: “Arctic Regions”; determined from itineraries in vol. 1 and a letter from John Ross in vol. 2, Addenda: 732-735, to be the area bounded by 69.30 o-70.9o N lat. and 91.52o-93.0o W long., in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]
Types: Syntypes in UMO and USNM; figured by Verity [1907], Rhop. palae. (30-36): pl. 71, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ D, W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 73, fig. 33 ♂ D and W. Holland and Avinoff (1935), Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(part 2, section 5): pl. 26, figs. 11, 11a ♂ D&V.
355. Colias nastes Boisduval, 1832
a. Colias nastes nastes Boisduval, 1832
Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(4): pl. 8, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V (1832); (24): 245-246 [1834].
Original Combination: Colias Nastes
Type Locality: “Cap-Nord et en Islande...Labrador” McDunnough (1928), Can. Entomol. 60(11): 270, suggested that the original figures resembled specimens from Labrador more than those from Iceland and Norway.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by W. Holland and Avinoff (1935), Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(2)(5)(II): 11, pl. 26, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V.
= rossii Guenée, 1864
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (4)4(2): 199-200.
Original Combination: Colias Rossii
Type Locality: Not stated. The reference to Curtis' Voyage in the text implies the area bounded by 69.30 o-70.9o N lat. and 91.52o-93.0o W long., in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition. This is based on Ross (1835), Voy. Search Northwest Pass., itineraries in vol. 1, and a letter from John Ross in vol. 2 Addenda: 732-735. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by W. Holland and Avinoff (1935), Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(2)(5): pl. 26, figs. 8, 8a ♂ D&V (lectotype), 10, 10a ♀ D&V (paralectotype); figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 49, figs. 27 ♂ D (lectotype), 28 ♀ D (paralectotype).
= gueneei Avinoff, 1935
In: W. Holland and Avinoff, Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12(2)(5): 13-14, no. 10, 32, pl. 27, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 11 ♀ D, 21-22 ♂ D, 25-27 ♀ D, 31-32 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Colias nastes gueneei subsp. nov.
Type Locality: “Southhampton [sic!] Island” [Southampton Island, Nunavut]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= variabilis Verhulst, 2009
Lambillionea 109(4): 422, pl. [3], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5-14 ♂ D, 19-20 ♂ V, 16-18 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias nastes variabilis
Type Locality: “Canada, Nunavut, Southampton Island, Coral Harbour, N 64°09’9178’’, O 083°09’9280’”
Types: Holotype in J. Verhulst coll.
= ‡”standfussi” Röber, 1909
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 91.
Original Combination: [Colias pelidne] form standfussi
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Syntypes probably in ZMHB.
Described in the text as a possible hybrid or aberration, and treated as unavailable on that account (Code Article 1.3.3).
= ‡”heclides” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): ind. syst.: xxxvii; cited 354, pl. 71, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Colias nastes werdandi werdandi] form heclides
Type Locality: “Labrador”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
b. Colias nastes moina Strecker, 1880
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 3(5): 34.
Original Combination: Colias Moina
Type Locality: “a considerable distance above Fort Churchill on west coast of Hudson's Bay” implied from the description of Colias hela; suggested to be “the vicinity of Eskimo Point, Northwest Territories” by Ferris (1985), Bull. Allyn Mus. (96): 31-32. [Arviat, Nunavut, Canada]
Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Ferris (1985), Bull. Allyn Mus. (96): 32, figs. 109 ♂ D, 110 ♂ V.
= ‡”harperi” (Gunder, 1932)
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 278.
Original Combination: Eurymus nastes moina tr. f. harperi
Type Locality: “Ft. Churchill, Manitoba, Can.”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
c. Colias nastes aliaska O. Bang-Haas, 1927
Horae Macrolepid. 1(3): 41, pl. 5, figs. 24 ♂ D, 25 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias nastes aliaska
Type Locality: “Alaska: Ramport [sic!]” [Rampart]
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB; figured by Verhulst (2004), Lambillionea 104(1)(Tome 1): ♂ D&V, ♀ D&V.
= subarctica (McDunnough, 1928)
Can. Entomol. 60(11): 271.
Original Combination: [Eurymus nastes] subarctica
Type Locality: “Bernard Harbour, N. W. T.” [Nunavut]
Types: Holotype (#2863) in CNC; figured by Ferris (1985), Bull. Allyn Mus. (96): fig. 120 ♂ D, 121 ♂ V.
= ferrisi Verhulst, 2004
Lambillionea 104(1)(Tome 1): 129-130, pl. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V, 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V, 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V, 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias nastes ferrisi
Type Locality: “Canada, Yukon Terr. Dempster Hwy., Ricahrdson Mts., 980 m, env. Glacier Creek”
Types: Holotype in IRSN.
= ‡”cocandicides” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): 335 (as rossii), pl. 71, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♂ V (as rossi [sic!]); ind. syst.: xxxvii (as cocandicides).
Original Combination: [Colias nastes rossii] cocandicides
Type Locality: “Territoire de Barren, 114o30' long. O., 67o40' lat. N., Am. boréale” implied from the legend to plate 71. [vic. Coppermine River, Nunavut]
Types: “Types” in BMNH.
d. Colias nastes dezhnevi Korshunov, 1995
In: Korshunov and Gorbunov, Butterflies Asiatic Russia: 67.
Original Combination: Colias nastes dezhnevi
Proposed to replace Colias nastes sibirica Kurentsov, 1970, with the same data. (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡sibirica Kurentsov, 1970
Butterflies Far East USSR: 35, fig. 29(3) ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: C[olias]. n[astes]. sibirica
Type Locality: [Chukotka peninsula west to the lower reaches of the Kolyma River]; lectotype from [Chap[linskie] kl[yuchi], gor[naya] t[undra]. [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Lectotype in IPBV, designated by Churkin et al. (2001), Helios 2: pl. 8 figs. 14 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V.
Preoccupied by Colias aurora sibirica Lederer, 1852, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 2: 18.
e. Colias nastes streckeri Grum-Grshimailo, 1895
Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 29(1/2): 290-291, no. 2.
Original Combination: Colias Nastes var. Streckeri
Type Locality: “provincia Alberta ad Laggan”; restricted to “vicinity of...Lake Louise, Banff National Park, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 40.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH, ZIN and ZMKU. A ‘lectotype” in FMNH, designated by Ferris (1985), Bull. Allyn Mus. (96): 35, figs. 123 ♂ D, 124 ♂ V, is not a syntype and thus invalid.
= dioni Verhulst, 1999
Lambillionea 99(4)(Tome 2): 624, no. 4, pl. 2, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D, 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias nastes dioni
Type Locality: “Canada, Alberta, Kananaskis Co., Plateau Mountain, 2650 m”
Types: Holotype in IRSN.
= ‡”obscurata” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): 354-355, pl. 71, fig. 6 ♂ D; ind. syst.: xxxvi.
Original Combination: [Colias nastes] race streckeri ab. obscurata
Type Locality: “Lake Louise, Alberta” implied from the legend to plate 71.
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH.
= ‡”palliflava” (McDunnough, 1927)
Can. Entomol. 59(7): 154.
Original Combination: [Eurymus nastes streckeri] ab. palliflava
Type Locality: “higher slopes of Mt. McLean (above 6500 ft.)” [British Columbia]
Types: “Holotype” (#2425) in CNC.
356. Colias scudderii Reakirt, 1865
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(2): 217-218, no. 2.
Original Combination: Colias Scudderii
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory”; redefined as “vic. Empire, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 83; neotype from “east slope of Berthoud Pass along Hwy. 40 at Hoop Creek in the Arapahoe National Forest, 10,800', Clear Creek Co., Colorado”
Types: Neotype in MGCL, designated by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn. Mus. (112): 7, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.
= flavotincta Cockerell, 1901
Psyche 9(10)[300]: 187; cited W. H. Edwards (1872), Butterflies N. Am. [1](10): pl. Colias 8, fig. 5 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias scudderi var. flavotincta
Type Locality: “New Mexico”; redefined as “upper Arkansas River Valley” or “the vicinity of Twin Lakes, Lake Co. Colorado” by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 8-9.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 10, figs. 14 ♀ D, 15 ♀ V.
= ruckesi Klots, 1937
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 45(3/4): 324-326.
Original Combination: Colias scudderi ruckesi
Type Locality: “Windsor [sic!] Creek Canyon, west of Cowles, N. Mex.” [Winsor Creek Canyon, San Miguel County, New Mexico]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 8, determined this synonymy.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 200, no. 42.
Original Combination: [Colias scudderi] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
357. Colias gigantea Strecker, 1900
a. Colias gigantea inupiat Harry, 2007
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv.6(7): 1-2, pl 1, % D&V (holotype), & D&V.
Original Combination: Colias gigantea inupiat
Type Locality: “Alaska, Mile 323 Dalton Hwy, 68°59.01'N 148°49.94'W, 365 meters elevation”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Colias gigantea gigantea Strecker, 1900
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 19.
Original Combination: Colias pelidne var. gigantea
Type Locality: “west coast Hudson Bay, above Fort York” [York Factory, Manitoba]
Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 14, figs. 30 ♂ D, 31 ♂ V.
= pelidneides Staudinger, 1901
In: Staudinger and Rebel, Cat. Lepid. Palae. (3rd ed.): 15, no. 86i.
Original Combination: [Colias Palaeno] v. Pelidneides
Type Locality: “Amer. bor. (Hudson Bay, Alaska)”; defined as “Hudson Bay” by Ferris (1987), Bull. Allyn Mus. (112): 14. [Manitoba]
Types: Syntypes in ZMHB; “types” figured by Verity [1911], Rhop. palae. (30-36): pl. 68, figs. 47 ♂ D, 48 ♀ D, labeled “Hudson Bay, Alaska.”
c. Colias gigantea mayi F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940
Can. Entomol. 72(4): 81.
Original Combination: Colias christina mayi
Type Locality: “Riding Mountains, Manitoba”
Types: Holotype in CNC.
= nortepacifica Hammond & McCorkle, 2008
J. Lepid. Soc. 62(4): 214, figs. 1(24) ♂ D (holotype), (25) ♂ D.
Original Combination: Colias scudderii nortepacifica
Type Locality: “British Columbia, Nimpo Lake” [Canada]
Types: Holotype in OSAC.
Hammond & McCorkle described this taxon based on three male specimens. It is uncertain whether this is a valid taxon as described, a synonym of some other Colias gigantea subspecies, or even Colias occidentalis. Until such time as this can be determined, this name is listed here.
= ‡”marjorie” F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940
Can. Entomol. 72(4): 82.
Original Combination: Colias christina mayi ♀ form marjorie
Type Locality: “Riding Mountains, Manitoba”
Types: “Holotype” in CNC.
d. Colias gigantea harroweri Klots, 1940
Am. Mus. Novit. (1054): 4-6.
Original Combination: Colias gigantea harroweri
Type Locality: “Clear Creek, vicinity Lower Green River Lake, Sublette Co., Wyo., alt. 8400 ft.” [Wyoming]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 97, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.
= gracemma Hammond & McCorkle, 2008
J. Lepid. Soc. 62(4): 208, figs. 1(6) ♂ D (holotype), (7) ♂ V, (8) ♂ V, (9) ♀ D, (10) ♀ V, (11) ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias scudderii gracemma
Type Locality: “Wyoming, Johnson County, summit of Big Horn Mountains near Cloud Peak Wilderness Area”
Types: Holotype in OSAC.
= kohleri Hammond & McCorkle, 2008
J. Lepid. Soc. 62(4): 209-210, figs. 1(17) ♂ D (holotype), (18) ♂ V, (19) ♀ D, (20) ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias scudderii kohleri
Type Locality: “Montana, Beaverhead County, summit of the Pioneer Mountains”
Types: Holotype in OSAC.
358. Colias pelidne Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]
a. Colias pelidne pelidne Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (7): pl. 21, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V; (8): 66-67; figured by Boisduval (1832), Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(4): pl. 8, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: C[olias]. Pelidne
Type Locality: “Groenland et l'Islande...Labrador”; inferred from the figures to be “NE coast of Labrador” by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): 9. [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: A “type” may be in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
= labradorensis Scudder, 1862
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9: 107-108, 1 unnumbered fig.
Original Combination: Colias labradorensis
Type Locality: “Caribou Island, Strait of Belle Isle, Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Lectotype (#5082) in MCZ, designated by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): 10, figs. 28 ♂ D, 29 ♂ V.
= ‡”moeschleri” Grum-Grshimailo, 1894
Horae Entomol. Soc. ross. 27(3/4): 379, no. 1.
Original Combination: Colias Pelidne ab. ♀ Moeschleri
Type Locality: “Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: “Holotype” in ZMHB; figured by Verity [1911], Rhop. palae. (30-36): pl. 68, fig. 50 ♀ D.
= ‡”mira” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): 347; pl. 68, fig. 49 ♂ D (“holotype”); ind. syst.: xxxiv.
Original Combination: [Colias pelidne] ab. mira
Type Locality: “Ravea dans le Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 200, no. 41.
Original Combination: [Colias pelidne] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”canda” Raineri & Carnevale, 1998
Annali Mus. civ. Storia nat. "Giacomo Doria" 92: 267.
Original Combination: Colias pelidne v. canda chippewa
Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
b. Colias pelidne skinneri W. Barnes, 1897
Can. Entomol. 29(2): 41-42.
Original Combination: Colias pelidne, var. Skinneri
Type Locality: “Yellowstone National Park...Arangie, Idaho”; lectotype from “Yellowstone National Park.” [Wyoming]
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by W. Barnes and Benjamin (1926), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25: 89; figured by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): figs. 43 ♀ D, 44 ♀ V; “types” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♀ D.
= minisni W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 67, pl. 7, fig. 7 ♂ D, cited Bean (1895), Psyche 7(228): 228.
Original Combination: [Eurymus pelidne] minisni
Type Locality: “Laggan, Alta.” [Alberta]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
This was taxon was described by indication (Code Articles 12.1, 12.2); this name was listed without a description or indication by Bean (1895), ibid; a nomen nudum.
= ‡”neri” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no 69b.
Original Combination: Eurymus pelidne skinneri form ♀ neri
Type Locality: “Yellowstone Park, Wyo.” [Wyoming]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM; figured by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): figs. 45 ♀ D, 46 ♀ V.
= ‡”isni” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no. 69c.
Original Combination: Eurymus pelidne minisni form ♀ isni
Type Locality: “Laggan, Alta.” [Alberta]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM; figured by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): figs. 47 ♀ D, 48 ♀ V.
359. Colias interior Scudder, 1862
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9: 108-109, 1 unnumbered fig.
Original Combination: Colias interior
Type Locality: “Northern shore of Lake Superior...mouth of the Sakatchewan River, British America”; defined as “the Portage at the rapids near the mouth of the Saskatchewan River” by H. Hagen (1883), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 22: 159; further defined as “Mouth of the Saskatchewan River, vic. Grand Rapids, W. shore of Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba” by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): 2.
Types: Holotype (#5081) in MCZ, figured by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
= laurentina (Scudder, 1876)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 18(2): 190.
Original Combination: [Eurymus Philodice] var. laurentina
Type Locality: “Cape Breton Island” implied from title of paper; neotype from “Baddeck, Cape Breton I., Nova Scotia”
Types: Neotype in CNC, designated by Ferris (1988), Bull. Allyn Mus. (122): 7, figs. 24 ♂ D, 25 ♂ V; a pseudotype (#29299) in MCZ.
= vividior Berger, 1945
Lambillionea 45(6-8): 42.
Original Combination: [Colias interior] vividior
Type Locality: “Wisconsin (Eagle River et Oneida)” [Vilas and Outagamie counties]
Types: Holotype probably in MRAC (Berger collection).
= ‡”nepi” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 89, no. 65.
Original Combination: Eurymus interior form [♀] nepi
Type Locality: “Nepigon [sic!], Ontario” [Nipigon, Thunder Bay County, Ontario]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
‡”solivaga” W. H. Edwards, 1877
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 17, under no. 68.
Original Combination: Colias Solivaga
Published in the synonymy of interior without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 199, no. 39.
Original Combination: [Colias interior] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
*360. Colias palaeno (Linnaeus, 1761)
Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 272, no. 1041.
Original Combination: Papilio [Heliconius] Palaeno
Type Locality: “Pteride rarissime Uppsaliae, frequentior in Finlandia” [Uppsala, South Uppland, Sweden and Finland]
Types: Syntypes in LSUK.
Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not included.
= philomene Hübner, [1805]
Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 117, figs. 602 ♂ D, 603 ♂ V [1805]; pl. 147, figs. 740 ♀ D, 741 ♀ V [1816].
Original Combination: [Papilio] Philomene
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= lapponica Staudinger, 1871
In: Staudinger and Wocke, Cat. Lepid. Europ. (2nd ed.): 5, no. 58a; cited Herrich-Schäffer (1848), Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europa 1(36): pl. 85, figs. 403 ♀ D, 404 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Colias Palaeno] v. Lapponica
Type Locality: “Lap. Ross. s.” [Murmanskaya Oblast, Russia]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
a. Colias palaeno chippewa W. H. Edwards, 1870
Syn. Butterflies N. Am.: 8, no. 15.
Original Combination: Colias Chippewa
Type Locality: “Great Slave Lake” [Northwest Territories]
Proposed to replace Colias helena W. H. Edwards, 1863, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
Some authors have treated chippewa as a species distinct from palaeno (e.g., Maey (1986), Mitt. Arbeitsg. westfälischer Lepid. Entomol. Ver. Beiheft 1: 70, Tuzov (1996), Actias 2(1/2): 106). These have been anecdotal and a thorough analysis of taxa occurring on both sides of the Bering Straits is necessary; see Grieshuber and Worthy (2004), Helios 5: 32-36.
= ‡helena W. H. Edwards, 1863
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, 80, no. 3; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Colias 1, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias Helena
Type Locality: “Mackenzie's River”; lectotype from “Slave Lake”; defined as “near the west end of Great Slave Lake, North West Territory, Canada” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 54.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 55, fig. 11 ♂ [not ♀] D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 68, fig. 30 ♂ D.
Preoccupied by Colias helena Herrich-Schäffer, 1844, Europ. Schmett. 1(7): pl. 45, figs. 206-207.
= ‡”kohlsaati” (Gunder, 1931)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 45.
Original Combination: Eurymus chippewa form ♀ kohlsaati
Type Locality: “Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
b. Colias palaeno baffinensis Ebner & Ferris, [1978]
J. Res. Lepid. 16(3): 156, 159-160, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Colias palaeno baffinensis
Type Locality: “Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, N. W. T., Canada” [Nunavut]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
361. Colias behrii W. H. Edwards, 1866
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 201, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Colias 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Colias Behrii
Type Locality: “Yo Semite Mountains at an elevation of about 10,000 feet above the sea”; defined as “vicinity of Tioga Pass, Tuolumne-Mono counties, California” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 51-52.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 52, fig. 10 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 36, fig. 17 ♂ D.
= ‡”canescens” (J. A. Comstock, 1925)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(1): 3; 25(2): pl. 16, fig. 4 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Eurymus behrii form canescens
Type Locality: “Tioga Pass, Yosemite, Calif.” [Tuolumne-Mono counties, California]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 16, fig. 4 ♀ D.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described for the whitish female form.
Genus Zerene Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 97. Type-species: Papilio cesonia Stoll, 1790, Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 176-177, pl. 41, figs. 2, 2b; 382 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 59. Pollock et al. (1998), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91(5): 524-531, suggested that Colias and Zerene may be sister taxa.
= ‡Megonostoma Reakirt, [1864]
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 356. Type-species: Papilio cesonia Stoll, 1790, Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3) : 176-177, pl. 41, figs. 2, 2b; 182 (index), by designation of Butler (1870), Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 46. A junior objective synonym of Zerene Hübner, [1819].
362. Zerene cesonia (Stoll, 1790)
a. Zerene cesonia cesonia (Stoll, 1790)
Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 176-177, pl. 41, figs. 2 ♂ D, 2b ♂ V; 382 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus] Cesonia
Type Locality: “Georgien in Noord-America” “Georgie, dans lAmerique Septentrionale” [Georgia]
Types: Syntype(s) probably in RMNH (Raye van Breukelerwaerth collection), as noted by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 144, no. 28.
This name was spelled “sesonia” in the French text (p. 176), representing an incorrect original spelling (it is spelled cesonia in the Dutch text and index); it has widely been misspelled as “caesonia,” attributable to Godart (1819), in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 98, no. 31.
= philippa (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 211, no. 660.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. Philippa
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= centralamericana (Röber, 1909)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 93.
Original Combination: [Maganostoma [sic!] cesonia] centralamericana
Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Honduras.”
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Revta Lepid. 21(83): 144, no. 28.
= rosea (Röber, 1909)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(29): 94.
Original Combination: [Maganostoma [sic!] cesonia] rosea
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Lamas (1993), Revta Lepid. 21(83): 152, no. 110.
= ‡”rosa” (M'Neill, 1889)
Can. Entomol. 21(3): 43-45.
Original Combination: [Colias caesonia] [female...dimorphic or...aberrant form] rosa
Type Locality: “low-lying field, on the banks of the Mississippi, three miles east of Moline” [Rock Island County, Illinois]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= ‡”immaculsecunda” Gunder, 1928
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 4(3): 102, pl. 2, top row, left (“holotype”), bottom row, left.
Original Combination: Zerene caesonia immaculsecunda form ♀
Type Locality: “Pinery Canyon, Arizona” [Cochise County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
Neck (1981), J. Lepid. Soc. 35(1): 223-224, determined that this name probably represents a migratory form.
= ‡”stainkeae” (W. D. Field, 1936)
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.
Original Combination: Colias (Zerene) caesonia tr. f. stainkeae
Type Locality: “Donna, Texas” [Hidalgo County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”albida” Vázquez, 1949
An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 19(2): 470-471.
Original Combination: Zerene caesonia f[orma]. albida
Type Locality: “Tierra Blanca, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
363. Zerene eurydice (Boisduval, 1855)
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (3)3(1): xxxii.
Original Combination: Colias Eurydice
Type Locality: “des montagnes de la Californie”; defined as “vicinity of Alpine Dam, Lagunitas Creek, Marin County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 23, figs. 156 ♂ D, 157 ♂ V.
= lorquini (Boisduval, 1855)
Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (3)3(1): xxxii.
Original Combination: Rhodocera Lorquini
Type Locality: “des montagnes de la Californie”; defined as “vicinity of Alpine Dam, Lagunitas Creek, Marin County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24, figs. 156 ♂ D, 157 ♂ V.
= wosnesenskii (Ménétriés, 1855)
Enum. corp. anim. (1): 14 (as wosnesenskii); 77-78, no. 253 (as vosnesenskii), pl. 1, fig. 4 ♂ D&V (as vosnesenskii).
Original Combination: Colias Wosnesenskii
Type Locality: “Nouvelle Californie” [California]
Types: Syntype(s) should be in ZIN.
Lamas (2004d), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 103, made a first reviser choice of wosnesenskii over vosnesenskii.
= helena (Reakirt, [1864])
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 358, no. 2.
Original Combination: Megonostoma Helena
Type Locality: “?Chiapas” probably in error.
Types: Syntype in FMNH.
= bernardino (W. H. Edwards, 1887)
Butterflies N. Am. 3(1): [71-72], pl. Colias 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (lectotoype), 3 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Colias Eurydice] Bernardino
Type Locality: “San Bernardino” [San Bernardino County, California]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 97, fig. 23 ♂ D&V.
It is possible that this name was intended for an infrasubspecific form, but this is not clear from the text.
= ‡”amorphae” (Hy. Edwards, 1877)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 169.
Original Combination: C[olias]. eurydice Var. Amorphae
Type Locality: “Mendocino County” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”fanniae” Gunder, 1924
Entomol. News 35(5): 158, pl. 2, fig. K ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice ab. ♂ fanniae
Type Locality: “San Bernardino Mts., San Bernardino Co., California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 12, fig. 8 ♂ D.
= ‡”newcombi” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(1): 4, no. 7, pl. 1, fig. R ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice ab. ♂ newcombi
Type Locality: “San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 12, fig. 10 ♂ D.
= ‡”masumbrosus” Gunder, 1928
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 4(3): 100-101, pl. 1, figs. 1-6 ♀ D; fig. 3 (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice masumbrosus form ♀
Type Locality: “California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”lineainita” Gunder, 1928
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 4(3): 101-102, pl. 1, top row, fifth (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice lineainita form ♂
Type Locality: “San Bernardino mountains, California” [San Bernardino and Riverside counties]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”doudoroffi” Gunder, 1932
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 125.
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice tr. f. doudoroffi
Type Locality: “Lake Alpine, Fairfax, Marin County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”nigrocapitata” Riddell, 1941
Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 91(9): 452 pl. 1, fig. 4 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice ab. nigrocapitata
Type Locality: “California: Mill Creek Canyon, San Bernardino Mountains...5000 feet” [San Bernardino County]
Types: “Holotype” in CAS.
= ‡”marginata” Riddell, 1941
Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 91(9): 453, pl. 1, fig. 6 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice form marginata
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino Mountains, 5000 feet above sea level” [San Bernardino and Riverside counties]
Types: “Holotype” in CAS.
= ‡”flavolineata” Riddell, 1941
Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 91(9): 454, pl. 2, fig. 1 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice ab. flavolineata
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino Mountains, 5000 feet above sea level” [San Bernardino and Riverside counties]
Types: “Holotype” in CAS.
= ‡”rubrosuffusa” Riddell, 1941
Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 91(9): 452, pl. 2, figs. 8 ♂ V (“holotype”), 9 ♂ D, pl. 3, fig. 7 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Zerene eurydice form rubrosuffusa
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino Mountains, 5000 feet above sea level” [San Bernardino and Riverside counties]
Types: “Holotype” in CAS.
‡”alba” (Scott, 1986)
Butterflies N. Am.: 202, no. 45.
Original Combination: [Colias eurydice] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
Genus Anteos Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 99. Type-species: Papilio maerula Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 479, no. 157, by designation of Godman and Salvin (1889), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(79): 148.
= ‡Amynthia Swainson, 1831
Zool. Illustr. (2)2(14): pl. 65 [actually 63], unnumbered text. Type-species: Papilio maerula Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 479, no. 157, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Anteos Hübner, [1819].
= Klotsius Hemming, 1964
Annot. Lepid. (4): 148. Type-species: Mancipium menippe Hübner, [1818], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [147], figs. 1, 2, by original designation.
364. Anteos clorinde (Godart, [1824])
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 813-814, nos. 1-2.
Original Combination: Colias Clorinde
Type Locality: “Brésil” [Brazil]
Types: Syntype(s) in MNHP.
= swainsonia (Swainson, 1831)
Zool. Illustr. (2)2(14): pl. 65 [actually 63] ♂ D&V, unnumbered text.
Original Combination: Amynthia Swainsonia
Type Locality: “interior of Pernambuco...Brazil”
Types: Type(s) probably lost; collection auctioned in 1840.
= godarti (Perty, 1833)
Delect. Anim. Art. Bras. (3): 152, pl. 29, figs. 4 ♂ D, 4b ♂ V.
Original Combination: Colias Godarti
Type Locality: “Piauhy” [Piaui, Brazil]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= nivifera (Fruhstorfer, 1907)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 294.
Original Combination: [Rhodocera] maerula nivifera
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Holotype may be in ZSMC.
= ‡”atromarginatus” Vázquez, 1952
An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 22(2): 535, fig. 1 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Anteos clorinde f[orma]. fem[inina]. atromarginatus
Type Locality: “Tierra Blanca, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: “Syntypes” in MGCL.
365. Anteos maerula (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 479, no. 157.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Maerula
Type Locality: “America”; provisionally determined be “Jamaica” by D. Bates (1935), Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 78(2): 139; stated as “probably Jamaica” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 190.
Types: Syntypes in HMUG.
= lacordairei (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 600, no. 3.
Original Combination: Rhodocera Lacordairei
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Syntype in MNHP.
As first revisers, L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 85, accorded precedence to lacordairei over gueneeana.
= gueneeana (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 601, no. 5.
Original Combination: Rhodocera Gueneeana
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= ‡”flava” (Röber, 1909)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(26): 89.
Original Combination: [Gonepteryx maerula] ab. flava
Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Cuba.”
Types: “Lectotype” in MTD, designated by Lamas (1995), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 23(91): 344.
Genus Phoebis Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 98. Type-species: Phoebis cypris Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 98, no. 1044 (and unjustified emendation of Papilio cipris Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 5, pl. 99, figs. E, F; (16): 148 (index); = Papilio argante Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 470, no. 116; synonym), by designation of Butler (1873), Lepid. Exot. (13): 155.
= ‡Colias Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 99. Type-species: Papilio sennae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 470, no. 72, by designation of Hemming (1939), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)8(7): 136. Preoccupied by Colias [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284.
= Callidryas Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (8): 73. Type-species: Papilio eubule Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 764, no. 102 (= Papilio sennae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 470, no. 72; synonym), by designation of Blanchard (1840), in: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 432.
= ‡Metura Butler, 1873
Lepid. Exot. (13): 155. Type-species: Callidryas bracteolata Butler, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(2): 458, pl. 26, fig. 6 (= Colias neocypris Hübner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [136], figs. 1, 2; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 218, no. 695. Preoccupied by Metura Walker, 1855, in: Allen's Nat. Libr., Lepid. 2: 229.
= Parura W. F. Kirby, 1896
In: Allen, Nat. Libr. Lepid. 2: 229. Type-species: Callidryas bracteolata Butler, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(2): 458, pl. 26, fig. 6 (= Colias neocypris Hübner, [1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [136], figs. 1, 2; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Metura Butler, 1873, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
366. Phoebis sennae (Linnaeus, 1758)
a. Phoebis sennae sennae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 470, no. 72; cited Sloane (1725), Voy. Mad. Barb. Niev. St. Christ. Jam. 2: pl. 236, figs. 11, 12, and Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 58, among others.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus Candidus]. Sennae
Type Locality: “Americes”; possibly “Jamaica” from reference to Sloane.
Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 379.
= ‡”sennalba” F. Brown, 1929
Am. Mus. Novit. (368): 8-9.
Original Combination: Phoebis eubule sennae female form sennalba
Type Locality: “7 kilometers north of Viñales, Cuba” [Pinar del Rio]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
b. Phoebis sennae eubule (Linnaeus, 1767)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 764, no. 102; cited G. Edwards (1760) Glean. Nat. Hist. 2: pl. 304.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus Candidus] Eubule
Type Locality: “Carolina”; suggested to be “vic. of Charleston, South Carolina” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 86. [Charleston County]
Types: Type(s) apparently lost.
= drya (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 478, no. 153.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Drya
Type Locality: “America”; suggested to be “vic. of Charleston, South Carolina” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 86. [Charleston County]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= ‡”pallida” (Cockerell, 1889)
Entomol. 22(308): 5; cited French (1886), Butterflies E. U. S.: 122.
Original Combination: Callidryas sennae pallida ♀
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: “Type” is apparently lost.
= ‡”lichas” (d'Almeida, 1922)
Mélanges Lépid. 1: 56, no. 43; cited Boisduval and Le Conte [1830], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (8): pl. 24, fig. 3 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Catopsilia Eubule] Form. aberr. Lichas
Type Locality: Not specifically stated, but probably “Georgia” based on the figures by John Abbot in Boisduval and Le Conte.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. A “syntype” is in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such “types” from the Boisduval collection.
= ‡”browni” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 20.
Original Combination: Phoebis sennae race eubule female f. browni
Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 204, no. 50.
Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae ♀] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”rosa” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 204, no. 50.
Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae] winter form rosa
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
c. Phoebis sennae marcellina (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(14): 103, pl. 163, fig. A ♂ (not ♀) D, B ♀ (possibly a different species and may be ♂) V, C ♂ V; (16): 149 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Marcellina
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Presumed syntypes (#665067, 665068) in BMNH, but both are Phoebis argante ♀♀.
= hyperici (Sepp, [1832])
Surinaam. Vlinders [1](5): 45, pl. 19.
Original Combination: Papilio Hyperici
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Type(s) lost.
= rhadia (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 617, no. 11.
Original Combination: Callidryas Rhadia
Type Locality: “Senegal, île Maurice” in error. [Mauritius, West Africa]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= yamana (Reakirt, [1864])
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(3): 352, no. 3.
Original Combination: C[allidryas]. Yamana
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Type(s) may be in CMNH or lost.
= ‡”schausi” (Oberthür, 1912)
Étud. Lépid. Comp. 6: 328, pl. 126, fig. 1116 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Callidryas Eubule-Schausi
Type Locality: “Nouvelle- Fribourg” [Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”fugax” (d'Almeida, 1922)
Mélanges Lépid. 1: 57-58, no. 44; figured by d'Almeida (1940), Arq. Zool. São Paulo 1(3): pl. 4, fig. 7.
Original Combination: [Catopsilia Eubule] form. Fugax
Type Locality: Not stated; “neotype” from “Piedade, rio de Janeiro” [Brazil]
Types: “Neotype” (#1089) in UFPC, designated by Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 323, fig. 2 ♂ D&V, but this designation was not in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”giacomellii” Köhler, 1923
Z. wiss. InsektBiol. 18(12)(Sonderheft): 16, unnumbered fig. ♀ V.
Original Combination: Catopsilia eubule f. Giacomellii
Type Locality: “La Rioja” [Argentina]
Types: “Syntype” in MLP.
= ‡”minor” Dufrane, 1947
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 64.
Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae marcellina] minor
Type Locality: Not stated; “lectotype” from “Bolivia.”
Types: “Lectotype” in IRSN, designated by Lamas (1981), Revta. Cienc. (Lima) 73(1): 58.
= ‡”albescens” Dufrane, 1947
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 64.
Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae marcellina] ab. albescens
Type Locality: “Brésil”
Types: “Holotype” in IRSN.
= ‡”major” Dufrane, 1947
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 65.
Original Combination: [Phoebis sennae marcellina] major
Type Locality: “Brésil”; lectotype from “Peru.”
Types: “Lectotype” in IRSN, designated by Lamas (1981), Revta. Cienc. (Lima) 73(1): 56.
367. Phoebis philea (Linnaeus, 1763)
a. Phoebis philea philea (Linnaeus, 1763)
In: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 21, no. 59; cited Rösel von Rosenhof (1761), Der monat. Insect.-Belustig. 4: pl. 3, fig. 5; often cited as published in Amoen. acad. 6: 404, no. 59, a subsequent reprint.
Original Combination: Papilio D[anaus]. Philea.
Type Locality: “Indiis”; suggested to be “Surinam” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 86.
Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 363.
= aricye (Cramer, 1776)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(8): 147, pl. 94, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (8): 151 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus] Candidi Aricye
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Godart (1819), in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (86), 94, unjustifiably emended this to “aricia” and on page 94 misspelled it “aricie.”
= melanippe (Stoll, 1781)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(31): 139-140, pl. 361, figs. E ♀ D, F ♀ V; (34): 250 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Melanippe
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= corday (Hübner, [1819])
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 99, no. 1053; cited Papilio philea Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(15): pl. 173, figs. E, F, and Mancipium argante Hübner [1814], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [145].
Original Combination: Colias Corday
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname” implied from the reference to Cramer.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= lollia (Godart, 1819)
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (86), 94, no. 15.
Original Combination: Colias Lollia
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP.
= ‡”obsoleta” (Niepelt, 1920)
Int. Entomol. Z. 14(3): 17.
Original Combination: [Catopsilia philea] ♀ v. obsoleta
Type Locality: “Carillo, Costa Rica”
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH.
= ‡”irma” Krüger, 1929
Int. Entomol. Z. 23(4): 59.
Original Combination: Catopsilia philea ♀ ab. irma
Type Locality: “Nord-Peru”
Types: “Holotype” possibly in ZMUH (Krüger collection).
= ‡”inornata” Dufrane, 1947
Bull. Annl. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 83(1/2): 65.
Original Combination: [Phoebis philea philea] ab. inornata
Type Locality: “Rio-de-Janeiro” [Brazil]
Types: “Holotype” in IRSN.
= ‡”androchroma” Bryk, 1953
Ark. Zool. (n.s.) 5(1): 17, no. 29b.
Original Combination: Phoebis philea fa. androchroma
Type Locality: “Roque” [Peru]
Types: “Syntypes” in NHRS.
‡”alamacho” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.
Original Combination: Phoebis philea form alamacho
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”crema” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.
Original Combination: Phoebis philea form crema
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 205, no. 53.
Original Combination: [Phoebis philea ♀] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
*368. Phoebis neocypris (Hübner, [1823])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [136], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Colias Neocypris
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Brasilia” by W. F. Kirby (1908), in: P. Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett. 3(addit. notes): 84.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= ‡cipris (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 212, no. 663; cited Jones’ Icones 3: pl. 39, fig. 1.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. Cipris
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Preoccupied by Papilio cipris Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 5, pl. 99, figs. E. F; (16): 148 (index).
= bracteolata (Butler, 1865)
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(2): 458, no. 6, pl. 26, fig. 6 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Callidryas bracteolata
Type Locality: “Brazil”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= irrigata (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(1): 9-10, no. 2; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 67, no. 19, pl. 26, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Callidryas irrigata
Type Locality: “Brasil”; defined as “Ipaunema?, Brasil” by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (3): 67. [Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
a. Phoebis neocypris virgo (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(1): 9, no. 1; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. Exot. (4): 75, pl. 29, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Callidryas virgo
Type Locality: “Mexico...Mountains of Oaxaca (E Side)...San Geronimo (Vera Paz)...(?) Apolobamba”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= intermedia (Butler, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 81; figured by Butler (1873), Lepid. Exot. (13): 153-154, no. 43, pl. 55, figs. 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ V, 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Callidryas Intermedia
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= ‡”rubrofasciata” Vázquez, 1952
An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 22(2): 553, fig. 2 (“holotype”).
Original Combination: [Phoebis intermedia] f[orma]. fem[inina]. rubrofasciata
Type Locality: “Malinalco, Méx.” [Mexico State, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 206, no. 54.
Original Combination: [Phoebis intermedia ♀] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
369. Phoebis argante (Fabricius, 1775)
a. Phoebis argante argante (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 470, no. 116.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Argante
Type Locality: “Brasilia” Fabricius cited “Mus. Banks” and L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 191, state that only Rio de Janeiro was visited by Banks.
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= cipris (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 5, pl. 99, figs. E ♀ D, F ♀ V; (16): 148 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Candidi Cipris
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Syntypes (#665064, 665065) in BMNH.
= volcanica (Perry, 1811)
Arcana 1: [161], pl. [83].
Original Combination: Papilio Volcanica
Type Locality: “Rio de la Plata” [Argentina]
Types: Types probably lost.
= ‡cnidia (Godart, 1819)
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (86), 93-94, no. 14; cited Papilio cipris Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): pl. 99, figs. E, F: (16): 148 (index), and Herbst (1792), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 5: pl. 111, figs. 3, 4.
Original Combination: Colias Cnidia
Proposed to replace Papilio cipris Cramer, 1777, erroneously thought preoccupied.
= ‡cypris (Hübner, [1819])
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7): 98, no. 1044; cited Papilio cipris Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): pl. 99, figs. E, F; (16): 148 (index).
Original Combination: P[hoebis]. Cypris
An unjustified emendation of Papilio cipris.
= aurantia (Larrañaga, 1923)
Escrit. Larrañaga. publica Instit. Hist. Geogr. Uruguay: 418.
Original Combination: Papilio aurantia
Type Locality: “frequens in floribus civitatis” [frequent at flowers in the city of Montevideo, Uruguay]
Types: Type(s) lost.
= ‡”albante” F. Brown, 1929
Am. Mus. Novit. (368): 13.
Original Combination: Phoebis argante argante female form albante
Type Locality: “Tegucigalpa, Honduras”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 205, no. 52.
Original Combination: [Phoebis argante ♀] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
370. Phoebis agarithe (Boisduval, 1836)
a. Phoebis agarithe fisheri (Hy. Edwards, 1883)
Papilio 3(2): 43.
Original Combination: Callidryas Fisheri
Type Locality: “La Paz, Lower California” [Baja California Sur, Mexico]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Phoebis agarithe agarithe (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 623, no. 16.
Original Combination: Callidryas Agarithe
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Syntype in USNM.
= ‡”albarithe” F. Brown, 1929
Am. Mus. Novit. (368): 16.
Original Combination: Phoebis agarithe maxima female form albarithe
Type Locality: “Jalapa, Mexico” [Veracruz]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
c. Phoebis agarithe maxima (Neumoegen, 1891)
Can. Entomol. 23(6): 122.
Original Combination: Catopsilia agarithe var. Maxima
Type Locality: “Upper Indian River, Fla.” [Brevard County, Florida]
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 146, no. 50.
= ‡floridensis (Röber, 1909)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(26): 87.
Original Combination: [Catopsilia argante] floridensis
Type Locality: “Floriden”; lectotype from “Miami” [Miami-Dade County]
Types: Lectotype in MTD, designated by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 146, no. 50.
Preoccupied by Catopsilia neleis var. floridensis Neumoegen, 1891, Can. Entomol. 23(6): 122.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 204, no. 51.
Original Combination: [Phoebis agarithe ♀] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
Genus Aphrissa Butler, 1873
Lepid. Exot. (13): 155. Type-species: Papilio statira Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 35, pl. 120, figs. C, D; (16): 150 (index), by original designation.
371. Aphrissa statira (Cramer, 1777)
a. Aphrissa statira statira (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 35, pl. 120, figs. C ♀ D, D ♀ V; 2(16): 150 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Statira
Type Locality: “Kust van Coromandel, en te Tránquebar” “Côte de Coromandel & à Tranquebar” in error; suggested to be “Surinam” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 87; “neotype” from “Pará.” [Brazil]
Types: Type(s) probably lost; d’Almeida (1945), Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 6(21): 239, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 4 ♂ D&V, designated one of these as the neotype (#1282) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.
= evadne (Godart, 1819)
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (87), 98, no. 28; cited Papilio alcmeone Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(12): pl. 141, fig. E; (16): 147 (index), and Herbst (1792), in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 5: pl. 104, fig. 3.
Original Combination: Colias Evadne
Type Locality: “Brésil”
Types: Type(s) probably at MNHP.
= jada (Butler, 1870)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1870(1): 11, no. 5; figured by Butler (1873), Lepid. Exot. (10): 144, pl. 51, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♂ V, 10 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Catopsilia Jada
Type Locality: “Guatemala (Central Valleys)”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= inesa Anken & Silva, 1996
Facetta (12): 5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2b ♂ V.
Original Combination: Aphrissa statira inesa
Type Locality: “Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis”
Types: Holotype in Anken collection or ZSMC.
= ‡”pseudomas” (Giacomelli, 1911)
An. Soc. Cient. Argent. 72(1): 21, no. 2.
Original Combination: [Catopsilia Statira] hembra forma pseudomas
Type Locality: “en el Saladillo á dos leguasde la Rioja, á 800 metros” [La Rioja, Argentina]
Types: “Syntype” in MACN.
= ‡”stalba” F. Brown, 1931
Am. Mus. Novit. (454): 12.
Original Combination: Aphrissa statira jada female form stalba
Type Locality: “Truxillo district, Honduras”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”alba” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 203, no. 48.
Original Combination: [Phebis statira] form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
‡”naranja” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.
Original Combination: Phoebis statira female form naranja
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
b. Aphrissa statira floridensis (Neumoegen, 1891)
Can. Entomol. 23(6): 122.
Original Combination: Catopsilia neleis var. floridensis
Type Locality: “Upper Indian River of Florida” [Brevard County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM and MCZ.
372. Aphrissa neleis (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 629-630, no. 23.
Original Combination: Callidryas Neleis
Type Locality: “Cuba”
Types: Type(s) in BMNH.
373. Aphrissa orbis (Poey, 1832)
a. Aphrissa orbis orbis (Poey, 1832)
Cent. Lépid. Cuba (1): [1-3], [no. 1], pl. [1], figs. [1] ♀ D, [2] ♂ D, [3] larva, [4] ♀ V, [5] pupa.
Original Combination: Callidryas Orbis
Type Locality: “Cuba”
Types: Syntypes (#7767) in ANSP.
Subfamily Pierinae Swainson, 1820
Tribe Anthocharidini Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. (2)(8): 1039 (as “Anthocharidi”). Type-genus: Anthocharis Boisduval, Rambur & Graslin, [1833], Coll. icon. Hist. Chenilles Europ. (12): pl. Pap. 5; (13): pl. 35.
Genus Anthocharis Boisduval, Rambur, [Duménil] & Graslin, [1833]
Coll. icon. Hist. Chenilles Europ. (12): pl. Pap. 5; (13): 35. Type-species: Papilio cardamines Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 468, no. 63, by monotypy.
Subgenus Anthocharis Boisduval, Rambur, [Duménil] & Graslin, [1833]
= Tetracharis Grote, 1898
Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 37(157): 37. Type-species: Anthocharis cethura C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara (2): 182, no. 174, pl. 25, figs. 1, 2, by monotypy.
374. Anthocharis cethura C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
a. Anthocharis cethura catalina Meadows, 1937
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 35(3): 177.
Original Combination: Anthocharis cethura race catalina
Type Locality: “Grand Canyon...White’s Landing...Renton Mine...Salte Verde....Catalina Island, California”; defined as “ridge between Renton Mine and Jewfish Point at head of Pebbly Beach Canyon” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 75, but holotype is from “Grand Canyon,” as recorded by Orsak (1976), J. Res. Lepid. 14: 85, and S. Miller (1985), J. Res. Lepid. 23(4): 290.
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Anthocharis cethura cethura C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Reise Novara (2): 182, no. 174, pl. 25, figs. 1 ♀ D , 2 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Cethura
Type Locality: “Sonora”; defined as “vicinity of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 88.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 88, figs. 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V.
= cooperii Behr, 1869
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 304.
Original Combination: Anthocaris [sic!] Cooperii
Type Locality: “San Diego” [San Diego County, California]
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.
= angelina Boisduval, 1869
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 40, no. 12.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Angelina
Type Locality: “Los Angelos, dans le sud de la Californie”
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25, figs. 174 ♂ D, 175 ♂ V.
= deserti W. G. Wright, 1905
Butterflies W. Coast: 50, no. 60; 106, pl. 7, figs. 60 ♂ D (lectotype), 60a ♂ D, 60aa ♂ V, 60b ♀ D, 60bb ♀ D, 60c ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Anthocharis Cethura var.] Deserti; Anthocharis Deserti n. v.
Type Locality: “Colorado Desert of California” “Garnet Knob, Desert...Caliente...Indian Wells”; lectotype from “Garnet Knob, Desert”; defined as “Palm Springs area” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 132.
Types: Lectotype (#4282) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 9.
= caliente W. G. Wright, 1905
Butterflies W. Coast: 50, no. 70; 112-113, pl. 8, fig. 70 ♀ D (holotype).
Original Combination: [Anthocharis] Caliente; Anthocharis Caliente n. s.
Type Locality: “Colorado Desert of California”; suggested to be “Palm Springs area” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 132.
Types: Holotype (#4288) in CAS.
c. Anthocharis cethura morrisoni W. H. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(4): 43-44, no. 1.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Morrisoni
Type Locality: “Southern California”; corrected to “the barren mesa lands, particularly the summits of small hills near Kern River, Calif.” by Morrison (1883), Papilio 3(2): 43; lectotype from “Kern River, Kern County, California.”
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 49, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
d. Anthocharis cethura hadromarmorata J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 133, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis cethura hadromarmorata
Type Locality: “Nevada: Churchill County; 2 ½ road miles west of Junction US Highway 50 and US Highway Alternate 95 on US Highway 50, south end of Swingle Bench, 4100' elevation, T19N, R27E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
e. Anthocharis cethura mojavensis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 131-132, 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis cethura mojavensis
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County, Providence Mountains, mouth of Bonanza King Mine Canyon, 4200' elevation, S3, T10N, R14E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
f. Anthocharis cethura pima W. H. Edwards, 1888
Can. Entomol. 20(8): 158; figured by W. H. Edwards (1889), Butterflies N. Am. 3(7): pl. Anthocharis 2, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Pima
Type Locality: “Pima County, Arizona”; redefined as “Arizona, Pima County, on the barren plains between Pontano and Tucson” by W. H. Edwards (1889), Butterflies N. Am. 3(7): [6]; subsequently defined as “Pantano, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 45-46.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 47, fig. 7 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 32, fig. 33 ♂ D.
The conspecific relationship between cethura and pima was first established by Rudkin (1936), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 35(1): 3-4. Additional works supporting this arrangement include T. Emmel and J. Emmel (1973), Los Angeles Co. Mus., Sci. Ser. 26: 22, Austin (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(4): 242, Scott (1982), J. Res. Lepid. 20(1): 61, Austin (1986), J. Lepid. Soc. 39(2): 101, and J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 132.
375. Anthocharis sara Lucas, 1852
Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 159-161, recognized four species in this group: sara (including gunderi, flora and alaskensis as subspecies), julia, stella (including browningi), and thoosa (including inghami and pseudothoosa). His arrangement was at least in part based on Geiger and Shapiro (1986), J. Res. Lepid. 25(1): 15-24, where stella and julia were suggested to be species-level taxa, based on electrophoretic evidence. Stout (2005), Bull. Utah Lepid. Soc. 12(1): 5-9, 13, detailed larval and adult characters of various populations in this group, which do not entirely support Opler’s arrangement. This is augmented by Stout (2010), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(4): 1-12. The species delimitation and distribution await complete resolution and all taxa are retained under A. sara until that occurs.
a. Anthocharis sara gunderi Ingham, 1933
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 9(2): 75.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara gunderi
Type Locality: “Middle Ranch, Santa Catalina Island, California” [Los Angeles County]
Types: Holotype in CAS.
This taxon was listed at the subspecies-level by S. Miller (1985), J. Res. Lepid. 23(4): 290.
b. Anthocharis sara sara Lucas, 1852
Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(7): 339-340.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Sara
Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River, 2400' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 79.
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 79, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V.
= ‡sara Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 285-286, no. 11.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara
Type Locality: “dans une grande partie de la Californie”
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
Preoccupied by Anthocharis sara Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(7): 339-340.
= reakirtii W. H. Edwards, 1869
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 369; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](2): pl. Anthocharis 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Reakirtii
Type Locality: “California”; defined as “vicinity of San Francisco, California” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 39.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 40-41, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
= mollis W. G. Wright, 1905
Butterflies W. Coast: 50, no. 67; 111, pl. 8, figs. 67 ♂ D (lectotype), 67b ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Anthocharis Sara var.] Mollis; Anthocharis Mollis n. v.
Type Locality: “Southern California” “Riche Canyon, S. Cal....San Diego County”; lectotype from “Riche Canyon,” believed to be “Reche Canyon, San Bernardino/Riverside counties” by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 11.
Types: Lectotype (#4286) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 11.
= dammersi J. A. Comstock, 1929
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 28(2): 33, pl. 18 (holotype).
Original Combination: Anthocharis dammersi
Type Locality: “Whitewater Canyon, Riverside County, California”
Types: Holotype in LACM; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 71, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
The holotype is apparently a hybrid between A. sara and A. lanceolata; see Shields and Mori (1979), J. Res. Lepid. 17(1): 53-55, fig. 1 ♂ D&V, and Scott (1982), J. Res. Lepid. 20(1): 61.
= ‡”wrighti” J. A. Comstock, 1924
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23(2): 52; 24(2): pl. 11, fig. 16 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Anthocharis reakirti ab. Wrighti
Type Locality: “Chula Vista, California”
Types: “Holotype” in SDMC.
= ‡”sternitzkyi” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(1): 4, no. 6, pl. 1, fig. Q ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara form reakirti ab. ♂ sternitzkyi
Type Locality: “San Francisco, California” [San Francisco County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”corcorani” Gunder, 1931
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 45.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara tr. f. corcorani
Type Locality: “Griffith Park, Los Angeles, Calif.” [Los Angeles County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
= ‡”broweri” Gunder, 1932
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 124.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara race reakirti tr. f. broweri
Type Locality: “Peanut Hill, Berkely Hills, Alameda County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”flavicoloris” Gunder, [1934]
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 9(4): 151-152.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara reakirtii tr. f. flavicoloris
Type Locality: “Tocaloma, Marin County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”pallida” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 212, no. 68.
Original Combination: [Anthocharis sara] form pallida
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
c. Anthocharis sara sempervirens J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 2008
Bull. Allyn Mus. (155): 2-4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype), 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara sempervirens
Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Redwood National Park; along Bald Hills Road 16.3 road miles southeast of Highway 101, 0.4-0.5 air mile west of Schoolhouse Peak, 2400-2600 feet elevation; SE 1/4 of S24, T9N R2E”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Anthocharis sara flora W. G. Wright, 1892
Can. Entomol. 24(6): 154-155; figured by W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast, pl. 8, figs. 65 ♂ D (lectotype), 65b ♀ D.
Original Combination: A[nthocharis]. Flora
Type Locality: “Western Washington”; corrected to “Tenino, Washington” by W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: 109. [Thurston County]
Types: Lectotype (#3228) in CAS, designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 11.
e. Anthocharis sara alaskensis Gunder, 1932
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 277.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara race alaskensis
Type Locality: “Skagway, Alaska”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
f. Anthocharis sara stella W. H. Edwards, 1879
Can. Entomol. 11(5): 87-88.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Stella
Type Locality: “Nevada...Lake Tahoe...Yo Semite”; defined as “Marlette Peak, Carson Range, Washoe County, Nevada” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 41, 42.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 43, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.
The recent application of the name stella to populations far away from its type locality (e.g. Opler (1999), ibid., Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 102-103; following McDunnough (1928), Can. Entomol. 60(11): 269-270), is inappropriate, as discussed by A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 82-83.
g. Anthocharis sara sulfuris Pelham, 2008
J. Res. Lepid. 40: 167-168.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara sulfuris
Pelham adopted Anthocharis sara race julia tr. f. sulfuris Gunder, 1931 to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= columbia J. Scott & Kondla, 2008
Papilio (n.s.) 18: 12-13, pl 2, fourth row left ♂ D, fourth row center ♂ V (holotype), fifth row left ♀ D, fifth row center ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara columbia
Type Locality: “Brilliant Creek, BC, in the West Kootenay are of BC near Castlegar on the Columbia River”
Types: Holotype in CNC.
= ‡”sulfuris” Gunder, 1931
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 30(2): 45.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara race julia tr. f. sulfuris
Type Locality: “Kellogg, Idaho” [Shoshone County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
h. Anthocharis sara browningi Skinner, 1906
Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop., Suppl. 1: 22; cited Browning (1901), Entomol. News 12(10): pl. 13, ♂&♀.
Original Combination: [Anthocharis] Sara var browningi
Type Locality: “Brightons [sic!], Utah, and City Creek Canon, near Salt Lake City” [Brighton and City Creek Canyon, Salt Lake County]
Types: Syntypes (#903) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 71, fig. 14 ♂ D.
i. Anthocharis sara julia W. H. Edwards, 1872
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61-62, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1878), Butterflies N. Am. 2(7): pl. Anthocharis 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Julia
Type Locality: “pine woods of the mountains immediately surrounding the South Park, at Fairplay, Park Co., Colorado”; defined as “woods and on the banks of the Beaver Creek near Fairplay, Park Co., altitude 9500 feet” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 158.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 44, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
j. Anthocharis sara colorado J. Scott & M. Fisher, 2008
Papilio (n.s.) 18: 7-8, pl 2, top row left ♂ D, top row center ♂ V (holotype), second row left ♀ D, second row center ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara colorado
Type Locality: “McElmo Creek, 6000', Montezuma Co. Colo.”
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
k. Anthocharis sara coriande M. Fisher & J. Scott, 2008
Papilio (n.s.) 18: 8-9, pl 2, third row left ♂ D, third row center ♂ V (holotype), third row right ♀ D
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara coriande
Type Locality: “I mi. SE Glorieta, 7300', pinyon-juniper woodland Taos Co. [sic!] New Mex.” [Santa Fe County, New Mexico]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
l. Anthocharis sara inghami Gunder, 1932
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 276-277.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara race inghami
Type Locality: “Tucson, Ariz.” [Pima County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= ‡”duncani” Gunder, 1932
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 277.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara race inghami tr. f. duncani
Type Locality: “Globe, Ariz.” [Gila County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
m. Anthocharis sara thoosa (Scudder, 1878)
Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr. 4(1)(10): 257.
Original Combination: Synchloe thoosa
Type Locality: “Mokiak Pass”; determined to be “Mokiah Pass, Mohave Co., Arizona: summit about 5200', T39N R12W, 36o 48' N/ 13o 33' W in the saddle between Wolf Hole Mountain and Seegmuller Mountain, up Mokiah Wash” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(2): 134.
Types: Holotype (#16016) in MCZ.
n. Anthocharis sara pseudothoosa Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (44): 534-535, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis sara pseudothoosa
Type Locality: “Nevada: Douglas County; Sweetwater Mountains, Jackass Creek, 0.5-2 miles southwest of Desert Creek, 2195 m, T8N R24E (unsectioned) on USGS Desert Creek Peak, Nev.-Calif. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Subgenus Paramidea Kuznetsov, 1929
Mus. zool. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 7)1(2): 58 (nota). Type-species: Anthocharis scolymus Butler, 1866, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 9: 52, no. 8, fig., by original designation. Bernardi (1961), Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 66(3/4): 111-112, detailed the use of Paramidea over Falcapica.
= Falcapica Klots, 1930
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 25(2): 83. Type-species: Papilio genutia Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 193, no. 601, as a replacement name (= Mancipium midea Hübner, [1809], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [142], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4; preoccupied). Proposed to replace Midea Herrich Schäffer, 1867, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= ‡Midea Herrich-Schäffer, 1867
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 21(9): 105; (11): 143. Type-species: Papilio genutia Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 193, no. 601 (= Mancipium midea Hübner, [1809], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [142], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4; preoccupied). Preoccupied by Midea Bruzelius, [1855], Beskr. Hydrachn.: 35.
376. Anthocharis midea (Hübner, [1809])
a. Anthocharis midea annickae dos Passos & Klots, 1969
Entomol. Am. 45(1/2): 17, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V (holotype); 10 ♀ D, 11 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis (Falcapica) midea annickae
Type Locality: “West Rock, New Haven, Connecticut” [New Haven County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Anthocharis midea midea (Hübner, [1809])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [142], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Mancipium Midea
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Georgien” by Hemming (1937), Hübner 2: 115 (manuscript #31); defined as “vic. Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 76; neotype from “Wilmington I., near Savannah, Georgia.”
Types: Type(s) lost; neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Klots (1969), Entomol. Am. 45(1/2): 5-6, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V; this is also the neotype of genutia Fabricius, 1793.
= ‡genutia (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 193, no. 601; cited Jones’ Icones pl. 27, fig. 2; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [27], fig. 5 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anai]. Genutia
Type Locality: “India”; suggested to be “the coastal plain region of Georgia” by dos Passos and Klots (1969), Entomol. Am. 45(1/2): 5; neotype from “Wilmington I., near Savannah, Georgia.”
Types: Type(s) apparently lost; neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Klots (1969), Entomol. Am. 45(1/2): 5-6, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.
Preoccupied by Papilio genutia Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 23-24, pl. 206, figs. C, D; (24): 175 (index).
= lherminieri (Godart, 1819)
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (118), 197 [sic!; [167]-168], no. 164.
Original Combination: Pieris Lherminieri
Type Locality: “Charles-Town”; neotype from “McClellanville (Charleston Co.), South Carolina.”
Types: Type(s) apparently lost; neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Klots (1969), Entomol. Am. 45(1/2): 6, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.
= flavida Skinner, 1917
Entomol. News 28(10): 438.
Original Combination: Anthocharis genutia var. flavida
Type Locality: “Savannah, Georgia” [Chatham County]
Types: Syntypes (#7029) in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 71, fig. 15 ♂ D, and dos Passos and Klots (1969), Entomol. Am. 45(1/2): figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V.
c. Anthocharis midea texana Gatrelle, 1998
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(1): 3, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Anthocharis midea texana
Type Locality: “6 mi. w. of Buffalo, Freestone Co., Texas”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
377. Anthocharis lanceolata Lucas, 1852
a. Anthocharis lanceolata lanceolata Lucas, 1852
Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(7): 338-339.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Lanceolata
Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “Highway 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch of North Fork Feather River Canyon, 2500' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 78.
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 79, figs. 10 ♀ D, 11 ♀ V.
= ‡lanceolata Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 284-285, no. 10.
Original Combination: Anthocharis lanceolata
Type Locality: “les montagnes de la Juba”
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
Preoccupied by Anthocharis lanceolata Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(7): 338-339.
= edwardsii Behr, 1869
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 304.
Original Combination: Anthocaris [sic!] Edwardsii
Type Locality: “Downieville” [Sierra County, California]
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.
b. Anthocharis lanceolata australis (F. Grinnell, 1908)
Can. Entomol. 40(2): 72.
Original Combination: Synchloe australis
Type Locality: “Arroyo Seco Cañon and Millard Cañon, Pacific slope of the St. [sic!] Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County, California. Elevation 2,500 feet” [San Gabriel Mountains]
Types: Syntype in AMNH.
c. Anthocharis lanceolata desertolimbus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 135, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis lanceolata desertolimbus
Type Locality: “California: San Diego County; one mile west of Scissors Crossing; T12S., R5E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Genus Euchloe Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 94. Type-species: Euchloe ausonia var. esperi W. F. Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 506 (= Euchloe crameri Butler (1869), Entomol. Mon. Mag. 5(59): 271, no. 2; subspecies), by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 177. Opinion 270 placed Euchloe on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 687.
= ‡Phyllocharis Schatz, [1885]
In: Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. (2)(1): pl. 8, fig. 2, 71. Type-species: Papilio tagis Hübner, [1804], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 110, figs. 565, 566, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Phyllocharis Dalman, 1824, Ephem. entomol.: 21.
= Elphinstonia Klots, 1930
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 25(2): 87-88. Type-species: Anthocharis charlonia Donzel, 1842, Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. [1]11(2): 197-198, pl. 8, fig. 1, by original designation.
378. Euchloe ausonides (Lucas, 1852)
The relationship between this species and E. ausonia Hübner, [1804], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 113, figs. 582, 583, was explained by Geiger and Scholl (1985), Experientia 41: 24-29, and Back (1991), Atalanta (Münnerstadt) 21(3/4): 187-206.
a. Euchloe ausonides ausonides (Lucas, 1852)
Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(7): 340-341.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Ausonides
Type Locality: “Californie”; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by Opler (1967), J. Res. Lepid. 5(3): 191.
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (3): 79, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V.
= ‡ausonides Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 286, under no. 11.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Ausonides
Type Locality: “dans une grande partie de la Californie”
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Verity [1907], Rhop. palae. (21-23): pl. 37, fig. 20 ♂ D.
Preoccupied by Anthocharis ausonides Lucas, 1852, Revue Mag. Zool. (2)4(7): 340-341.
= ‡”flavidalis” J. A. Comstock, 1924
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23(2): 51; 24(1): pl. 10, fig. 10 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides var. flavidalis
Type Locality: “Palo Alto, California” [Santa Clara County]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”semiflava” J. A. Comstock, 1924
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23(2): 51; 24(1): pl. 10, fig. 11 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides var. semiflava
Type Locality: “San Jose Mission, California” [Fremont County]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”boharti” Doudoroff, 1930
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 6(3): 143, fig. ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides [ab.] boharti
Type Locality: “Berkeley, California” [Alameda County]
Types: “Holotype” in Bohart Collection (UCDC).
b. Euchloe ausonides insulanus C. Guppy & J. Shepard, 2001
Butterflies B. C.: 160, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides insulanus
Type Locality: “BC, W[ellington]” [Wellington, Vancouver Island, British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
c. Euchloe ausonides transmontana Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 506, figs. 23 ♂ D, 24 ♂ V (holotype); 25 ♀ D, 26 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides transmontana
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lander County; Toiyabe Mountains, Kingston Canyon, 2050 m, T16N R43E S27-28 on the USGS Millet Ranch, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
= ‡”hemiflava” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 19.
Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides race coloradensis tr. f. hemiflava
Type Locality: “Payson, Utah” [Utah County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
d. Euchloe ausonides coloradensis (Hy. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 50-51.
Original Combination: Anthocharis coloradensis n. sp.?
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Turkey Creek Junction, Jefferson County, Colorado” by Opler (1967), J. Res. Lepid. 5(3): 192.
Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by K. Johnson (1976), J. Lepid. Soc. 30(4): 253, figs. 2b, 2e ♂ genitalia.
= ‡”montana” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. palae. (30-36): 339, pl. 68, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♀ D, 15 ♂ V; ind. syst.: xxxi.
Original Combination: [Euchloe belia var. belioides] race montana
Type Locality: “hautes montagnes...à 3000 m. Dans le Colorado (Halle Valley)” implied from the text; “Hall Valley, 3000 m., Colorado” from the legend to plate 68. [Park County]
Types: Syntypes in the BMNH.
e. Euchloe ausonides palaeoreios K. Johnson, 1976
J. Lepid. Soc. 30(4): 253-256, fig. 1 (6 images including D&V ♂ holotype), fig. 2 a ♂ genitalia (holotype), 2d valve and penis.
Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides palaeoreios
Type Locality: “Spearfish Canyon, near Spearfish, Lawrence Co., South Dakota”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
f. Euchloe ausonides mayi F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940
Can. Entomol. 72(4): 81.
Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides mayi new race
Type Locality: “Riding Mountains, Manitoba”
Types: Holotype in CNC.
g. Euchloe ausonides ogilvia Back, 1991
Atalanta (Münnerstadt), 21(3/4): 195-197, pl. 1, figs. 1, 3, 5, 8, 10 pupa, pl. 2, fig. 7 ova, pl. 3, figs. 8, 9, 10 ova, cpl. 2, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), fig. 2 ♀ D&V (possibly not the same species), cpl. 3, figs. 1, 2, 3 larva.
Original Combination: Euchloe ogilvia
Type Locality: “CDN, Yukon-Ter. Ogilvie Mts., Dempster Hwy, Mi. 45, 500-1000m” [Canada]
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
It is possible that the holotype is a specimen of E. naina; future research may place this name with that species.
*379. Euchloe naina Kozhanchikov, 1923
Ezheg. gosud. Muz. N. M. Mart'yanova 1(1): 2-3.
Original Combination: E[uchloe]. belia naina
Type Locality: “Sajan-Gebirge am Bujba-See auf der Hoch v. n. 1400 m” [Sayan Mountains, Krasnoyarski Kray, Russia]
Types: Syntypes in ZIN and ZMKU; figured by Back (1991), Atalanta (Münnerstadt) 21(3/4): cpl. 2, figs. 5 ♂ D&V, 6 ♀ D&V, and Chikolovets et al. (2002), Butterflies Transbaikal Siberia: pl. 29, figs. 2 ♂ D, 6 ♀ D.
Back, et al. (2008), Entomol. Z. 118(4): 151-169, suggest that this taxon may be conspecific with E. ausonia Hübner, [1804], thus reversing it’s earlier elevation to species rank by Tuzov (1993), Syn. List Butterflies ex-USSR: 18, and others.
= ‡”koshantschikoffi” O. Bang-Haas, 1927
Horae Macrolep. 1(3): 40, pl. 5, fig. 15 ♀ D (”holotype”).
Original Combination: [Euchloe belia naina] ♀ ab. koshantschikoffi
Type Locality: "Sajan mont. or.: Kultuk am Baikalsee" implied from the text, "Sajan mont. Minussinsk" from plate. [Sayan Mountains, Krasnoyarski Kray, Russia]
Types: Holotype in the ZMHB.
a. Euchloe naina jakutia Back, 1991
Atalanta (Münnerstadt) 21(3/4): 193-195, cpl. 2, figs. 3 ♂ D&V (holotype), 4 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Euchloe simplonia jakutia
Type Locality: “USSR, Yakutia, Suntar Mts.” [E. Sakha Autonomous Republic, Russia]
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
If it is accepted that the holotype of E. a. ogilvia actually represents E. ausonides, the populations of E. naina in the Yukon may be jakutia or unnamed.
380. Euchloe olympia (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266-267, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1874), Butterflies N. Am. 2(1): pl. Anthocharis 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocaris [sic!] Olympia
Type Locality: “Coalburgh, W. Va...Dallas, Texas”; lectotype from “Kan.” [Kanawha County, West Virginia]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 33, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
= rosa (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(3): 45-46, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1889), Butterflies N. Am. 3(7): pl. Anthocharis 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Rosa
Type Locality: “western Texas”; defined as “Wichita County, Texas” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 34-35.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
381. Euchloe creusa (E. Doubleday, [1847])
a. Euchloe creusa creusa (E. Doubleday, [1847])
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(5): pl. 7, fig. 1; (6): 56, no. 6.
Original Combination: Anthocharis Crëusa
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, North America”; defined as “vicinity of Banff, near 7,000' elevation, Alberta, Canada” by Opler (1967), J. Res. Lepid. 5(3): 192-193; redefined as “Rock Lake, Alberta (53o 27'N, 118o 16'W)” by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 40-41.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20: 42, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V; the same specimen figured by Verity [1911], Rhop. palae. (30-36): pl. 68, figs. 11 ♂ D.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 89.
= elsa Beutenmüller, 1898
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10(13): 242, pl. 14, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Euchloe creusa var. elsa
Type Locality: “Laggan, British Columbia [sic!]” [Lake Louise, Alberta]
Types: One syntype in AMNH.
382. Euchloe hyantis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
a. Euchloe hyantis hyantis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205-206, no. 1.
Original Combination: Anthocaris [sic!] Hyantis
Type Locality: “Mendocino, Cal.”; defined as “vicinity of Ukiah, Mendocino Co., Calif.” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 35.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”orientalides” Verity, [1908]
Rhop. palae. (17-20): 182 [30 Nov 1908]; (30-36): pl. 50, fig. 16 ♂ D (“holotype”); ind. syst.: xxxi [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: [Euchloe belia var. creusa gen aest. var ausonides] forme orientalides
Type Locality: “Californie, Placer” implied from the legend to plate 50. [Placer County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in MZUF.
= ‡”pseudoausonides” Verity, [1909]
Rhop. palae. (21-23): pl. 37, figs. 16 ♂ D, 19 ♂ V [30 Apr 1909]; (30-36): 339 [31 Oct 1911]; ind. syst.: xxxi [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: [Euchloe belia var. belioides] forme pseudoausonides
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the legend to plate 37.
Types: “Holotype” in BMNH.
b. Euchloe hyantis andrewsi Martin, 1958
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 35(2): 94-95.
Original Combination: Euchloe ausonides r. andrewsi
Type Locality: “CrestLine Highway, near Lake Arrowhead, San Bernardino Co., Calif.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
383. Euchloe lotta Beutenmüller, 1898
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10(13): 243, pl. 14, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Euchloe lotta
Type Locality: “Colorado, Arizona, Utah, Southern California”; lectotype from “Kanab, Utah.” [Kane County]
Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by Opler (2008), Zootaxa 1767: 68, fig. 1 ♂ D .
This was treated as species-level taxon by Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 100-101, Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 157-158, and A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 81.
= belioides Verity, [1909]
Rhop. palae. (21-23): pl. 37, figs. 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V [30 Apr 1909]; (30-36): 339 [31 Oct 1911]; ind. syst.: xxxi [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: [Euchloe belia] var. belioides
Type Locality: “Arizona” and “S. Ignatius, Montana” implied from the legend to plate 37. [St. Ignatius, Lake County, Montana]
Types: Location of syntypes not known.
= ‡”pumilio” Strand, 1915
Arch. Naturgesch. (A)80(11): 153-154.
Original Combination: Euchloe creusa cum ab. pumilio n. ab.
Type Locality: “Klamath Co. in Oregon...Modoc Co. in Cal....Lassen Co.”
Types: “Syntype(s)” probably in DEI.
This taxon was placed under E. h. hyantis by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 74, but all areas included in the type locality are inhabited by E. lotta only, as detailed by A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 81.
384. Euchloe guaymasensis Opler, 1987
J. Lepid. Soc. 40(3): 188-189, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♂ V, 3 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Euchloe guaymasensis
Type Locality: “Mexico, Estado de Sonora, Las Avispas microwave relay, 2000' (655m), 40 mi (64 km) N Guaymas”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
R. Holland (1995), J. Lepid. Soc. 49(2): 121-125, fig. 2a ♂ D&V, 2b ♀ D&V, 124, fig. 4, map; 134, figured the female and discussed the geographic distribution of this taxon.
Tribe Pierini Swainson, 1820
Subtribe Appiadina Kuznetsov, 1929
Faun. USSR, Ins. Lepid. 1(2): 45 (as “Appiadici”). Type-genus: Appias Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 91.
Genus Glutophrissa Butler, 1887
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 23(275): 249. Type-species: Appias poeyi Butler, 1872, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872(1): 49 (= Papilio drusilla Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 21, pl. 110, fig. C; (23): 148 (index); subspecies), by original designation.
= ‡Andropodum Scudder, 1875
Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 112, no. 80. Type-species: Mylothris margarita Hübner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [120], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 (= Papilio drusilla Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 21, pl. 110, fig. C; (23): 148 (index)), by original designation. Preoccupied by Andropodum Hübner, 1822, Syst.-alph. Verz.: 2-5, 7-9.
*385. Glutophrissa drusilla (Cramer, 1779)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 21, pl. 110, fig. C ♀ D; (16): 148 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Drusilla
Type Locality: “Batavia” in error; suggested to be “Surinam” by W. Comstock (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1238): 1; “neotype” from “Óbidos, Pará.” [Brazil]
Types: Type(s) probably lost; d’Almeida (1945), Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 6(21): 236, designated “neotypes”; Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): 328, fig. 7 ♂ D&V, designated one of these as the neotype (#920) in UFPC. Neither of these designations are in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.
= ilaire (Godart, 1819)
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 111, 142, no. 83.
Original Combination: Pieris Ilaire
Type Locality: “Brésil”
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by Abadjiev (2005), Atalanta (Münnerstadt) 36(1/2): 132.
= mysia (Godart, 1819)
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): 111, 143, no. 87.
Original Combination: Pieris Mysia
Type Locality: “Brésil”
Types: Lectotype in MNHP, designated by Abadjiev (2005), Atalanta (Münnerstadt) 36(1/2): 133.
As first reviser, Poey (1832), Cent. Lépid. Cuba (2): [43], gave priority to ilaire over mysia.
= albunea (Dalman, 1823)
Analecta Entomol.: 39, no. 4.
Original Combination: Papilio Albunea
Type Locality: “Brasilia”
Types: Syntype in NHRS.
= molpadia (Hübner, 1823)
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [45], figs. 259 ♂ D, 260 ♂ V [1821]; 15, no. 130 (1823, name given).
Original Combination: Mylothris Molpadia
Type Locality: “Brazil”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= margarita (Hübner, [1825])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [120], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Mylothris Margarita
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 90, listed Mylothris margarita without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= janeira (Bönninghausen, 1896)
Verh. Ver. naturw. Unterh. Hamb. 9: 30.
Original Combination: [Tachyris Ilaire] Janeira
Type Locality: “benenne nach der örtlichkeit” “Jardin Botanico de Rio de Janeiro” [Brazil]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= augustiniana Fernández, 1928
Asoc. españ. Progresso Ciencias. Congr. Cádiz. Sección IV, 1928: 122-123.
Original Combination: Appias drusilla var. augustiniana
Type Locality: “Iquitos” [Peru]
Types: Lectotype in MNMS, designated by Lamas (1999), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 27(105): 134, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.
= minima (Breyer, 1939)
Proc. Int. Congr. Entomol. 7(Berlin)1: 36-37.
Original Combination: A[ppias]. drusilla f[orm]. minima
Type Locality: “Tabascal (Salta)” [Argentina]
Types: Syntype in MLP.
= ‡”nana” (d'Almeida, 1913)
Trois Lepid. Nouv. Brésil: [4]; figured by d'Almeida (1939), Bol. Biol. (São Paulo) (n.s.) 4(1): pl. 4, fig. F ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: [Appias drusilla] f. nana
Type Locality: “Rio de Janeiro”; holotype from “Engenho de Dentro, Rio de Janeiro.” [Brazil]
Types: “Holotype” (#937) in UFPC; figured by Mielke and Casagrande (1985), Revta. bras. Entomol. 29(2): fig. 35 ♀ D&V.
= ‡”alba” Ribeiro, 1931
Bol. Mus. Nac. (Zool.) (Rio de Janeiro) 7(1): 35.
Original Combination: Daptonoura laria alba form. n
Type Locality: “Jamary” [Rio Jamary, Rondonia, Brazil]
Types: Location of “type(s)” not known.
‡”amarilla” (Scott, 1981)
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.
Original Combination: Appias drusilla female form amarilla
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
a. Glutophrissa drusilla tenuis (Lamas, 1981)
Revta. Cienc. (Lima) 73(1): 49, figs. 10 ♂ D&V (holotype), 11 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Appias drusilla tenuis
Type Locality: “Tumbes, Matapo, La Totora, 100m” [Peru]
Types: Holotype in MUSM.
b. Glutophrissa drusilla neumoegenii (Skinner, 1894)
Entomol. News 5(4): 110, pl. 4.
Original Combination: Tachyris ilaire var. neumoegenii
Type Locality: “Indian River, Fla.” [Brevard County]
Types: At least one syntype in USNM, as noted by Lamas (1993), Shilap Revta. Lepid. 21(83): 146, no. 54.
= ‡”hollandi” Röber, 1908
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(21): 68; cited Melete ilaire (sensu W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 35, fig. 5 ♀ D).
Original Combination: [Appias drusilla] ab. hollandi
Type Locality: Not stated; “holotype” from “Indian River, Brevard County, Florida.”
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.
Subtribe Aporiina Chapman, 1895
Entomol. Rec. 6(6): 127 (as “Aporiini”). Type-genus: Aporia Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 90. This name was poorly diagnosed here; it was described in greater detail in a key by Chapman (1895), Entomol. Rec. 6(7): 151.
Genus Melete Swainson, 1831
Zool. Illustr. (2)2(17): pl. 79, unnumbered text. Type-species: Pieris limnoria Godart, 1819, Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (111), 144, no. 93 (= Papilio flippantha Fabricius, 1793, Ent. syst. 3(1): 202, no. 631; synonym: a subspecies of Papilio lycimnia Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2 (9): 13-14, pl. 105, figs. E, F; (16): 149 (index)), by original designation.
= Daptonoura Butler, [1870]
Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Fabricius Brit. Mus.: 209, Type-species: Papilio lycimnia Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 13-14, pl. 105, figs. E, F; (16): 149 (index), by original designation.
*386. Melete lycimnia (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 13-14, pl. 105, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (16): 149 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Lycimnia
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Syntypes (#665088–91) in BMNH.
= ‡agrippina (Hübner, [1819])
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 91, no. 949.
Original Combination: M[ylothris]. Agrippina
Proposed to replace Papilio lycimnia Cramer, 1777, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Papilio lycimnia.
a. Melete lycimnia isandra (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 490-491, no. 79.
Original Combination: Pieris Isandra
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Holotype (#720272) in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Dauphin et al. (2005), News Lepid. Soc. 47(2): 43, 46, 19 figs.
= kleta Fruhstorfer, 1907
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 273.
Original Combination: [Melete isandra subspec.] kleta
Type Locality: “Honduras”; lectotype from “San Pedro Sula.”
Types: Lectotype (#720320) in BMNH, designated by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: 58.
Genus Neophasia Behr, 1869
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 303. Type-species: Pieris menapia C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859, Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 3(9): 271, no. 18, by designation of W. F. Kirby [1870], Zool. Rec. 6(1869): 357.
387. Neophasia menapia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859)
a. Neophasia menapia tehachapina J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 127-128, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Neophasia menapia tehachapina
Type Locality: “California: Kern Co.; Tehachapi Mts., canyon on the north slope of Double Mountain”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Neophasia menapia menapia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859)
Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 3(9): 271, no. 18; figured by C. Felder and R. Felder (1865), Reise Novara Zool. (2): pl. 25, fig. 7 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Pieris Menapia
Type Locality: “Mormenenlande am Salzsee”; suggested to be “eastern flanks of the Californian or Nevadan mountains somewhere west of the general region of Reno and Carson City, Nevada” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 272; defined as “pine forest just W of Pyramid Lake Nevada” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 2; corrected to “vicinity of Davis Creek Park, Washoe Valley, Washoe County, Nevada” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 88.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 88, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.
= ninonia (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 38, no. 5.
Original Combination: Pieris Ninonia
Type Locality: “dans la partie le plus orientale de la Californie”; defined as “pine forest just W of Pyramid Lake Nevada” by Scott (1981), Papilio (n.s.) 1: 2; corrected to “vicinity of Davis Creek Park, Washoe Valley, Washoe County, Nevada” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24, figs. 162 ♂ D, 163 ♂ V.
= ‡”nigracosta” J. A. Comstock, 1918
Lepidopterist 2(2): 13, pl. 4, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ (“holotype”); figured by Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 7, fig. 4 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Neophasia Menapia F. Nigracosta
Type Locality: “high Sierras of Tulare County, California, altitude 9,000 to 10,000 ft. (Near Olancha Peak)”; holotype from “Monache Meadows, Tulare Co., Cal.”
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
c. Neophasia menapia melanica Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 2.
Original Combination: Neophasia menapia melanica
Type Locality: “6 mi. W. Willits, Mendocino Co., Calif.”
Types: Holotype in EMEC.
d. Neophasia menapia tau (Scudder, 1861)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 183-184.
Original Combination: Pieris Tau
Type Locality: “Gulf of Georgia”; interpreted to be “near Port Townsend, Wash. Terr.” by H. Hagen (1883), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 22: 164. [Jefferson County, Washington]
Types: Syntypes (#16601) in MCZ.
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 68-69, discussed the application of this name to Pacific Northwestern populations of N. menapia.
= ‡”suffusa” (Stretch, 1882)
Papilio 2(7): 109-110, pl. 2, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Pieris Menapia] [female form] suffusa
Type Locality: “Country round Spokane Falls, Washington Territory”
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ.
e. Neophasia menapia magnamenapia Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (44): 533, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Neophasia menapia magnamenapia
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lincoln County; Wilson Creek Range, Wilson Peak Road (access from road to Atlanta), 2134 m, T5N R68E S8-9 on USGS Trail Canyon, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
388. Neophasia terlooii Behr, 1869
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 304.
Original Combination: N[eophasia]. Terlooii
Type Locality: “pine forest region of the Sierra Madre in a cold, inhospitable region” [E of Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico]
Types: Holotype destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.
Even though this name is a patronym for Baron Popelaire de Terloot, there is no evidence for this in the original description. Behr (1889), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2)2(7): 92, emended the name to terlootii, but that was an unjustified emendation; the name must stand as originally spelled (Code Article 32.2).
= epyaxa Strecker, 1900
Descr. Neophasia epyaxa: 1.
Original Combination: Neophasia Epyaxa
Type Locality: “Cochise County, Southern Arizona”
Types: Holotype in FMNH.
This publication was duplicated by Strecker (1900), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 38.
= princetonia (W. Barnes, 1900)
In: Skinner, Entomol. News 11(7): 533.
Original Combination: Archonias princetonia
Type Locality: Not stated; Poling (1900), Can. Entomol. 32(12): 358, mentioned “Cochise County, Arizona”; syntypes from “Huachuca Mts.”
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
Poling (1900), Can. Entomol. 32(12): 358, redescribed this taxon (as Neophasia Terlootii, var. Princetonia).
Genus Catasticta Butler, 1870
Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 34, no. 12; 43, no. 12. Type-species: Euterpe nimbice Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 409-410, no. 6, by original designation.
= Archonoia Reissinger, 1972
Entomol. Z. 82(10): 111. Type-species: Catasticta strigosa Butler, 1896, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)17(97): 54, by original designation.
= Leodontoia Eitschberger & Racheli, 1998
Neue Entomol. Nachr. 41: 11-2. Type-species: Euterpe pieris Hopffer, 1874, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 35(10-12): 332, by original designation.
‡”Pierinoia” Reissinger, 1972
Entomol. Z. 82(11): 114. Type-species: Euterpe pieris Hopffer, 1874, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 35(10-12): 332, by original designation. This name was published without a description and is unavailable (Code Article 13.1.1).
‡”Leodontoia” Reissinger, 1972
Entomol. Z. 82(11): 117. Type-species: Catasticta cerberus Godman & Salvin, 1889, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(78): 120; 3(80): pl. 64, figs. 19, 20, by original designation. This name was published without a description and is unavailable (Code Article 13.1.1).
‡”Hesperochoia” Reissinger, 1972
Entomol. Z. 82(11): 120. Type-species: Catasticta clara Röber, 1909, in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(16): 74; (18): pl. 22g, fig. [6] (= Catasticta poujadei Dognin, 1887, Naturaliste (2)1(16): 188; subspecies), by original designation. This name was published without a description and is unavailable (Code Article 13.1.1).
389. Catasticta nimbice (Boisduval, 1836)
a. Catasticta nimbice nimbice (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 409-410, no. 6 (♂ only).
Original Combination: Euterpe Nimbice
Type Locality: “Mexique”; stated to be “probably the vicinity of Orizaba, Veracruz” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 68.
Types: Syntypes (#662269, 662270) in BMNH.
Subtribe Pierina Swainson, 1820
Genus Pieriballia Klots, 1933
Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 12(4): 221. Type-species: Pieris mandela C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(3): 80, no. 30 (= Pieris viardi Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 439-440, no. 3; subspecies), by original designation.
= ‡Neogeia Verity, 1947
Farfalle diurn. Ital. 3. Type-species: Pieris mandela C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(3): 80, no. 30 (= Pieris viardi Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 439-440, no. 3; subspecies), by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Pieriballia Klots, 1933.
390. Pieriballia viardi (Boisduval, 1836)
a. Pieriballia viardi viardi (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 439-440, no. 3.
Original Combination: Pieris Viardi
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Holotype (#720034) in BMNH; figured by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: pl. 59, figs. 467 ♀ D, 468 ♀ V.
Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2006), News Lepid. Soc. 48(1): 3.
= habra (E. Doubleday, 1846)
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1]17(109): 22-23.
Original Combination: Pi[eris]. Habra
Type Locality: “Honduras” “at some distance from Balize [sic!]”
Types: Lectotype (#720033) in BMNH, designated by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: 49, pl. 59, figs. 469 ♂ D, 470 ♂ V.
= laogore (Godman & Salvin, 1889)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(58): 134, no. 7.
Original Combination: Pieris laogore
Type Locality: “Mexico, Dos Arroyos in Guerrero...Oaxaca”
Types: Lectotype (#720032) in BMNH, designated by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: 59, pl. 59, figs. 471 ♀ D, 472 ♀ V.
= ‡”intermedia” (Vázquez, 1954)
An. Instit. Biol., Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. (Zool.) 24(2): 444.
Original Combination: Itaballia (Pieriballia) viardi viardi f[orma]. fem[inina]. intermedia
Type Locality: “Tezonapa y Presidio, Ver.” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
Genus Itaballia Kaye, 1904
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1904(2): 204. Type-species: Pieris pandosia Hewitson, 1853, Ill. exot. Butterflies 1(7): [8], pl. Pieris II, fig. 14, by original designation.
*391. Itaballia demophile (Linnaeus, 1763)
In: Johansson, Cent. Ins. Rar.: 23, no. 66; cited Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 28, fig. 4 ♀ D&V, even though it was published later; often cited as from Amoen. acad. 6: 406, no. 65, a subsequent reprint.
Original Combination: Papilio D[anaus]. Demophile
Type Locality: “in Indiis”
Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zoo. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 318.
= amathonte (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 29, pl. 116, figs. A ♂ D, B ♂ V; (16): 147 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Amathonte
Type Locality: “Westindiën, op Essequebo en Demarary” “Indes-Occidentales, à Essequebo et Demerary” [Guyana]
Types: Type(s) possibly lost.
= molphea (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 29, pl. 116, fig. C ♀ D; (16): 149 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus]. Cand[idus]. Molphea
Type Locality: “Essequebo” [Guyana]
Types: Type(s) possibly lost.
a. Itaballia demophile centralis Joicey & Talbot, 1928
Bull. Hill Mus. 2 (1): 21.
Original Combination: Itaballia calydonia centralis
Type Locality: “Quiriqua, Guatemala, 4,000–5,000 feet”
Types: Holotype (#662496) in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Dauphin et al. (2005), News Lepid. Soc. 47(2): 43, 46, 19 figs.
= ‡”magna” Fruhstorfer, 1907
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 68(2): 276.
Original Combination: [Perrhybris demophile calydonia] forma magna
Type Locality: “Honduras... Columbien”; “syntypes” from “San Pedro Sula, Honduras.”
Types: “Syntypes” in BMNH.
Genus Leptophobia Butler, 1870
Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 35, no. 18; 45, no. 18. Type-species: Pieris eleone E. Doubleday, [1847], in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(5): 50, no. 129, pl. 6, fig. 6, by original designation.
*392. Leptophobia aripa (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 528, no. 131.
Original Combination: Pieris Aripa
Type Locality: “Caracas” [Venezuela]
Types: Syntype possibly in MNHP or lost.
= limbata (Kirby, 1887)
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)19: 361.
Original Combination: Daptonura [sic!] limbata
Type Locality: “Ecuador”
Types: Syntype (#720220) in BMNH; figured by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: pl. 46, figs. 367 ♀ D, 368 ♀ V.
= ‡”deserta” Fruhstorfer, 1908
Int. Entomol. Z. 1(40): 305.
Original Combination: [Leptophobia aripa elodia] forma deserta
Type Locality: “Ecuador”; syntype in BMNH labeled “Ecuador, Baños.” [Tungurahua]
Types: ”Syntype” (#720231) in BMNH.
a. Leptophobia aripa elodia (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 529-530, no. 134.
Original Combination: Pieris Elodia
Type Locality: “Mexique, Cuba?”
Types: Syntype (#720216) in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 19.
Genus Pieris Schrank, 1801
Fauna boica 2(1): 152, no. 198. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by designation of Latreille (1810), Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins.: 351, 440. Robbins and Henson (1986), J. Lepid. Soc. 40(2): 79-92, discussed the various generic arrangements and concluded that Pieris [with the following synonymy] forms a monotypic genus related to Perrhybris Hübner, [1825], Itaballia Kaye, 1904, and Ganyra Billberg, 1820.
= ‡Pieris Latreille, 1804
Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(Tab.): 180, 200. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by monotypy. Preoccupied by and a junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801.
= ‡Mancipium Hübner, [1806]
Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by monotypy. The Tentamen was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97; I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 84. A junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801.
= ‡Danaus Oken, 1815
Lehrbuch Naturgesch. 3(Zool.)(1): 723. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by designation of Crotch (1872), Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 60. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 417 suppressed Oken’s work, making this name unavailable. Preoccupied by Danaus Kluk, 1780, Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 83, and a junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801.
= ‡Ganoris Dalman, 1816
K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 61-62, no. 8; 86-90, nos. 1-10; tablet 1, no. 8; tablet 2, no. 8. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801.
= ‡Andropodum Hübner, 1822
Syst.-alph Verz.: 2-5, 7-9. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 199. A junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801. This name was spelled “Antropodum” on page 3 of the original description, representing an incorrect original spelling.
= ‡Tachyptera Berge, 1842
Schmetterlingsbuch: 19, 92-105. Type-species: Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467-468, no. 58, by designation of Hemming (1934), Entomol. 67(849): 38. A junior objective synonym of Pieris Schrank, 1801.
= Artogeia Verity, 1947
Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 3: 192-193. Type-species: Papilio napi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 468, no. 60, by original designation.
napi group Robbins and Henson, 1986
J. Lepid. Soc. 40(2): 86.
393. Pieris angelika Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 340-342, 1(2): pl. 523, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 13-48, pl. 525, figs. 1-50, pl. 527, figs. 1-16, unassociated figs. 1017-1022, 1396-1406, 1598, 1599, 1602 ♂ genitalia, figs. 1581, 1582, 1584-1586 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pieris angelika angelika
Type Locality: “Canada, Yukon, Keno, 4600 ft.”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
This name was first proposed by Eitschberger (1981), Atalanta (Münnerstadt) 11(5): 367-370, but without a description; a nomen nudum.
394. Pieris marginalis Scudder, 1861
As first revisers, W. Barnes and McDunnough (1917), Check List Lepid. Bor. Am.: 3: no. 35, accorded precedence to marginalis over pallida, and Geiger and Shapiro (1992), Z. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 30(2): 118, accorded precedence to marginalis over venosa.
a. Pieris marginalis pseudobryoniae W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 57-58; cited Verity, [1908], Rhop. Palaearctica: 146, pl. 32, figs. 36, 37, and W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: pl. 6, figs. 42bb, 43b.
Original Combination: [Pieris napi] form pseudobryoniae
W. Barnes & McDunnough adopted Pieris napi var. frigida pseudobryoniae Verity [1908] to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
The details of the authorship of this name were addressed by Guppy & Kondla (2010), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(5): 5-6.
= ‡”pseudobryoniae” Verity, [1908]
Rhop. Palaearctica: 146 [31 Jan 1908]; pl. 32, fig. 36 ♀ D (lectotype), 37 ♀ D [30 Apr 1909]; ind. syst.: xxviii [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: [Pieris napi] var. frigida [forme] pseudobryoniae
Type Locality: “Nulato, Alaska” implied from the legend to pl. 32, fig. 36.
Types: Lectotype in MNHP (de Joannis collection), designated by Guppy & Kondla (2010, Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(5): 6.
As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5).
= browni Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 332; 1(2): pl. 519, figs. 27 ♂ D, 28 ♂ V (holotype); 29-36 ♂&♀, D&V.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis browni
Type Locality: “Alaska, U. S. A., ‘Seaward’ Peninsula (korrekte Schreibweise is Seward Peninsula), Kongarok Rd., Mile 48, Big Creek, 750 ft.”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Pieris marginalis shapiroi Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 330; 1(2): pl. 519, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 13-26, unassociated figs. 1600, 1601 ♂ genitalia, 1583 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis shapiroi
Type Locality: “U.S.A., Alaska, Yukon Delta Hooper Bay, Kikuktok Mt., 3 m”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Pieris marginalis hulda W. H. Edwards, 1869
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 370.
Original Combination: Pieris Hulda
Type Locality: “Kodiak” [Alaska]
Types: Neotype (possible holotype) in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 103, fig. 25 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, fig. 24 ♂ D.
d. Pieris marginalis meckyae Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 322; 1(2): pl. 515, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V, 29-36, pl. 517, figs. 1-36, pl. 519, figs. 1-6, unassociated fig. 1587 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis meckyae
Type Locality: “U.S.A., Alaska, Little Susitna River, 1100 ft., Talkeetna Mts., 8 miles N. of Palmer”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Geiger and Shapiro (1992), Z. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 30(2): 117, treated this as a species-level taxon, but further research is needed to corroborate this arrangement.
= ‡”passosi” B. Warren, 1968
Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 80(3): 62-64, pl. 4, figs. 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ V, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: P[ieris]. passosi Hybrid
Type Locality: “Palmer, south Alaska”
Types: “Syntypes” in AMNH. Guppy & Kondla (2010), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(5): 12, fig. 9 ♂ D&V, designated a ‘lectotype’ but, in accordance with the Code, such an action was not necessary.
Described as a hybrid between hulda and oleracea; this name is unavailable (Code Article 1.3.3).
Guppy & Kondla (2010), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(5): 11-12, made a detailed argument for considering this a valid name, but the consistent application of the word ‘hybrid’ to this name throughout Warren’s text removes doubt as to the application of the pertinent Code Article as cited.
e. Pieris marginalis guppyi Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 324; 1(2): pl. 513, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5-20, 25-36 ♂&♀, D&V, pl. 515, figs. 1-22, pl. 531, figs. 14-17.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis guppyi
Type Locality: “Alaska, Skagway”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= ‡”postguppyi” Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 324, pl. 513, fig. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V, 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis guppyi gen. aest. postguppyi
Type Locality: “Alaska, Skagway”
Types: No type(s) designated.
As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5).
f. Pieris marginalis tremblayi Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 327; 1(2): pl. 511, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V, 9-32 ♂&♀, D&V.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis tremblayi
Type Locality: “Canada, British Columbia, Pink Mountain, 5000 ft., Alaska Highway, Mile 147”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
g. Pieris marginalis reicheli Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 301; 1(2): pl. 507, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27-34 ♂&♀, D&V; pl. 509, figs. 1-38; pl. 511, figs. 1-4, unassociated figs. 1346, 1369-1375, 1381, 1604-1606 ♂ genitalia, 1376, 1387, 1574-1579 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis reicheli
Type Locality: “Canada, British Columbia, Revelstoke”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
‡”postreicheli” Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 301.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis reicheli gen. aest. postreicheli
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No type(s) designated.
As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5); it is also a nomen nudum.
h. Pieris marginalis marginalis Scudder, 1861
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 183.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis
Type Locality: “Gulf of Georgia...Crescent City, California”; lectotype from “Washington Territory.” The “Gulf of Georgia” was interpreted to be “near Port Townsend, Wash. Terr.” by H. Hagen (1883), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 22: 164. [Jefferson County, Washington]
Types: Lectotype (#16598) in MCZ, designated by Eitschberger [1984], Herbipoliana 1(1): 284; (2): pl. 495, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.
= pallida Scudder, 1861
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 183.
Original Combination: Pieris pallida
Type Locality: “Gulf of Georgia”; interpreted to be “near Port Townsend, Wash. Terr.” by H. Hagen (1883), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 22: 164. [Jefferson County, Washington]
Types: Syntypes (#16599) in MCZ.
= ‡”flava” W. H. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(6): 94, no. 3 (description), 98 (name).
Original Combination: [Pieris Oleracea] aberr. Flava
Type Locality: “Washington Terr.”
Types: Type(s), if they can be identified, probably in CMNH.
This name might be interpreted as a nomen nudum.
i. Pieris marginalis sequoia J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (11): 128-131, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pieris napi sequoia
Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Prairie Creek Redwood State Park, 50 meters elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
j. Pieris marginalis venosa Scudder, 1861
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 182-183.
Original Combination: Pieris venosa
Type Locality: “San Mateo and Mendocino city, California”; lectotype from “San Mateo.” [San Mateo County]
Types: Lectotype (#16597) in MCZ, designated by Eitschberger [1984], Herbipoliana 1(1): 253; (2): pl. 481, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.
= ‡”flava” W. H. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(6): 89, no. 2 (description), 98 (name).
Original Combination: [Pieris Venosa] aberr. ♀ Flava
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No type(s) designated.
This name might be interpreted as a nomen nudum.
k. Pieris marginalis castoria Reakirt, 1866
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 238, no. 2.
Original Combination: Pieris castoria
Type Locality: “California”; suggested to be “Castoria [= French Camp], San Joaquin County” by Shapiro [1978], J. Res. Lepid. 16(4): 197-200.
Types: Type(s) apparently lost; figured by Strecker (1874), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (8): pl. 8, figs. 4 ♂ D&V, 5 ♀D.
= ‡nasturtii Boisduval, 1869
Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 38-39, no. 7.
Original Combination: Pieris Nasturtii
Type Locality: “dans les champs decouverts au pied de la Juba”; defined as “Hwy. 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch N. Fork Feather River Canyon, 2500' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): figs. 165 ♂ D, 166 ♂ V; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 33, fig. 5 ♂ V.
Preoccupied by Pieris nasturtii W. H. Edwards, 1864, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501.
= resedae Boisduval, 1869
Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 39, no. 8.
Original Combination: Pieris Resedae
Type Locality: “sur les bords du Sacramento” probably in error, as discussed by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 24-25.
Types: Holotype in USNM, figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (127-20): pl. 33, fig. 3 ♂ D, labeled “Californie”; subsequently figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): figs. 168 ♀ D, 169 ♀ V.
= iberidis Boisduval, 1869
Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 39, no. 9.
Original Combination: Pieris Iberidis
Type Locality: “dans les champs”; defined as “Hwy. 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch N. Fork Feather River Canyon, 2500' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25, figs. 171 ♀ D, 172 ♀ V; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. Palae. (17-20): pl. 32, fig. 43 ♀ D.
= microstriata J. A. Comstock, 1924
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23(4): 125; 23(5): pl. 8, figs. 12 ♂ D (holotype), 13 ♂ V, 14 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Pieris napi microstriata
Type Locality: “Eldredge, Sonoma County, California”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
= ‡”cottlei” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(7): 197-198, no. 9, pl. 5, fig. 9 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Pieris napi var. castoria ab. ♂ cottlei
Type Locality: “Anderson Springs, Lake County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
l. Pieris marginalis ziegleri Eitschberger, 1991
Atalanta (Münnerstadt) 22(2-4): 353-354.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis ziegleri
Type Locality: “U.S.A., Montana, Gallatin Co., Hwy 191 betw. West Yellowstone and Big Sky, 1800-2100m”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
m. Pieris marginalis pallidissima W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 59, pl. 6, figs. 4 ♂ D (lectotype), 5 ♀ D, 10 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Pieris napi] pallidissima
Type Locality: “Provo, Utah” [Utah County]
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by Guppy & Kondla (2010), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(5): 13.
= ‡”antepallidissima” Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 306.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis pallidissima gen. vern. antepallidissima
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No type(s) designated.
As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5); it is also a nomen nudum.
n. Pieris marginalis macdunnoughii C. Remington, 1954
Lepid. News 8(3/4): 75.
Original Combination: Pieris napi macdunnoughii
Proposed to replace Pieris napi pseudonapi W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3); spelled “mcdunnoughi” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 72, representing an unjustified emendation.
= ‡pseudonapi W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 57, pl. 6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Pieris napi] pseudonapi
Type Locality: “Silverton, Colo.” [San Juan County]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Preoccupied by Pieris melete pseudonapi Verity, [1911], Rhop. Palaearctica: legend to pl. 59, figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.
‡”postmcdunnoughii” Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 309.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis mcdunnoughi gen. aest. postmcdunnoughii
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No type(s) designated.
As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5); it is also a nomen nudum.
o. Pieris marginalis mogollon Burdick, 1942
Can. Entomol. 74(8): 154-155.
Original Combination: Pieris napi mogollon race nov.
Type Locality: “Mogollon Range, Catron Co., New Mexico”
Types: Holotype (No. #5222) in CNC.
= ‡”warreni” dos Passos, 1965
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 73(3): 136.
Original Combination: Pieris narina mogollon gen. aest warreni
Type Locality: “White Mountains of Arizona”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”postmogollon” Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 314.
Original Combination: Pieris marginalis mogollon gen. aest. postmogollon
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No type(s) designated.
As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5); it is also a nomen nudum.
395. Pieris oleracea (T. Harris, 1829)
a. Pieris oleracea oleracea (T. Harris, 1829)
New England Farmer 7(51): 402.
Original Combination: Pontia Oleracea
Type Locality: “New Hampshire, and Massachusetts”
Types: Syntypes in MCZ.
= cruciferarum Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 519, no. 119.
Original Combination: Pieris Cruciferarum
Type Locality: “les provinces septentrionales des Etats-Unis”; stated to be ‘New York and New England” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 71.
Types: Holotype in BMNH; figured by Verity [1908], Rhop. palae. (17-20): pl. 32, fig. 41 ♂ D, labeled “Am. boréale.”
= casta W. Kirby, 1837
In: Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 288, no. 1, pl. 3, fig. 1 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Pontia Casta
Type Locality: “taken in Lat. 65o”; stated to be “Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 71.
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH.
= ‡”hyemalis” W. H. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(6): 90, no. 3, 98, pl. 2, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: [Pieris] Oleracea hyemalis
Type Locality: “New York”; suggested to be “Hunter, Greene Co., New York” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 71.
Types: “Type(s)” probably in CMNH.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”aestiva” W. H. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(6): 93, no. 3, 98, pl. 3, figs. 15 ♂ D&V, 16 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Pieris Oleracea] summer brood aestiva
Type Locality: “New York”; suggested to be “Hunter, Greene Co., New York” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 71.
Types: “Type(s)” probably in CMNH.
= ‡”virginiensis” W. H. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(6): 95-98.
Original Combination: Pieris Napi Oleracea Hyemalis aberr. virginiensis
Type Locality: “New York”; suggested to be “Hunter, Greene Co., New York” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 71.
Types: “Type(s)” probably in CMNH.
As a polynomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5).
‡”postoleracea” Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 263.
Original Combination: Pieris oleracea oleracea gen. aest. et gen. aut. postoleracea
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No type(s) designated
As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5); it is also a nomen nudum.
b. Pieris oleracea frigida Scudder, 1861
Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 8: 181-182.
Original Combination: Pieris frigida
Type Locality: “Caribou Island, Straits of Belle Isle”; lectotype from “Labrador.” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Lectotype (#16596) in MCZ, designated by Eitschberger [1984], Herbipoliana 1(1): 264-265, pl. 485, fig. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
= borealis (Grote, 1873)
Bull. Buff. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1(4): 185.
Original Combination: Ganoris oleracea var. borealis
Type Locality: “Island of Anticosti, which lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between latitudes 49o and 50o” implied from the introduction. [Quebec]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in USNM.
= acadica W. H. Edwards, 1881
Papilio 1(6): 86-87, no. 1, 98, no. 1 of no. 3, 99, pl. 3, figs. 10 ♂ D&V, 11♀ D&V.
Original Combination: [Pieris Bryoniae] Acadica
Type Locality: “Southern Newfoundland”; defined as “base of Avalon Peninsula” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 104. [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 105, fig. 26 ♂ D&V.
= ekisi Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 272, 1(2): pl. 493, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3-10 ♂&♀, D&V.
Original Combination: Pieris oleracea ekisi
Type Locality: “Ferryland, dem östlichen Punkt der Insel Neufundlands” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Holotype (#11883) in CMNH.
= ‡”pseudoleracea” Verity, [1908]
Rhop. Palaearctica: 146 [31 Jan 1908]; pl. 32, fig. 38 ♂ V [30 Nov 1908]; ind. syst.: xxviii [31 Oct 1911].
Original Combination: [Pieris napi] var. frigida forme pseudoleracea
Type Locality: “Labrador” implied from the legend to plate 32. [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5).
‡”vivida” Verity, [1911]
Rhop. Palaearctica: 334; ind. syst.: xxviii.
Original Combination: [Pieris napi] var. frigida [forme] vivida
Type Locality: Not stated; “Labrador” implied from the text.
Types: Location of ”type(s)” not known.
This name was proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”anteacadica” Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 336.
Original Combination: Pieris acadica acadica gen. vern. anteacadica
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No type(s) designated.
As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5); it is also a nomen nudum.
396. Pieris virginiensis W. H. Edwards, 1870
a. Pieris virginiensis virginiensis W. H. Edwards, 1870
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 13-14, no. 5; figured by W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](8): pl. Pieris 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V, and (1881), Papilio 1(6): pl. 3, figs. 17 ♀ D, 18 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Pieris Virginiensis
Type Locality: “Kanawha district...London, Ontario”; defined as “Coalburgh, W. Va.” by W. H. Edwards (1881), Papilio 1(6): 95-96; neotype from “the Kanawha River valley in the vicinity of Coalburgh, West Virginia.” [Kanawha County, West Virginia]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 101, fig. 24 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 34, fig. 14 ♂ D.
b. Pieris virginiensis hyatti Eitschberger, [1984]
Herbipoliana 1(1): 358; 1(2): pl. 529, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype); 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V, 19-36, pl. 531, figs. 1-11; unassociated figs. 542, 1023-1030 ♂ genitalia, 1589-1591 ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pieris virginiensis hyatti
Type Locality: “Canada, Ontario, Halton Co. Forest, Campbellville”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
rapae group Robbins and Henson, 1986
J. Lepid. Soc. 40(2): 86.
397. Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)
a. Pieris rapae rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 468, no. 59; cited Linnaeus (1746) Fauna Svecica: 243, no. 798, and many other works.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus candidus] Rapae
Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Sweden” by Verity (1947), Farfalle diurn. d'Italia 3: 232, based on the reference to Fauna Svecica.
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 377.
Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not included.
= metra (Stephens, 1827)
Illustr. Brit. Entomol., Haustellata 1: 19-20 (1827); 146-147 (1828).
Original Combination: Pontia Metra
Type Locality: “at Hertford...at Ripley” [England]
Types: Probably no type(s) designated.
= minor (Costa, [1836])
Fauna Regno Napoli: [32], [311], pl. (Lepid. Diurn) 3, figs. 3, 4.
Original Combination: Pontia Rapae var. Minor
Type Locality: “Napoli” [Italy]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= immaculata de Selys-Longchamps, 1857
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 1: 5, no. 5.
Original Combination: [Pieris Rapae] Var. Immaculata
Type Locality: “Belgique” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Syntypes possibly in Fologne collection.
= yreka Reakirt, 1866
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 238, no. 1.
Original Combination: Pieris yreka
Type Locality: “California”; L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. 2: 72, suggested that the syntype was a French specimen supplied by Lorquin with a false label.
Types: Syntype(s) in FMNH; figured by Strecker (1874), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (8): pl. 8, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ D&V.
If the label data on the syntype are correct, then this species may have been introduced to North America on more than one occasion.
= novangliae (Scudder, 1872)
Can. Entomol. 4(4): 79; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(8): pl. 7, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: [Ganoris rapae] variety novangliae
Type Locality: “Shelbourne [sic!], N. H....Waterville, Me.” [Shelburne, Coos County, New Hampshire, and Kennebec County, Maine]
Types: A supposed “syntype” (#16600) from “Shelburne, N. H.” in MCZ.
= ‡immaculata Cockerell, 1889
Entomol. 22(311): 99; cited Newman [1871], Brit. Butterflies: 161.
Original Combination: Pieris rapae immaculata
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Preoccupied by Pieris rapae immaculata de Selys-Longchamps, 1857, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 1: 5, no. 5.
= ‡”immaculata” Skinner & E. Aaron, 1889
Can. Entomol. 21(7): 128-129.
Original Combination: Pieris rapae, var. immaculata
Type Locality: “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” (#902) in CMNH.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”aestivus” Verity, 1913
J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 32(215): 177-178.
Original Combination: [Pieris rapae summer brood] aestivus
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: No types designated.
Probably a nomen nudum.
Genus Pontia [Fabricius], 1807
In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 283, no. 23. Type-species: Papilio daplidice Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 468, no. 62, by designation of J. Curtis (1824), Brit. Entomol. 1(12): pl. 48, [1]. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 704.
= ‡Mancipium Hübner, [1807]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [141]. Type-species: Mancipium hellica Hübner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [141], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, by monotypy (= Papilio helice Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 760, no. 78, incorrect subsequent spelling). I.C.Z.N. Opinion 137 suppressed this name; I.C.Z.N. Direction 4 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 214.
= ‡Pontia [Illiger], 1807
Allg. Lit.-Zeit. 2(303): 1180. Type-species: Papilio helice Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 760, no. 78, by monotypy. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic names in Zoology as name no. 46.
= Synchloe Hübner, 1818
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 26, no. 76. Type-species: Papilio callidice Hübner, [1800], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 81, figs. 408, 409, pl. 108, figs. 551, 552, by designation of Butler (1870), Cist. Entomol. 1(3): 51.
= ‡Mancipium Stephens, 1827
Ill. Brit. Entomol., Haustellata 1: 22. Type-species: Papilio daplidice Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 468, no. 62, by designation of Koçak (1982), Priamus 1(4): 155. Preoccupied by Mancipium Hübner, [1807], and a junior objective synonym of Pontia [Fabricius], 1807.
= ‡Parapieris de Nicéville, 1897
J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. II 66(3): 563. Type-species: Papilio callidice Hübner, [1800], Samml. europ. Schmett.: pl. 81, figs. 408, 409, pl. 108, figs. 551, 552, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Synchloe Hübner, [1818].
= ‡Leucochloe Röber, 1907
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 1(12): 49. Type-species: Papilio daplidice Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 468, no. 62, by designation of Klots (1933), Entomol. Am. (n.s.) 12(4): 212. A junior objective synonym of Pontia [Fabricius], 1807.
= Pontieuchloia Verity, 1929
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 98(3): 347. Type-species: Papilio chloridice Hübner, [1813], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 141, figs. 712-715, by monotypy.
398. Pontia beckerii (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Butterflies N. Am. [1](8): [30]-[31], pl. Neophasia Pieris 1, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V; also figured by W. H. Edwards (1883), 2(11): pl. Pieris I, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Pieris Beckerii
Type Locality: “Virginia City, Nevada” [Storey County]
Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 115, fig. 29 ♂ D&V.
This taxon has been considered a subspecies of Pontia chloridice (Hübner, [1813]), Samml. europ. Schmett.: pl. 141, figs. 712-715, by Higgins and N. Riley (1970), Field Guide Butterflies Brit. Europ.: 47, Higgins (1975), Class. Europ. Butterflies: 75, and Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 220, no. 79. However, Coutsis and Tolman (1996), Linn. Belg. 15(7): 271-272, identified larval characters that support the species-level separation of P. chloridice and P. beckerii.
= ‡”pseudochloridice” (McDunnough, 1928)
Can. Entomol. 60(11): 266-267.
Original Combination: [Pieris beckerii] [early spring generation] pseudochloridice
Type Locality: “Oliver, B. C.”
Types: “Holotype” (#2861) in CNC.
= ‡”gunderi” (Ingham, 1933)
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 9(2): 75.
Original Combination: Ascia beckerii gunderi new tr. f.
Type Locality: “Bouquet Canyon, Los Angeles County, Calif.”
Types: “Holotype” in CAS.
399. Pontia protodice (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. 1(5): 45-46, (6): pl. 17, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ V.
Original Combination: P[ieris]. Protodice
Type Locality: “aux environs de New-York...dans le Connecticut”; suggested to be “New York” by Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 155.
Types: A “type” supposedly in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
= nasturtii (W. H. Edwards, 1864)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, no. 1.
Original Combination: Pieris Nasturtii Boisduval, in lit.
Type Locality: “San Francisco” [San Francisco County, California]
Types: Type(s) lost.
= vernalis (W. H. Edwards, 1864)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501-502, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](8): pl. Pieris 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pieris Vernalis
Type Locality: “Red Bank, New Jersey...the Rocky Mountains”
Types: Type(s) lost.
400. Pontia occidentalis (Reakirt, 1866)
Shapiro (1976), J. Lepid. Soc. 30(4): 289-300, demonstrated species-level distinction between P. occidentalis and P. protodice.
a. Pontia occidentalis occidentalis (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 133-134.
Original Combination: Pieris Occidentalis
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory; California”; defined as “vic. Empire Creek, Clear Creek Co., Colorado” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 70-71.
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
= calyce (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, no. 1.
Original Combination: Pieris Calyce
Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “vicinity of Virginia City, Nevada” by F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 108. [Storey County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, fig. 26 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): fig. 27 ♂ D&V.
b. Pontia occidentalis nelsoni (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Butterflies N. Am. 2(11): [71]-[72], pl. Pieris 1, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Pieris Nelsoni
Type Locality: “St. Michael's Alaska”
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, fig. 29 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1973), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 99(1): fig. 28 ♂ D&V.
Chew and Watt (2006), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 88(3): 423, 425, suggested that nelsoni may be a species-level taxon.
401. Pontia sisymbrii (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Pontia sisymbrii sisymbrii (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 284, no. 8.
Original Combination: Pieris sisymbrii
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of paper; listed as “dans les plaines du Sacramento” by Boisduval (1869), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 40, no. 10; defined as “1 mile NE of Storrie on Hwy 70, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 2,000' elevation, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 8.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 8, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
= ‡”flava” (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Butterflies N. Am. 2(11): [68], pl. Pieris 1, fig. 5 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Pieris Sisymbrii] var. Flava
Type Locality: “California” implied from the text.
Types: “Syntype” in CMNH, labelled from “California.”
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
b. Pontia sisymbrii nigravenosa Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 505, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V (holotype); 21 ♀ D, 22 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pontia sisymbrii nigravenosa
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, 2 road miles north of Red Cloud Mine, 1830 m, T24S R58E S5 on USGS Goodsprings, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Pontia sisymbrii transversa R. Holland, 1995
J. Lepid. Soc. 49(2): 125-127, fig. 5 ♂ D, 5a ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Pontia sisymbrii transversa
R. Holland adopted Ascia sisymbrii gen. vern transversa W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926 to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= ‡”transversa” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 88, no. 33.
Original Combination: Ascia sisymbrii gen. vern transversa
Type Locality: “Paradise, Cochise County, Ariz.; Redington, Ariz.”; holotype from “Paradise.” [Arizona]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
d. Pontia sisymbrii elivata (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 88, no. 33a.
Original Combination: Ascia sisymbrii race elivata
Type Locality: “Glenwood Springs, Colo.” [Garfield County, Colorado]
Types: Holotype USNM.
e. Pontia sisymbrii nordini (K. Johnson, 1977)
J. Lepid. Soc. 31(13): 167-169, figs. 1A ♂ D, 1B ♂ V (holotype); 1C ♀ D, 2D ♀ V, 2(2) ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Pieris sisymbrii nordini
Type Locality: “Monroe Canyon, Sioux Co., Nebraska”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
f. Pontia sisymbrii flavitincta (J. A. Comstock, 1924)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23(1): 19-20, pl. 7, fig. 9 ♀ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Pieris [sisymbrii] flavitincta
Type Locality: “Cranbrook, British Columbia”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Supposedly proposed as a replacement name for flava W. H. Edwards, 1883, but the description, type locality, and type designation make this an available name.
g. Pontia sisymbrii beringiensis C. Guppy & Kondla, 2001
Butterflies B.C.: 145-146, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Pontia sisymbrii beringiensis
Type Locality: “BC, Atlin, 9 km N on Atlin Rd at Ruffner Mine Rd.”
Types: Holotype in BCPM.
Genus Ascia Scopoli, 1777
Intro. Hist. Nat.: 434, no. 175. Type-species: Papilio monuste Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr.: 237, no. 56, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 61.
402. Ascia monuste (Linnaeus, 1764)
a. Ascia monuste monuste (Linnaeus, 1764)
Mus. Lud. Ulr. [1]: 237, no. 56.
Original Combination: P[apilio] D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Monuste
Type Locality: “in Exteris terris”; stated to be “Barbaria” by Linnaeus (1767), Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 760, no. 80; listed as “America” by Fabricius (1775), Syst. Entomol.: 470, no. 117, citing Kleemann (1761), Beytr. Nat. Ins. 1: 31, pl. 3, fig. 3 ♂ D (“Westindianische”); further defined as “Surinam” by W. Comstock (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1229): 2.
Types: Type(s) apparently lost.
W. Comstock (1943), ibid., discussed the identity of this taxon.
= ‡heliades (Billberg, 1820)
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 76; cited “eg. Monuste Fbr.”, in reference to Papilio monuste Linnaeus, 1764.
Original Combination: [Cepora] Heliades
Proposed to replace Papilio monuste Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. [1]: 237, no. 56, erroneously thought preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Papilio monuste.
= feronia (Stephens, 1828)
Ill. Brit. Entomol., Haustellata: 149-150; cited Stephens (1829) Cat. Appendix, II.
Original Combination: Po[ntia]. Feronia
Type Locality: “Prise en Angleterre” inferred from Ernst (1779), Pap. Europ.: 209.
Types: Type(s) may be in BMNH.
= albusta (Sepp, [1851])
Surinaam. Vlinders [3](36): pl. 141.
Original Combination: Papilio Albusta
Type Locality: “Surinam” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Type(s) are lost.
= crameri W. Holland, 1931
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20(2): 256-257; cited Papilio monusta (sensu Cramer (1777), Uitl. Kapellen 2(12): pl. 141, fig. F).
Original Combination: Ascia monuste var. crameri
Type Locality: “Surinam” as given by Cramer for his figure.
Types: Holotype possibly in RMNH.
Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(1): 25-26, thoroughly discusses this taxon and determines that the “type” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, fig. 17, was only a “typical” example, not a true type.
b. Ascia monuste phileta (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 471, no. 119.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus]. C[andidus]. Phileta
Type Locality: “America”; suggested to be “Florida” by W. Comstock (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1229): 3.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= cleomes (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (5): 43-44; (6): pl. 16, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V, 4 larva, 5 pupa.
Original Combination: P[ieris]. Cleomes
Type Locality: “Géorgie et la Virginie...dans la Floride”; suggested to be “Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia” by Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 160.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. A “type” in USNM is not consistent with the description of this taxon. Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, 158-160, detailed this synonymy.
‡”nigra” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.
Original Combination: Ascia monuste female form nigra
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
c. Ascia monuste eubotea (Godart, 1819)
In: Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (111), 144, no. 90.
Original Combination: Pieris Eubotea
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Antilles” by W. Comstock (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1229): 3.
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
The occurrence of this taxon in southern Florida was detailed by Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 44.
= evonima (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 493, no. 84.
Original Combination: Pieris Evonima
Type Locality: “Cuba”
Types: Syntype (#720241) in BMNH.
= vallei (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 494-495, no. 86.
Original Combination: Pieris Vallei
Type Locality: “Cuba”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= joppe (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 495, no. 87.
Original Combination: Pieris Joppe
Type Locality: “Cuba”
Types: Syntype (#720243) in BMNH.
Genus Ganyra Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billberg: 76. Type-species: Papilio amaryllis Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 189-190, no. 586 (= Pieris josephina Godart, 1819, Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (115), 158, no. 136; homonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 178, no. 466.
*403. Ganyra josephina (Godart, 1819)
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (115), 158, no. 136.
Original Combination: Pieris Josephina
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Hispaniola” by W. Comstock (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1229): 5; syntypes from “St. Domingo and Mexico,” as documented by Grimshaw (1897), Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 39, part I(1): 6.
Types: Syntypes in MNHP and RSME.
a. Ganyra josephina josepha (Salvin & Godman, 1868)
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)2(8): 150, no. 22.
Original Combination: Pieris Josepha
Type Locality: “Guatemala (valley of the Polochic) and Mexico (Oaxaca), Nicaragua”; lectotype from “Polochic, Guatemala.”
Types: Lectotype (#720254) in BMNH, designated by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: 57, pl. 66, figs. 523 ♀ D, 524 ♀ V.
= protasia (Fruhstorfer, 1907)
Soc. Entomol. 22(18): 139.
Original Combination: [Pieris] amaryllis protasia
Type Locality: “Honduras...Nicaragua”; lectotype from “San Pedro Sula, Honduras.”
Types: Lectotype (#720246) in BMNH, designated by Abadjiev (2006), Zootaxa 1143: 100, pl. 66, figs. 525 ♂ D, 526 ♂ V.
= ‡”gervasia” (Fruhstorfer, 1907)
Soc. Entomol. 22(18): 139.
Original Combination: [Pieris amaryllis josepha] ♀ forma gervasia
Type Locality: “Süd-Mexiko”
Types: “Syntype” (#720245) in BMNH.
404. Ganyra howarthi (Dixey, 1915)
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1915(1)(1): 12-15, no. 6, pl. 2, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V, 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Pieris howarthi
Type Locality: “sea-level, at Tembabichi Bay, Lower California, Lat. 26o5 N” [Baja California Sur, Mexico]
Types: Syntypes in UMO.
Bailowitz (1988), J. Res. Lepid. 26(1-4): 73-81, detailed the species-level status of this taxon.
= kuschei (Schaus, 1920)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 57(2307): 109-110.
Original Combination: Pieris kuschei
Type Locality: “Mazatlan, Mexico”; suggested to be “San Miguel, nr. Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico” by Bailowitz (1988), J. Res. Lepid. 26: 73-81.
Types: Syntypes (#22398) in USNM; one figured by Abadjiev (2005), Zootaxa 1022, pl. 7, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 labels.
Beutelspacher (1986), An. Inst. Biol., Univ. Nac. Autón. Méx., ser. Zool. 57(2): 313, 314-315, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♀ D, 27 ♂ V, 28 ♀ V, 29 ♂ genitalia, detailed this taxon.
Family LYCAENIDAE [Leach], [1815]
In: Brewster, Edin. Ency. 9: 129 (as “Lycaenida”). Type-genus: Lycaena [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 285, no. 32.
Subfamily Miletinae Reuter, 1896
Acta Soc. Sci. fenn. 22(1): 551, 556 (as “Miletidi”). Type-genus: Miletus Hübner. [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 71. The family-group name Miletinae (applied at various levels) has long been accepted as the proper name for this taxon, even though Gerydinae Doherty, 1886, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal 55, Pt. II(2): 110, 131, is senior (Code Article 35.5).
Tribe Miletini Reuter, 1896 (1886)
Subtribe Spalgina Toxopeus, 1929
Tijdschr. Entomol. 72(3/4): 218, II (as “Spalgiinae”). Type-genus: Spalgis Moore, 1879, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879(1): 137.
Genus Feniseca Grote, 1869
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 308. Type-species: Hesperia tarquinius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 319, no. 207, by original designation.
405. Feniseca tarquinius (Fabricius, 1793)
a. Feniseca tarquinius tarquinius (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 319, no. 207; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl 45, fig. 4; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [44], fig. 1 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[urales]. Tarquinius
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= crataegi (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (13): pl. 37, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 larva, 5 pupa; (14): 128-129; cited Hesperia tarquinius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 319, no. 207, Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [44], fig. 1, and Erycina tarquinius Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 580, no. 77.
Original Combination: P[olyommatus] Crataegi
Type Locality: “Géorgie”
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost.
= porsenna (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 163-164, no. 12.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Porsenna
Type Locality: “Aroostook Co., Me....Norway, Me.” [Norway is in Oxford County, Maine]
Types: Type(s) may be in MCZ.
= ‡”suffusa” Dean, 1918
Lepidoptera 2(8): 60.
Original Combination: Feniseca tarquinius var. suffusa
Type Locality: “Meramec Highlands” [Above the Meremac River, St. Louis-Jefferson counties, Missouri]
Types: Location of “holotype” not known.
b. Feniseca tarquinius novascotiae McDunnough, 1935
Can. Entomol. 67(7): 212.
Original Combination: [Feniseca tarquinius] nova-scotiae
Type Locality: “S. Milford, N. S.” [Nova Scotia]
Types: Holotype (#3995) in CNC.
Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 119, did not recognize subspecies within F. tarquinius.
Subfamily Lycaeninae [Leach], [1815]
Tribe Lycaenini [Leach], [1815]
Genus Lycaena [Fabricius], 1807
In: Illiger Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 285, no. 32. Type-species: Papilio phlaeas Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 285, no. 1078, by designation of J. Curtis (1824), Brit. Entomol. 1(3): pl. 12, [1]. American species in this genus were reviewed by Pratt and D. Wright (2003), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 78(4): 219-229.
Subgenus Lycaena [Fabricius], 1807
= ‡Lycia Sodoffsky, 1837
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 10(6): 81-82, no. 9. Type-species: Papilio phlaeas Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 285, no. 1078, as a replacement name. An unjustified emendation of Lycaena.
= ‡Migonitis Sodovsky, 1837
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 10(6): 82, 06, no. 9. Type-species: Papilio phlaeas Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 285, no. 1078, as a replacement name. Preoccupied by Migonitis Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 147.
= ‡Rumicia Tutt, 1906
Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 18(5): 131. Type-species: Papilio phlaeas Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 285, no. 1078, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Lycaena.
*406. Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761)
Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 285, no. 1078; cited Linnaeus (1746), Fauna Svecica: 247, 248, no. 807, Merian (1730), Europ. Ins.: pl. 164, Petiver (1699), Mus. Petiver. Cent. Rar. Nat. Cont. (4/5): 34, no. 317, and Ray (1710), Hist. Ins.: 125, no. 20.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus ruricola]. Phlaeas
Type Locality: “in pratis Westmanniae” [Vestmanland, Sweden]
Types: Type(s) apparently lost, as noted by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 365.
= eleus (Fabricius, 1798)
Entomol. Syst. Suppl.: 430.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[urales]. Eleus
Type Locality: “Germania”
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
a. Lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 291, no. 23.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Hypophlaeas
Type Locality: “Nord de la California”; suggested to be “the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California...could well have been the gold region in Tuolumne County” by Shields [1968], J. Res. Lepid. 6(1): 22; lectotype from “vicinity of Boston Massachusetts.”
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 12, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V.
The identity of the lectotype dictates the current synonymy. Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 187, suggested that this taxon represents a human-assisted introduction to the New World, without supporting evidence.
= americana T. Harris, 1862
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 273-274, fig. 104 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Americana
Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the first edition of the book.
Types: Syntypes in MCZ.
This name was listed by d’Urban (1860), Can. Nat. Geol. 5(2): 91, no. 21, and (1860), Can. Nat. Geol. 5(4): 246, no. 1 (both times citing T. Harris), without a description or indication; nomina nuda.
= ‡”fasciata” (Strecker, 1878)
Butterflies Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 101, no. 158a.
Original Combination: [Chrysophanus Phlaeas var. Americana] ab. a. ♀ Fasciata
Type Locality: “Florida” apparently in error.
Types: “Holotype” in FMNH; “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 45 ♀ D.
= ‡”fulliolus” (Hulst, 1886)
Entomol. Am. 2(9): 182.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus americanus ab. fulliolus
Type Locality: Not stated; “holotype” from “Long Island” recorded by Ottolengui (1895), Entomol. News 6(7): 217. [New York]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”obliterata” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(7): 1001-1002; cited a specimen figured by Maynard (1886), Butterflies N. Engl.: pl. 5, figs. 52, 52a.
Original Combination: H[eodes]. h[ypophlaeas]. [ab.] obliterata
Type Locality: “New England” implied from the title of Maynard’s book.
Types: “Holotype” probably lost, possibly in MCZ.
= ‡”adrienne” (Maynard, 1891)
Manual N. Am. Butterflies: 153, no. 395b.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus phlaeas adrienne
Type Locality: “Eastern Massachusetts”
Types: Location of “holotype” not known, possibly in MCZ.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”caeca” (Reiff, 1913)
Entomol. News 24(7): 306, pl. 10, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Heodes phlaeas f. nov. caeca
Type Locality: “West Roxbury, Mass.” [Suffolk County, Massachusetts]
Types: “Holotype” probably in MCZ.
= ‡”octomaculata” (Dean, 1918)
Lepidoptera 2(8): 60.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus hypophlaeas var. octomaculata
Type Locality: “the southwestern portion of the city” [St. Louis, St. Louis County, Missouri]
Types: Location of “holotype” not known.
= ‡”banksi” (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 454-455.
Original Combination: Heodes hypophlaeas hypophlaeas ab. banksi
Type Locality: “Lexington, Massachusetts” [Middlesex County]
Types: “Holotype” (#15956) in MCZ.
= ‡”fulvus” (Rummel, 1929)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 23(5): 268.
Original Combination: Heodes hypophlaeas ab. fulvus
Type Locality: “Green Village, N. J....Old Bridge, N. J.” [Green Village, Morris County; Old Bridge, Middlesex County, New Jersey]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”neui” (Rummel, 1929)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 23(5): 268.
Original Combination: Heodes hypophlaeas ab. neui
Type Locality: “Hillside, N. J.” [Union County, New Jersey]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”bacchus” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(7): 998.
Original Combination: [Heodes hypophlaeas] = Lycaena bacchus Harr. manuscript
A manuscript name credited to T. Harris, listed in the synonymy of americana without description or indication; a nomen nudum.
b. Lycaena phlaeas feildeni (M'Lachlan, 1878)
J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 14(74): 111.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus phloeas [sic!] Feildeni
Type Locality: “lat. 81o 41' N”; holotype from “Grinnell Land, W. side of Smith Sound 81o45' N,” which probably refers to Smith Sound on SE Ellesmere Island. [Nunavut]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
This name is often misspelled “fieldeni.”
c. Lycaena phlaeas arethusa (Wolley-Dod, 1907)
Can. Entomol. 39(5): 169-170.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus arethusa
Type Locality: “the foothills...Lineham's lower log camp, south fork of Sheep Creek...about thirty-five miles south-west of Calgary...Alberta...near the spruce woods about ten or fifteen miles nearer Calgary”; Kohler (2007), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(1): 9, defined this as “the head of Fish Creek and the south fork of Sheep Creek, Alberta.”
Types: Syntypes in USNM and CNC.
d. Lycaena phlaeas weberi Kohler, 2007
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 7(1): 10-12, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♂ (holotype), 39 ♀ D, 40 ♀ V, 47.
Original Combination: Lycaena phlaeas weberi
Type Locality: “Montana: Liberty County: north slope of Mount Royal, East Butte, Sweet Grass Hills, from the summit (6914') down slope (north) to the saddle (6300') between Mount Royal and Mount Brown”
Types: Holotype in BYU.
e. Lycaena phlaeas arctodon Ferris, 1974
Bull. Allyn Mus. (18): 4-5, figs. 17 ♂ D&V (holotype), 18 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena phlaeas arctodon
Type Locality: “E side Beartooth Pass, Custer NF, Carbon Co., Mont., 10,300'” [Montana]
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Lycaena phlaeas shields Kemal & Koçak, 2007
Centre Entomol. Stud. Ankara. Misc. Pap. (135): 7.
Original Combination: Lycaena phlaeas shields
Proposed as a replacement name for Lycaena phlaeas alpestris J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡alpestris J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 662, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena phlaeas alpestris
Type Locality: “California: Mono County; north slope of Mt. Dana...11,200-11,800'”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Preoccupied by Lycaena alpestris Freyer, 1851, Neuer Beitr. Schmett. Abbild. Natur. 6(98): 162, pl. 583, figs 3, 4.
407. Lycaena cupreus (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
a. Lycaena cupreus lapidicola J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 663-664, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena cuprea lapidicola
Type Locality: “California: Mono County; Tioga Pass”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
= ‡”maculinita” (Gunder, 1926)
Entomol. News 37(1): 8, no. 11, pl. 1, fig. 11 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Heodes cupreus ab. ♀ maculinita
Type Locality: “Mammoth, Mono County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 52, fig. 16 ♀ D.
b. Lycaena cupreus cupreus (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 20-21, no. 15; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(2): pl. Chrysophanus 1, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus Cupreus
Type Locality: “Oregon”; suggested to be “mountains in the south central part of Oregon” by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 175; defined as “Crane Creek, 3 miles south of Lakeview, Lake County Oregon” by J. Emmel and Pratt (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 663.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 176, fig. 6 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 40 ♀ D.
Species-genus gender conformation is cuprea.
= artemisia Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 6-7.
Original Combination: Lycaena cupreus artemisia
Type Locality: “The Potholes, Teton Co., Wyo.” [Wyoming]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
This synonymy was implied by J. Emmel and Pratt (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 663, and discussed by A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 98.
c. Lycaena cupreus henryae (Cadbury, 1937)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 89: 409-410, pl. 16, fig. 9 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus snowi henryae new race
Type Locality: “Caribou Pass, alt. 5200 ft.” [British Columbia]
Types: Syntype (#7779) in CMNH.
Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 121, considered this name synonymous with snowi, but C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 190, recognized it as a subspecies-level taxon.
= ‡”mcdunnoughi” Gunder, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 284, no. 12, pl. A, fig. 12 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Lycaena (Heodes) snowi tr. f. mcdunnoughi
Type Locality: “Laggan, Alta., Can.” [Alberta]
Types: “Holotype” in CNC.
This was spelled “macdunnoughi” by dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (1): 61; an unjustified emendation.
d. Lycaena cupreus snowi (W. H. Edwards, [1881])
Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 7: 69-70.
Original Combination: C[hrysophanus]. Snowi
Type Locality: “above timber line on Gray's Peak, Colorado” [Summit and Clear Creek counties]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 178, fig. 7 ♂ D&V.
Subgenus Tharsalea Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 125, no. 29. Type-species: Polyommatus arota Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 293-294, no. 27, by original designation.
408. Lycaena arota (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Lycaena arota arota (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 293-294, no. 27; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1933 ♂ D&V, 1934 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Polyommatus arota
Type Locality: “Montagnes de la Juba”; suggested to be “Sierra Nevada at lower elevations, in the old mining region” by Tilden (1955), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 54(2): 68; defined as “Highway 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch of N. Fork Feather River Canyon, 2500' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13, figs. 45 ♂ D, 46 ♂ V.
b. Lycaena arota virginiensis (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 21, no. 17.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus Virginiensis
Type Locality: “Virginia City, Nevada” [Storey County]
Types: Neotype (#7015) in AMNH, designated by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 164, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
c. Lycaena arota nubila (J. A. Comstock, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 34; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 51, fig. 2 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Tharsalea arota r[ace]. nubila
Type Locality: “Griffith Park, Los Angeles, California” [Los Angeles County]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Lycaena arota schellbachi Tilden, 1955
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 54(2): 72-74, pl. 24, fig. 4 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Lycaena (Tharsalea) arota schellbachi
Type Locality: “North Rim, Grand Canyon National Park...Bright Angel Trail, Grand Canyon” [Coconino County, Arizona]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Subgenus Hermelycaena L. Miller & F. Brown, 1979
Bull. Allyn Mus. (51): 22. Type-species: Chrysophanus hermes W. H. Edwards, 1870, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 21, no. 16, by original designation.
409. Lycaena hermes (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 21, no. 16.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus Hermes
Type Locality: “California”; defined as “vicinity of San Diego, San Diego Co., California” by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 165; neotype from “S. Diego.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 166, fig. 2 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 50 ♂ D.
= delsud (W. G. Wright, 1905) (emended)
Butterflies W. Coast: 62, no. 347; 215, no. 347, pl. 28, figs. 347, 347b ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: [Chrysophanus] Del Sud; Chrysophanus Del-Sud n. s.
Type Locality: “San Diego County, California” “San Diego, Cal.”
Types: Holotype (#4317) in CAS.
Subgenus Chalceria Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 125, no. 30. Type-species: Chrysophanus rubidus Behr, 1866, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 208, by original designation. Pratt et al. (1993), J. Res. Lepid. 30(3/4): 175-195, discussed this synonymy, but did not establish priority of Chalceria over Gaeides. C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 188, were apparently the first revisers.
= Gaeides Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 126, no. 31. Type-species: Chrysophanus dione Scudder, 1868, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 401, by original designation.
410. Lycaena dione (Scudder, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 401.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus Dione
Type Locality: “Iowa”; defined as “Denison and New Jefferson, Iowa” by Scudder [1870], Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. 1(2): 330. [Denison, Crawford County; Jefferson, Greene County]
Types: Syntypes probably in MCZ.
Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 121-122, and Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 189-190, treated dione as a species-level taxon.
= ‡”gibboni” Gunder, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 284, no. 13, pl. A, fig. 13 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Lycaena (Dione) dione tr. f. gibboni
Type Locality: “Miniota, Man., Can.” [Manitoba]
Types: “Holotype” in CNC.
411. Lycaena editha (Mead, 1878)
Oliver & Shapiro (2007), Molec. Ecol. 16(20): 4308–4320, establish that Lycaena editha and L. xanthoides are distinct species.
a. Lycaena editha editha (Mead, 1878)
Can. Entomol. 10(10): 198-199.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus Editha
Type Locality: “the borders of Lake Tahoe, near Carnelian Bay” [Placer County, California]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 28, figs. 26 ♂ D, 27 ♀ D.
= ‡”vanduzeei” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 38(5): 133, no. 1, pl. 2, fig. 1 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Lycaena editha vanduzeei ♀ nov. tr. form
Type Locality: “Deer Park, Placer County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in CAS.
b. Lycaena editha pseudonexa J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 675-677, figs. 45 ♂ D, 46 ♂ V (holotype); 47 ♀ D, 48 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena editha pseudonexa
Type Locality: “California: Shasta County; Railroad Park, Dunsmuir”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Lycaena editha obscuramaculata Austin, 1989
J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 266.
Original Combination: Lycaena editha obscuramaculata
Proposed to replace Lycaena editha nevadensis Austin, 1984, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡nevadensis Austin, 1984
J. Res. Lepid. 23(1): 83, 85, figs. 1 top left ♂ D (holotype), top right ♀ D, 2 top left ♂ V (holotype), top right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena editha nevadensis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Jarbidge Mountains, Jarbidge Canyon between Pine Creek and Gorge Gulch, 6600', T46N, R9E, S33...about 4 km south of the town of Jarbidge on the floor of a narrow, steep-sided canyon”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Preoccupied by Lycaena nevadensis Oberthür, 1896, Étud. Entomol. 20: pl. 4, fig. 54.
d. Lycaena editha vurali Koçak, 1984
Priamus 3(3): 95.
Original Combination: Lycaena editha vurali
Proposed to replace Lycaena editha montana W. D. Field, 1936, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡montana W. D. Field, 1936
Entomol. News 47(5): 122.
Original Combination: Lycaena editha new race montana
Type Locality: “Broadwater County, Montana”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Preoccupied by Lycaena semiargus montana Meyer-Dur, 1851, Verz. Schmett. Schwiez. 1, Tagfalter: 60.
= ‡”meadi” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 25.
Original Combination: Lycaena editha race montana female f. meadi
Type Locality: “Teton Mts., Wyo.” [Teton County, Wyoming]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
412. Lycaena xanthoides (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Lycaena xanthoides nigromaculata J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 674, figs. 41 ♂ D, 42 V ♂ V (holotype); 43 ♀ D, 44 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena xanthoides nigromaculata
Type Locality: “California: Colusa County; junction of Highway 45 and Highway 20, west of Meridian”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Lycaena xanthoides xanthoides (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 292-293, no. 26; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1931 ♂ D&V, 1932 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Polyommatus xanthoides
Type Locality: “Montagnes de la Californie”; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 12.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 12, figs. 42 ♂ D, 43 ♂ V.
= luctuosa (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 453-454.
Original Combination: Heodes xanthoides luctuosa
Type Locality: “Tehachapi, California” [Kern County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= ‡”gunderi” Rudkin, 1933
Entomol. News 44(4): 97.
Original Combination: Lycaena xanthoides tr. f. gunderi
Type Locality: “Bouquet Canyon, Los Angeles Co., California”
Types: “Holotype” in CAS.
c. Lycaena xanthoides obsolescens J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 672-673, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♂ V (holotype); 39 ♀ D, 40 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena xanthoides obsolescens
Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Hunter Mountain east of Nelson Range; small stream and meadow 0.4 air miles southeast of peak 7107 on 1951 USGS Marble Canyon topographic quadrangle, 6800' elevation, Death Valley National Monument”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
413. Lycaena gorgon (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Lycaena gorgon gorgon (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 292, no. 25; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1929 ♂ D&V, 1930 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Polyommatus gorgon
Type Locality: “montagnes de la Californie”; defined as “Hwy. 70 at Bear Ranch Creek, vicinity of Cresta, North Fork Feather River Canton, elevation 1500', Butte County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. (2): 12.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 12, figs. 39 ♂ D, 40 ♂ V.
b. Lycaena gorgon micropunctata J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 668-669, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena gorgon micropunctata
Type Locality: “California: Mono County; Lower Rock Creek, 6200' elevation, 2.8 road miles SE of U. S. Highway 395”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Lycaena gorgon jacquelineae J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 666-667, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena gorgon jacquelineae
Type Locality: “California: Modoc County; Pine Creek Canyon, 5500' elevation, County Road 2, 3 road miles east of New Pine Creek (town), Warner Mountains”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Lycaena gorgon dorothea J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 668, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena gorgon dorothea
Type Locality: “Oregon. Josephine County; Illinois River Road, 3 miles west of Selma, Siskiyou National Forest, 1,350' elevation”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
414. Lycaena rubidus (Behr, 1866)
a. Lycaena rubidus monachensis K. Johnson & Balogh, 1977
Bull. Allyn Mus. (43): 38-40, fig. 29 ♂ D&V (holotype) ♀ D&V, fig. 30A-F ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Lycaena (Tharsalea) rubidus monachensis
Type Locality: “Monache Meadows, Tulare County, California”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Lycaena rubidus incana Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 539-540, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena rubida incana
Type Locality: “Nevada: Esmeralda County; White Mountains, Trail Canyon, 2621 m, T1S R33E S10 on USGS Davis Mountain, Nev.-Calif. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Lycaena rubidus rubidus (Behr, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 208.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus rubidus
Type Locality: “interior of Oregon”; neotype from “Oreg.”; defined as “Horse Prairie, 5 miles east of Lakeview, Lake County, Oregon” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 102.
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CMNH, designated by K. Johnson and Balogh (1977), Bull. Allyn Mus. (43): 20, figs. 16 ♂ D&V; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): figs. 49 ♂ D, 50 ♂ V.
Species-genus gender conformation is rubida.
d. Lycaena rubidus duofascies K. Johnson & Balogh, 1977
Bull. Allyn Mus. (43): 21-25, fig. 19 ♂ D&V (holotype) ♀ D&V, fig. 20A-F ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Lycaena (Tharsalea) rubidus duofascies
Type Locality: “Bogus Basin, nr. Boise, Boise County, Idaho, 6000'”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 103, considered this taxon a synonym of L. r. rubidus.
e. Lycaena rubidus perkinsorum K. Johnson & Balogh, 1977
Bull. Allyn Mus. (43): 25-28, fig. 21 ♂ D&V (holotype) ♀ D&V, fig. 22A-F ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Lycaena (Tharsalea) rubidus perkinsorum
Type Locality: “1 mi. E. the [sic!] Dalles, Wasco County, Oregon, 150'” [The Dalles]
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Lycaena rubidus sirius (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 270, no. 6; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(2): pl. Chrysophanus 1, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V, 10 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus Sirius
Type Locality: “Colorado”; suggested to be “Twin Lakes” and “Mt. Lincoln, South Park and Middle Park” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 161-162; defined as “vicinity of Twin Lakes, Lake Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 166-167.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 168-169, fig. ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 29, fig. 3 ♂ D.
g. Lycaena rubidus longi K. Johnson & Balogh, 1977
Bull. Allyn Mus. (43): 28-32, fig. 23 ♂ D&V (holotype) ♀ D&V, fig. 24A-C ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Lycaena (Tharsalea) rubidus longi
Type Locality: “Cañon Region north of Harrison, Sioux County, Nebraska”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
h. Lycaena rubidus ferrisi K. Johnson & Balogh, 1977
Bull. Allyn Mus. (43): 40-42, fig. 31 ♂ D&V (holotype) ♀ D&V, fig. 32A-F ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Lycaena (Tharsalea) ferrisi
Type Locality: “Apache Ditch Camp (13 miles east of McNary), Apache County, Arizona”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Pratt et al. (1993), J. Res. Lepid. 30(3/4): 190, treated this taxon as a subspecies of L. rubidus; its status needs further elaboration.
415. Lycaena heteronea Boisduval, 1852
a. Lycaena heteronea heteronea Boisduval, 1852
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 298, no. 35; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, figs. 1946 ♂ D&V, 1947 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena heteronea
Type Locality: “montagnes du nord”; defined as “bluff between Cavallo Point and Yellow Bluff, ca. 2 air miles SSE of Sausalito, Marin County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15, figs. 72 ♂ D, 73 ♂ V.
b. Lycaena heteronea northi J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 671, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V (holotype); 35 ♀ D, 36 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena heteronea northi
Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; North Trinity Mountain; 1/2 mile up trail to Water Dog Lakes, 5,800' elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Lycaena heteronea submaculata J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 670-671, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V (holotype); 31 ♀ D, 32 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena heteronea submaculata
Type Locality: “California: Plumas County; Warner Valley, at south boundary of Lassen National Park”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Lycaena heteronea clara Hy. Edwards, 1877
Pac. Coast Lepid. (26): [1].
Original Combination: Lycaena clara
Type Locality: “Tehachipi Pass, S. P. R. R., Kern Co...Colorado and the mountains of California”; all syntypes are from “Tehachapi Pass, California.”
Types: Syntypes in MGCL and AMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 30, fig. 26 ♀ D.
e. Lycaena heteronea austin Kemal & Koçak, 2007
Centre Entomol. Stud. Ankara. Misc. Pap. (135): 2.
Original Combination: Lycaena (Chalceria) heteronea austin
Proposed as a replacement name for Lycaena heteronea rutila Austin, 1998, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡rutila Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 541, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena heteronea rutila
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lincoln County; Wilson Creek Range, Wilson Peak Road, 2470 m, T5N R68E S21, 28 on USGS Trail Canyon, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Preoccupied by Papilio rutilus Werneberg, 1864, Beitr. Schmett. 1: 391..
f. Lycaena heteronea rava Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 540, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena heteronea rava
Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Ruby Mountains, Lamoille Canyon, end of Lamoille Canyon Road, 2700 m, T32N R58E S36 on USGS Lamoille, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
g. Lycaena heteronea klotsi W. D. Field, 1936
Entomol. News 47(5): 123.
Original Combination: Lycaena heteronea new race klotsi
Type Locality: “Broadwater County, Montana”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
h. Lycaena heteronea gravenotata Klots, 1930
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 25(3): 163-165, figs. 1 ♂ V (holotype); 2 ♀ V, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: L[ycaena]. heteronea gravenotata
Type Locality: “Plainview, Jefferson County, Colo. Alt. 6783 ft.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= ‡”coloradensis” (Gunder, 1925)
Entomol. News 36(7): 194, no. 1, pl. 5, fig. 1 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Heodes heteronia [sic!] ab. ♂ coloradensis
Type Locality: “Plain View [sic!], Colorado” [Plainview, Jefferson County]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
Subgenus Epidemia Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 127, no. 33. Type-species: Polyommatus epixanthe Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (13): pl. 38, figs. 4, 5; (14): 127, by original designation.
= Hyllolycaena L. Miller & F. Brown, 1979
Bull. Allyn Mus. (51): 15-17. Type-species: Papilio hyllus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 67-68, pl. 43, figs. B, C; (8): 153 (index), by original designation. Pratt and D. Wright (2003), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 78(4): 226, placed this taxon here.
= Hellolycaena Koçak, 1983
Priamus 3(1): 3-5. Type-species: Polyommatus thoe Guérin-Méneville, [1832], Icon. Régne Anim. Cuvier: pl. Ins. 81, figs. 4, 4a, 4b (= Papilio hyllus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 67-68, pl. 43, figs. B, C; (8): 153 (index)), by original designation. Koçak (1983), thought that hyllus was a species-level taxon from the Old World, distinct from thoe; in this he disagreed with F. Brown and W. D. Field (1970), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 78(4): 175-184.
416. Lycaena hyllus (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(4): 67-68, pl. 43, figs. B ♂ D, C ♂ V; (8): 153 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Ruralis Hyllus
Type Locality: “Smirna” “Smirne” [Smyrna, Turkey]; neotype from “Brooklyn, New York” [Kings County, New York]
Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by Calhoun (2010), J. Lepid. Soc. 64(2): 87, fig. 18 ♀ D&V.
Calhoun (2010), J. Lepid. Soc. 64(2): 79-90, 20 figs., gave a detailed historical treatment of both Papilio hyllus and Polyommatus thoe. He cemented the use of the name hyllus for this taxon thereby stabilizing its current usage.
= thoe (Guérin-Méneville, [1832])
Icon. Régne Anim. Cuvier 2(18): pl. Ins. 81, figs. 4 ♀ D, 4a ♀ V, 4b [1832]; 3: 490 [1844].
Original Combination: Polyommatus Thoe
Type Locality: “l'Amerique du Nord”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in MNHP.
F. Brown and W. D. Field (1970), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 78(4): 175-184, successfully supplanted Polyommatus thoe with Papilio hyllus as the senior synonym. The rules current at the time were violated by replacing a long recognized name with an overlooked senior synonym, that action was cemented by the designation of a neotype for hyllus above.
= ‡”wormsbacheri” Gunder, 1927
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 26(2): 53.
Original Combination: Lycaena thoe nov. tr. f. wormsbacheri
Type Locality: Not known, but possibly Cleveland, Ohio, where Wormsbach lived. [Cuyahoga County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”wyatti” Gunder, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 285, no. 16, pl. A, fig. 16 ♂ D, 16b ♂ V (“holotype”), 16d ♀ D.
Original Combination: Lycaena (Heodes) thoe tr. f. wyatti
Type Locality: “Colorado?”
Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.
417. Lycaena epixanthe (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])
a. Lycaena epixanthe epixanthe (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (13): pl. 38, figs. 4 ♀ D, 5 ♂ V; (15): 127.
Original Combination: P[olyommatus] Epixanthe
Type Locality: “aux environs de New-Harmony- Indiana”; suggested to be “somewhere in New Jersey or the environs of Philadelphia” by Rawson (1948), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 56(1): 58.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by Rawson (1948), ibid.
b. Lycaena epixanthe phaedrus (G. Hall, 1924)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 32(2): 111.
Original Combination: Heodes epixanthe phaedrus
Type Locality: “Dublin Shore, Lunenburg Co., N. S.” [Nova Scotia]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus-species gender conformation is phaedra.
= amicetus (W. Holland, 1931)
Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 250, no. 15, pl. 28, fig. 28 ♂ D (lectotype), pl. 64, figs. 41 ♂ D, 42 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus amicetus
Type Locality: “Newfoundland”; defined as “the Avalon Peninsula, S. E. Newfoundland, in the general vicinity of St. John” by F. Brown (1968), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 76(1): 25. [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Clench (1968), in: F. Brown, J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 76(1): 25.
This name was listed (as Polyommatus amicetus) without a description or indication by E. Doubleday (1847), List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 2: 55, Scudder (1876), Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 128, and Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(7): 985 (as a manuscript name credited to Boisduval); these are nomina nuda.
c. Lycaena epixanthe michiganensis Rawson, 1948
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 56(1): 59-60.
Original Combination: Lycaena epixanthe michiganensis
Type Locality: “Proud Lake, Oakland County, Michigan”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
418. Lycaena dorcas W. Kirby, 1837
There is no consensus on relationships between taxa placed under L. dorcas and L. helloides (e.g. Ferris (1977), Bull. Allyn Mus. (45): 1-42, Scott (1979), J. Res. Lepid. 17(1): 40-50, (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 44-45, and (2008), Papilio (n.s.): 43-55. Further study is required before a stable nomenclature can be attained.
a. Lycaena dorcas claytoni A. E. Brower, 1940
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 35(4): 138.
Original Combination: Lycaena dorcas claytoni
Type Locality: “Springfield, Maine” [Penobscot County]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
b. Lycaena dorcas michuron Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 42, pl. 4, 3rd row right center ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Lycaena dorcas michuron
Type Locality: “Fenton Road, N of Hwy. 59. Livingston Co. Mich.” [Michigan]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
c. Lycaena dorcas dorcas W. Kirby, 1837
In: J. Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 299, no. 1, pl. 4, fig. 1 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Lycaena Dorcas
Type Locality: “Lat. 54o”; suggested to be “Cumberland-house” by W. Comstock and Huntington (1959), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 67(3/4): 210; neotype from “The Pas, Manitoba.”
Types: Neotype in CNC, designated by Ferris (1977), Bull. Allyn Mus. (45): 23, fig. 59 ♀ D&V.
‡”anthelle” (E. Doubleday, 1847)
List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 2: 55.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Anthelle
Type Locality: “Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay” [Martin Falls, Ontario]
Types: “Syntypes” in BMNH.
W. Barnes and Benjamin (1926), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 95, noted that one of the “types” was in the USNM. Klots (1936), Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 31(4):165, stated that this is a manuscript name for dorcas and a nomen nudum.
d. Lycaena dorcas arcticus (Ferris, 1977)
Bull. Allyn Mus. (45): 33-35, figs. 86 ♂ D&V (holotype), 87 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Epidemia dorcas arcticus
Type Locality: “Mayo Lake Road, Yukon Territory, Canada”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Genus-species gender conformation is arctica.
e. Lycaena dorcas florus (W. H. Edwards, [1884])
Can. Entomol. 15(11): 210-211.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus Florus
Type Locality: “Red Deer River, B. Am.”; lectotype from “Garnett's Ranch, near Lundbreck, mouth of Crowsnest [sic!] Pass, Alberta” [Crow's Nest Pass]
Types: Lectotype (#G 2960) in CNC, designated by Bird and Ferris (1979), Can. Entomol. 111(5): 637-639, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V; figured by Kondla and C. Guppy (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv.: figs. 1 upper, ♂ D, 2 upper ♂ V. A previous lectotype designation by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 173-174, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, was in error.
f. Lycaena dorcas megaloceras (Ferris, 1977)
Bull. Allyn Mus. (45): 31-33, figs. 84 ♂ D&V (holotype), 85 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Epidemia dorcas megaloceras
Type Locality: “5-Spring Creek, 9100' (2775m), Big Horn Co., Wyoming”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= ‡”hulbirti” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 25-26.
Original Combination: Lycaena dorcas race florus female f. hulbirti
Type Locality: “Broadwater Co., Montana”
Types: “Holotype” USNM.
= ‡”sternitzkyi” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 26.
Original Combination: Lycaena dorcas race florus female f. sternitzkyi
Type Locality: “Broadwater Co., Montana”
Types: “Holotype” USNM.
g. Lycaena dorcas castro (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 148-149.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Castro
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory”
Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Ferris (1977), Bull. Allyn Mus. (45): 25, fig. 68 ♂ D&V.
= sangremar J. Scott, 2008
Papilio (n.s.) 18: 47, pl. 2, fourth row right % D, fifth row right % V (holotype).
Original Combination: Lycaena florus [castro] sangremar
Type Locality: “NE Taos Ski Basin, 10400', Sangre de Cristo Mts., Taos Co. New Mex.”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= ‡”williamsi” Gunder, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 285, no. 14, pl. A, fig. 14 ♂ D, 14b ♂ D (“holotype”), 14d ♀ D.
Original Combination: Lycaena (Dione) helloides tr f. williamsi
Type Locality: “Hall's [sic!] Valley, Park Co., Colo.” [Hall Valley, Colorado]
Types: “Holotype” (#7178) in CMNH.
419. Lycaena dospassosi McDunnough, 1940
Can. Entomol. 72(7): 130-131.
Original Combination: Lycaena dorcas v. dosPassosi
Type Locality: “Bathurst, N. B.” [New Brunswick]
Types: Holotype (# 5092) in CNC.
Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 126, elevated this taxon to the species-level.
420. Lycaena helloides (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10: 291, no. 24; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, figs. 1927 ♂ D&V, 1928 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Polyommatus helloides
Type Locality: “aux environs de San Francisco”; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 12.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 12, 36 ♂, 37 ♂ V; figured by Ferris (1977), Bull. Allyn Mus. (45): fig. 50 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”sternitzkyi” Gunder, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 285, no. 15, pl. A, fig. 15 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Lycaena (Heodes) thoe tr. f. sternitzkyi
Type Locality: “Petaluma, Calif.” [Sonoma County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
421. Lycaena nivalis (Boisduval, 1869)
a. Lycaena nivalis nivalis (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 44-45, no. 19; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, figs. 1955 ♂ D&V, 1956 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Polyommatus nivalis
Type Locality: “de la région des neiges”; suggested to be “in the Sierras (Sierra Nevada, Placer or El Dorado County)” by dos Passos (1938), Can. Entomol. 70(3): 45; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 26.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 26, figs. 183 ♂ D, 184 ♂ V.
= ianthe (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 211-212, no. 12.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus Ianthe
Type Locality: “Nevada”; suggested to be “near Virginia City” by dos Passos (1938), Can. Entomol. 70(3): 45; further defined as “Lake Tahoe, Nevada” by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 169.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1969), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 95(1): 171, fig. 4 ♀ D&V.
b. Lycaena nivalis bichroma J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 664-665, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena nivalis bichroma
Type Locality: “California: Siskiyou County; summit of Mt. Eddy”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Lycaena nivalis warnermontana J. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (52): 665-666, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ D (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena nivalis warnermontana
Type Locality: “California: Modoc County; Dismal Swamp, Warner Mountains”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Lycaena nivalis praetexta Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 541-542, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena nivalis praetexta
Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Owyhee River Valley, Wildhorse Creek, Wildhorse Crossing Campground, 1950 m, T44N R54E (unsectioned) on USGS Wild Horse, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Lycaena nivalis browni dos Passos, 1938
Can Entomol. 70(3): 45, pl. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena nivalis browni
Type Locality: “Snowslide Canyon, eight miles from Montpelier, Idaho” [Bear Lake County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
422. Lycaena mariposa (Reakirt, 1866)
a. Lycaena mariposa mariposa (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 149-150, note.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Mariposa
Type Locality: “California”
Types: Syntypes in FMNH, ANSP, and (#16012) in MCZ; figured by Strecker (1874), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (10): pl. 10, figs. 25 ♂ D&V, 26 ♀ D.
= zeroe (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 45, no. 20; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, figs. 1957 ♂ D&V, 1958 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Polyommatus zeroe
Type Locality: “les hautes montagnes des frontières de l'Utah”; suggested to be “eastern flanks of the Californian or Nevadan mountains somewhere west of the general region of Reno and Carson City, Nevada” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 273; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 26.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 26, figs. 186 ♂ D, 187 ♂ V.
b. Lycaena mariposa charlottensis (W. Holland, 1930)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20(1): 6-7; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): fig. 47 ♂ D (holotype), 48 ♂ V, 49 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus charlottensis
Type Locality: “Queen Charlotte Island” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
c. Lycaena mariposa penroseae W. D. Field, 1938
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 14(3): 142-143.
Original Combination: Lycaena mariposa penroseae
Type Locality: “Lake Eleanor, Yellowstone National Park, elevation 8500 ft.” [Wyoming]
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Subfamily Theclinae Swainson, 1831
Zool. Illustr. (2)2(18): pl. 85, unnumbered text (as “Theclanae”). Type-genus: Thecla [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 286. The family-group name Theclinae (applied at various levels) has long been accepted as the proper name for this taxon, even though Zephyrinae Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 80, no. 2, is senior.
Tribe Theclini Swainson, 1831 (1820)
Genus Hypaurotis Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 112-113, no. 16. Type-species: Thecla crysalus W. H. Edwards, 1873, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 344-345, by original designation.
423. Hypaurotis crysalus (W. H. Edwards, 1873)
a. Hypaurotis crysalus crysalus (W. H. Edwards, 1873)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 344-345.
Original Combination: Thecla Crysalus
Type Locality: “Lake Pass”; corrected to “Palmer Lake, El Paso Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 22-23.
Types: Lectotype (#15726) in MCZ, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 23, fig. 1 ♀ D&V.
b. Hypaurotis crysalus intermedia Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 542-543, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Hypaurotis crysalus intermedia
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lincoln County; Highland Range, Highland Spring, 2073 m, T1N R66E S26 on USGS Highland Peak, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Hypaurotis crysalus citima (Hy. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 53.
Original Combination: Thecla citima n. var [of crysalus]
Type Locality: “Mt. Nebo, Utah...S. W. Colorado”; holotype from Mt. Nebo. [Juab-Utah counties, Utah]
Types: Syntype in AMNH.
Genus Habrodais Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 113, no. 17. Type-species: Thecla grunus Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 289, no. 19, by original designation.
424. Habrodais grunus (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Habrodais grunus lorquini W. D. Field, 1938
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(1): 27-28.
Original Combination: Habrodais grunus lorquini
Type Locality: “Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa Co., California”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= ‡”chloris” W. D. Field, 1938
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(1): 28.
Original Combination: Habrodais grunus lorquini f. chloris
Type Locality: “Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa Co., California”
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
b. Habrodais grunus grunus (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 289, no. 19; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 235, fig. 1923 ♂ D&V. This figure does not represent the type, as determined by W. D. Field (1938), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(1): 24-25.
Original Combination: Thecla grunus
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “Sierra-Nevada Mountains” by W. D. Field (1938), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(1): 24-25; neotype from “Hwy. 70 at Chambers Creek, North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California.”
Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 10, figs. 21♂ D, 22 ♂ V.
c. Habrodais grunus herri W. D. Field, 1938
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(1): 29.
Original Combination: Habrodais grunus herri
Type Locality: “McKenzie (Sister's) Pass, Oregon” [Lane-Deschutes counties]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
Tribe Eumaeini E. Doubleday, 1847
List Spec. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 2: 20 (as “Eumaeidae”). Type-genus: Eumaeus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 67. The synonymy of genera and species in this tribe has been derived from Smith et al. (1994), Butterflies W. Ind. & Fla.: 107-125, Robbins (2004), in: Lamas, Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 118-137, and other recent works.
Subtribe Eumaeina E. Doubleday, 1847
Genus Eumaeus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 67. Type-species: Rusticus minyas Hübner, [1809], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [97], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, by monotypy.
= Eumenia Godart, [1824]
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 826. Type-species: Eumenia toxea Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 826, no. 1, by monotypy.
= Eumaea Geyer, [1834]
In: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [18]. Type-species: Eumaea debora Geyer, [1834], in: Hübner, Samml. exot. Schmett. 3: pl. [18], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 (= Eumenia childrenae G. Gray, 1832, Griffiths' Anim. Kingd. 15(2): 677, pl. 112, figs. 3, 3a, 3b; synonym), by monotypy.
= ‡Epula Gistel, 1848
Naturgesch. Thierreichs höhe Sch.: ix. Type-species: Eumenia toxea Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 826, no. 1, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Eumenia Godart, [1824], erroneously thought preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Eumenia.
425. Eumaeus toxea (Godart, [1824])
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 826, no. 1.
Original Combination: Eumenia Toxea
Type Locality: “l’interior de l’Amérique méridionale”; suggested to be “Guatemalan” by Lathy (1926), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9)17(97): 39.
Types: Syntype in MNHP; figured by Faynel and Bálint (2004), Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 109(3): fig. 1 ♀ D&V.
Goodson (1947), Entomol. 80(1015): 274, no. 2, diagnosed this taxon as distinct from E. minyas (Hübner, 1809), Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [97], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Robbins (1984), in: R. Kendall and McGuire, Bull. Allyn Mus. (86): 15, detailed several old, perhaps dubious, records of this taxon from southern Texas.
426. Eumaeus atala (Poey, 1832)
Cent. Lépid. Cuba (1): [7-9], [no. 3], pl. [3], figs. [1] ♂ D, [2] ♂ V, [3] ♀ D.
Original Combination: Eumenia Atala
Type Locality: “Havane” [Cuba]
Types: Syntype (#7771) in ANSP.
= florida Röber, 1926
Entomol. Mitt. 15(5/6): 373; cited [Draudt] (1916), in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(246): pl. 146b, figs. [1] ♂ V, [2] ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Eumaeus atala] [form] florida
Type Locality: “Florida”; suggested to be “Miami, Dade Co.” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 98. [Miami-Dade County]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
This taxon has been thought by some (e.g., Calhoun (1997), Holarct. Lepid. 4(2): 45), to be only slightly distinct from E. a. atala, and was placed in synonymy by Smith et al. (1994), Butterflies W. Ind. & Fla.: 107, and Robbins (2004), in: Lamas, Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 118.
= grayi W. Comstock & Huntington, 1943
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 60.
Original Combination: Eumaeus atala grayi
Type Locality: “Florida...Miami” [Miami-Dade County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Atlides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 80. Type-species: Papilio halesus Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 3-4, pl. 98, figs. B, C; (16): 149 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 124, no. 147.
= Riojana d’Abrerra & Bálint, 2001
Conc. Atlas Butterflies World: 195 Type-species: Thecla thargelia Burmeister, 1878, Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine 5(Lépid.)(1): 230, Atl. pl. 8, fig. 9.
427. Atlides halesus (Cramer, 1777)
a. Atlides halesus halesus (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 3-4, pl. 98, figs. B ♂ D, C ♂ V; (16): 149 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Rural[is]. Halesus
Type Locality: “Virginien” “Virginie”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= dolichos Hübner, 1823
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [39], figs. 219 ♀ D, 220 ♀ V [1821]; 9, no. 110 (1823, name given).
Original Combination: Atlides Dolichos
Type Locality: “Georgien in Florida”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
This name was proposed (as “dolichus”) by Hübner [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 80, no. 815; a nomen nudum.
= juanita (Scudder, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 435-436.
Original Combination: Thecla Juanita
Type Locality: “Pilatka, Florida” [now Palatka, Putnam County]
Types: Type(s) may be in MCZ.
b. Atlides halesus corcorani Clench, 1942
Entomol. News 53(8): 219.
Original Combination: Atlides halesus corcorani form estesi, new normal form
Clench adopted Atlides halesus tr. f. corcorani Gunder, 1934, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= ‡”corcorani” Gunder, 1934
Can. Entomol. 66(6): 131.
Original Combination: Atlides halesus tr. f. corcorani
Type Locality: “Riverside, Riverside County, Calif.” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”estesi” Clench, 1942
Entomol. News 53(8): 219-220.
Original Combination: Atlides halesus corcorani form estesi, new normal form
Type Locality: “Riverside, California” [Riverside County]
Types: “Holotype” (#25703) in MCZ.
Genus Rekoa Kaye, 1904
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1904(2): 198. Type-species: Papilio meton Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(17): 15, pl. 201, figs. D, E; (24): 175 (index), by original designation. The genus- and species-level synonymies for this genus follow Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (498): 1-64.
= Heterosmaitia Clench, [1964]
J. Res. Lepid. 2(4): 248, 254. Type-species: Thecla bourkei Kaye, [1925], Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1924(3/4): 416-417, by original designation.
428. Rekoa palegon (Cramer, 1780)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(24): 159, pl. 282, figs. C ♂ D, D ♂ V; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. rural[is]. Palegon
Type Locality: “Sierra Leona op de Goudkust van Afrika” “Sierra Leona, sur la Côte d’or de l’Afrique” in error; suggested to be “Surinam” by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (498): 38.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= myrtillus (Stoll, 1781)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(32): 178, pl. 380, figs. B ♂ D, C ♂ V; (34): 250 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Rural[is]. Myrtillus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= juicha (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 338-339, no. 44.
Original Combination: Thecla juicha
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= cyrriana (Hewitson, 1874)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(124): 105; figured by Hewitson (1877), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(7): pl. 78, figs. 627 ♂ V, 628 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Cyrriana
Type Locality: “Peru”; suggested to be “either Mazatlán, Sinaloa, or Acapulco, Guerrerro” by Clench (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(3): 183.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 498: 39.
= ulia (Dyar, 1913)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 45(2006): 637.
Original Combination: Thecla ulia
Type Locality: “Cantas, 2,000 feet” [Peru]
Types: Holotype (#15623) in USNM.
429. Rekoa marius (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7: 559-600.
Original Combination: Thecla Marius
Type Locality: “habite l’île de Cuba” in error.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 498: 46, figs. 96 ♀ D, 97 ♀ V.
= aon (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7: 610, pl. 16, figs. 6 ♂ D, 6a ♂ V, 6b ♀ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Aon
Type Locality: “environs de la Havane...ausii la Yucatan”
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= spurina (Hewitson, 1867)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 102, no. 127; 2(3): pl. 39, figs. 122 ♀ D, 123 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thecla Spurina
Type Locality: “Amazon” in error; lectotype suggested to be from “Central America” by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 498: 46.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Robbins (1991), ibid.
= ericusa (Hewitson, 1867)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae (1): 113-114, no. 162; (2): pl. 42, fig. 162 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thecla Ericusa
Type Locality: “Brazil” in error; lectotype suggested to be from “Central America” by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 498: 46.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Robbins (1991), ibid.
= brescia (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 13-14, no. 31; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(4): pl. 50, figs. 260 ♂ V, 261 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Brescia
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 498: 46.
= voconia (Hewitson, 1869)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(4): 120, no. 182; 2(4): pl. 49, figs. 244 ♂ D, 245 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Thecla Voconia
Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype suggested to be from “Brazil” by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 498: 46.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Robbins (1991), ibid.
Genus Arawacus Kaye, 1904
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1904(2): 197. Type-species: Papilio linus Fabricius, [1777], Gen. Ins.: 269 (= Papilio aetolus Sulzer, 1776, Abgekürtze Gesch. Ins. 1: 147; 2: pl. 19, figs. 10, 11; synonym), by original designation. Robbins (2000), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 102(1): 162-169, revised this genus.
= Polyniphes Kaye, 1904
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1904(2): 191. Type-species: Polyommatus dumenilii Godart, [1824], Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2):(611), 677, no. 187, by original designation. As first reviser, priority was given to Arawacus over Polyniphes by Robbins (1991), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. (498): 3.
= Dolymorpha W. Holland, 1931
Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 228. Type-species: Thecla jada Hewitson, 1867, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 87-88, no. 73; 2(3): pl. 34, figs. 67, 68, by monotypy.
= Tigrinota K. Johnson, 1992
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. I): i., 104; mention; (vol. II): 185-186, figs. 191E, 191F, 191G, 191H, 191I, 191J, 191K, 191L, 217-224. Type-species: Thecla ellida Hewitson, 1867, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 88, no. 76; 2(3): pl. 34, figs. 62, 63, 64, by original designation.
430. Arawacus jada (Hewitson, 1867)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 87-88, no. 73; 2(3): pl. 34, figs. 67 ♂ D, 68 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Thecla Jada
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Type(s) probably in BMNH.
Genus Satyrium Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 106, no. 8. Type-species: Lycaena fuliginosa W. H. Edwards, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 164, no. 10, by original designation. The generic synonymy below generally follows Clench (1979), J. Lepid. Soc. 32(4): 277-281, with the caveat that there is disagreement over the rank of several taxa. The group is in need of revision.
Subgenus Satyrium Scudder, 1876
= ‡Chrysophanus Hübner, 1818
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 24. Type-species: Chrysophanus mopsus Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 24, pl. [24], figs. 135, 136; 24, no. 48 (= Hesperia titus Fabricius, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 297, no. 130; synonym), by designation of N. Riley (1922), J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28(2): 467. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 541 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1235.
= ‡Argus Gerhard, 1850
Vers. monogr. Europ. Schmett. (1): 4. Type-species: Lycaena ledereri Boisduval, 1848, Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)6: xxix, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Argus Bohadsch, 1761, De quibusdam Anim. marinis Liber.: 56. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 541 placed this name Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 733.
= Callipsyche Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 106, no. 9. Type-species: Thecla behrii W. H. Edwards, 1870, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 18-19, no. 11, by original designation. It is unclear where or when precedence was given to Satyrium over Callipsyche, this was possibly done by Clench (1961), in: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 192.
= Neolycaena de Nicéville, 1890
Butterflies India Burmah Ceylon 3: 15, key, no. 107, 64, no. 107, pl. 26. Type-species: Lycaena sinensis Alphéraky, 1881, Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 16(3/4): 383, no. 39, pl. 14, fig. 7, by original designation. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 899 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1885.
= ‡Edwardsia Tutt, 1907
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Papilio w-album Knoch, 1782, Beitr. Insektengesch. 2: 85-88, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, by original designation. Preoccupied by Edwardsia Costa, 1838, Fauna Regno Napoli, Crust.: Edwardsia 1.
= ‡Felderia Tutt, 1907
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Papilio w-album var. eximia Fixsen, 1887, in: Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 3: 271-273, no. 17, pl. 13, fig. 2, by original designation. Preoccupied by Felderia Walsingham, 1887, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 35(2): 165.
= ‡Kollaria Tutt, 1907
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Thecla sassanides Kollar, [1849], Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien., Math.-naturw. Cl. 1: 51, by original designation. Preoccupied by Kollaria Pictet, 1841, Hist. Nat. Ins. Neuropt. Perlides: 114.
= ‡Erschoffia Tutt, 1907
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Thecla lunulata Ershov, 1874, Mém. Soc. Amis Sci. Nat. Moscou 11(2): 7, pl. 1, fig. 5, by original designation. Preoccupied by Erschoffia Swinhoe, 1900, Cat. east. Lepid. Het. Oxford Univ. Mus. 2: 221.
= ‡Bakeria Tutt, 1907
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Lycaena ledereri Boisduval, 1848, Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)6: xxix, by original designation. Preoccupied by Bakeria Kieffer, 1905, Ann. Mus. civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 42: 34.
= ‡Klugia Tutt, 1907
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Papilio spini [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 186, no. 5, by original designation. Preoccupied by Klugia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, Hist. Nat. Dipt. Paris 1: 785-787.
= Nordmannia Tutt, 1907
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 143. Type-species: Lycaena myrtale Klug, 1834, in: Ehrenberg, Sym. Phys. Ins. 4: signature I, pl. 40, figs. 15, 16, by original designation.
= Chattendenia Tutt, 1908
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(25): 483. Type-species: Papilio w-album Knoch, 1782, Beitr. Insektengesch. 2: 85-88, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Edwardsia Tutt, 1907, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8). As first reviser, Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (3): 83, accorded precedence to Strymonidia Tutt, 1908 over Chattendenia.
= Thecliolia Strand, 1910
Entomol. Rdsch. 27(22): 162. Type-species: Thecla w-album var. eximia Fixsen, 1887, in: Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 3: 271, pl. 13, fig. 2, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Felderia Tutt, 1907, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= Superflua Strand, 1910
Entomol. Rdsch. 27(22): 162. Type-species: Thecla sassanides Kollar, [1849], Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien., Math.-naturw. Cl. 1: 51, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Kollaria Tutt, 1907, preoccupied (Code Article 60.3, 67.8).
= Pseudothecla Strand, 1910
Entomol. Rdsch. 27(22): 162. Type-species: Thecla lunulata Ershov, 1874, Mém. Soc. Amis Sci. Nat. Moscou 11(2): 7, pl. 1, fig. 5, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Erschoffia Tutt, 1907 (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= Tuttiola Strand, 1910
Entomol. Rdsch. 27(22): 162. Type-species: Papilio spini [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 186, no. 5, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Klugia Tutt, 1907, preoccupied (Code Article 60.3, 67.8).
= Necovatia Verity, 1951
Var. Geogr. Saison. Pap. Diurn. Fr. 2[6]: 183. Type-species: Papilio acaciae Fabricius, 178, Mantissa Ins. 2: 69, no. 655, by original designation.
= Harkenclenus dos Passos, 1970
J. Lepid. Soc. 24(1): 28, 36. Type-species: Chrysophanus mopsus Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 24, pl. [24], figs. 135, 136; 24, no. 48 (= Hesperia titus Fabricius, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 297, no. 130; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Chrysophanus Hübner, [1818], a suppressed name (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8). The position of this name in synonymy follows Opler (1992), Field Guide E. Butterflies: 103.
= Rhymnaria Zhdanko, 1983
Entomol. Obozr. 62(1): 135. Type-species: Lycaena rhymnus Eversmann, 1832, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 8[(n.s.) 2]: 350, pl. 19, figs. 1, 2, by original designation.
= Armenia Dubatolov & Korshunov, 1984
Nov. Maloizvest. Vidy Faun. Sib. (17): 53. Type-species: Lycaena ledereri Boisduval, 1848, Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)6: xxix, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Argus Gerhard, 1850, Vers. monogr. Europ. Schmett. (1): 4, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= Neosatyrium M. Fisher, 2009
Butterflies Colo. 4: 41. Type-species: Rusticus calanus Hübner, [1809], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [100], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. By original designation.
431. Satyrium fuliginosa (W. H. Edwards, 1861)
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 142-146, discussed the relationship and distinctions between S. fuliginosa and S. semiluna.
a. Satyrium fuliginosa fuliginosa (W. H. Edwards, 1861)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 164, no. 10.
Original Combination: Lycaena fuliginosa
Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Summit,” currently known as Norden, El Dorado County, California.
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Opler (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 28, fig. 3 ♂ D&V. A subsequent “neotype” in the USNM, was designated by Mattoon and Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (53): 682 (this is the lectotype of suasa), who claimed that the first neotype represents populations that Lorquin, the probable collector of the original types, would not have likely sampled. Further research may demonstrate this a faulty assumption.
Species-genus gender conformation is fuliginosum.
= suasa (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 51, no. 34; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 240, fig. 2080 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Suasa
Type Locality: “le sommet des montagnes de l’est”; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30, figs. 225 ♂ D, 226 ♂ V.
b. Satyrium fuliginosa tildeni Mattoon & Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (53): 682-683, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium fuliginosum tildeni
Type Locality: “California: Siskiyou County; Siskiyou Mountains, forest route 40S01, 1675-2065 m, T47N R9W S19”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Satyrium fuliginosa albolineatum Mattoon & Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (53): 684, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium fuliginosum albolineatum
Type Locality: “California: Lake County; North Coast Range above 1350 m on ridgeline of Boardman Ridge, on Forest Route 1N02, 3.6-5.0 road miles south of Hull Mountain (T19N R10W S11, 14, 23)”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
432. Satyrium semiluna Klots, 1930
a. Satyrium semiluna semiluna Klots, 1930
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 25(3): 161-162, no. 400, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Satyrium fuliginosum semiluna
Type Locality: “Half Moon Ranch, Moose P. O., Jackson Hole, Wyo.” [Teton County, Wyoming]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Satyrium semiluna maculadistinctum Mattoon & Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (53): 685-686, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium fuliginosum maculadistinctum
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lyon County; Sweetwater Mountains, west slope of East Sister, 2633 m, T8N R24E S28”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= ‡”immaculata” Gunder, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 283, no. 6, pl. A, fig. 6 ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Satyrium fuliginosum tr. f. immaculata
Type Locality: “McGee's Creek on highway, nr. Mammoth, Mono Co., Calif.”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
433. Satyrium behrii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
a. Satyrium behrii behrii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 18-19, no. 11.
Original Combination: Thecla Behrii
Type Locality: “Lake Mono, California” [Mono County]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Opler (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 30, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
= kali (Strecker, [1878])
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 129.
Original Combination: Thecla Kali
Type Locality: “Arizona”
Types: Holotype in FMNH.
This name likely represents a subspecies-level taxon, but has not been applied by recent workers.
= ‡”nigroinita” (Gunder, 1924)
Entomol. News 35(5): 154, pl. 2, fig. A ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Callipsyche behrii ab. ♂ nigroinita
Type Locality: “Mammoth Camp, Mono County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 50, fig. 23 ♂ D.
b. Satyrium behrii columbia (McDunnough, 1944)
Can. Entomol. 76(9): 190.
Original Combination: Callipsyche behrii columbia var. nov.
Type Locality: “Fairview, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype (#5474) in CNC.
Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 365, and A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 146, treated this taxon as a synonym of S. b. behrii.
c. Satyrium behrii crossi (W. D. Field, 1938)
J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 11(4): 130-131.
Original Combination: Callipsyche behrii crossi
Type Locality: “Nederland, Colorado” [Boulder County]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
434. Satyrium acadica (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
a. Satyrium acadica acadica (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 55, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](3): pl. Thecla 1, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Thecla acadica
Type Locality: “near London” [Ontario]
Types: Holotype in CNC, figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): fig. 11 ♂ D&V.
Species-genus gender conformation is acadicum.
= souhegan (Whitney, 1868)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 12: 162-163.
Original Combination: Thecla Souhegan
Type Locality: “Milford, N. H.”; “Souhegan River” implied from the formation of the name. [Hillsborough County, New Hampshire]
Types: Type(s) may be in MCZ or DCM.
= coolinensis (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 451.
Original Combination: Strymon acadica coolinensis
Type Locality: “Coolin, Idaho” [Bonner County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
As detailed by Kondla and Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 45, the locality given for the holotype was almost certainly in error as it is Satyrium acadica acadica.
= watrini (Dufrane, 1939)
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 79(7/8): 289-290.
Original Combination: Thecla acadica watrini
Type Locality: “Soskatchewan [sic!], Canada” [Saskatchewan]
Types: Holotype may be in MRAC.
Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 130, considered this a synonym of acadica.
= ‡”muskoka” (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 450.
Original Combination: Strymon acadica acadica ab. muskoka
Type Locality: “Gravenhurst, Muskoka District, Ontario, Canada”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
T. Freeman (1938), Can. Entomol. 70(12): 248, discussed this taxon and called it a “valid population.”
= ‡”swetti” (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 450-451.
Original Combination: Strymon acadica souhegan ab. swetti
Type Locality: “Stony Clove, Greene County, New York, altitude 1500 to 2000 feet”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
b. Satyrium acadica montanensis (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 451.
Original Combination: Strymon acadica montanensis
Type Locality: “Montana”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
435. Satyrium californica (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
a. Satyrium californica californica (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221, 223, no. 3.
Original Combination: Thecla Californica
Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Capell Crk./along 37/Napa Co. Calif.” This was interpreted as “Capell Creek, 9 mi. NNE of Napa, Napa Co., California” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 101.
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Opler (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 41-43, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.
Species-genus gender conformation is californicum.
= borus (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 43, no. 15; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, fig. 1953 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla Borus
Type Locality: “au pied des montagnes, surtout en tirant vers l'est”; defined as “Hwy. 70 at Chambers Creek, ca. 6 road miles SW of Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 1850' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25, figs. 177 ♂ D, 178 ♂ V.
b. Satyrium californica cygnus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 207-208, no. 4.
Original Combination: Thecla Cygnus
Type Locality: “Nevada”; neotype from “3 miles southwest of Virginia City, 6700 ft., Storey County, Nevada”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Opler (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 45-46 fig. 10 ♀ D&V.
c. Satyrium californica obscurafacies Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 543-544, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium californicum obscurafacies
Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Snake Range, Baker Creek Campground, 2150 m, T13N R69E (unsectioned) on USGS Wheeler Peak, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= brashor Kondla & Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 45, pl. 4, 2nd row right ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Satyrium californica brashor
Type Locality: “Mica Creek, near Osoyoos, British Columbia”
Types: Holotype in BCPM.
d. Satyrium californica wapiti M. Fisher, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 46, pl. 6, 5th row left ♂ D, 6th row left ♂ V (holotype), 5th row left center ♀ D, 6th row left center ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium californica wapiti
Type Locality: “Hwy. 133 near Oliver, 6860 ft., Gunnison Co., Colorado”
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
= helenae M. Fisher, 2009
Butterflies Colo. 4: 44-46, top left ♂ D, top right ♂ V (holotype), 2nd left ♀ D, 2nd right ♀ V .
Original Combination: Satyrium (Neosatyrium) californica helenae
Type Locality: “Colorado: Jefferson Co., Lookout Mountain, 7000 Ft.”
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
436. Satyrium sylvinus (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Satyrium sylvinus sylvinus (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 287-288, no. 16; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 235, fig. 1920 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla sylvinus
Type Locality: “Californie”; suggested to be “Region of San Francisco, Cal.” by W. Comstock (1913), Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 9(2): 32; defined as “vicinity of Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, elev. 2400', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9, figs. 12 ♂ D, 13 ♂ V.
Species-genus gender conformation is sylvinum.
b. Satyrium sylvinus nootka M. Fisher, 1998
In: Scott, Papilio (n.s.) 11: 4-5, fig. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♀ D; figured by M. Fisher (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: pl. 6, 5th row right center ♂ D, 6th row right center ♂ V (holotype), 5th row right ♀ D, 6th row right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium sylvinus nootka
Type Locality: “Wellington, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Satyrium sylvinus putnami (Hy. Edwards, 1877)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(10): 143-144.
Original Combination: Thecla Putnami
Type Locality: “Mt. Nebo, Utah” [Juab-Utah counties]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Scudder (1876), Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 109, no. 217, listed [Thecla] putnami from “Spring Lake, Utah” without description or indication; a nomen nudum.
d. Satyrium sylvinus megapallidum Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 544, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium sylvinum megapallidum
Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Elko, 12th Street at Humboldt River, 1536 m, T34N R55E S14 on USGS Elko East, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Satyrium sylvinus itys (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 23.
Original Combination: Thecla Itys
Type Locality: “Prescott” [Yavapai County, Arizona]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 40, fig. 8 & D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: 243, pl. 29, fig. 17 ♀ D.
f. Satyrium sylvinus desertorum (F. Grinnell, 1917)
Can. Entomol. 49(10): 349-350.
Original Combination: Strymon sylvinus desertorum
Type Locality: “Oak Creek, Kern County, California”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
g. Satyrium sylvinus dryope (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 19-20, no. 13.
Original Combination: Thecla Dryope
Type Locality: “Plain County, Colorado”; corrected to “Placer Co., California” by W. H. Edwards (1870), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 194, no. 8; defined as “Santa Clara Co., California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 49.
Types: Probable holotype in AMNH, as noted by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 49-50, fig. 11 ♂&♀ D&V.
437. Satyrium titus (Fabricius, 1793)
a. Satyrium titus titus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 297, no. 130; cited Jones’ Icones vol. 6, pl. 44, fig. 2.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[urales]. Titus
Type Locality: “Anglia”; stated to be “probably Newfoundland” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 99; suggested to be “Millhaven Plantation, Screven County, Georgia” by Gatrelle (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(6): 7.
Types: Lectotype (#Rh1060) in BMNH, designated by Gatrelle (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(6): 2, fig. 3 ♀ V, as “holotype.”
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 503 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1605.
= mopsus (Hübner, 1818)
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [24], figs. 135 ♂ D, 136 ♂ V [1813], 24, no. 48 (1818, name given).
Original Combination: Chrysophanus Mopsus
Type Locality: “Georgien in Florida”; neotype from “Millhaven Plantation, Screven Co., Georgia.”
Types: Type(s) probably lost; neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(6): 7, fig. 5 ♀ V.
Rusticus mopsus Hübner, 1808, Erste Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett.: 6, was described in a document that was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 789.
b. Satyrium titus winteri (Gatrelle, 2004)
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(6): 10, figs. 23 ♂ D&V (holotype), 24 ♀ D&V, 25 ♂ V, 26 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Harkenclenus titus winteri
Type Locality: “Sherborn” [Middlesex County, Massachusetts]
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Satyrium titus campus (Gatrelle, 2004)
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(6): 10-11, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); fig. 11 ♂ V, fig. 12 ♂ V, 13 ♂ V, 16 ♀ D&V, 17 ♀ V, 18 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Harkenclenus titus campus
Type Locality: “Iowa: Shelby County, visc. [sic!] of Defiance”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Satyrium titus watsoni (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 94, no. 363b.
Original Combination: Strymon titus race watsoni
Type Locality: “Kerrville, Texas” [Kerr County]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
e. Satyrium titus immaculosus (W. Comstock, 1913)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 8(3): 33, pl. II, fig. A ♂ D, B ♀ D, C ♂ D, D ♀ D, E ♂ V, F ♀ V, G ♂ V, H ♀ V.
Original Combination: Strymon titus immaculosus
Type Locality: “Provo, Utah” [Utah County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Gatrelle (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(6): fig. 21 ♂ D&V.
f. Satyrium titus carrizozo R. Holland, 2010
J. Lepid. Soc. 45(2): 170, figs. 3 ♂ D&V, 4 ♂ D&V, 5 ♂ D&V (holotype, 6 ♀ D&V, 7 ♀ D&V, 10 ♂ VHW, 11 ♂ VHW, 12 ♂ VHW (holotype), 13 ♀ VHW, 14 ♀ VHW.
Original Combination: Satyrium titus carrizozo
Type Locality: “Microwave relay site, Carrizo Peak, near Carrizozo, Lincoln Co, NM, 8800'”
Types: Holotype in CNC.
g. Satyrium titus occidentalis (Austin & J. Emmel, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 507, figs. 27 ♂ D, 28 ♂ V (holotype); 29 ♀ D, 30 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Harkenclenus titus occidentalis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Pershing County; Humboldt Range, Star Creek Canyon, 5-6 road miles west of Nevada state route 400, 1890 m, T31N R34E S22 on USGS Imlay, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
438. Satyrium edwardsii (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
a. Satyrium edwardsii edwardsii (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(2): 172-173.
Original Combination: Thecla edwardsii
Type Locality: “Canada”; neotype from “Queenstown, Ontario”
Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by Michener and dos Passos (1942), Am. Mus. Novit. (1210): 4.
This name was published in synonymy, but is employed under the provisions of Code Article 11.6.1. Grote and Robinson [1869], Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(2): 179-205, and Scudder (1870), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 13: 273-274, 276, treated this as a name properly described by Grote and Robinson (1867), thus validating the name.
‡”fabricii” W. F. Kirby, 1871
Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 654, no. 276 bis; cited Scudder (1870), Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 13: 272-276; Thecla falacer T. Harris (1862), Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 276; Thecla calanus Grote & Robinson, (1867), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(2): 172, 173, and Grote & Robinson, (1868), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(4): 324.
Original Combination: T[hecla]. fabricii
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of types not known.
This name was described by indication, but several taxa were implied.
b. Satyrium edwardsii meridionale Gatrelle, 2001
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(2): 5, figs. 2 ♂ V (holotype), 7 ♀ V, 11 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Satyrium edwardsii meridionale
Type Locality: “South Carolina: Aiken County, along south boundary of Aiken State Park”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
439. Satyrium calanus (Hübner, [1809])
a. Satyrium calanus calanus (Hübner, [1809])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [100], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Rusticus Calanus
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Amer. sept.” by W. F. Kirby (1908), in: P. Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett. 3 (addit. notes): 71.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= wittfeldii (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Can. Entomol. 15(7): 136-137.
Original Combination: Thecla Wittfeldii
Type Locality: “Indian River, Florida”; defined as “vicinity of Georgiana, Brevard County, Florida” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 39.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 39, fig. ♂ D&V.
b. Satyrium calanus falacer (Godart, [1824])
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (600), 633, no. 58; figured by Boisduval and Le Conte (1833), Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (10): pl. 29, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Falacer
Type Locality: “environs de Philadelphia, Amérique septentrional” [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]
Types: Holotype in MNHP; figured by K. Johnson (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(2): fig. 21.
= lorata (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(2): 171-172.
Original Combination: Thecla lorata
Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Virginia!)”
Types: Syntype in AMNH.
= inorata (Grote & Robinson, 1868)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(4): 323-324; cited Boisduval and Le Conte [1833], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept.(10): pl. 29, figs. 1-5.
Original Combination: Thecla inorata
Type Locality: “Atlantic District (Can.! N. Y.! Ga.!)”; syntype from “New York.”
Types: Syntype in AMNH.
= heathii (Fletcher, 1903)
Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 211-212, pl. fig. ♀ V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, fig. 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thecla heathii
Type Locality: “valley of the Long River, a few miles from Cartwright, in southern Manitoba. This spot is about ten miles north of the boundary of North Dakota and about twenty-five miles north-east of the Turtle Mountains.”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Fletcher (1904), Can. Entomol. 36(5): 125, pl. ♀, redescribed this taxon. D. Stallings and Turner (1943), Entomol. News 54(5): 131, pl. 2, determined this synonymy.
= boreale (Lafontaine, 1969)
Trail & Landscape 3: 151; redescribed by Lafontaine (1970), J. Lepid. Soc. 24(2): 83-86, figs. 1 ♂ V, 2 ♂ D (lectotype), 3 ♀ V , 4 ♀ D, fig. 7 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Strymon boreale
Type Locality: Defined as “Britannia Park, Ottawa, Ont.” by Lafontaine (1970), J. Lepid. Soc. 24(2): 84. [Ontario]
Types: Lectotype (#11077) in CNC, designated by Lafontaine (1970), J. Lepid. Soc. 24(2): 84.
Gall (1976), J. Lepid. Soc. 30(3): 214-218, discussed this name and its taxonomic status.
c. Satyrium calanus godarti (W. D. Field, 1938)
J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 11(4): 129-130.
Original Combination: Strymon falacer godarti
Type Locality: “Rosemont, Teller Co., Colorado”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
d. Satyrium calanus albidus Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 5.
Original Combination: Satyrium calanus albidus
Type Locality: “NW Hayden, Routt Co., Colo.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Species-genus gender conformation is albidum.
440. Satyrium caryaevorus (McDunnough, 1942)
Can. Entomol. 74(1): 1.
Original Combination: Strymon caryaevorus
Type Locality: “Merivale, Ont.” [Ontario]
Types: Holotype (#5262) in CNC.
Species-genus gender conformation is caryaevorum.
441. Satyrium kingi (Klots & Clench, 1952)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1600): 2-7, figs. 1A ♂ genitalia, 1D penis, 1G ♀ genitalia, 2A ♂ D (holotype), 2B ♀ D, 2C ♂ V (holotype), 2D ♀ V, 2E ♂ V, 2F ♂ V, 3A ♂ V, 3B ♀ V.
Original Combination: Strymon kingi
Type Locality: “Savannah, Georgia” [Chatham County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
442. Satyrium liparops (Le Conte, 1833) (1793)
a. Satyrium liparops floridensis Gatrelle, 2001
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(3): 7-8, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♂ V (holotype); 22 ♀ D, 23 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium liparops floridensis
Type Locality: “Withlacoochee State Forest, Citrus County, Florida”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Satyrium liparops liparops (Le Conte, 1833) (1793)
In: Boisduval and Le Conte, Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (10): 99-100 [1833], (11): pl. 31, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V, 3 larva, 4 pupa [1835].
Original Combination: T[hecla] Liparops
Type Locality: “Georgie”; defined as “Screven Co., Georgia” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 138; neotype from “Screven Co., Ga, Millhaven Plantation nr. Brier [sic!] Ck.” [Briar Creek]
Types: This taxon was described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2001), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(3): 3-4, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.
Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 88, established Thecla liparops Le Conte, 1833, as a nomen protectum (Code Article 23.9.2).
= ‡anacreon (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 268, no. 34; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 5, fig. 4.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[urales]. Anacreon
Type Locality: “India”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 88, established Hesperia anacreon Fabricius, 1793, as a nomen oblitum (Code Article 23.9.2).
c. Satyrium liparops strigosa (T. Harris, 1862)
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 276.
Original Combination: Thecla strigosa
Type Locality: “Blue Hill” [Norfolk County, Massachusetts]
Types: Holotype (#26347) in MCZ.
Species-genus gender conformation is strigosum.
= ‡”pruina” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(6): 879-880.
Original Combination: T[hecla]. l[iparops]. [ab.] pruina
Type Locality: “New England” implied from the title of the book, or possibly near the residence of “Miss Guild,” at “Walpole, Massachusetts.” [Norfolk County]
Types: “Holotype” may be in MCZ.
d. Satyrium liparops fletcheri (Michener & dos Passos, 1942)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1210): 3.
Original Combination: Strymon liparops fletcheri
Type Locality: “Manitoba”; Fletcher’s specimens were listed from “Manitoba: Beulah...Cartwright...Aweme...Brandon...Rounthwaite”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Proposed for Thecla strigosa var. liparops (sensu Fletcher, 1903, Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 211-212, pl. fig. ♂ D&V), of which a “cotype” was chosen as holotype.
e. Satyrium liparops aliparops (Michener & dos Passos, 1942)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1210): 3.
Original Combination: Strymon liparops aliparops
Type Locality: “Glenwood Springs, Colorado” [Garfield County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
443. Satyrium auretorum (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Satyrium auretorum auretorum (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 288, no. 17; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 235, fig. 1921 ♂ D&V, and W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, fig. 14 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla auretorum
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “vicinity of Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, elev. 2400', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9.
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V.
= tacita (Hy. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 54-55.
Original Combination: Thecla tacita
Type Locality: “Mendocino Co., Cal.” [California]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 19 ♂ D.
b. Satyrium auretorum spadix (Hy. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 53.
Original Combination: Thecla spadix n. sp.
Type Locality: “Tehachepi [sic!] Pass, S. California” [Tehachapi Pass, Kern County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
c. Satyrium auretorum fumosum J. Emmel & Mattoni, 1990
J. Res. Lepid. 28(1/2): 102-103, figs. 1, lower row, ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Satyrium auretorum fumosum
Type Locality: “California, Los Angeles County, Malibu Lake”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
444. Satyrium tetra (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 19, no. 12.
Original Combination: Thecla Tetra
Type Locality: Not stated; neotype from “Arroyo Bayo, Santa Clara County, California.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 36, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
= adenostomatis (Hy. Edwards, 1877)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(10): 144-145.
Original Combination: Thecla Adenostomatis
Type Locality: “Tehachepi [sic!] Pass, Southern California” [Tehachapi Pass, Kern County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
‡”adenostoma” Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 111, no. 226.
Original Combination: [Thecla] adenostoma
This is an unpublished manuscript name credited to Hy. Edwards without description or indication; a nomen nudum.
445. Satyrium saepium (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Satyrium saepium saepium (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 288, no. 18; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 235, fig. 1922 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla saepium
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Tuolumne County, California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 33; redefined as “vicinity of Queen Lily Campground, near Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, elev. 2400', Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 9.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 10, figs. 18 ♂ D, 19 ♂ V.
= okanagana (McDunnough, 1944)
Can. Entomol. 76(9): 190-191.
Original Combination: Strymon saepium okanagana var. nov.
Type Locality: “Peachland, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype (#5502) in CNC.
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 154, determined this synonymy.
= illepida K. Johnson, 1992
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. II): 195, fig. 191O ♀ D&V [actually a ♂]; the ♀ ductus bursae in fig. 227 (supposedly of the holotype) was excluded from the holotype by Robbins and Lamas (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 204.
Original Combination: Ignata illepida
Type Locality: “Sierra Paramo [sic], Bolivia” in error; presumably somewhere in the western United States.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Robbins and Lamas (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 204, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype), determined the status of this taxon. It is not possible to accurately place this taxon in the synonymy of S. saepium at this time.
b. Satyrium saepium fulvescens (Hy. Edwards, 1877)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 172.
Original Combination: Thecla saepium n. var. fulvescens
Type Locality: “Lake Tahoe...Tehachepi [sic!] Pass...Havilah, Kern County”; defined as “Havilah, Kern County, California” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 632.
Types: Lectotype (#5915) in AMNH, designated by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 632.
c. Satyrium saepium chalcis (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 376.
Original Combination: Thecla Chalcis
Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Isabel Creek, Santa Clara Co., California.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 33, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.
d. Satyrium saepium rubrotenebrosum J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 161-162, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium saepium rubrotenosum
Type Locality: “California: San Mateo County; San Bruno Mountains”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
e. Satyrium saepium caliginosum J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 160-161, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium saepium caliginosum
Type Locality: “California: San Luis Obispo County; Baywood Park”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
f. Satyrium saepium chlorophora (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 452.
Original Combination: Strymon saepium chlorophora
Type Locality: “San Diego, California” [San Diego County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, fig. 17 ♂ V.
g. Satyrium saepium subaridum J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 159-160, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium saepium subaridum
Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Hunter Mountain east of Nelson Range; small stream and meadow 0.4 air mile [sic!] southeast of Peak 7107 on 1951 U.S.G.S. Marble Canyon quadrangle, 6,800' elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
h. Satyrium saepium obscurofuscum Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 545, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V (holotype); 31 ♀ D, 32 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium saepium obscurofuscum
Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Jarbidge Mountains, road to Success Mine, 0.5 miles south of Bonanza Gulch, 2423 m, T46N R58E S28 on USGS Jarbidge, Nev.-Idaho 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
i. Satyrium saepium latalinea Austin & Savage, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (48): 613-614, 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Satyrium saepium latalinea
Type Locality: “Utah: Washington County; Pine Valley Mountains, Leeds Creek, 5.3-7.2 (road) miles west of Leeds, 1525-1710 m...USGS New Harmony, 15 minute quadrangle, T40S R14W S16, 21, 22”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
j. Satyrium saepium provo (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 452.
Original Combination: Strymon saepium provo
Type Locality: “Provo, Utah” [Utah County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, fig. 16 ♂ D.
Subgenus Fixsenia Tutt, 1907
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Thecla herzi Fixsen, 1887, in: Romanoff, Mém. Lépid. 3: 279-280, pl. 13, fig. 4, by original designation. The following synonymy is derived from Clench (1979), J. Lepid. Soc.. 32(4): 277-281.
= ‡Leechia Tutt, 1907
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(4/5): 142. Type-species: Thecla thalia Leech, [1893], Butterflies China Japan Corea (2)(text pt. 3): 367; (plate pt. 3/4): pl. 30, fig. 15, by original designation. Preoccupied by Leechia South, 1901, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1901(4): 400. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 503 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1237.
= Strymonidia Tutt, 1908
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(25): 483. Type-species: Thecla thalia Leech, [1893], Butterflies China Japan Corea (2)(text pt. 3): 367; (plate pt. 3/4): pl. 30, fig. 15, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Leechia Tutt, 1907 (Code Article 60.3, 67.8). I.C.Z.N. Opinion 541 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1333.
= Euristrymon Clench, 1961
In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 184, 212. Type-species: “Thecla favonius” J. E. Smith, 1797, in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 27, pl. 14 (= Papilio favonius), by original designation.
446. Satyrium favonius (J. E. Smith, 1797)
a. Satyrium favonius ontario (W. H. Edwards, 1868)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(2): 209-210; figured by W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](4): pl. Thecla 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Thecla Ontario
Type Locality: “Port Stanley, Ontario”
Types: Holotype in CNC; figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): fig. 23 ♂ D&V.
Robbins (1994), Am. Butterflies 2(3): 29-30, determined that ontario and favonius are conspecific.
b. Satyrium favonius favonius (J. E. Smith, 1797)
In: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: 27-28, pl. 14, figs. ♂ D, ♀ D, ♀ V, larva, pupa.
Original Combination: Papilio Favonius
Type Locality: “Georgia” implied from the notes to John Abbot’s original drawing.
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost.
c. Satyrium favonius autolycus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 271, no. 8.
Original Combination: Thecla Autolycus
Type Locality: “Dallas, Texas” [Dallas County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 73, fig. 24 ♂ D&V.
d. Satyrium favonius violae (D. Stallings & Turner, 1947)
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 23(3): 119-120.
Original Combination: Strymon ontario violae
Type Locality: “Folsom, N. Mexico...elevation 5600 ft.” [Union County, New Mexico]
Types: Holotype and allotype in PMNH.
447. Satyrium ilavia (Beutenmüller, 1899)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 7(4): 254.
Original Combination: Thecla ilavia
Type Locality: “Texas”
Types: Syntypes in AMNH, probably also CMNH. A specimen loaned to W. Holland by Beutenmüller was figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, fig. 15 ♂ D.
Robbins (1994), Am. Butterflies 2(3): 30, determined that this is a species-level taxon.
= mirabelle (W. Barnes, 1900)
Can. Entomol. 32(2): 42, 43-44.
Original Combination: Thecla Mirabelle
Type Locality: “Utah” apparently in error.
Types: Holotype in USNM.
448. Satyrium polingi (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
a. Satyrium polingi polingi (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 94, no. 354.1.
Original Combination: Strymon polingi
Type Locality: “Sunny Glen Ranch, near Alpine, Brewster Co., Texas”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
b. Satyrium polingi organensis Ferris, 1980
J. Lepid. Soc. 34(2): 221-223, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 14 ♂ VHW (holotype).
Original Combination: Fixsenia polingi organensis
Type Locality: “Organ Mts., Doña Ana Co., New Mexico...Finley Canyon, W Slope Organ Mts....ca. 6500 ft. (1980m)”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Genus Phaeostrymon Clench, 1961
In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 179, 190. Type-species: Thecla alcestis W. H. Edwards, 1871, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 271-272, no. 9, by original designation.
449. Phaeostrymon alcestis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
a. Phaeostrymon alcestis alcestis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 271-272, no. 9.
Original Combination: Thecla Alcestis
Type Locality: “Dallas, Texas” [Dallas County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 29, fig. 14 ♀ D, and F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): fig. 2 ♀ D&V.
b. Phaeostrymon alcestis oslari (Dyar, 1904)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 12(1): 40.
Original Combination: Thecla oslari
Type Locality: “Tucson, Arizona” [Pima County]
Types: Holotype (#7726) in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, fig. 13 ♂ D.
Genus Ocaria Clench, 1970
J. Lepid. Soc. 24(1): 56, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia. Type-species: Thecla ocrisia Hewitson, 1868, Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 5-6, no. 29, by original designation.
= ‡Galba K. Johnson, 1992
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. I): i, 104, name mentioned; (vol. II): 167-168, figs. 88, 89, 183, 184. Type-species: Galba elvira K. Johnson, 1992, Rep. Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Wisc.: 168-169, figs. 88, 183, by original designation. Preoccupied by Galba Schrank 1803.
= Variegatta K. Johnson, 1992
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. I): i, 104, name mentioned; (vol. II): 180-181, figs. 191, 213, 214. Type-species: Thecla elongata Hewitson, 1870, Equatorial Lepid. Buckley (4): 60, no. 108, by original designation.
= Lamasa K. Johnson, 1992
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. I): i, 104, name mentioned; (vol. II): 183. Type-species: Thecla calesia Hewitson, 1870, Equatorial Lepid. Buckley (4): 67-68, no. 121, by original designation.
= Arases K. Johnson, 1992
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. I): i, 104, name mentioned; (vol. II): 196-197, figs. 191P, 191Q, 191R, 191S, 228, 229, 230, 231. Type-species: Arases clenchi K. Johnson, 1992, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. II): 197 (a replacement name for Thecla sesara Godman & Salvin, 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 90, footnote), by original designation.
450. Ocaria ocrisia (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 5-6, no. 12; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(4): pl. 48, figs. 235 ♀ D, 236 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla Ocrisia
Type Locality: “Ecuador”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Robbins (1989), in: Ferris, Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 28, stated “there are several species lumped under the name ocrisia....” Records from Texas may or may not represent O. ocrisia.
= zora (Hewitson, 1869)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae: 1(4): 134-135, no. 222; 2(4): pl. 53, figs. 304 ♀ V, 305 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Zora
Type Locality: “Amazon (Pará)” [Brazil]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= peruviana Ershov, 1876
Trudy Russk. Entomol. Obshch. 10(1): 57-58, pl. 1, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla Peruviana
Type Locality: “Peruvio”
Types: Type(s) probably in ZIN.
= lita (Hayward, 1949)
Acta zool. Lilloana 8: 570-571.
Original Combination: Thecla ocrisia subsp. lita nov.
Type Locality: “Tucumán” [Argentina]
Types: Holotype in IMLA.
Genus Chlorostrymon Clench, 1961
In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 179, 189. Type-species: Thecla telea Hewitson, 1868, Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 4-5, no. 10, by original designation.
451. Chlorostrymon simaethis (Drury, 1773)
a. Chlorostrymon simaethis simaethis (Drury, 1773)
Illustr. Nat. Hist. 1: 3: pl. 1, fig. 3 ♂ D, 3a ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).
Original Combination: Papilio Simaethis
Type Locality: “St. Christopher's” [St. Kitts, Saint Kitts and Nevis]
Types: Type(s) lost.
‡”lycus” Skinner, 1898
Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop.: 48, no. 287.
Original Combination: [Thecla] Lycus “Hübner”
This name was listed as a synonym of simaethis without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
b. Chlorostrymon simaethis sarita (Skinner, 1895)
Entomol. News 6(4): 112-113.
Original Combination: Thecla sarita
Type Locality: “Comal County, Texas”
Types: Holotype (#7043) in ANSP.
452. Chlorostrymon maesites (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 165, no. 7.
Original Combination: [Thecla] maesites
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the paper.
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
453. Chlorostrymon telea (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 4-5, no. 10; figured by Hewitson (1873), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(5): pl. 57, figs. 350 ♂ V, 351 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Telea
Type Locality: “Amazon”
Types: Holotype in BMNH; ♂ genitalia of the holotype figured by K. Johnson (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(2): fig. 5E.
K. Johnson (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(2): 127, 134-135, determined that C. telea and C. maesites are species-level taxa.
Genus Cyanophrys Clench, 1961
In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 201, 211. Type-species: Strymon agricolor Butler & H. Druce, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 105-106, by original designation.
= Plesiocyanophrys K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 2, 3. Type-species: Thecla goodsoni Clench, 1946, Entomol. 79(999): 186, by original designation.
= Antephrys K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 2, 3-4. Type-species: Antephrys prestoni K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 4-5, pl. 9, fig. 2, by original designation.
= Apophrys K. Johnson & Le Crom, 1997
Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 1(2): 17. Type-species: Hesperia herodotus Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 286-287, no. 100, by original designation.
= Mesocyanophrys K. Johnson & Le Crom, 1997
Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 1(2): 17. Type-species: Thecla lycimna Hewitson, 1868, Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 33, no. 70 (= Thecla acaste Prittwitz, 1865, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 26(4/5): 318; synonym), by original designation.
‡”Mesocyanophrys” d’Abrera, 1995
Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1144.
‡”Paracyanophrys” d’Abrera, 1995
Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1144, 1146.
‡”Mesacyanophrys” d’Abrera, 1995
Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1144.
454. Cyanophrys goodsoni (Clench, 1946)
Entomol. 79(999): 186-187, no. 8.
Original Combination: Thecla goodsoni
Type Locality: “Tegucigalpa, Honduras”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
455. Cyanophrys herodotus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 286-287, no. 100; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 18, fig. 1; figured by Donovan (1800), Epit. Ins. India: pl. [39], fig. 2 (a copy from Jones’ Icones).
Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[urales]. Herodotus
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost; based on specimens figured by Jones.
Robbins (2004), in: Lamas, Atlas of Neotrop. Lepid. Chklst: Part 4A: 125, presented an extensive putative synonymy for this species, some of which is not reproduced here; a neotype designation for herodotus is needed to put this synonymy into context.
= lucania (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 33, no. 71.
Original Combination: Thecla Lucania
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Hewitson (1877), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 205, no. 423, determined this synonymy.
= sicrana (E. D. Jones, 1912)
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1912(4): 896, pl. 97, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla sicrana
Type Locality: “Castro, Paraná, Brazil”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= detesta Clench, 1946
Entomol. 79(998): 155, no. 5.
Original Combination: Thecla detesta
Type Locality: “Sta. Fe de Bogota, Colombia”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= amyntoides K. Johnson & Le Crom, 1997
Revta. Thec. Colomb. 1(3): 4, text fig. 6, ♂&♀ genitalia, photoplate III(a), figs. I ♂ V, J ♀ V.
Original Combination: Cyanophrys amyntoides
Type Locality: “Bolivia, Sara-Province, Buena Vista”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= descimoni K. Johnson & Le Crom, 1997
Revta. Thec. Colomb. 1(3): 4, text fig. 5, ♀ genitalia, photoplate III(a), fig. K ♀ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Cyanophrys descimoni
Type Locality: “Ecuador, Guayas Province, Parque Nacional de Salado”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= brazilensis K. Johnson & Kruse, 1997
Revta. Thec. Colomb. 1(5): 21, text fig. 1D ♀ genitalia, photoplate IV(b), fig. A ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Plesiocyanophrys brazilensis
Type Locality: “Brazil, Mato Grosso State, Rio Pardo”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= sullivani K. Johnson & Kruse, 1997
Revta. Thec. Colomb. 1(5): 26, text fig. 2E ♂&♀ genitalia, photoplate IB(b), figs. E ♂ D&V (holotype), F ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Cyanophrys sullivani
Type Locality: “Nicaragua, Managua Department”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
‡”circumcyanophrys” d’Abrera, 1995
Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1144, figs. ♂ D, ♀ V.
Original Combination: Cyanophrys circumcyanophrys
Name proposed without description; a nomen nudum.
‡”amyntoides” d’Abrera, 1995
Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1144, fig. ♂ D.
Original Combination: Cyanophrys amyntoides
Name proposed without description; a nomen nudum.
‡”sicranoides” d’Abrera, 1995
Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1144, fig. ♂ D.
Original Combination: Cyanophrys sicranoides
Name proposed without description; a nomen nudum.
‡”braziliensis” d’Abrera, 1995
Butterflies Neotrop. Reg. VII: 1146, 1148, fig. ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Cyanophrys] braziliensis
Name proposed without description; a nomen nudum.
456. Cyanophrys miserabilis (Clench, 1946)
Entomol. 79(998): 156-157, no. 6.
Original Combination: Thecla miserabilis
Type Locality: “Rincon, Guerrero, Mexico, 2800 ft.”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= simplex Clench, 1981
Bull. Allyn Mus. (64): 2-5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5a-c, ♂ genitalia, 6, 6a ♀ female genitalia.
Original Combination: Callophrys (Cyanophrys) miserabilis simplex
Type Locality: “Ajijic, 6000 ft. [ca. 1850 m], Jalisco, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (# 23125) in CMNH.
= eupatorium K. Johnson & Kruse, 1997
Revta. Thecl. Colomb. 1(5): 29, text fig. 2H.
Original Combination: Cyanophrys eupatorium
Type Locality: “Mexico, Nuevo Leon State, Cola de Cabillo”
Types: Holotype in TAMU.
Genus Callophrys Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 80. Type-species: Papilio rubi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 154, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 132, no. 202.
Subgenus Callophrys Billberg, 1820
There is no consensus on the number of Nearctic species in this subgenus (e.g., Austin (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(4): 242, Scott and Justice (1983), J. Res. Lepid. 20(2): 81-85, Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 376-379, Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (49): 619-628, J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 164-165, A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 114-125). The following arrangement is partly based on my own field experience in a critical geographical region.
= ‡Lycus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 74. Type-species: Papilio rubi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 154, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 210, no. 651. Preoccupied by Lycus Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Ins. 1: 163.
= ‡Licus Hübner, 1823
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: [7]. Type-species: Papilio rubi Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 154, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 52. A junior objective synonym of Callophrys, and possibly an incorrect subsequent spelling of Lycus Hübner, [1819].
457. Callophrys affinis (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
This species was reviewed by Gorelick (2005), J. Lepid. Soc. 59(4): 181-190.
a. Callophrys affinis washingtonia Clench, 1944
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 94(6): 219, 225-226.
Original Combination: Callophrys affinis washingtonia
Type Locality: “Alta Lake, Washington” [Okanogan County]
Types: Holotype (#26259) in MCZ.
b. Callophrys affinis affinis (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221, 223-224, no. 5.
Original Combination: Thecla Affinis
Type Locality: “Utah”; defined as “Silver Lake, Utah” by Clench (1944), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 94(6): 225; corrected to “vicinity of Fort Bridger, Wyoming” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 63, 65. [Uinta County, Wyoming]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 65, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.
c. Callophrys affinis homoperplexa W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1923
Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(2): 68-69.
Original Combination: Callophrys apama race homoperplexa
Type Locality: “Golden” [Jefferson County, Colorado].
Types: Holotype in USNM.
d. Callophrys affinis albipalpus Gorelick, 2005
J. Lepid. Soc. 59(4): 188, figs. 9, 14 ♂ V (holotype), 13 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Callophrys affinis albipalpis
Type Locality: “New Mexico State University’s Montgomery Biological Research Laboratory...10 km north of Ruidoso, 2134m, Sacramento Mountains” [Lincoln County, New Mexico]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
e. Callophrys affinis apama (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 137-138.
Original Combination: Thecla Apama
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. M. Brown, 1970, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 96(1): 69, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.
458. Callophrys perplexa W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1923
a. Callophrys perplexa oregonensis Gorelick, [1970]
J. Res. Lepid. 7(2): 101-103.
Original Combination: Callophrys dumetorum oregonensis
Type Locality: “Kusshi Creek, 2220', Yakima County, Washton” [Washington]
Types: Holotype in CAS.
b. Callophrys perplexa perplexa W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1923
Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(2): 65.
Original Combination: Callophrys dumetorum race perplexa
Type Locality: “San Diego, California” [San Diego County]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
c. Callophrys perplexa superperplexa J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 166, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Callophrys perplexa superperplexa
Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Big Pine Creek, 6500' elevation, east slope of Sierra Nevada”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
The status of this taxon as a subspecies of C. perplexa is tentative; it may be conspecific with C. sheridanii.
459. Callophrys dumetorum (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 291, no. 22; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1926 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla dumetorum
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 11.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 11, figs. 30 ♀ D, 31, ♀ V.
The lectotype of this taxon is a specimen of what had, before this designation, been called Callophrys viridis (W. H. Edwards, 1862). As discussed by A. Warren (2005), C. dumetorum and C. sheridanii are apparently conspecific.
= viridis (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221, 223, no. 4.
Original Combination: Thecla Viridis
Type Locality: “California”; defined as “San Francisco, California” by Clench (1944), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 94(6): 227. [San Francisco County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 67, fig. 21 ♂ D&V.
460. Callophrys sheridanii (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
a. Callophrys sheridanii pseudodumetorum J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 165, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ [actually a ♀] V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Callophrys perplexa pseudodumetorum
Type Locality: “California: Trinity County; Ruth Reservoir, in the North Coast Ranges”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
This taxon is apparently conspecific with C. sheridanii, as implied by A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 118-119.
b. Callophrys sheridanii newcomeri Clench, 1963
J. Res. Lepid. 2(2): 154.
Original Combination: Callophrys (Callophrys) sheridanii newcomeri
Type Locality: “Mill Creek, 1800 ft., Yakima Co., Washington”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
c. Callophrys sheridanii lemberti Tilden, 1963
J. Res. Lepid. 1(4): 292, 294, 296, fig. 2, bottom ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Callophrys lemberti
Type Locality: “West above Tioga Pass, Yosemite National Park, Calif....about 1 mile, where the Gaylor Lakes Trail reaches its highest point before dropping down to Gaylor Basin, thence southerly along the ridge to rock ou[t]crops, about two to three hundred yards” [Tuolumne County]
Types: Holotype in CAS.
d. Callophrys sheridanii interrupta Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (49): 621, figs. 1 third row left ♂ D, 2 third row left ♂ V (holotype), 1 third row middle ♂ D, 2 third row middle ♂ V, 1 third row right ♂ D, 2 third row right ♂ V, 1 fourth row left ♀ D, 2 fourth row left ♀ V, 1 fourth row middle ♀ D, 2 fourth row middle ♀ V, 1 fourth row right ♀ D, 2 fourth row right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Callophrys comstocki interrupta
Type Locality: “Nevada: Churchill County; south end of Stillwater Mountains (= Sand Springs Range), U.S. route 50, 5.5-5.6 miles west of Frenchman, 1660 m, T16N R32E S11 on USGS Frenchman 7 1/2' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Callophrys sheridanii comstocki Henne, 1940
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 39(1): 71-72.
Original Combination: Callophrys comstocki
Type Locality: “Providence Mts., San Bernardino County, California”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
f. Callophrys sheridanii paradoxa Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 379, no. 345, pl. 39, fig. 345g.
Original Combination: [Callophrys sheridanii] paradoxa
Type Locality: “lowland w Colo., and E Utah”; lectotype from “Paradox Can. (CR Y-11, about 4-5 air mi. & 5-6 air mi. W Uravan), 5100', Dolores River, Montrose Cp. Colo.”
Types: Lectoype in CSUC, designated by M. Fisher and J. Scott (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 18: 55-56, pl. 4, third row left ♂ D, fourth row left ♂ V.
The name paradoxa was first proposed as a nomen nudum by Stanford and Opler (1993), Atlas W. USA Butterflies: 150. Scott (1986) provided a brief description for this taxon, but without designating types; possibly a nomen nudum. In any case, this was rectified by Scott & Fisher (2008), Papilio (n.s.) 18: 55-57.
g. Callophrys sheridanii neoperplexa W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1923
Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(2): 67.
Original Combination: Callophrys sheridanii race neoperplexa
Type Locality: “Eureka, Utah” [Juab County]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
h. Callophrys sheridanii sheridanii (W. H. Edwards, 1877) (emended)
In: Carpenter, Field & Forest 3(3): 48.
Original Combination: Thecla Sheridonii
Type Locality: “Big Horn Mountains...about 8000 elev.”; defined as “near Sheridan, Wyoming” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 63. [Sheridan County, Wyoming]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 63, fig. 19 ♀ D&V.
The specific name is a patronym of Civil War General P. H. Sheridan as mentioned in the text, thus the emendation (Code Articles 19.2, 32.2.2, 33.2).
i. Callophrys sheridanii sacramento Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 46-47, pl. 4, 2nd row, right center ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Callophrys sheridanii sacramento
Type Locality: “1 mi. E. Cloudcroft, Otero Co. New Mex.” [New Mexico]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Subgenus Mitoura Scudder, 1872 (emended)
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 52, errata. Type-species: Thecla smilacis Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (11): 107-108, pl. 33, figs. 5-8 (= Lycus gryneus Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 74; subspecies), by original designation. Spelled “Mitouri” by Scudder (1872: 52), an incorrect original spelling; the name was correced in the errata. Spelled “Mitura” by W. F. Kirby [1874], Zool. Rec. 9(1872)(Ins.): 350; an unjustified emendation or incorrect subsequent spelling.
461. Callophrys gryneus (Hübner, [1819])
There is no easy way to accommodate the diverse opinions on the specific arrangement in this complex (e.g., K. Johnson (1978), J. Lepid. Soc. 32(1): 3-19, Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 373-374, Opler (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 217-219, A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 125-133).
a. Callophrys gryneus sweadneri (F. Chermock, 1945)
Can. Entomol. 76(11): 216.
Original Combination: Mitoura sweadneri
Type Locality: “St. Augustine, Florida” [St. Johns County]
Types: Location of holotype not known, possibly in CMNH.
b. Callophrys gryneus smilacis (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (11): 107-108, pl. 33, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ V, 7 larva, 8 pupa.
Original Combination: T[hecla]. Smilacis
Type Locality: “Géorgie”; neotype from “nr. Fort Pulaski, Chatham County, GA.”
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost. Neotype in MGCL, designated by Gatrelle (2001), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(4): 5, figs. 27 ♂ D, 28 ♂ V.
c. Callophrys gryneus gryneus (Hübner, [1819])
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 74, no. 732; cited Papilio damon Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(32): pl. 390, figs. C, D; (34): 249 (index).
Original Combination: L[ycus]. Gryneus
Proposed to replace Papilio damon Stoll, 1781, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡damon (Stoll, 1781)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(32): 208, pl. 390, figs. C ♀ D, D ♀ V; (34): 249 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus] Ruralis Damon
Type Locality: “Virginien” “Virginie”; stated to be “Rappahanock Co., Virginia” by K. Johnson (1978), J. Lepid. Soc. 32(1): 14; neotype from “Aiken County, South Carolina.”
Types: Type(s) probably lost. Gatrelle (2001), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(4): 3, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V, designated a neotype, in MGCL, for “Mitoura grynea”; by this it is inferred that he implied Papilio damon Cramer, 1781.
Preoccupied by Papilio damon [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 182, no. 2.
= damastus (Godart, [1824])
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (602), 640, no. 86; cited Papilio damon Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(32): pl. 390, figs. C, D; (34): 249 (index).
Original Combination: Polyommatus Damastus
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio damon Stoll, 1781, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= auburniana (T. Harris, 1862)
Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.): 277.
Original Combination: Thecla Auburniana
Type Locality: “a favorite spot near Cambridge, formerly known by the name of Sweet Auburn” [Middlesex County, Massachusetts]
Types: Syntypes (#26346) in MCZ.
= patersonia (Brehme, 1907)
Entomol. News 18(3): 82-83.
Original Combination: Thecla damon var. patersonia
Type Locality: “Garret mountains at Paterson, N. J.” [Passaic County, New Jersey]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
= octoscripta (Buchholz, 1951)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 46(3): 78.
Original Combination: Mitoura gryneus octoscripta n. var.
Type Locality: “Passaic Co., New Jersey”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
d. Callophrys gryneus castalis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 208, no. 5.
Original Combination: Thecla Castalis
Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 57, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.
= discoidalis (Skinner, 1897)
Can. Entomol. 29(6): 156.
Original Combination: Thecla damon n. var. discoidalis
Type Locality: “Round Mountain, Blanco Co., Texas”
Types: Syntype (#7046) in CMNH.
= ‡”brehmei” (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1923)
Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(2): 64.
Original Combination: Thecla gryneus race castalis form brehmei
Type Locality: “Shovel Mt....Texas” [Burnet County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
e. Callophrys gryneus siva (W. H. Edwards, 1874)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(2): 110-111.
Original Combination: Thecla Siva
Type Locality: “Wingate, Arizona”; neotype from “Fort Wingate.” [McKinley County, New Mexico]
Types: Neotype (#1357) in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 61, fig. 18 ♂ D&V.
= clenchi (K. Johnson, 1988)
Insecta Mundi 2(1): 76-80, figs. 1A ♂ D, 1B ♂ V (holotype); 2A ♂ genitalia, 2B ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Mitoura clenchi
Type Locality: “Pinery Canyon, 6500', Chiracahua Mts., Cochise Col. [sic!], Arizona”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
Proposed for the taxon misidentified as Callophrys (Mitoura) siva rhodope by Clench (1981), Bull. Allyn Mus. (64): 15. Bailowitz and Brock (1991), Butterflies SE Ariz.: 183, suggest that this taxon should be considered a synonym of C. g. siva.
f. Callophrys gryneus chalcosiva Clench, 1981
Bull. Allyn Mus. (64): 11-13, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V, 21a-c ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) siva chalcosiva
Type Locality: “S. Willow Creek, Stansbury Mts., Tooele Co., Utah”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
g. Callophrys gryneus nelsoni (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 43-44, no. 17; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, fig. 1954 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla Nelsoni
Type Locality: “dans les grands bois de l'interieur”; defined as “Hwy. 70 at Chambers Creek, ca. 6 road miles SW of Belden, North Fork Feather River Canyon, 1850' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 25, figs. 180 ♂ D, 181 ♂ V.
= exoleta (Hy. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 53.
Original Combination: Thecla nelsoni n. var. exoleta
Type Locality: “Big Trees, Calaveras Co., Cal.” [California]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= acuminata K. Johnson, 1976
Bull. Allyn Mus. (38): 20-21, fig. 8 ♂ D&V (holotype), fig. 13 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) barryi acuminata
Type Locality: “Butte Falls, Jackson Co., Oregon”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 125, 129-130, determined this synonymy.
h. Callophrys gryneus plicataria K. Johnson, 1976
Bull. Allyn Mus. (38): 15-17, fig. 6 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 11 ♂ genitalia, fig. 15D ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) rosneri plicataria
Type Locality: “Cameron Lake, S. Vancouver Island, British Columbia”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= barryi K. Johnson, 1976
Bull. Allyn Mus. (38): 17-19, fig. 7 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 12 ♂ genitalia, fig. 15A ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) barryi
Type Locality: “Union Co., Oregon” in error; determined to be “near the community or company of Union Mills, Clackamas County, Oregon, ca. 500’” by A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Oregon: 128, 131.
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Oregon: 125, 131, determined this synonymy and gave precedence to plicataria over barryi as first reviser.
i. Callophrys gryneus rosneri K. Johnson, 1976
Bull. Allyn Mus. (38): 13-15, fig. 5 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 10 ♂ genitalia, fig. 15C ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) rosneri
Type Locality: “2 mi S. Kaslo, nr. Kootenay Lake, British Columbia”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
j. Callophrys gryneus byrnei K. Johnson, 1976
Bull. Allyn Mus. (38): 21-24, fig. 9 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 14 ♂ genitalia, fig. 15B ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) byrnei
Type Locality: “5.6 mi. S. Emida, Benewah Co., Idaho”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
k. Callophrys gryneus juniperaria (J. A. Comstock, 1925)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(2): 37, pl. 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ V, 7 ♂ V, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Mitoura siva juniperaria
Type Locality: “Mint Canyon, Sierra Madre Mts., Cal.” [Los Angeles County, California]
Types: Syntypes in LACM; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 50, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ V, 7 ♂ V, 8 ♀ V.
l. Callophrys gryneus mansfieldi (Tilden, 1951)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 50(2): 96, 98, pl. 33, bottom, ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Mitoura siva mansfieldi
Type Locality: “about seven miles west of Simmler, San Luis Obispo County, California”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
462. Callophrys loki (Skinner, 1907)
a. Callophrys loki loki (Skinner, 1907)
Entomol. News 18(9): 378.
Original Combination: Thecla loki
Type Locality: “Mt. Springs, San Diego County, Cal.” [California]
Types: Syntype (#7045) in CMNH; “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 18 ♀ V.
b. Callophrys loki thornei (J. Brown, 1983)
J. Res. Lepid. 21(4): 246-249, fig. 1, row b 3 ♀♀ V, 1 ♂ V, fig. 2, 2nd column ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Mitoura thornei
Type Locality: “California, San Diego County, Little Cedar Canyon, north slope of San Ysidro Mtns. (Otay Mountain), east end of Lower Otay Lake, 200 m, 32o 37' N, 116o 52' W”
Types: Holotype in SDMC.
463. Callophrys muiri (Hy. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 53-54.
Original Combination: Thecla muiri
Type Locality: “Mendocino Co., Cal.” [California]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Forister (2004), Ecol. Entomol. 29(3): 264-272, corroborated the species-level status of this taxon.
464. Callophrys hesseli (Rawson & Ziegler, 1950)
a. Callophrys hesseli hesseli (Rawson & Ziegler, 1950)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 58(2): 74-78, fig. 1 ♂ genitalia, pl. 10, figs. 5 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V (holotype); 6 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Mitoura hesseli
Type Locality: “Lakehurst, Ocean County, New Jersey”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
b. Callophrys hesseli angulata (Gatrelle, 2001)
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(4): 8-9, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, 13 ♀ D, 14 ♀ V, 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype), 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Mitoura hesseli angulata
Type Locality: “South Carolina, Aiken County, nr Aiken State Park”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Subgenus Xamia Clench, 1961
In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 200, 205. Type-species: Thecla xami Reakirt, [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 332-333, no. 29, by original designation.
465. Callophrys xami (Reakirt, [1867])
a. Callophrys xami xami (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 332-333, no. 29.
Original Combination: Thecla Xami
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly lost.
= blenina (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 12-13, no. 29; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(4): pl. 50, figs. 256 ♂ V, 257 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Blenina
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
b. Callophrys xami texami Clench, 1981
Bull. Allyn Mus. (64): 6-7, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype); 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Callophrys (Xamia) xami texami
Type Locality: “Corpus Christi, Texas” [Nueces County]
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Subgenus Sandia Clench & P. Ehrlich, 1960
In: P. Ehrlich and Clench, Entomol. News 71(6): 138, 139-140, pl. 1. Type-species: Callophrys (Sandia) mcfarlandi P. Ehrlich & Clench, 1960, Entomol. News 71(6): 138-139, by original designation.
466. Callophrys mcfarlandi P. Ehrlich & Clench, 1960
Entomol. News 71(6): 138, 139-140, pl. 1, top right ♂ D, bottom left ♂ V (holotype), top left ♀ D, bottom right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Callophrys (Sandia) mcfarlandi
Type Locality: “La Cueva Canyon, 6300 ft., west slope of Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., New Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by K. Johnson (1988), Insecta Mundi 2(1):figs. 1c ♂ D, 1d ♂ V, fig. 3b male genitalia.
= madreoriente K. Johnson, 1988
Insecta Mundi 2(1): 17, 19, figs. 1a ♂ D, 1b ♂ V (holotype), fig. 3a male genitalia.
Original Combination: Sandia macfarlandi madreoriente
Type Locality: “Coahuila State, Mexico, Hwy. 57, 17 mi. SE Saltillo, 2,270 m.”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
Subgenus Cisincisalia K. Johnson, 1992
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. I): i, 104, name mentioned; (vol. II): 178. Type-species: Cisincisalia moecki K. Johnson, 1992, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. II): 179-180, figs. 190, 212 (= Callophrys guatemalena Clench, 1981 Bull. Allyn. Mus. (64): 27-30, figs. 43-48; synonym or subspecies), by original designation.
= Loranthomitoura Ballmer & Pratt, 1992
Tropical Lepid. 3(1): 37-41. Type-species: Thecla spinetorum Hewitson, 1867, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 94-95, no. 99; 2(3): pl. 45, figs. 198, 199, by original designation.
467. Callophrys spinetorum (Hewitson, 1867)
a. Callophrys spinetorum spinetorum (Hewitson, 1867)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 94-95, no. 99; 2(3): pl. 45, figs. 198 ♀ D, 199 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thecla Spinetorum
Type Locality: “California”; defined as “vicinity of Gold Lake Lodge, near Gold Lake, Sierra Nevada, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (4): 83.
Types: Holotype in BMNH, figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, fig. 1952 ♀ D&V, and J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (4): 83, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.
= ninus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 270-271, no. 7.
Original Combination: Thecla Ninus
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “South Park road four miles from the park...near Kenosha” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 161; further defined as “ca. 1 mi. E Kenosha Pass summit, U. S. Highway 285" by Shields [1966], J. Res. Lepid. 4(4): 233; subsequently cited as “about 1 mile east of Kenosha Pass, Park County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 57.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 59, fig. 17 ♂ D&V.
= cuyamaca (W. S. Wright, 1922)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 21(2): 19-20, pl. C ♂ D, D ♂ V.
Original Combination: Miltoura [sic!] spinetorum cuyamaca
Type Locality: “Julian, San Diego County, Calif.”
Types: Shields [1966], J. Res. Lepid. 4(4): 234, noted that the holotype is probably lost; one paratype in USNM, another from “Cuyamaca Lake, San Diego Co., Calif.” in SDMC.
b. Callophrys spinetorum millerorum Clench, 1981
Bull. Allyn. Mus. (64): 21-23, figs. 34 ♂ D, 35 ♂ V (holotype); 36, 36a ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Callophrys (Mitoura) millerorum
Type Locality: “vic. El Encarnacion, 2400-2450 m, Hidalgo, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
One specimen of this taxon was recorded from Otero County, New Mexico, by K. Johnson (1986), J. Lepid. Soc. 39(2): 119-124. It is unclear whether this represents a stray into the United States, or an extreme of the local range of individual variation.
468. Callophrys johnsoni (Skinner, 1904)
Entomol. News 15(9): 298.
Original Combination: Thecla Johnsoni
Type Locality: “British Columbia”
Types: Syntype(s) (#7044) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 230, pl. 75, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.
Subgenus Incisalia Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 52. Type-species: Lycus niphon Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 74, no. 730, by original designation.
= Deciduphagus K. Johnson, 1992
Neue Entomol. Nachr. 29: 91. Type-species: Thecla augustinus Westwood, 1852, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(52): 486, no. 104, by original designation.
469. Callophrys augustinus (Westwood, 1852)
a. Callophrys augustinus croesioides (Scudder, 1876)
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 104, no. 200.
Original Combination: [Incisalia Augustus] Croesioides
Type Locality: “Canada and New England, southward along the Appalachians to West Virginia”; neotype from “Lakehurst, New Jersey.” [Ocean County]
Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 2.
b. Callophrys augustinus helenae (dos Passos, 1943)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 2.
Original Combination: Incisalia augustinus helenae
Type Locality: “Doyles Station, Newfoundland” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
c. Callophrys augustinus augustinus (Westwood, 1852)
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(52): 486, no. 104; cited Thecla augustus W. Kirby, 1837, Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 298, no. 1, pl. 3, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Th[ecla]. Augustinus
Proposed to replace Thecla augustus W. Kirby, 1837, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡augustus (W. Kirby, 1837)
Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 298, no. 1, pl. 3, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Thecla Augustus
Type Locality: “Lat. 54o”; stated to be “Cumberland House, Lat. 54o N, Saskatchewan” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 146; defined as “north end of Lake Winnipeg” by W. Forbes (1960), Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 133; neotype from “Fawcett, Alberta.”
Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 2.
Preoccupied by Hesperia augustus Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 275, no. 62, considered to be in Thecla at the time of the replacement. This name was replaced by augustinus Westwood, 1852; even though the secondary homonymy no longer exists, the rules governing replacement names apply (Code Articles 57.3.1, 59.3).
d. Callophrys augustinus concava Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 545-546, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V (holotype); 35 ♀ D, 36 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Incisalia augustinus concava
Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko County; Independence Mountains, Jacks Creek, 1.3 miles east of Jacks Creek Campground, 2042 m, T42N R53E S19 on Bull Run, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Callophrys augustinus iroides (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 289-290, no. 20; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 235, fig. 1924 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla iroides
Type Locality: “d’une grande partie de la California”; defined as “San Francisco, California” by dos Passos (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 3; subsequently defined as “Hwy 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 10.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 3. This is the specimen figured by Oberthür (1913).
= ‡”immaculata” (Cockle, 1897)
Can. Entomol. 42(6): 204.
Original Combination: Thecla iroides var. immaculata
Type Locality: “Kaslo, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: “Holotype” in CNC.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
f. Callophrys augustinus annetteae (dos Passos, 1943)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 3.
Original Combination: Incisalia iroides annettae
Type Locality: “New Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
470. Callophrys fotis (Strecker, [1878])
a. Callophrys fotis fotis (Strecker, [1878])
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 129.
Original Combination: Thecla Fotis
Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “northwestern Mohave County, Arizona” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 547.
Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 547.
b. Callophrys fotis mojavensis Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 546-547, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♂ V (holotype); 39 ♀ D, 40 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Incisalia fotis mojavensis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, 2 miles north of Red Cloud Mine, 1829 m, T24S R58E S5 on USGS Goodsprings, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
471. Callophrys mossii (Hy. Edwards, 1881)
Austin (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 19(4): 242, and J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 162, detailed the species-level status of this taxon.
a. Callophrys mossii schryveri (Cross, 1937)
Proc. Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. 16(1): 20.
Original Combination: Incisalia polios schryveri
Type Locality: “Chimney Gulch, Colorado” [Jefferson County]
Types: Holotype possibly in DMNH.
b. Callophrys mossii mossii (Hy. Edwards, 1881)
Papilio 1(4): 54.
Original Combination: Thecla irus n. var mossii
Type Locality: “Esquimault, Vancouver Island“ [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 10 ♂ D.
c. Callophrys mossii marinensis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 163-164, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ D (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Incisalia mossii marinensis
Type Locality: “California: Marin County; along highway at confluence of Lagunitas Creek and San Geronimo Creek, 200' elevation, southwest of Lagunitas”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Callophrys mossii bayensis R. Brown, 1969
J. Lepid. Soc. 23(2): 95-96.
Original Combination: Callophrys (Incisalia) fotis bayensis
Type Locality: “California, San Mateo Co., San Bruno Mts.”
Types: Holotype (#9547) in CAS.
e. Callophrys mossii doudoroffi (dos Passos, 1940)
Can. Entomol. 72(8): 168.
Original Combination: Incisalia doudoroffi
Type Locality: “Big Sur, Monterey County, California”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
f. Callophrys mossii hidakupa J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (13): 162-163, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Incisalia mossii hidakupa
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; San Gabriel Mountains; small side canyon of Stoddard Canyon, 0.4 air mile east of Stoddard Peak, 4300 to 4500', ca. 3 air miles south of Mt. Baldy Village; southwest 1/4 of S6 T1N R7W”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
g. Callophrys mossii windi (Clench, 1943)
Can. Entomol. 75(10): 185.
Original Combination: Incisalia doudoroffi windi
Type Locality: “Placer County, California”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
472. Callophrys polios (Cook & F. Watson, 1907)
a. Callophrys polios polios (Cook & F. Watson, 1907)
Can. Entomol. 39(6): 202-203; figured by Cook (1907), Can. Entomol. 39(7): pl. 5, fig. 23 ♂ V, 24 ♂ D, 25 ♀ V, 26 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Incisalia polios
Type Locality: “Lakewood, N. J.” [Ocean County, New Jersey]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
= ‡”davisi” (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 453.
Original Combination: Incisalia polios ab. davisi
Type Locality: “Manchester (now called Lakehurst), New Jersey” [Ocean County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
b. Callophrys polios obscurus (Ferris & M. Fisher, 1973)
J. Lepid. Soc. 27(2): 115-117, figs. 2 a, b ♂ D&V (holotype), a, b ♀ D&V, c ♂&♀ D, d ♂&♀ V.
Original Combination: Incisalia polios obscurus
Type Locality: “Lookout Mountain, Jefferson Co., Colorado”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Callophrys polios maritima J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (69): 811-812, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Incisalia polia maritima
Type Locality: “California: Del Norte County; south end of Lake Earl”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
473. Callophrys irus (Godart, [1824])
a. Callophrys irus irus (Godart, [1824])
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (610), 674, no. 177.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Irus
Type Locality: “l’Amerique?”; suggested to be “southern area of New Jersey east of Philadelphia” by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(6A): 1A. [Camden or Burlington counties, New Jersey]
Types: Holotype in MNHP; figured by K. Johnson (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(2): fig. 18. This same specimen was designated neotype by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Survey 1(6)(1A): fig. 5 ♂ D&V, because there was a question as to its validity as a syntype. Faynel and Bálint (2004), Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 109(3): 277, 285, considered it the holotype.
= ‡”balteata” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(6): 837-838.
Original Combination: Incis[alia]. irus [ab.] baltaeta
Type Locality: “Centre, near Albany” [Albany County, New York]
Types: “Holotype” may be in MCZ or NYSM.
b. Callophrys irus arsace (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (11): 103-104, pl. 32, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V, 4 larva, 5 pupa; figured by Oberthür (1920), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 17: pl. 505, figs. 4209 ♂ D&V, 4210 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: T[hecla]. Arsace
Type Locality: “Virginie et la Géorgie”
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are presumed lost. “Types,” possibly those figured by Oberthür, may be in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such “types” from the Boisduval collection.
c. Callophrys irus hadros (Cook & F. Watson, 1909)
Can. Entomol. 41(6): 181.
Original Combination: Incisalia hadros
Type Locality: “near Houston, Texas” [Harris County]
Types: Holotype destroyed; paratype no. 15 in USNM was designated lectotype by dos Passos (1949), Can. Entomol. 81(7): 180; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 46 ♂ D.
474. Callophrys henrici (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
a. Callophrys henrici henrici (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1(2): 174.
Original Combination: Thecla henrici
Type Locality: “Atlantic District. (Maine! to Pennsylvania!)...vicinity of Philadelphia”; lectotype from “Pennsylvania.”
Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos (1943), Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 4.
b. Callophrys henrici viridissima (Pavulaan, 1998)
Maryland Entomol. 4(2): 1-3, figs. 1(left) ♂ D, 2(left) ♂ V (holotype), 1(right) ♀ D, 2(right) ♀ V.
Original Combination: Incisalia henrici viridissima
Type Locality: “Bodie Island lighthouse, near Oregon Inlet, Nag’s Head, Dare Co., N. C.” [North Carolina]
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by Gatrelle (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(6): fig. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V.
c. Callophrys henrici yahwehus (Gatrelle, 1999)
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(6): 9-10, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype); 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V, 11 ♂ V, 12 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Deciduphagus henrici yahwehus
Type Locality: “vicinity of Bull Swamp, Orangeburg County, South Carolina”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
d. Callophrys henrici margaretae (dos Passos, 1943)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1230): 4.
Original Combination: Incisalia henrici margaretae
Type Locality: “eight miles east of Deland [sic!], Florida” [De Land, Volusia County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
e. Callophrys henrici turneri (Clench, 1943)
Can. Entomol. 75(10): 182-184.
Original Combination: Incisalia henrici turneri
Type Locality: “Cowley County, Kansas”
Types: Holotype (#26011) in MCZ.
f. Callophrys henrici solatus (Cook & F. Watson, 1909)
Can. Entomol. 41(6): 181.
Original Combination: Incisalia Henrici new variety solatus
Type Locality: “Blanco Co., Texas”
Types: Holotype destroyed; paratype no. 2 in AMNH was designated lectotype by dos Passos (1949), Can. Entomol. 81(7): 180.
475. Callophrys lanoraieensis (Sheppard, 1934)
Can. Entomol. 66(6): 141-142.
Original Combination: Incisalia lanoraieensis
Type Locality: “Lanoraie, P. Q.” [Quebec]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
476. Callophrys niphon (Hübner, [1819]) (1793)
a. Callophrys niphon niphon (Hübner, [1819])
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 74, no. 730; figured by Hübner (1823), Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: [7], no. 102, pl. [36], figs. 203 ♀ D, 204 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycus Niphon
Type Locality: “Florida”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 89-90, established Lycus niphon Hübner, [1819], as a nomen protectum (Code Article 23.9.2).
= ‡plautus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 291, no. 113; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 44, fig. 1.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[urales]. Plautus
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 89-90, established Hesperia plautus Fabricius, 1793, as a nomen oblitum (Code Article 23.9.2).
b. Callophrys niphon clarki (T. Freeman, 1938)
Can. Entomol. 70(12): 247.
Original Combination: Incisalia niphon var. clarki
Type Locality: “Constance Bay, Ottawa region, Ont.” [Ontario]
Types: Holotype (#4430) in CNC.
477. Callophrys eryphon (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Callophrys eryphon purpurascens (Austin & J. Emmel, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 508, figs. 31 ♂ D, 32 ♂ V (holotype); 33 ♀ D, 34 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Incisalia eryphon purpurascens
Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County, Samoa”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Callophrys eryphon sheltonensis (F. Chermock & Frechin, [1949])
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 24(4): 212.
Original Combination: Incisalia eryphon sheltonensis
Type Locality: “Shelton, Washington” [Mason County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
c. Callophrys eryphon eryphon (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 290, no. 21; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 19254 ♀ D&V (lectotype).
Original Combination: Thecla eryphon
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Hwy 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 11.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 11, figs. 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.
d. Callophrys eryphon pallescens Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 547-548, figs. 41 ♂ D, 42 ♂ V (holotype); 43 ♀ D, 44 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Incisalia eryphon pallescens
Type Locality: “Nevada: Nye county; Toiyabe Mountains, Jett Canyon, 2012 m, T10N R42E (unsectioned) on USGS Pablo Canyon Ranch, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Callophrys eryphon fusca Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 548, figs. 45 ♂ D, 46 ♂ V (holotype); 47 ♀ D, 48 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Incisalia eryphon fusca
Type Locality: “Arizona: Coconino County; San Francisco Mountains, Schulz Pass Road”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Genus Allosmaitia Clench, [1964]
J. Res. Lepid. 2(4): 248, 254. Type-species: Thecla coelebs Herrich-Schäffer, 1862, Corresp-Bl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 16(10): 142, by original designation.
478. Allosmaitia strophius (Godart, [1824])
In: Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (599-600), 632, no. 55.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Strophius
Type Locality: “Brésil”
Types: Holotype in MNHP; figured by K. Johnson (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(2): fig. 24.
= scoteia (Hewitson, 1877)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 206, no. 425; 2(7): pl. 82, figs. 683 ♂ D, 684 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Thecla Scoteia
Type Locality: “Minas Geraes” [Minas Gerais, Brazil]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= pion (Godman & Salvin, 1887)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(56): 56, no. 101; 3(62): pl. 54, figs. 28 ♂ D, 28a ♂ scent patch, 29 ♂ V, 30 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thecla pion
Type Locality: “Guatemala, Polochic valley, Dueñas...Calderas...Panama, Chiriqui”; defined as “Duenas, (Polochic Valley)” by W. Comstock and Huntington (1962), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 70(2): 115. [Guatemala]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
This taxon was considered synonymous with strophius by Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc.(3): 28, citing Lathy (1926), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9)17(97): 43, although there was no mention of this synonymy by Lathy.
Genus Strymon Hübner, 1818
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 22. Type-species: Rusticus melinus Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [22], figs. 121, 122; 22, no. 61, by designation of N. Riley (1922), J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28(2): 472. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 541 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1332.
= ‡Callipareus Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 51. Type-species: Rusticus melinus Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [22], figs. 121, 122; 22, no. 61, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Strymon.
= Callicista Grote, 1873
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(3): 178. Type-species: Callicista ocellifera Grote, 1873, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(3): 178-179 (= Thecla istapa Reakirt, [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 339, no. 46; synonym), by monotypy.
= ‡Uranotes Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 107, no. 11. Type-species: Rusticus melinus Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [22], figs. 121, 122; 22, no. 61, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Callipareus Scudder (1872), erroneously thought preoccupied. A junior objective synonym of Strymon Hübner, 1818.
= Eiseliana Toledo, 1978
Acta zool. Lilloana 33(1): 80. Type-species: Eiseliana koehleri Toledo, 1978, Acta zool. Lilloana 33(1): 80, fig.
= Heoda K. Johnson, L. Miller & J. Herrrera, 1992
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (23): 5-7. Type-species: Thecla heodes H. H. Druce, 1909, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1909(3): 436-437, pl. 11, figs. 10, 11.
melinus group Robbins & Nicolay, 2002
J. Lepid. Soc. 55(3): 97.
479. Strymon melinus Hübner, 1818
a. Strymon melinus melinus Hübner, 1818
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [22], figs. 121 ♂ D, 122 ♂ V [1813], 22, no. 61 (1818, name given).
Original Combination: Strymon Melinus
Type Locality: “Georgien in Florida”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Opinion 503 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 1602. This taxon was first called Rusticus melinus by Hübner (1808), Erste Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett.: 5, but this work was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 789.
= hyperici (Boisduval & Le Conte, 1833)
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (10): 90, pl. 28, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V, 4 larva, 5 pupa (1833); (11): pl. 32 [1835]).
Original Combination: Thecla Hyperici
Type Locality: “Géorgie et en Floride?”
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost. Oberthür (1920), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 17: pl. 505, fig. 4208 ♂ D&V, figured what he considered to be the “type” from the Boisduval collection, now probably at USNM. Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such “types” from the Boisduval collection.
= ‡”youngi” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 25.
Original Combination: Strymon melinus tr. f. youngi
Type Locality: “Miami. Florida” [Miami-Dade County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
b. Strymon melinus humuli (T. Harris, 1841)
Rep. Ins. Mass.: 215-216; figured by T. Harris (1862), Ins. injur. Veget. (3rd ed.) Fig. 104 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Humuli
Type Locality: “Massachusetts” implied from the title of the book; also suggested by W. Comstock and Huntington (1960), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 68(3): 185.
Types: Syntypes in MCZ.
Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 147-148, considered this a synonym of S. m. melinus.
= ‡”meinersi” Gunder, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 283-284, no. 9, pl. A, figs. 9 ♀ D, 9a ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Strymon melinus tr. f. meinersi
Type Locality: “Table Rock, North Carolina” [Burke County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
c. Strymon melinus franki W. D. Field, 1938
J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 11(4): 127-129.
Original Combination: Strymon melinus franki
Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
d. Strymon melinus setonia McDunnough, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(7): 160-161.
Original Combination: [Strymon melinus] race setonia
Type Locality: “Seton Lake, Lillooet, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype (#2502) in CNC.
e. Strymon melinus atrofasciata McDunnough, 1921
Can. Entomol. 53(2): 47.
Original Combination: Strymon melinus atrofasciata
Type Locality: “Wellington, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
Species-genus gender conformation is atrofasciatus.
f. Strymon melinus pudica (Hy. Edwards, 1877)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 172-173.
Original Combination: Strymon melinus Var. pudica
Type Locality: “Contra Costa County” [California]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Species-genus gender conformation is pudicus.
480. Strymon avalona (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 62, no. 328; 209, no. 328, pl. 28, figs. 328 ♂ D, 328b ♂ D (lectotype), 328c ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Thecla] Avalona; Thecla Avalona n. s.
Type Locality: “Catalina Island”; implied to be “Avalon” from the formation of the name. [Los Angeles County, California]
Types: Lectotype in CAS (#4316), designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 33.
481. Strymon rufofusca (Hewitson, 1877)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 196, no. 390; 2(7): pl. 78, figs. 627 ♀ V, 628 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Rufo-fusca
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype (#Rh1008) in BMNH.
= valentina Berg, 1896
An. Mus. Nac. (Buenos Aires) (2)5: 3, fig. 3a.
Original Combination: Thecla (Uranotes) valentina
Type Locality: “Corduba, Reipublicae Argentinae...Sierra de Córdoba” [Córdoba, Argentina]
Types: Holotype in MACN.
K. Johnson et al. (1990), Bull. Allyn Mus. (130): 21, erected a separate species-group for this and other taxa, and detailed differences between it and S. rufofusca.
= lucaris Weeks, 1905
Proc. New England Zool. Club 2: 102-103; figured by Weeks (1905), Ill. diurn. Lepid. 1: 42-43, pl. 10, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla lucaris
Type Locality: “Bolivia, near Cusilluni”
Types: Holotype (#16666) in MCZ.
H. H. Druce (1907), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 623, determined this synonymy.
= grisea (Dufrane, 1939)
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 79(7/8): 290.
Original Combination: Thecla melimus [sic!] grisea
Type Locality: “Trujillo, Pérou”
Types: Holotype in MNHP (de Joannis collection).
= guanensis Le Crom & K. Johnson, 1997
Revta. Thec. Colomb. 2(16): 15, text fig. 4 ♀ [not ♂] genitalia, photoplate XIII(c), fig. B ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Strymon guanensis
Type Locality: “Colombia, Dept. Narino, El Patia”
Types: Holotype in ICNB.
= ‡”nigriplaga” (Dufrane, 1939)
Bull. Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 79(7/8): 290.
Original Combination: [Thecla melimus grisea] ab. nigriplaga
Type Locality: “Trujillo, Pérou”
Types: “Holotype” in MNHP (de Joannis collection).
albata group Robbins & Nicolay, 2002
J. Lepid. Soc. 55(3): 97.
482. Strymon albata (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
Reise Novara (2): 261-262, no. 310, pl. 32, figs. 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thecla Albata
Type Locality: “Venezuela...Nova Granada: Bogotá”; all syntypes are from Bogotá.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH; one figured by Bálint & Goodger (2003), Quadrifina 6: figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.
= sedecia (Hewitson, 1874)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(124): 105; figured by Hewitson (1873), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(6): pl. 72, figs. 548 ♂ D, 549 ♂ V (as Thecla polibetes), and (1874), 2(7): pl. 78, figs. 637 ♂ V, 638 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Sedecia
Type Locality: “Mexico”; defined as “Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico” by Clench (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(3): 183.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
483. Strymon alea (Godman & Salvin, 1887)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 95, no. 205; 3(66): pl. 58, figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Thecla alea
Type Locality: “Mexico, Tres Marias islands...Jalapa” [Tres Marias Islands, Nyarit; Jalapa, Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= laceyi (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1910)
Can. Entomol. 42(11): 365-366.
Original Combination: Callicista Laceyi
Type Locality: “Del Rio, Texas”; suggested to be “on the Devils River north of Del Rio in Val Verde Co.” by R. Kendall and C. Kendall (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(1): 38.
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich (1961), How Know Butterflies: fig. 422 ♀ V.
484. Strymon bebrycia (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 13, no. 30; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(4); pl. 50, figs. 258 ♀ D, 259 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thecla Bebrycia
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Lectotype (#Rh1020) in BMNH, designated by K. Johnson and Salazar (1993), Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (26): 11, fig. 2B, Photoplate II, H.
= chonida (Hewitson, 1874)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(124): 105; figured by Hewitson (1877), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(7): pl. 78, figs. 635 ♂ V, 636 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Chonida
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= buchholzi H. Freeman, 1950
Field & Lab. 18(1): 12.
Original Combination: Strymon buchholzi
Type Locality: “Pharr, Texas” [Hidalgo County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
yojoa group Robbins & Nicolay, 2002
J. Lepid. Soc. 55(3): 97.
485. Strymon yojoa (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 339, no. 45.
Original Combination: Thecla yojoa
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, not in FMNH.
= beroea (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 14, no. 32.
Original Combination: Thecla Beroea
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Lectotype (#266891/Rh1034) in BMNH, designated by Robbins and Lamas (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 210.
Hewitson (1874), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(6): 158, no. 278, determined this synonymy.
mulucha group Robbins & Nicolay, 2002
J. Lepid. Soc. 55(3): 97-98.
486. Strymon cestri (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 338, no. 43.
Original Combination: Thecla cestri
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, not in FMNH.
= crossoea (Hewitson, 1874)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(6): 158-159, no. 279; 2(6): pl. 62, fig. 427 V.
Original Combination: Thecla Crossoea
Type Locality: not stated.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= cydia (Hewitson, 1874)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(6): 160-161, no. 285; 2(6): pl. 63, figs. 433 ♀ D, 434 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thecla Cydia
Type Locality: “Rio de Janeiro” [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= chamiensis Salazar, Vélez & K. Johnson, 1997
Revta. Thec. Colomb. 2(16): 8-9, text fig. 3 ♂&♀ genitalia, photoplate XII, fig. B ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Strymon chamiensis
Type Locality: “Colombia, Dept. Choco, Guarato”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
martialis group Robbins & Nicolay, 2002
J. Lepid. Soc. 55(3): 98.
487. Strymon martialis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
Corresp-Bl. zoo.-min. Ver. Regensburg 18(11/12): 164, no. 2.
Original Combination: [Thecla] martialis
Type Locality: “Cuba” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Syntype (#7239) in ANSP.
*488. Strymon acis (Drury, 1773)
Illustr. Nat. Hist. 1: 2: pl. 1, fig. 2 ♂ D, 2a ♂ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).
Original Combination: Papilio Acis
Type Locality: “New York”; suggested to be “Lesser Antilles...Antigua” by W. Comstock and Huntington (1943), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 62-63.
Types: Type(s) lost.
a. Strymon acis bartrami (W. Comstock & Huntington, 1943)
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 65, pl. 1, fig. 2 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Strymon acis bartrami
Type Locality: “Florida...Miami” [Miami-Dade County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
istapa group Robbins & Nicolay, 2002
J. Lepid. Soc. 55(3): 97.
489. Strymon bazochii (Godart, [1824])
a. Strymon bazochii bazochii (Godart, [1824])
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (612), 681-682, no. 203.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Bazochii
Type Locality: “brésilien”
Types: Holotype in MNHP; figured by K. Johnson (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(2): fig. 17.
Robbins (1989), in: Ferris, Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 32, stated “at least two species are presently lumped under bazochii, and it is not clear if bazochii is the species that has been collected in Texas.”
= thius (Geyer, 1832)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 4: pl. [128], figs. 743 ♂ D, 744 ♂ V [1826]; 33, no. 372, (1832, name given).
Original Combination: Hyreus Thius
Type Locality: “Brasilien”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= agra (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 30, no. 63; figured by Hewitson (1873), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(5): pl. 58, figs. 369 ♂ V, 370 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Agra
Type Locality: “Amazon”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
This synonymy was suggested by W. Comstock and Huntington (1943), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 88.
= infrequens Weeks, 1901
Entomol. News 12(9): 265-266; 13(8): pl. 13 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla infrequens
Type Locality: “Bolivia, near Cusilluni”
Types: Type(s) possibly in MCZ.
490. Strymon istapa (Reakirt, [1867])
a. Strymon istapa modesta (Maynard, 1873)
Am. Nat. 7(3): 177.
Original Combination: Lycaena modesta
Type Locality: “Key West” [Monroe County, Florida]
Types: Type(s) may be in MCZ.
= ocellifera (Grote, 1873)
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(3): 178-179.
Original Combination: Callicista ocellifera
Type Locality: “near Aurora, about 17 miles southward from Buffalo, on the Buffalo, New York and Philadelphia Railroad” in error or transported by rail from Florida. [Cayuga County, New York]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Strymon istapa istapa (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(5): 339, no. 46.
Original Combination: Thecla istapa
Type Locality: “Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, not in FMNH.
c. Strymon istapa clenchi Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 508-509, figs. 35 ♂ D, 36 ♂ V (holotype); 37 ♀ D, 38 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Strymon columella clenchi
Type Locality: “California: Riverside County; Blythe”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
491. Strymon limenia (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 32-33, no. 69; figured by Hewitson [1873], Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(6): pl. 63, figs. 431 ♀ V, 432 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Limenia
Type Locality: “Jamaica”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Recorded from the United States (Key West, Florida) for the first time by Anderson (1974), J. Lepid. Soc. 28(4): 355-356, fig. 2; now an irregular resident in southern Florida, recorded as recently as 2005 (Calhoun pers. comm. 2006).
serapio group Robbins & Nicolay, 2002
J. Lepid. Soc. 55(3): 99.
492. Strymon serapio (Godman & Salvin, 1887)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 93, no. 200; 3(66): pl. 58, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Thecla serapio
Type Locality: “Mexico, Jalapa...Panama, David...Chiriqui”; specimen figured is from “David, Panama.”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Bordelon (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(supplement S1): 78, records this species for Texas and Rickard & Grishin (2010), News Lepid. Soc. 52(3): 79-84, pl. 1, fig. 2 ♂ D&V (syntype), confirm its occurrence there and discuss this taxon. Records of this species from Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas, represent an undescribed taxon.
= lemnos (Druce, H. H., 1890)
Ent. mon. Mag. 26(313): 152.
Original Combination: Thecla Lemnos
Type Locality: “Interior of Columbia.”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= mesca Dyar, 1914
Proc. U. S. nat. Mus. 47(2050): 151-152.
Original Combination: Thecla mesca
Type Locality: "Taboga Island" [Panama]
Types: Holotype (#15762) in NMNH.
Placed as a synonym of serapio by Schaus, 1920, Ent. News 31(6): 176.
= inconspicua Lathy, 1930
Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 73(1): 136, pl. 9, fig. 15 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla inconspicua
Type Locality: “Petropolis, Brazil”
Types: Holotype in BMNH
= golbachi (Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1990)
Bulletin of the Allyn Museum (130): 8-9, figs. 6E ♂ D, 6F ♂ V, 19 a-f, ♂ genitalia (Holotype).
Original Combination: Strymon golbachi
Type Locality: “Mendoza (206A)” [Rio Negro Province, Argentina]
Types: Holotype in MNHN.
= trunctogen (Johnson & Salazar, 1993)
Rep. Mus. nat. Hist., Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (26): 5-6, pl. 2, 3E ♂ D&V (Holotype), fig. 1E ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Strymon trunctogen
Type Locality: “Columbia, “Bogota””
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= altamiraensis (Johnson & Kroenlein, 1993)
Rep. Mus. nat. Hist., Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (35):3, pl. VII, 1B, fig. 1B.
Original Combination: Strymon altamiraensis
Type Locality: “ “...Brazil, “Alta Mira” [Altamira], Pará State...”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= henaoi Salazar, Vélez & K. Johnson, 1997
Revta. Thec. Colomb. 2(16): 6, fig.
Original Combination: Strymon henaoi
Type Locality: “Colombia, Dept. Choco, Guarato”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= hurtadoi K. Johnson, 1997
Revta. Thec. Colomb. 2(16): 31, fig.
Original Combination: Strymon hurtadoi
Type Locality: “Colombia, Valle del Cauca, Cali”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= rosari Torres & K. Johnson, 1997
Revta. Thec. Colomb. 2(18): 3, fig.
Original Combination: Strymon hurtadoi
Type Locality: “Venezuela, Merida, Culata”
Types: Location of holotype not known.
= originatus K. Johnson, Hernández & Cock, 1997
Revta. Thec. Colomb. 2(18): 5, fig.
Original Combination: Strymon originatus
Type Locality: “Trinidad & Tobago, Oropouche”
Types: Location of holotype not known.
Genus Tmolus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 76. Type-species: Papilio echion Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 788, no. 224, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 285, no. 1061.
*493. Tmolus echion (Linnaeus, 1767)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 788, no. 224, cited Kleemann (1761), Beytr. Nat. Ins. 1: pl. 7, figs. 3, 4.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus Ruralis]. Echion
Type Locality: “America”; but “Westindindianische” from Kleeman’s text.
Types: Type is the specimen figured by Kleeman (1761), ibid.; it is probably lost.
= crolus (Stoll, 1780)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 85-86, pl. 333, figs. G ♂ D, H ♂ V; (34): 248 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus] Rural[is]. Crolus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= labes (H. H. Druce, 1907)
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 602, pl. 36, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla labes
Type Locality: “Canapo, Trinidad”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= sanctissima (Jørgensen, 1935)
An. Mus. argentino Cienc. Nat. “Bernardino Rivadavia” 38(Entomologia 151): 93-94, pl. 2, fig. 6 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Thecla sanctissima
Type Locality: “Santísima Trinidad, cerca de Asunción, Paraguay”
Types: Holotype (# 32.703) in MACN.
a. Tmolus echion echiolus (Draudt, 1920)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(283): 786; (260): pl. 156f, fig. [4] ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Thecla echion] form echiolus
Type Locality: “Mexiko”
Types: Syntypes in MTD.
Genus Ministrymon Clench, 1961
In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 179, 196. Type-species: Thecla leda W. H. Edwards, 1882, Papilio 2(2): 23-24, by original designation.
phrutus group K. Johnson & L. Miller, 1991
Acta Entomol. Chilena 16(2): 185.
494. Ministrymon leda (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 23-24.
Original Combination: Thecla Leda
Type Locality: “near Prescott” [Yavapai County, Arizona]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 51, fig. 13 ♂ D&V.
= ines (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(2): 25-26.
Original Combination: Thecla Ines
Type Locality: “southern Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 52.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): 53, fig. 14 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 240, pl. 29, fig. 35 ♀ [not ♂] D.
495. Ministrymon clytie (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Field & Forest 3(5): 88-89.
Original Combination: Thecla Clytie
Type Locality: “San Antonio” [Bexar County, Texas]
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 30, fig. 6 ♀ D, and F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): fig. 15 ♀ D&V.
= maevia (Godman & Salvin, 1887)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 89, no. 190; 3(66): pl. 58, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Thecla maevia
Type Locality: “Mexico, Acapulco...Cordova...Guatemala, Polochic valley...San Geronimo...Costa Rica, Punta Arenas”; a specimen from “San Geronimo” was figured.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= daplissus (K. Johnson & Salazar, 1993)
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (26): 4-5, pl. 2, fig. 3D ♂ D&V (holotype), fig. 1D ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Strymon daplissus
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
azia group K. Johnson & L. Miller, 1991
Acta Entomol. Chilena 16(2): 183, 185.
496. Ministrymon azia (Hewitson, 1873) (1860)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(5): 144-145, no. 245; 2(5): pl. 57, 357 ♂ V, 358 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Azia
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Lectotype (#79-69) in BMNH, designated by Lamas (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 208.
= ‡guacanagari (Wallengren, 1860)
Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 4(2): 37-38.
Original Combination: Thecla guacanagari
Type Locality: “Puna” [Argentina and Chile]
Types: Lectotype in NHRS, designated by Lamas (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 208.
This name was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 2144.
= nipona (Hewitson, 1877)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 204, no. 420; 2(7): pl. 81, figs. 673 ♂ V, 674 ♂ D, 675 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Nipona
Type Locality: “Brazil”
Types: Holotype (#79-69) in BMNH.
H. H. Druce (1907), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 623, determined this synonymy.
= brocela (Dyar, 1913)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 45(2006): 637.
Original Combination: Thecla brocela
Type Locality: “Cotahuasi, 9,000 feet” [Peru]
Types: Holotype (#15622) in USNM.
= quebradivaga K. Johnson & L. Miller, 1991
Acta Entomol. Chil. 16(2): 186-187, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 1A ♀ genitalia, 2 ♂ genitalia, 3A ♂ D, 3B ♂ V (holotype), 5 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Ministrymon quebradivaga
Type Locality: “Codpa, hamlet in Quebrada Vitor...altitude 2.109 m” [Chile]
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= hernandezi Schwartz & K. Johnson, 1992
Carib. J. Sci. 28(3/4): 153, figs. 3 ♂ D&V, 4A ♂ genitalia (holotype).
Original Combination: Ministrymon hernandezi
Type Locality: “Cuba: Provincia de Pinar del Rio: 5.5 km NW Niceto Perez (formerly Rancho Mundito), 450 m”
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
= grumus (K. Johnson & Kroenlein, 1993)
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (34): 39, pl. VI, 4E, fig. 7.
Original Combination: Electrostrymon grumus
Type Locality: “Trinidad-Tobago, Trinidad, Arima Valley”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Strephonota K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997
Revta. Thec. colomb. 1(1): 5, text figs. 2A, 2B, photoplate I, fig. A. Type-species: Thecla strephon occidentalis Lathy, 1926, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9)17(97): 44, by original designation. This name was mentioned by Salazar (1995), Columbia amaz. 8(1): 46, without a description; a nomen nudum.
= Zigirina K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997
Revta. Thec. colomb. 1(1): 9, text fig. 3, photoplate I, fig. B. Type-species: Thecla zigira Hewitson, 1869, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(4): 124, no. 196; 2(4): pl. 49, figs. 250, 251 (= Hesperia agrippa Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 259, no. 3; synonym), by original designation.
= Treboniana K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997
Revta. Thec. colomb. 1(1): 10, text fig. 4, photoplate I, fig. C. Type-species: Thecla trebonia Hewitson, 1870, Equatorial Lepid. Buckley (4): 63-64, no. 114, by original designation.
= Serratonotes K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997
Revta. Thec. colomb. 1(1): 11, text fig. 5, photoplate I, fig. D. Type-species: Thecla porphyritis H. H. Druce, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 593, pl. 35, fig. 2, by original designation.
= Letizia K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997
Revta. Thec. colomb. 1(1): 12, text fig. 6, photoplate I, fig. E. Type-species: Thecla phoster H. H. Druce, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 597, pl. 35, fig. 8 (= Papilio cyllarisus Herbst, 1800, in: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins. Schmett. 10: 297, pl. 291, figs. 3, 4; synonym), by original designation.
= Robustana K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997
Revta. Thec. colomb. 1(1): 12, text fig. 7, photoplate II, fig. A. Type-species: Robustana prima K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997, Revta Thec. colomb. 1(1): 52 (= Thecla parvipuncta Lathy (1926), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9)17(97): 41; synonym), by original designation.
= Diminutina K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997
Revta. Thec. colomb. 1(1): 13, text fig. 8, photoplate I, fig. F. Type-species: Thecla tyriam H. H. Druce, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 595, pl. 35, fig. 5, by original designation.
= Dindyminotes K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997
Revta. Thec. colomb. 1(1): 14, text fig. 9, photoplate I, fig. G. Type-species: Papilio dindymus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 73; (4): pl. 46, figs. F, G; (8): 152 (index) (= Papilio sphinx Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 530, no. 326; synonym), by original designation.
= Syedranota K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar, 1997
Revta. Thec. colomb. 1(1): 16, text fig. 11, photoplate I, fig. I. Type-species: Thecla syedra Hewitson, 1867, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae: 1(3): 108, no. 144; 2(3): pl. 39, figs. 128, 129; pl. 41, fig. 145, by original designation.
497. Strephonota tephraeus (Geyer, 1837)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: pl. [165], figs. 959 ♂ D, 960 ♂ V [1836]; 39, no. 480 (1837, name given).
Original Combination: Bithys Tephraeus
Type Locality: Not stated; “? (Venezuela)” suggested by W. F. Kirby (1912), in: P. Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett.: 15, no. 109.
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2000), News Lepid. Soc. 42(1): 19, pl. 1, figs. 6a, 6b.
= faventia (Hewitson, 1867)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 106, no. 138 under tephraeus; 2(3): pl. 43, figs. 172 ♂ V, 173 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Faventia
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= villia (Hewitson, 1869)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(4): 126-127, no. 200; 2(4): pl. 51, 272 ♀ V, 273 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Villia
Type Locality: “Amazon” [Brazil]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= nippia (Dyar, 1918)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 337.
Original Combination: Thecla nippia
Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico” [Guerrero]
Types: Holotype (#21201) in USNM.
Genus Oenomaus Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 76. Type-species: Papilio ortygnus Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(21): 84, pl. 243, fig. B ♂ V; (24): 176 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 231, no. 765.
‡”Draudtiana” Kesselring & Ebert, [1982]
Revta nordest. Biologia 2(1/2): 112. Type-species: Thecla atena Hewitson, 1867, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(3): 92, no. 90; 2(3): pl. 36, fig. 93, pl. 37, fig. 101, by original designation. This name was listed without a description; a nomen nudum.
498. Oenomaus ortygnus (Cramer, 1779)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(21): 84, pl. 243, fig. B ♂ V; (24): 176 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Rur[alis]. Ortygnus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Location of type(s) not known; probably lost.
= lauta (Draudt, 1918)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(281): 768; (268):, pl. 152a, figs. [5] ♂ D, [6] ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Thecla ortygnus] form lauta
Type Locality: “Steinwüsten von west-Mexiko (Guerrero)”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Genus Parrhasius Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 79. Type-species: Papilio polibetes Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(29): 98-99, pl. 341, figs. B, C; (34): 251 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. Boston 10(2): 242, no. 815.
= Eupsyche Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 112, no. 14. Type-species: Thecla m-album Boisduval & Le Conte, [1833], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (9): 86-87; (10): pl. 26, figs. 1-5, by original designation.
499. Parrhasius m-album (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1833]) (1793)
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (9): 86-87; (10): pl. 26, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 larva, 5 pupa.
Original Combination: T[hecla]. M-Album
Type Locality: “Géorgie”
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost.
Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 89, established Thecla m-album Boisduval & Le Conte, [1833], as a nomen protectum (Code Article 23.9.2).
= ‡euripides (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 267, no. 32; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 13, fig. 4.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[urales]. Euripides
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Location of type(s) not known; probably lost.
Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 89, established Hesperia euripides Fabricius, 1793, as a nomen oblitum (Code Article 23.9.2).
= psyche (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1833])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (9): 88-89; (10): pl. 27, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 larva, 5, pupa.
Original Combination: [Thecla] Psyche
Type Locality: “plusieurs parties des États-Unis, sur-tout en Géorgie”
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. Oberthür (1920), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 17: 15, suggested that the types are lost.
Genus Hypostrymon Clench, 1961
In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 182, 214. Type-species: Thecla critola Hewitson, 1874, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(124): 105-106, by original designation.
500. Hypostrymon critola (Hewitson, 1874)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(124): 105-106; figured by Hewitson (1877), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(7): pl. 78, figs. 633 ♂ V, 634 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Critola
Type Locality: “Mexico”; defined as “Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico” by Clench (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(3): 184.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= festata (Weeks, 1891)
Entomol. News 2(6): 102-103; figured by Weeks (1900), Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club 2: pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D&V, and (1905), Ill. diurn. Lepid. 1: pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D&V, 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Hypolycaena festata
Type Locality: “Lower California...near San José del Cabo, at extreme end of the cape” [Baja California Sur, Mexico]
Types: Holotype (#16674) in MCZ.
= aderces Clench, 1975
Bull. Allyn Mus. (25): 5-6.
Original Combination: Hypostrymon aderces
Type Locality: “Comala, 2100 ft., Colima, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= margaretae Clench, 1975
Bull. Allyn Mus. (25): 6-7.
Original Combination: Hypostrymon margaretae
Type Locality: “Urias, 2 mi S Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
‡”ines” Scott, 1986
Butterflies N. Am.: 381, no. 353.
Original Combination: [Hypostrymon critola] spring form ines
Types: Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
Genus Erora Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 53. Type-species: Thecla laeta W. H. Edwards, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 55-56, no. 3, by original designation.
= Androcona K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 7. Type-species: Thecla muridosca Dyar, 1918, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 337, by original designation.
= Sarracenota K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 9. Type-species: Thecla opisena H. H. Druce, 1912, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 48(577): 131, pl 10, fig. 3, by original designation.
= Necmitoura K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 10. Type-species: Necmitoura marcusa K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1993, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (39): 10, photoplate IX, fig. J (= Thecla senta Draudt, 1918, in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(283): 783; synonym), by original designation.
501. Erora laeta (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 55-56, no. 3; figured by W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](3): pl. Thecla 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thecla laeta
Type Locality: “near London” [Ontario]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(1): fig. 25 ♂ D&V, and Klots and dos Passos [1982], J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 89(4): figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V.
= clothilde (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(1): 14, 15, no. 2.
Original Combination: Thecla Clothilde
Type Locality: “near Quebec”; suggested to be “probably at Cap Rouge” by Klots and dos Passos [1982], J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 89(4): 306.
Types: Type(s) lost or destroyed.
*502. Erora quaderna (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 35-36, no. 76; figured by Hewitson (1878), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(8): pl. 83, figs. 703 ♂ V, 704 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Quaderna
Type Locality: “Mexico”; defined as “Tancitiro, Michoacan, Mexico” by Clench (1943), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 51(3): 223.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= attalion (Godman & Salvin, 1887)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(60): 60-61, no. 114; 3(63): pl. 55, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Thecla attalion
Type Locality: “Mexico, Orizaba...Veracruz”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
a. Erora quaderna sanfordi dos Passos, 1940
Am. Mus. Novit. (1052): 1-2.
Original Combination: Erora laeta sanfordi
Type Locality: “White Mts., Arizona, 8000 feet”
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Klots and dos Passos [1982], J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 89(4): figs. 23 ♂ D, 24 ♂ V.
Subtribe Calycopidina Duarte & Robbins, 2010
Revta. bras. Entomol. 54(1): 48. Type-genus: Calycopis Scudder, 1876, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 108, no. 12.
Genus Electrostrymon Clench, 1961
In: P. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, How Know Butterflies: 185, 218. Type-species: Papilio endymion Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 519, no. 324, by original designation.
= Angulopis K. Johnson, 1992
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 41-42, figs. 79, 80C, 80D. Type-species: Thecla autoclea Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 194, no. 384; 2(7): pl. 77, figs. 616, 617 (= Polyommatus hugon Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (602), 640, no. 84; synonym), by original designation.
= Pendantus K. Johnson & Kroenlein, 1993
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) 34: 3-4, pl. VI, 1, fig. 2; type-species: Thecla plusios Godman & Salvin 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop.: (2): 77-78, no. 158 (= Tmolus denarius Butler & H. Druce, 1872, Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 109; synonym), by original designation.
503. Electrostrymon hugon (Godart, [1824])
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (602), 640, no. 84.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Hugon
Type Locality: Not stated; "Brasil" suggested by E. Doubleday (1847), List Spec. lep. Brit. Mus. 2: 32.
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
Identity of this taxon was established by Faynel and Bálint (2004), Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 109(3): 266-267, fig. 3.
= sangala (Hewitson, 1868)
Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 35, no. 75; figured by Hewitson (1869), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(4): pl. 54, figs. 314 ♀ D, 315 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Thecla Sangala
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Lectotype (#Rh1016) in BMNH, designated by K. Johnson (1992), Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. II): 42.
= cyphara (Hewitson, 1874)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 11(124): 106; figured by Hewitson (1877), Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 2(7): pl. 74, figs. 579 ♂ V, 580 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Cyphara
Type Locality: “Panama”; suggested to be “either Isla Taboga or Ciudad Panamá” by Clench (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(3): 184.
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= autoclea (Hewitson, 1877)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 194, no. 384; 2(7): pl. 77, figs. 616 ♂ V, 617 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Autoclea
Type Locality: “Nicaragua (Chontales, Belt)”
Types: Lectotype (#Rh1014) in BMNH, designated by K. Johnson (1992), Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. II): 42.
= callides (Dyar, 1914)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 47(2050): 151.
Original Combination: Thecla callides
Type Locality: “La Chorrera...Trinidad River” [Panama]
Types: Syntypes (#15760) in USNM.
Schaus (1920), Entomol. News 31(6): 176, placed this taxon in the synonymy of sangala.
504. Electrostrymon joya (Dognin, 1895)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 39(2): 106.
Original Combination: Thecla Joya
Type Locality: “Loja et environs” [Ecuador]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= canus (H. H. Druce, 1907)
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 624.
Original Combination: Thecla canus
Type Locality: “Mexico: Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 4600 feet”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= nubes (H. H. Druce, 1907)
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 625.
Original Combination: Thecla nubes
Type Locality: “Tobago I. (Trindad)”
Types: Holotype in UMO.
= callao (H. H. Druce, 1907)
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 611, pl. 36, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla callao
Type Locality: “Callao, Peru”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= rugatus (H. H. Druce, 1907)
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907(3): 611-612.
Original Combination: Thecla rugatus
Type Locality: “Vina, N. W. Peru, 5500 ft.”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
= bunnirae (Dyar, 1918)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54(2239): 336.
Original Combination: Thecla bunnirae
Type Locality: “Sierra de Guerrero, Mexico” [Guerrero]
Types: Holotype (#21199) in USNM.
Schaus (1920), Entomol. News 31(6): 176, placed this taxon as a synonym of canus.
= shargeli (K. Johnson, [1990])
Insecta Mundi 3(3): 201, figs. 2E ♀ D&V, 3D ♀ genitalia (holotype).
Original Combination: Tergissima shargeli
Type Locality: “Chile, Santiago”
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
505. Electrostrymon angelia (Hewitson, 1874)
a. Electrostrymon angelia angelia (Hewitson, 1874)
Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(6): 162, no. 288; 2(6): pl. 63, figs. 439 ♂ V, 440 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Thecla Angelia
Type Locality: “Cuba and Jamaica”; lectotype from “Cuba.”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by W. Comstock and Huntington (1943), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 68.
Recorded from the United States (Key West, Florida) for the first time by Anderson (1974), J. Lepid. Soc. 28(4): 354, fig. 1, and now widely established in southern Florida.
506. Electrostrymon guzanta (Schaus, 1902)
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 420-421.
Original Combination: Thecla Guzanta
Type Locality: “Jalapa, Orizaba, Mexico” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype (#5952) in USNM.
Recorded from Texas by A. Warren et al. (2004), News Lepid. Soc. 46(1): 28-30, 15 figs.
= aurantiaca (K. Johnson, 1992)
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (22)(vol. II): 198, figs. 191q ♂ D&V (holotype), 229a ♂ genitalia, 229b ♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Arases aurantiaca
Type Locality: “Mexico, Chiapas State, Ochuc”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
Genus Calycopis Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 108, no. 12. Type-species: Rusticus poeas Hübner, [1811], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [101], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 (= Hesperia cecrops Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 270, no. 41; synonym), by original designation.
= Calystryma W. D. Field, 1967
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 123(3611): 1-2. Type-species: Calystryma blora W. D. Field, 1967, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 123(3611): 9-10, no. 3, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6, figs. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, by original designation.
= Tergissima K. Johnson, 1988
Insecta Mundi 2(1): 30, figs. 1, 3C, 3H, 4E, 4F, 5C. Type-species: Tergissima mosconiensis K. Johnson, 1988, Insecta Mundi 2(1): 34, figs. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 3Ca-b, 3H, 4E (= Thecla caulonia Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 188, no. 366; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 587, 588; synonym), by original designation.
= Femniterga K. Johnson, 1988
Insecta Mundi 2(1): 36, 38, figs. 2, 3D, 3G, 4A, 4B, 4E, 4F, 4G, 4H, 5D. Type-species: Femniterga notacastanea K. Johnson, 1988, Insecta Mundi 2(1): 38-39, figs. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 3D, 3G, 4A, 4G (= Thecla caulonia Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 188, no. 366; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 587, 588; synonym), by original designation.
= Serratofalca K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 14, figs. 6, 29, 30. Type-species: Thecla cerata Hewitson, 1877; Ill. diurn. Lepid., Lycaenidae 1(7): 191, no. 374, 2(7): pl. 76, figs. 607-608, by original designation.
= Klaufera K. Johnson, 1991
Rep. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 15-16, figs. 7, 31, 32. Type-species: Thecla pisis Godman & Salvin, 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 84, no. 175; 3(65): pl. 57, figs. 24, 25, by original designation.
= Gigantofalca K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 16, figs. 8, 33, 34, 35. Type-species: Gigantofalca stacya K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 17, figs. 8A, 8B, 33, 34, by original designation.
= Distissima K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 14. Type-species: Distissima spenceri K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 18, figs. 9A, 9B, 36, 37, by original designation.
= Serratoterga K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 19, figs. 10, 41, 42, 43. Type-species: Serratoterga larsoni K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 20, figs. 10A, 10B, 40, 41 (= Thecla pisis Godman & Salvin, 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 84, no. 175; 3(65): pl. 57, figs. 24, 25; synonym), by original designation.
= Terminospinissima K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 21, figs. 11, 44, 45. Type-species: Terminospinissima serratissima K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 22, figs. 11, 44, 45 (= Thecla cissusa Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 188-189, no. 367; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 589, 590; synonym), by original designation.
= Furcovalva K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 22-23, figs. 12, 46, 47. Type-species: Furcovalva extensa K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 23-24, figs. 12A, 12B, 46, 47, by original designation.
= Cyanodivida K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 24, figs. 13, 48, 49, 50, 5. Type-species: Cyanodivida fornoi K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 25, figs. 13A, 13B, 48, 49, by original designation.
= Morphissima K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 26-27, figs. 14, 52, 53. Type-species: Morphissima scalpera K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 27, figs. 14B, 14C, 52, 53 (= Calycopis lerbela W. D. Field 1967, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 119(3552): 12, figs. 6, 20f, 26, 57, 58, 59, 60; synonym), by original designation.
= ‡Fieldia K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 28, figs. 15, 54, 55. Type-species: Fieldia yungas K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 28-29, figs. 15B, 15C, 54, 55 (= Thecla caulonia Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 188, no. 366; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 587, 588; synonym), by original designation. Preoccupied by Fieldia Niculescu, 1979, Revue vérviét. Hist. Nat. 36(1-3): 3.
= Kroenleina K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 31, figs. 18, 60, 61, 62, 63. Type-species: Kroenleina panornata K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 32, figs. 18A, 18B, 60, 61, by original designation.
= Antrissima K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 33, figs. 19, 64, 65, 66, 67. Type-species: Antrissima varicolor K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 33-34, figs. 19A, 19B, 64, 65 (= Thecla caulonia Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 188, no. 366; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 587, 588; synonym), by original designation.
= Reversustus K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 34-35, figs. 20, 68, 69, 70, 71. Type-species: Thecla puppius Godman & Salvin, 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 84 (footnote), by original designation.
= Mercedes K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 36, figs. 21, 72, 73. Type-species: Thecla demonassa Hewitson, 1868, Descr. new Spec. Lycaenidae: 25, no. 53, by original designation.
= Argentostriatus K. Johnson, 1991
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 37-38, figs. 22, 74, 75. Type-species: Thecla tamos Godman & Salvin, 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 79-80, no. 163, 3(60): pl. 52, figs. 16, 17, by original designation.
= Profieldia K. Johnson, 1992
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (23): 12. Type-species: Fieldia yungas K. Johnson, 1991, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 28-29, figs. 15B, 15C, 54, 55 (= Thecla caulonia Hewitson, 1877, Ill. diurn. Lepid. Lycaenidae 1(7): 188, no. 366; 2(7): pl. 75, figs. 587, 588; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Fieldia K. Johnson, 1991, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
507. Calycopis cecrops (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 270, no. 41; cited Jones’ Icones 6: pl. 21, fig. 2.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[urales]. Cecrops
Type Locality: “Indiis”; suggested to be “one of the states along the eastern coast of the United States between Virginia and Georgia, and probably the latter” by W. D. Field (1967), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 119(3552): 19; neotype from “Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia.”
Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by Robbins and Lamas (2006), J. Lepid. Soc. 60(2): 88.
= poeas (Hübner, [1811])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [101], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Rusticus Poeas
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Amer. sept. et Centr.” by W. F. Kirby (1908), in: P. Wytsman, Facsimile ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett. 3(addit. notes): 71; subsequently suggested to be “one of the states along the eastern coast of the United States between Virginia and Georgia, and probably the latter” by W. D. Field (1967), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 119(3552): 19.
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= nivnix (K. Johnson, Eisele & MacPherson, 1990)
Bulletin of the Allyn Museum (130): 28-29, figs. 12B, ♀ D&V, 37 ♀ genitalia (holotype)
Original Combination: Strymon nivnix
Type Locality: “Cadenta (230A), Mendoza Province, 4-5000 ft.” apparently in error. [La Rioja, Argentina]
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
This taxon is a composite; Robbins and Lamas (2002), Revta. bras. Zool. 19(supl. 1): 202-203, excluded the genitalia and forewings from the holotype.
= ‡”gottschalki” (A. Clark & L. Clark, 1938)
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 51(1): 3.
Original Combination: Strymon cecrops ab. gottschalki
Type Locality: “Scout troop 54 Cabin, Fort Lewis Mountain, Roanoake County, Virginia”
Types: “Holotype” (#52256) in USNM; figured by A. Clark and L. Clark (1951), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116(7): frtspc., fig. 7 ♂ V.
508. Calycopis isobeon (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 108; figured by Butler (1873), Lepid. Exot. (13): pl. 57, fig. 2 ♂ D.
Original Combination: T[molus]. Isobeon
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Lectotype (#Rh913) in BMNH, designated by W. D. Field (1967), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 119(3552): 19-20.
= escuintla (K. Johnson, 1991)
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 32, figs. 18C ♂ genitalia, 62 ♂ D&V, 63 ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Kroenleina escuintla
Type Locality: “mountains above Escuintla, 700m, sta. #14, Chiapas State, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
The status of this taxon requires further investigation.
Genus Kisutam K. Johnson, 1993
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) 34: 31. Type-species: Thecla syllis Godman & Salvin, 1887, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 92, no. 197; 3(66): pl. 58, figs. 6, 7, by original designation.
509. Kisutam syllis (Godman & Salvin, 1887)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(61): 92, no. 197; 3(66): pl. 58, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V (lectotype).
Original Combination: Thecla syllis
Type Locality: “Mexico, Presidio...Cordova...Jalapa...Guatemala, San Gerónimo...central valleys...Nicaragua, Chontales”; lectotype from “San Geronimo, Verapaz” [Guatemala]
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by K. Johnson & Kroenlein, 1993, Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) 34: 33.
Recorded from Texas by Bordelon (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(supplement S1): 77, and Rickard (2010), News Lepid. Soc. 52(4): 141, 3 figs..
= politus (H. Druce, 1907)
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907 (3): 625-626, 22 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 23 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Thecla politus
Type Locality: “Santarem” [Brazil, Santarém, Pará]
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by K. Johnson, 1991 Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (21): 42
= subisobeon Strand, 1918
Soc. Entomol. 33(10): 38-39.
Original Combination: Thecla isobeon ?var. subisobeon
Type Locality: “Costa Rica”
Types: Holotype in MTD.
= simplica Johnson, 1993
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) 32: 12-13, fig. 4E ♂ genitalia, fig, 5D ♀ genitalia, fig. 9 map, pl. 1, fig. A ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Gigantorubra simplica
Type Locality: Brazil, Santarém [Pará]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Subfamily Polyommatinae Swainson, 1827
Phil. Mag. (2)1(3): 187 (as “Polyommatidae”). Type-genus: Polyommatus Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(Tab.): 185, no. 474, 200. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed Polyommatus on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 689.
Tribe Polyommatini Swainson, 1827
Genus Lampides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 70. Type-species: Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 789, no. 226, by designation of Grote (1873), Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(3): 179.
= ‡Cosmolyce Toxopeus, 1927
Tijdschr. Entomol. 70(3/4): 268 (nota). Type-species: Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 789, no. 226, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Lampides Hübner, [1819].
= ‡Lampidella Hemming, 1933
Entomol. 66(845): 224. Type-species: Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 789, no. 226, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Lampides Hübner, [1819].
510. Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 789, no. 226.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus Ruralis]. Boeticus
Type Locality: “Barbarie” [Algeria]
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 304.
Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not included.
= damoetes Fabricius, 1775
Syst. Entomol.: 526, no. 350.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Damoetes
Type Locality: “nova Hollandia” [Australia]
Types: Syntype in BMNH.
= coluteae Fuessly, 1775
Verz. bekannt. schweiz. Ins.: 31, no. 594, fig. 1(2) ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio Coluteae
Type Locality: “Schweizerischen” implied from the title of the book [Switzerland]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= archias Cramer, 1777
Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 129, pl. 181, fig. C ♂ V; (16): 147 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Rural[is]. Archias
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= pisorum Fourcroy, 1785
In: Fourcroy, Entomol. Paris 2: Ent. Paris.: 242, no. 25.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. pisorum
Type Locality: Not stated; “Parisiensis” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Location of types not known.
Genus Leptotes Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 124, no. 28. Type-species: Lycaena theonus Lucas, 1856, in: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 611-612, pl. Art. 16, figs. 8, 8A, 8B (= Papilio cassius Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 36-37, pl. 23, figs. C, D; (8): 152 (index); subspecies), by original designation.
= Cyclyrius Butler, [1987]
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1896(4): 830. Type-species: Polyommatus webbianus Brullé, 1840, in: Webb and Berthelot, Canaries (Ins.): 93, pl. 4, figs. 1, 1A, by original designation.
= Syntarucus Butler, [1901]
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1900(4): 929. Type-species: Papilio telicanus Lang, 1789, Verz. Schmett. Gegend. Augsburg (2nd ed.): 47-48, nos. 387-389 (= Papilio pirithous Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 790, no. 235; synonym), by monotypy.
= Syntarucoides Kaye, 1904
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1904(2): 190. Type-species: Papilio cassius Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 36-37, pl. 23, figs. C, D; (8): 152 (index), by original designation.
= ‡Langia Tutt, 1906
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 1(12): 314. Type-species: Papilio telicanus Lang, 1789, Verz. Schmett. Gegend. Augsburg (2nd ed.): 47 (= Papilio pirithous Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 790, no. 235: synonym), by original designation. Preoccupied by Langia Moore, 1872, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872: 567, and a junior objective synonym of Syntarucus Butler, [1901].
= ‡Raywardia Tutt, 1908
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(25): 484. Type-species: Papilio telicanus Lang, 1789, Verz. Schmett. Gegend. Augsburg (2nd ed.): 47 (= Papilio pirithous Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 790, no. 23; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Langia Tutt, 1906, preoocupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8). A junior objective synonym of Syntarucus Butler, [1901].
cassius group Bálint & K. Johnson, 1995
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) 44: 4-5, 16.
*511. Leptotes cassius (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(2): 36-37, pl. 23, figs. C ♀ D, D ♀ V; (8): 152 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Rural[is]. Cassius
Type Locality: “Suriname” “Surinam”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
a. Leptotes cassius theonus (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 611-612, pl. Art. 16, figs. 8 ♂ D, 8a ♂ V, 8b ♀ D.
Original Combination: Lycaena Theonus
Type Locality: “l’île de Cuba”
Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.
= floridensis (Morrison, 1873)
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(4): 187-188.
Original Combination: Lycaena cassius var. floridensis
Type Locality: “Key West, Florida” [Monroe County]
Types: Syntype (#25845) in MCZ, other syntypes may be in USNM. W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 107, noted that a syntype is in the CMNH.
b. Leptotes cassius cassidula (Boisduval, 1870)
Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 16-17.
Original Combination: Lycaena Cassidula
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: Type(s) may be in BMNH or MNHP.
= striata (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Field & Forest 3(5): 88.
Original Combination: Lycaena Striata
Type Locality: “San Antonio” [Bexar County, Texas]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 358, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
marina group Bálint & K. Johnson, 1995
Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) 44: 4-5.
512. Leptotes marina (Reakirt, 1868)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 20(1/2): 87, no. 51.
Original Combination: Lycaena Marina
Type Locality: “Orizaba, Mexico...Mexico, near Vera Cruz” [Veracruz]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
= ‡”violacea” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(1): 6, no. 10, pl. 1, fig. U ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Leptotes marina ab. ♀ violacea
Type Locality: “Oak Glen, Riverside County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”burdicki” Henne, 1935
Entomol. News 46(4): 100, fig. 1 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Leptotes marina form burdicki
Type Locality: “Lennox, Los Angeles County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in UCMC.
= ‡”reakirti” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 26.
Original Combination: Leptotes marina female f. reakirtii
Type Locality: “Mesa Butte, Arizona” [Coconino County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
Genus Zizina Chapman, 1910
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1910(4): 482. Type-species: Polyommatus labradus Godart, [1824]; Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (612), 680, no. 197, by original designation.
513. Zizina otis (Fabricius, 1787)
a. Zizina otis otis (Fabricius, 1787)
Mantissa Ins. 2: 73, no. 689.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Otis
Type Locality: “China”
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
This species was reported for Hawaii by Snyder et al. (2008), News Lepid. Soc. 50(1): 3-6, 11 figs.
= sangra (Moore, [1866])
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865(3): 772, no. 64, pl. 41, fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: P[olyommatus]. sangra
Type Locality: “Bengal” [India/Bangladesh]
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
= oriens (Butler, 1883)
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 11 (66): 403, 417, no. 64.
Original Combination: Zizera oriens
Type Locality: “Pasananca valley, Mindanao” [Philippines]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= parasangra Toxopeus, 1929
Tijdschr. Entomol. 72(3/4): 206.
Original Combination: Zizina parasangra
Type Locality: “Küstengebiet von Nordost-Sumatra (Deli)” [Indonesia]
Types: Location of holotype not known.
= kuli Toxopeus, 1929
Tijdschr. Ent. 72(3/4): 207.
Original Combination: Zizina kuli
Type Locality: “Deli, Sumatra” [Indonesia]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= annetta Toxopeus, 1929
Tijdschr. Ent. 72(3/4): 207.
Original Combination: Zizina annetta
Type Locality: “Perapat, am Toba-See” [Indonesia]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= soeriomataram Kalis, 1938
Ent. Rundsch. 55(19): 197.
Original Combination: Zizina soeriomataram
Type Locality: “Kangean” [Kangean Islands, Indonesia]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Genus Brephidium Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 123, no. 27. Type-species: Lycaena exilis Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 294, no. 29, by original designation.
514. Brephidium exilis (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Brephidium exilis exilis (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 294, no. 29; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1935 ♂ [not ♀] D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena exilis
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Sacramento, Sacramento County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13.
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13, figs. 51 ♂ D, 52 ♂ V.
Species-genus gender conformation is exile.
= fea (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 211, no. 11.
Original Combination: Lycaena Fea
Type Locality: “near Waco, Texas” [McLennan County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 357, fig. 1 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 32, fig. 4 ♂ D.
= ‡”coolidgei” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(1): 2, no. 1, pl. 1, fig. L ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Brephidium exilis ab. ♀ coolidgei
Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 53, fig. 8 ♀ V.
515. Brephidium pseudofea (Morrison, 1873)
Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 28, discussed the relationship between B. exilis and B. pseudofea, and the status of the taxon isophthalma (Herrich-Schäffer, 1862) as a subspecies of B. exilis.
a. Brephidium pseudofea pseudofea (Morrison, 1873)
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(4): 186-187.
Original Combination: Lycaena pseudofea
Type Locality: “Key West, Florida” [Monroe County]
Types: Syntype (#15975) in MCZ, others may be in USNM.
b. Brephidium pseudofea insularis Pavulaan & Gatrelle, 1999
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(7): 3-4, figs. 6 ♂ V, 7 ♂ D&V (holotype), 8 ♀ D&V, 9 ♂ V, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ V, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Brephidium isophthalma insularis
Type Locality: “Rt 21 near Beaufort, Beaufort County, South Carolina”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= ‡”carolina” Pavulaan, 1993
S. Lepid. News 15(4): 37, figs. 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♂&♀ D.
Original Combination: Brephidium isophthalma pseudofea form carolina
Type Locality: “near Beaufort, Beaufort Co., SC” [South Carolina]
Types: “Syntypes’ in H. Pavulaan collection and MGCL; some paratypes of B. p. insularis are syntypes of “carolina.”
Genus Zizula Chapman, 1910
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1910(4): 483. Type-species: Lycaena gaika Trimen, 1862, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (3)1(4): 403-404, by original designation.
516. Zizula cyna (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 3.
Original Combination: Lycaena Cyna
Type Locality: “San Antonio, Texas” [Bexar County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 68, fig. 1 ♀ D, and F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): fig. 3 ♀ D&V.
= tulliola (Godman & Salvin, 1887)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(64): 108, no. 12; 3(66): pl. 58, figs. 28 ♂ D, 29 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena tulliola
Type Locality: “Mexico, Milpas, Ventanas...Cordova...Jalapa...Guatemala...San Gerónimo, Dueñas, Zapote”; figured specimen is from “San Gerónimo, Guatemala.”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= mela (Strecker, 1900)
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 20.
Original Combination: Lycaena Mela
Type Locality: “Colorado...Bastrop, Tex...Chihuahua...Muso, Colombia, S. America”
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
Genus Cupido Schrank, 1801
Fauna boic. 2(1): 153, no. 201. Type-species: Papilio minimus Fuessly, 1775, Verz. bekannt. schweiz. Ins.: 31, no. 599, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 503. Kudrna (1986), Butterflies Europe 8: 194, and others since, considered Everes a subgenus or synonym of Cupido Schrank, 1801.
= Zizera Moore, [1881]
Lepid. Ceylon 1(2): 78. Type-species: Papilio alsus [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 184, no. 9 (= Papilio minimus Fuessly, 1775, Verz. bekannt. schweiz. Ins.: 31, no. 599; synonym).
Subgenus Everes Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 69. Type-species: Papilio amyntas [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 185, no. 18 (= Papilio argiades Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 472, no. 66; homonym), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 56. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 503 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1249.
= Binghamia Tutt, 1908
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 3(1): 41-42. Type-species: Hesperia parrhasius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 289, no. 108, by original designation.
= Tiora Evans, 1912
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21(3): 984. Type-species: Papilio sebrus Hübner, [1824], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 172, figs. 851-854 (= Lycaena decolorata Staudinger, 1886, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 47(4-6): 204; homonym), by designation of Hemming (1929), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)3(15): 242.
= Ununcula van Eecke, 1915
Zoöl. Meded. 1(1): 29-30, pl. 2, figs. 6, 6a, 6b, 6c, 7, 7a, 7b. Type-species: Papilio argiades Pallas, 1771, Reise verschied. Prov. Russisch. Reichs 1, Anhang: 472, no. 66, by designation of Hemming (1929), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)3(15): 243.
517. Cupido comyntas (Godart, [1824])
a. Cupido comyntas comyntas (Godart, [1824])
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (608), 660, no. 147; figured by Boisduval and Le Conte [1835], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (12): pl. 36, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Comyntas
Type Locality: “l’Amérique septentrionale”
Types: Holotype in MNHP.
= ‡”watermani” (Nakahara, 1926)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20(5): 224.
Original Combination: Everes comyntas ab. watermani
Type Locality: “Ithaca, N. Y.” [Tompkins County, New York]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”meinersi” (W. D. Field, 1938)
J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 11(4): 132-133.
Original Combination: Everes comyntas f. meinersi
Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
b. Cupido comyntas texana (F. Chermock, 1945)
Can. Entomol. 76(11): 215.
Original Combination: Everes texana
Type Locality: “near San Antonio, Texas” [Bexar County]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Species-genus gender conformation is texanus.
c. Cupido comyntas sissona (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 64, no. 400; 232, no. 400, pl. 30, fig. 400 ♀ V (holotype).
Original Combination: [Lycaena] Sissona; Lycaena Sissona n. s.
Type Locality: “Northern California” “Sisson, Cal.” [Mount Shasta City, Siskiyou County, California]
Types: Lectotype in CAS (#4319), designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 37.
The status of this taxon was determined by Austin (2002), J. Lepid. Soc. 56(4): 294.
= pacnowe Scott & Kondla, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 48, pl. 4, 1st row left center ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Cupido (=Everes) comyntas pacnowe
Type Locality: “Adair Village, Benton Co. Ore.” [Oregon]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
518. Cupido amyntula (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Cupido amyntula montanorum (Austin, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 549, figs. 49 ♂ D, 50 ♂ V (holotype); 51 ♀ D, 52 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Everes amyntula montanorum
Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Carson Range, Tahoe Meadows, Nevada State Route 431, 2.4 road miles southwest of Mount Rose Summit, 2590 m, T17N R18E S36 on USGS Mt. Rose, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Cupido amyntula amyntula (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 294, no. 28; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1938 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena amyntula
Type Locality: “Californie” from the title of the paper; defined as “Bucks Lake Road at White Creek, 2 road miles W. of Quincy, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13. figs. 48 ♂ D, 49 ♂ V.
= immaculata Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 48, pl. 4, 1st row left ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Cupido (=Everes) amyntula immaculata
Type Locality: “Oak Creek, Yakima Co. Wash.” [Washington]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= ‡”dodgei” (Gunder, 1927)
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 283, no. 7, pl. A, fig. 7 ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Everes amyntula tr. f. dodgei
Type Locality: “Santa Cruz, Calif.” [Santa Cruz County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”immaculata” (Scott, 1981)
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 6.
Original Combination: Everes amyntula form immaculata
Type Locality: “west coast, and occasionally in the Great Basin”
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
c. Cupido amyntula nesiotes (J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (21): 303-304, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Everes amyntula nesiotes
Type Locality: “California: Santa Barbara County; Santa Rosa Island; China Camp”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Cupido amyntula herri (F. Grinnell, 1901)
Can. Entomol. 33(7): 192.
Original Combination: Everes amyntula, var. Herri
Type Locality: “Cochise Co., Arizona”; suggested to be “Huachuca Mtns.” by Bailowitz (1983), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(4): 309. [Cochise County, Arizona]
Types: Syntypes in LACM.
Bailowitz (1983), J. Lepid. Soc. 36(4): 308, detailed the status of this taxon.
= ‡”arizonensis” (Gunder, 1927)
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 284, no. 10, pl. A, fig. 10 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Everes comyntas race herri tr. f. arizonensis
Type Locality: “Santa Rita Mts., Ariz.” [Santa Cruz County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”jemezensis” (Gunder, 1927)
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 284, no. 11, pl. A, fig. 11 ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Everes amyntula herri tr. f. jemezensis
Type Locality: “Jemez Spr., N. Mex.” [Sandoval County, New Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” (#7179) in CMNH.
e. Cupido amyntula valeriae (Clench, 1944)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 52(1): 59-60.
Original Combination: Everes comyntas valeriae
Type Locality: “near Lead, South Dakota” [Lawrence County]
Types: Holotype (#25934) in MCZ.
f. Cupido amyntula albrighti (Clench, 1944)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 52(1): 60-61.
Original Combination: Everes comyntas albrighti
Type Locality: “Kings Hill, Montana” [Meagher County]
Types: Holotype (#26562) in MCZ.
g. Cupido amyntula maritima (Leblanc, 1985)
Fabreries (suppl. 4): 45 and key.
Original Combination: [Everes amyntula] maritima
Type Locality: “Québec (Rimouski, Baspésie)”; lectotype from “Jacquet River/ N. B.” [New Brunswick]
Types: Lectotype (#21 894) in CNC, designated by Landry (1994), Fabreries 19(2): 33-34, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1 ♂ V.
The key in Leblanc (1985), apparently qualifies as a description.
Genus Celastrina Tutt, 1906
Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 18(5): 131. Type-species: Papilio argiolus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 153, by original designation.
= ‡Cyaniriodes Matsumura, 1919
Thous. Ins. Japan, Addit. 3: 736. Type-species: Lycaena ogasawarensis Pryer, 1886, Rhop. nihon. (1): 10-11, no. 24,, pl. 2, fig. 13, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Cyaniriodes de Nicéville, 1890, Butterflies India Burmah Ceylon 3: 33.
= Maslowskia M. M. Omelko & M. A. Omelko, 1984
In: Kononenko et al., Fauna Ekol. Ins. Far East: 25. Type-species: Lycaenopsis filipjevi N. Riley, 1934, Entomol. 67(851): 85-86, pl. 1, figs. 1-6. Kurentsov (1974), Zoogeogr. Far East: 92, is frequently considered to have described this genus (e.g., Korshunov and Ivonin (1990), in: Zolatarenko, Nov. Maloizvest. Vidy Faun. Sib. 22: 77-78); however, Kurentsov mentioned this name without a description; a nomen nudum.
519. Celastrina lucia (W. Kirby, 1837)
a. Celastrina lucia lucia (W. Kirby, 1837)
Fauna Bor.-Am. [4]: 299, no. 1, pl. 3, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Lucia
Type Locality: “taken with the preceding...Lat. 54o”; Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 170, stated “Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, Lat. 54o N.”
Types: Holotype possibly in BMNH.
Treated as a species-level taxon by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 28, based on Pavulaan (1995), Mass. Butterflies 6(1):2-4, and other recent works.
= marginata (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Papilio 3(5/6): 86-87; figured by W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4, 4a ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: [Lycaena Pseudargiolus form] Marginata
Type Locality: “New York, New England, and Quebec, at least in the region about Montreal”; lectotype from “Orono, Maine.” [Penobscot County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 423, fig. 30 ♂ D&V.
= quesnellii (Cockle, 1910)
Can. Entomol. 42(6): 204.
Original Combination: Cyaniris ladon var. Quesnellii
Type Locality: “Bala Lake, Quesnelle, northern B. C.”; stated as “[Ahbau] Lake, [elevation 2950 feet], [latitude 53o 14', longitude 122o 07',] 35 miles northwest of Quesnelle [Forks], B. C.[, Canada]” by C. Guppy and Kondla (2003), J. Lepid. Soc. 57(2): 150. [British Columbia]
Types: Lectotype (#583) in CNC, designated by C. Guppy and Kondla (2003), J. Lepid. Soc. 57(2): 151.
Another name, “maculatasuffusa,” was listed by Cockle (1910) without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
= ‡”fumida” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(7): 933.
Original Combination: C[yaniris]. p[seudargiolus]. [ab.] fumida
Type Locality: “New England” implied from the title of the book.
Types: “Holotype” in Thaxter collection.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”pseudora” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(7): 933-934.
Original Combination: C[yaniris]. p[seudargiolus]. [ab.] pseudora
Type Locality: “Milford, N. H.” [Hillsborough County]
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ according to W. Comstock and Huntington (1963), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 71(1): 47.
= ‡”brunnea” Tutt, 1908
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(19): 413; cited W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, fig. 25 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus form lucia] ab. brunnea
Type Locality: “Brooklyn” in reference to a specimen obtained from Hulst, living in Brooklyn. [Brooklyn, Kings County, New York]
Types: “Type” may be in CMNH, unrecognizable, or lost.
= ‡”subtusjuncta” Tutt, 1908
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(19): 414; cited Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 2(7): 934.
Original Combination: [Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus form lucia] ab. subtusjuncta
Type Locality: “Wollaston, Mass.” [Quincy, Norfolk County, Massachusetts]
Types: “Type” may be in MCZ, unrecognizable, or lost.
= ‡”inaequalis” Tutt, 1908
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(19): 416; cited W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, fig. 24 ♂&♀ D.
Original Combination: [Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus form lucia] ab. inaequalis
Type Locality: “Brooklyn”; in reference to a specimen obtained from Hulst, living in Brooklyn. [Brooklyn, Kings County, New York]
Types: “Type” may be in CMNH, unrecognizable, or lost.
‡”lucimargina” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 6.
Original Combination: Celastrina argiolus ladon form lucimargina
Proposed as a form with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum. This name refers to a “form” that occurs widely in several Celastrina species; it is placed here as a convenience.
b. Celastrina lucia lumarco Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 48-49, pl. 4, 1st row center ♂ D&V (holotype), right ♂ V, ♀ V.
Original Combination: Celastrina lucia lumarco
Type Locality: “Surface Creek, 7.6 mi. NNE Cedaredge, Delta Co. Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
520. Celastrina echo (W. H. Edwards, 1864)
C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 226-227, Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 28, and A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 161-165, treated this as a species-level taxon. The inclusion of nigrescens, sidara, and cinerea as subspecies of C. echo should be considered tentative, since some or all of these may be species-level taxa.
a. Celastrina echo echo (W. H. Edwards, 1864)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, 506-507, no. 8; figured by W. H. Edwards (1884), 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, fig. 21 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Lycaena Echo
Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “San Francisco, Calif.” [San Francisco County]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 430-431, fig. 36 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”nunenmacheri” (Strand, 1915)
Arch. Naturgesch. (A)80(11): 159.
Original Combination: Cyaniris ladon cum ab. nunenmacheri
Type Locality: “Lake Co., Oregon”
Types: “Holotype” possibly in DEI.
b. Celastrina echo nigrescens (Fletcher, 1903)
Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 213-214, pl. fig. ♂ D, ♀ D.
Original Combination: Lycaena pseudargiolus var. nigrescens
Type Locality: “Kaslo, on Kootenay Lake, British Columbia”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
This taxon was redescribed by Fletcher (1904), Can. Entomol. 36(5): 127, fig. ♂&♀ D. The placement of this taxon as a subspecies of C. echo follows A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 161-163, but requires additional study.
= bakeri (Clench, 1944)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 52(3): 274-275.
Original Combination: Lycaenopsis pseudargiolus bakeri
Type Locality: “Baker, Oregon” [Baker City, Baker County]
Types: Holotype in MCZ.
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 163, tentatively placed this taxon here.
c. Celastrina echo sidara (Clench, 1944)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 52(3): 273-274.
Original Combination: Lycaenopsis pseudargiolus sidara
Type Locality: “Manitou, Colorado” [Manitou Springs, El Paso County]
Types: Holotype in MCZ.
d. Celastrina echo cinerea (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Papilio 3(1): 8; figured by W. H. Edwards (1884), 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 16 ♂ D, 16a ♂ V, 17 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Lycaena Pseudargiolus] var. Cinerea
Type Locality: “Arizona”; implied to be “vicinity of Fort Grant, Cochise Co. [sic!], and on Graham Mountain” from the introduction to the paper; defined as “Fort Grant at west foot of Graham Mountain” by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 427-428. [Graham County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 428, fig. 35 ♂ D&V.
= arizonensis (W. H. Edwards, [1885])
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 11(3/4): 306, under no. 432; cited W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 18 ♂ D, 19 ♀ D (as Lycaena pseudargiolus).
Original Combination: [Lycaena Pseudargiolus] var. Arizonensis
Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “Fort Grant, Cochise County [sic!] at the west foot of Mount Graham” by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 428. [Graham County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 429, fig. 34 ♂ D&V.
521. Celastrina ladon (Cramer, 1780)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 141, pl. 270, figs. D ♂ D, E ♂ V; (24): 175 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Pleb[ejus]. Rural[is]. Ladon
Type Locality: “Kaap de Goede Hoop” “Cap de bonne Espérance” in error; neotype from “Patuxent River, Anne Arundel Co., Maryland.”
Types: Neotype in MGCL, designated by Clench and L. Miller (1980), J. Lepid. Soc. 34(2): 117, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V.
The determination that ladon is a North American taxon was made by Butler (1885), Entomol. Am. 1(3): 53, and (1900), Can. Entomol. 32(3): 91.
= pseudargiolus (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (13): 118-119; (12): pl. 36, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 larva, 5 pupa.
Original Combination: A[rgus]. Pseudargiolus
Type Locality: “grande partie des États-Unis”
Types: Described, at least in part, from a John Abbot drawing. The specimens upon which this drawing was based are probably lost. Oberthür (1920), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 17: pl. 505, figs. 4211 ♂ D&V, 4212 ♀ D&V, figured “types” from the Boisduval collection now in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discusses the dubious nature of such “types.”
= violacea (W. H. Edwards, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 200, 201-202, no. 3; figured by W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](3): pl. Lycaena 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D [not 4], and (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 5, 5a ♂ D&V, 6 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Lycaena Violacea
Type Locality: “Kanawha River” [nr. Coalburgh, Kanawha County, West Virginia]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 424, fig. 31 ♂ D&V.
D. Wright and Pavulaan (1999), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(9): 5, determined this synonymy.
522. Celastrina idella D. Wright & Pavulaan, 1999
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(9): 4-5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ D&V, 6 ♂ D&V, 7 ♂ D&V, 8 ♀ D&V, 22 map, 28 ♂ genitalia, 29 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Celastrina idella
Type Locality: “2.2 km. s. of Chatsworth, Burlington Co., NJ...cedar bog in Risley Branch of Wading River” [New Jersey]
Types: Holotype in ANSP.
523. Celastrina serotina Pavulaan & D. Wright, 2005
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 6(6): 4, 6, figs. 7 ♂ D&V (holotype), 8 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Celastrina serotina
Type Locality: “Great Swamp Management Area, near West Kingston, South Kingstown Township, Washington County, Rhode Island, U.S.A.”
Types: Holotype in ANSP.
524. Celastrina neglecta (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(1/2): 54, 56, no. 4; figured by W. H. Edwards (1870), Butterflies N. Am. [1](5): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D, and (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 10, 10a ♂ D&V, 11 ♂ D, 12 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Lycaena neglecta
Type Locality: “Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin, Lake Winnipeg”; lectotype from “Hunter, Greene Co., New York.”
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 427, fig. 33 ♂ D&V.
D. Wright (1995), Am. Butterflies 3(1): 20-28, considered this a species-level taxon, an arrangement which has been followed by most subsequent authors (e.g., Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 28).
= argentata (Fletcher, 1903)
Proc. & Trans. R. Soc. Can. (2)9(Sect. IV): 213, pl., fig. ♂ D&V, ♀ D.
Original Combination: Lycaena pseudargiolus var. argentata
Type Locality: “Cartwright and other places in southern Manitoba, as well as in south-eastern Assiniboia”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
This taxon was redescribed by Fletcher (1904), Can. Entomol. 36(5): 127, fig. ♂ D&V, ♀ D. Layberry et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 153, considered this a subspecies of C. neglecta.
= ‡”pauper” Tutt, 1908
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(19): 407; cited W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 10 ♂ D, 13 ♂ D, 14 ♀ D, 15 ♂ D, 15a ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus] [summer form] pauper
Type Locality: Not expressly stated; “about lat. 45o...Colorado” implied from reference to W. H. Edwards (1884).
Types: “Types” may be in CMNH, unrecognizable, or lost.
‡”deutargiolus” Scudder, 1869
Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1: 165 and footnote.
Original Combination: [Polyommatus] deutargiolus
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
525. Celastrina humulus Scott & D. Wright, 1998
Papilio (n.s.) 9: 1-2, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♀ V, 10 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Celastrina humulus
Type Locality: “Red Rocks, Jefferson County, Colorado”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
526. Celastrina neglectamajor Opler & Krizek, 1984
Butterflies East Great Plains: 117-118, pl. 18, fig. 106.
Original Combination: Celastrina neglectamajor
Opler and Krizek adopted Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus summer form neglecta-major Tutt, 1908, to represent a species-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= ‡”neglectamajor” Tutt, 1908
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2(19): 407; cited W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): 5 [319], pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 8 ♂ D (lectotype), 9 ♀ D, 9a ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus [summer form] neglecta-major
Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Coalburgh, West Virginia.” [Kanawha County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(5): 11, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♂ V.
As a quadrinomial, this name is unavailable (Code Article 45.5).
= ‡”obsoletalunulata” Tutt, 1908
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 2: 426-427; cited W. H. Edwards (1884), Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): 10 [324], pl. Lycaena 2, fig. 22 ♀ V.
Original Combination: [Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus] ab. obsoleta-lunulata
Type Locality: “eastern United States”
Types: “Lectotype” in CMNH, designated by Pavulaan and D. Wright (2000), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 2(5): 11, fig. 24 ♀ V.
527. Celastrina nigra (W. Forbes, 1960)
Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 127.
Original Combination: [Plebeius argiolus] race nigra
Forbes adopted Lycaena Pseudargiolus winter form Violacea dimorphic male nigra W. H. Edwards, [1885], to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= ‡ebenina Clench, 1972
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 44(1): 33-37, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), 10 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Celastrina ebenina
Type Locality: “Coalburg, Kanawha Co., West Virginia”
Types: Holotype in CMNH, the same specimen as the lectotype of nigra.
A junior objective synonym of nigra.
= ‡”nigra” (Strecker, 1878)
Butterflies Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 95, no. 136a; cited W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](3): pl. Lycaena 1, fig. 4 ♂ D.
Original Combination: [Lycaena Lucia] ab. a. ♀ Nig[ra].
Type Locality: “Virginia”
Types: “Holotype” is the same specimen figured by W. H. Edwards (1869), ibid., in CMNH.
= ‡”intermedia” (Strecker, 1878)
Butterflies Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 95, no. 136b.
Original Combination: [Lycaena Lucia] ab. b. ♀ Intermedia
Type Locality: “Virginia”
Types: “Type(s)” apparently lost, but possibly in FMNH.
= ‡”nigra” (W. H. Edwards, [1884])
Butterflies N. Am. 2(12): [315], pl. Lycaena 2, fig. 7 ♂ D; cited W. H. Edwards (1869), Butterflies N. Am. [1](3): pl. Lycaena 1, fig. 4 ♂ D (as ♀).
Original Combination: [Lycaena Pseudargiolus Winter form Violacea] dimorphic male Nigra
Type Locality: Not stated; lectotype from “Coalb[urg].” [Kanawha County, West Virginia]
Types: “Lectotype” in CMNH, designated by Clench (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 425-426, fig. 32 ♂ D&V.
Genus Udara Toxopeus, 1928
Tijdschr. Entomol. 71(3): 181, 219. Type-species: Polyommatus dilectus Moore, 1879, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879(1): 139, by original designation.
= Akasinula Toxopeus, 1928
Tijdschr. Entomol. 71(3): 181, 194. Type-species: Polyommatus akasa Horsfield, [1828], Descr. Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. E. India Co. (1): 67, pl. 1, figs. 1, 1a, by original designation.
Subgenus Vaga Zimmerman, 1958
Ins. Hawaii 7: 491. Type-species: Holochila blackburni Tuely, 1878, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 15(169): 9, by original designation.
528. Udara blackburni (Tuely, 1878)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 15(169): 9.
Original Combination: Holochila blackburni
Type Locality: “mountain pass in the Island of Oahu” [Honolulu County, Hawaii]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
Genus Philotes Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 116, no. 18. Type-species: Lycaena regia Boisduval, 1869, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 46, no. 20 (= Lycaena sonorensis C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara (2): 281, pl. 35, figs. 3, 4; synonym), by original designation.
529. Philotes sonorensis (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
a. Philotes sonorensis sonorensis (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
Reise Novara (2): 281, no. 356, pl. 35, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Sonorensis
Type Locality: “Sonora”; defined as “San Diego, Calif.” by Shields (1973), Bull. Allyn Mus. (15): 2; suggested to be “near the Verdugo Hills” by Mattoni (1991), J. Res. Lepid. 28(4): 302; defined as “La Tuna Canyon, 1200 ft. Elev., Verdugo Mts., Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 90.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 90, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V.
= regia (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 46, no. 22; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, figs. 1959 ♂ D&V, 1960 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena regia
Type Locality: “environs de Los Angelos”; defined as “La Tuna Canyon, 1360' elevation, Verdugo Mountains, Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 26.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 26, figs. 189 ♂ D, 190 ♂ V.
= ‡”sonoralba” F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 456.
Original Combination: Philotes sonorensis ab. sonoralba
Type Locality: “San Diego, California” [San Diego County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”comstocki” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(1): 6-7, no. 11, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Philotes sonorensis form comstocki
Type Locality: “San Gabriel River, Duarte, Los Angeles County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 56, fig. 10 ♂ D (holotype), 15 ♂ V.
b. Philotes sonorensis extinctis Mattoni, 1991 ✝
J. Res. Lepid. 28(4): 300, 302, figs. 2 rows 1, 2 ♂♂ D, 3 ♂♂ V, 4 ♀♀ D, 3 rows 1 ♀♀ D, 3 ♀♀ V.
Original Combination: Philotes sonorensis extinctis
Type Locality: “upper San Gabriel wash” [Los Angeles County, California]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Genus Philotiella Mattoni, [1978]
J. Res. Lepid. 16(4): 227, 230, pl. 5, pl. 10, pl. 12. Type-species: Lycaena speciosa Hy. Edwards, 1877, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 173, by original designation.
530. Philotiella speciosa (Hy. Edwards, 1877)
a. Philotiella speciosa speciosa (Hy. Edwards, 1877)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 173.
Original Combination: Lycaena speciosa
Type Locality: “Havilah, Kern County”
Types: Holotype in AMNH; possibly figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 32, fig. 1 ♂ D.
b. Philotiella speciosa septentrionalis Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 557, figs. 101 ♂ D, 102 ♂ V (holotype); 103 ♀ D, 104 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Philotiella speciosa septentrionalis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lyon County; Fort Churchill Road, 12.3 road miles south (= east) of U.S. highway 50, 1341 m, T17N R24E S32 on USGS Churchill Butte, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Philotiella speciosa bohartorum (Tilden, [1969])
J. Res. Lepid. 6(4): 281-283.
Original Combination: Philotes speciosa bohartorum
Type Locality: “Briceburg, Mariposa Co., Calif...just behind the Briceburg Station where an old bridge crosses the Merced River”
Types: Holotype in LACM; possibly figured by Mattoni [1978], J. Res. Lepid. 16(4): pl. 4, top row, right ♂ D, pl. 5, top row right ♂ V.
d. Philotiella speciosa purisima Priestaf & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (19): 283-284, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Philotiella speciosa purisima
Type Locality: “California: Santa Barbara County; Harris Grade at Burton Mesa Boulevard, north of Lompoc”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
531. Philotiella leona Hammond & McCorkle, 2000
Holarct. Lepid. 6(2): 77, figs. 1 ♂ genitalia lateral, 3 ♂ genitalia posterior, 5 ♀ genitalia dorsal (partial), 7 ♂ genitalia right valve inside, 8 ♂ genitalia left valve ventral, 9 ♂ genitalia right valve apical, 18 top row left ♂ D (holotype), top row right ♀ V, bottom row left ♀ D.
Original Combination: Philotiella leona
Type Locality: “milepost 226 along U.S. Highway 97, Klamath Co., Oregon”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Genus Euphilotes Mattoni, [1978]
J. Res. Lepid. 16(4): 224-225. Type-species: Lycaena enoptes Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 298, no. 36, by original designation.
battoides complex Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 216.
532. Euphilotes battoides (Behr, 1867)
The arrangement of taxa under this species is tentative. It is assumed that some taxa will eventually be removed to other species in the battoides complex.
a. Euphilotes battoides battoides (Behr, 1867)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 282, no. 15.
Original Combination: L[ycaena]. Battoides
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “at an elevation of eleven thousand feet, on the head-waters of the San Joaquin River” from the description; neotype from “nr. Mono Pass, 12,000 ft. NW Inyo County, California.”
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 102, figs. 52 ♀ D, 53 ♀ V.
b. Euphilotes battoides argocyanea Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 217-218, figs. 35 ♂ D, 36 ♂ V (holotype); 37 ♀ D, 38 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides argocyanea
Type Locality: “California: Inyo Co., E end of Nelson Range: slope 0.3 km W of Junction of Saline Valley Road and Hunter Mt. Road, 1,800-1,900 m”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Euphilotes battoides mazourka Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 218-219, figs. 39 ♂ D, 40 ♂ V (holotype); 41 ♀ D, 42 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides mazourka
Type Locality: “California: Inyo County: Inyo Mountains; northwest edge of Badger Flat, 0.5 air mile northeast of 9441' summit of Mazourka Peak, 8,800-8,900' elevation; northeast one-fourth of S23, T.11S., R.35E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Euphilotes battoides panamintensis Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 219-220, figs. 43 ♂ D, 44 ♂ D (holotype); 45 ♀ D, 46 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides panamintensis
Type Locality: “California: Inyo Co.: Panamint Range, Wildrose Cyn., 2,100 m”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
e. Euphilotes battoides allyni (Shields, 1975)
Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 10-11, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides battoides allyni
Type Locality: “California: Los Angeles Co., El Segundo”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
It is quite possible that this is a subspecies of E. bernardino.
f. Euphilotes battoides vernalis Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 221, figs. 47 ♂ D, 48 ♂ V (holotype); 49 ♀ D, 50 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides vernalis
Type Locality: “California; San Bernardino Co.; Coxey Meadow; 1,600 m”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
g. Euphilotes battoides fusimaculata Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 551, figs. 65 ♂ D, 66 ♂ V (holotype); 67 ♀ D, 68 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides fusimaculata
Type Locality: “Nevada: Nye County; Toiyabe Mountains, Peavine Creek Campground, 2012 m, T8N R42E (unsectioned) on USGS Dry Canyon, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
h. Euphilotes battoides anasazi Scott, 1998
Papilio (n.s.) 11: 5, fig. 11 ♂ D (holotype), 12 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides anasazi
Type Locality: “Aztec, San Juan Co., New Mexico”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
533. Euphilotes glaucon (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Mattoni (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 175, suggested that this may be a species-level taxon. A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 173-176, described patterns of geographic variation in this species in Oregon.
a. Euphilotes glaucon glaucon (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 210, no. 9.
Original Combination: Lycaena Glaucon
Type Locality: “Nevada”; defined as “Storey County, Nevada” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 406-407; further defined as “near Virginia City, Storey Co., Nevada” by Shields (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 21.
Types: Lectotype in AMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 409, fig. 22 ♂ D&V.
b. Euphilotes glaucon oregonensis (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)
Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): 214, pl. 16, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Philotes glaucon] [race] oregonensis
Type Locality: “Crater Lake, Oregon” [Klamath County]
Types: Holotype in USNM; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 36 ♂ V.
c. Euphilotes glaucon australoglaucon Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 216-217, figs. 31 ♂ D, 32 ♂ V (holotype); 33 ♀ D, 34 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes battoides australoglaucon
Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; east slope Sierra Nevada; Independence Creek, 6,300' elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
K. Davenport (2004), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 5(1): 29, allied this taxon with E. glaucon.
d. Euphilotes glaucon comstocki (Shields, 1975)
Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 12, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides battoides comstocki
Type Locality: “California: Kern Co., Tehachapi”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
K. Davenport (2004), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(7): 10, allied this taxon with E. intermedia.
e. Euphilotes glaucon intermedia (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)
Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): 214, pl. 16, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Philotes glaucon] [race] intermedia
Type Locality: “Shasta Co., Cali. (presumably the vicinity of Castella in the Upper Sacramento Valley)” [California]
Types: Holotype in USNM; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 38 ♂ D.
Mattoni (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 175, noted that this taxon is sympatric with E. b. battoides at some sites in California, and A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 174-175, allied intermedia with E. glaucon.
= ‡”malcolmi” (Gunder, 1927)
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 282-283, no. 5, pl. A, fig. 5 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Philotes glaucon race intermedia tr. f. malcolmi
Type Locality: “Amer. River, Placer Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
534. Euphilotes centralis (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)
Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 222-223, treated this as a species-level taxon.
a. Euphilotes centralis centralis (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)
Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): 215, pl. 16, figs. 7 ♂ D (holotype), 8 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Philotes glaucon] [race] centralis
Type Locality: “Salida, Colo.” [Chaffee County, Colorado]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
b. Euphilotes centralis hadrochilus Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 222, figs. 51 ♂ D, 52 ♂ V, 53 ♀ D, 54 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes centralis hadrochilus
Type Locality: “California, Inyo Co., 6 km S of Westgard Pass, 2,000 m”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
535. Euphilotes bernardino (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)
Shields and Reveal (1988), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 33(1): 87-88, fig. 1, tbl. 1, Mattoni (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 176, and other recent authors treated this as a species-level taxon.
a. Euphilotes bernardino bernardino (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): 116, pl. 11, figs. 9 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V, 13 ♀ D; ♂ genitalia figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1917), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): pl. 17, fig. 4.
Original Combination: [Philotes battoides] race bernardino
Type Locality: “Camp Baldy, S. Bernardino Mts.”; corrected to “San Gabriel Mts.” by Shields (1977), J. Res. Lepid. 16(1): 48. [San Bernardino County, California]
Types: Syntypes in USNM; a “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 37 ♂ V.
= ‡”baldyensis” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(1): 3, no. 2, pl. 1, fig. M ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Philotes battoides var. bernardino ab. ♀ baldyensis
Type Locality: “Camp Baldy, San Bernardino County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 55, fig. 32 ♀ V.
b. Euphilotes bernardino inyomontana Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 223-224, figs. 55 ♂ D, 56 ♂ V (holotype); 57 ♀ D, 58 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes bernardino inyomontana
Type Locality: “California: Inyo Co.; Panamint Range, S end; ridge just above Wood Canyon, 1,500-1,700 m elev., 1.3 km NNW of Manly Peak”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Euphilotes bernardino minuta Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 549-550, figs. 53 ♂ D, 54 ♂ V (holotype); 55 ♀ D, 56 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes bernardino minuta
Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Spring Valley, Baking Powder Flat, 1 mile south of Blind Spring, 1762 m, T11N R67E S26 on USGS Wheeler Peak, Nev. quadrangle, 15' series”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Euphilotes bernardino martini (Mattoni, 1954)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 53(3): 157, 159, no. 1, pl. 43, fig. 3 ♂ D (holotype), 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Philotes battoides martini
Type Locality: “Oatman, Mohave Co., Arizona”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
536. Euphilotes ellisii (Shields, 1975)
Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 225-227, treated this as a species-level taxon.
a. Euphilotes ellisii ellisii (Shields, 1975)
Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 12-13, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides battoides ellisii
Type Locality: “Colarado [sic!]: Mesa Co., W. Creek, Unaweep Canyon, 5400', 6 mi E. of Gateway”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Euphilotes ellisii basinensis Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 551, figs. 61 ♂ D, 62 ♂ V (holotype); 63 ♀ D, 64 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes ellisii basinensis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lyon County; Pine Nut Mountains, Eldorado Canyon, 3-4 miles southeast of Dayton, 1524 m, T15N R22E S31 on USGS Dayton, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Euphilotes ellisii euromojavensis Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 225-226, figs. 59 ♂ D, 60 ♂ V (holotype); 61 ♀ D, 62 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes ellisii euromojavensis
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino Co.; Mid Hills; north facing slope of Macedonia Canyon, 1,400-1,500 m, 1.0 km SE of peak of Columbia Mt.; SE 1/4 of S 34, T 12N, R 14E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Euphilotes ellisii avawatz Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 226-227, figs. 63 ♂ D, 64 ♂ V (holotype); 65 ♀ D, 66 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes ellisii avawatz
Type Locality: “California, San Bernardino Co.; northeastern Mojave Desert; Avawatz Mountains, 5 Km west of Old Mormon Spring, 1,100 m”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
537. Euphilotes baueri (Shields, 1975)
Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 225, treated this as a species-level taxon.
a. Euphilotes baueri baueri (Shields, 1975)
Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 15-16, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides battoides baueri
Type Locality: “California: Inyo Co., W side Gilbert Pass, 6200'”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Euphilotes baueri orientis Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 550, figs. 57 ♂ D, 58 ♂ V (holotype); 59 ♀ D, 60 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes baueri orientis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Lincoln County; Bristol Mountains, U.S. highway 93, 12.5 road miles north of Pioche, 1826 m, T3N R66E (unsectioned) on USGS Bristol Range SE, Nev., 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
enoptes complex Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 209.
538. Euphilotes mojave (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)
Mattoni (1989), J. Res. Lepid. 27(3/4): 174-175, considered this a species-level taxon, a status corroborated by Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 213.
a. Euphilotes mojave mojave (F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920)
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 455-456.
Original Combination: Philotes enoptes mojave
Type Locality: “Mojave Desert, California”; suggested to be “probably around Randsburg, Kern Co., California” by Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 213.
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 44 ♂ V.
b. Euphilotes mojave virginensis Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 556, figs. 93 ♂ D, 94 ♂ V (holotype); 95 ♀ D, 96 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes mojave virginensis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Virgin Mountains, Cabin Canyon, 1341 m, T15S R71E S4 on USGS Virgin Peak, Nev.-Ariz. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
539. Euphilotes stanfordorum Opler & A. Warren, 2009
Butterflies Colo. 4: 125-126, 132, top left ♂ D, top right ♂ V (holotype), 2nd left ♀ D, 2nd right ♀ V, 3rd left ♂ D, 3rd right ♂ V, 4th left ♀ D, 4th right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes stanfordorum
Type Locality: “Colorado: Delta County, southwest of Hotchkiss”
Types: Holotype in CSUC
540. Euphilotes enoptes (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Euphilotes enoptes enoptes (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 298-299, no. 36; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, figs. 1948 ♂ D&V, 1949 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena enoptes
Type Locality: “les lieux arides”; defined as “Hwy. 70 between Gansner Bar and Queen Lily Campground near Belden, North Fork Feather River, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15, figs. 78 ♂ D, 79 ♂ V. Male genitalia of this specimen figured by R. Williams (1918), Entomol. News 29(3): pl. 4.
b. Euphilotes enoptes aridorum Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 554-555, figs. 85 ♂ D, 86 ♂ V (holotype); 87 ♀ D, 88 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes enoptes aridorum
Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Peavine Peak Road at U.S. 395, 1646 m, T20N R19E S7 on USGS Verdi, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Euphilotes enoptes bayensis (Langston, 1964)
J. Lepid. Soc. 17(4): 208-209, fig. 2 ♂ genitalia, figs. 5C ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, 5D ♂&♀, D&V.
Original Combination: Philotes enoptes bayensis
Type Locality: “China Camp, near Point San Pedro, Marin County, California”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
d. Euphilotes enoptes tildeni (Langston, 1964)
J. Lepid. Soc. 17(4): 212-215, fig. 3 ♂ genitalia, figs. 5E ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Philotes enoptes tildeni
Type Locality: “Del Puerto Canyon, 22 mi. W. of Patterson, Stanislaus County, California”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
e. Euphilotes enoptes arenacola Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 210-211, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype); 17 ♀ D, 18 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes enoptes arenacola
Type Locality: “California: Monterey County: Marina (sand dunes), 5 miles north of Monterey”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
f. Euphilotes enoptes smithi (Mattoni, 1954)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 53(3): 160-161, no. 2, pl. 43, figs. 8 ♂ D (holotype), 9 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Philotes enoptes smithi
Type Locality: “Burns Creek, State Highway 1, Monterey Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
g. Euphilotes enoptes dammersi (J. A. Comstock & Henne, 1933)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 32(1): 24-25.
Original Combination: Philotes enoptes dammersi
Type Locality: “Snow Creek, Riverside Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
h. Euphilotes enoptes cryptorufes Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 211-212, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V (holotype); 21 ♀ D, 22 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes enoptes cryptorufes
Type Locality: “California; Riverside Co.; S facing slopes of Pyramid Mt. in the San Jacinto Mts., 1,500-2,100 m”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
i. Euphilotes enoptes opacapulla Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 554, figs. 81 ♂ D, 82 ♂ V (holotype); 83 ♀ D, 84 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes enoptes opacapulla
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Newberry Mountains, Grapevine Canyon, 320 m, T31S R66E S21 on USGS Davis Dam, Nev.-Ariz.-Calif. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
j. Euphilotes enoptes primavera Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 555, figs. 89 ♂ D, 90 ♂ V (holotype); 91 ♀ D, 92 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes enoptes primavera
Type Locality: “Nevada: Mineral County; Wassuk Range, U.S. highway 95, 9.0 road miles south of Schurz, Penrod Canyon, 1463 m, T11N R29E S18 on Schurz, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
k. Euphilotes enoptes langstoni (Shields, 1975)
Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 23-24, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides enoptes langstoni
Type Locality: “California: Mono Co., 1.6 rd. mi. N of Mono-Inyo Co. line, Hwy. 395, ca. 6 rd. mi. S Sherwin Summit, ca. 5700'”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
541. Euphilotes columbiae (Mattoni, 1954)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 53(3): 162-163, no. 3, pl. 43, figs. 7 ♂ D (holotype), 11 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Philotes enoptes columbiae
Type Locality: “Columbia River near Brewster, Okanogan Co., Wash.” [Washington]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 182-184, treated this as a species-level taxon.
542. Euphilotes ancilla (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)
Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 213-215, and A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 184-185, treated this as a species-level taxon.
a. Euphilotes ancilla barnesi Opler & M. Fisher, 2009
Butterflies Colo. 4: 126-128, top left ♂ D, top right ♂ V (holotype), 2nd left ♀ D, 2nd right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla barnesi
Type Locality: “Colorado: Jefferson County, Indian Gulch, 1 mile west of Golden”
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
b. Euphilotes ancilla ancilla (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)
Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 79; figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): pl. 11, figs. 2 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, ♂ genitalia figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1917), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): pl. 17, fig. 2 (as Philotes battoides glaucon).
Original Combination: [Philotes enoptes] ancilla
Type Locality: “Eureka, Utah” [Juab County]
Types: Holotype in USNM; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, figs. 41 ♂ V, 42 ♀ D, 43 ♀ V.
c. Euphilotes ancilla giulianii Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 214-215, figs. 27 ♂ D, 28 ♂ V (holotype); 29 ♀ D, 30 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla giulianii
Type Locality: “Nevada: Nye Co.; Grapevine Mountains; ridge 0.8 km southeast of Wahguyhe Peak 2,300-2,300 m”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Euphilotes ancilla gilvatunica Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 553, figs. 77 ♂ D, 78 ♂ V (holotype); 79 ♀ D, 80 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla gilvatunica
Type Locality: “Nevada: Washoe County; Nevada State Route 341, 3.3 road miles east of US 395, 1525 m, T18N R20E S5 on USGS Steamboat, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Euphilotes ancilla shieldsi Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 553, figs. 73 ♂ D, 74 ♂ V (holotype); 75 ♀ D, 76 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla shieldsi
Type Locality: “Nevada: Esmeralda County; White Mountains, Trail Canyon Road, 9.5 road miles west of Nevada state route 264, 2286 m, T1S R34E S6 on USGS Davis Mountain, Nev.-Calif. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Euphilotes ancilla purpura Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 552, figs. 69 ♂ D, 70 ♂ V (holotype); 71 ♀ D, 72 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla purpura
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Willow Creek, 1829 m, T18S R55E S2 on USGS Mt. Stirling quadrangle, 15' series”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
g. Euphilotes ancilla cryptica Austin & Boyd, 2008
J. Lepid. Soc. 62(3): 157-158.
Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla cryptica
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Cold Creek, 1825m in elevation, towards the northern end of these mountains”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
h. Euphilotes ancilla pseudointermedia Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (16): 214, figs. 23 ♂ D, 24 ♂ V (holotype); 25 ♀ D, 26 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes ancilla pseudointermedia
Type Locality: “California; Nevada Co.; Castle Peak near Donner Pass, 2,700 m”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
rita complex Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (17): 271.
543. Euphilotes rita (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)
a. Euphilotes rita rita (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)
Can. Entomol. 48(7): 223-224; paratypes figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1916), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(2): pl. 11, figs. 3 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V; ♂ genitalia figured by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1917), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): pl. 17, figs. 5, 6.
Original Combination: Lycaena rita
Type Locality: “S. Arizona...Santa Rita Mts., Ariz....Rio Verdi Mts., Ariz.”; defined as “Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Arizona” by Shields (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 16.
Types: Syntypes, excluding the specimen from the Rio Verdi Mountains, in USNM; “paratypes” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, figs. 39 ♂ D, 40 ♂ V.
b. Euphilotes rita coloradensis (Mattoni, [1966])
J. Res. Lepid. 4(2): 88, 90, figs. 1, col. 2 top ♂ D (holotype), 2nd ♀ D, 3rd ♂ V (holotype), bottom ♀ V, figs. 3G ♂ genitalia ventral, 3H ♂ genitalia lateral, 3I aedeagus, 3J ♀ genitalia ventral, 3K ♀ genitalia ventral, 3L ♀ genitalia lateral, 7 1st and 2nd rows ♂&♀ V.
Original Combination: Philotes rita coloradensis
Type Locality: “south Kendrick, Lincoln County, Colorado”; holotype from “7 mi. S of Kendrick.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
544. Euphilotes pallescens (Tilden & Downey, 1955)
Pratt and J. Emmel (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (17): 271, treated this as a species-level taxon.
a. Euphilotes pallescens emmeli (Shields, 1975)
Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 16-17, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides rita emmeli
Type Locality: “Utah: Emery Co., summit of road to 1½ mi. E of Little Flat Top, 5500', T26S, R13E, ca. 10-11 mi SE of Utah Hwy. 24”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Euphilotes pallescens pallescens (Tilden & Downey, 1955)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 54(1): 25-26, pl. 11 figs. 1 ♂ valve, 3 ♂ genitalia (holotype), pl. 12 figs. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Philotes pallescens
Type Locality: “Little Granite Mountain, Dugway Proving Grounds, Tooele County, Utah”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
c. Euphilotes pallescens mattonii (Shields, 1975)
Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 20, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Shijimiaeoides rita mattonii
Type Locality: “Nevada: Elko Co., ridge 4 air mi. W of Charleston Reservoir, 6600', SW corner of T43N, R57E, SW of Jarbidge Mts.”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Euphilotes pallescens arenamontana Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 556-557, figs. 97 ♂ D, 98 ♂ V (holotype); 99 ♀ D, 100 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes pallescens arenamontana
Type Locality: “Nevada: Churchill County; U. S. Highway 50, Sand Mountain, 1310 m, T17N R32E S28 on USGS Fourmile Flat, Nev. 7.5' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Euphilotes pallescens ricei Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (70): 815, figs. 1 top row left ♂ D, 2 top row left ♂ V (holotype), 1 top row right ♀ D, 2 top row right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes pallescens ricei
Type Locality: “Nevada: Humboldt County; Sand Pass Road, about 15 miles northwest of Winnemucca, just west of Sand Pass, T38N R37E in an area dominated by sand dunes”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Euphilotes pallescens calneva J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (18): 277-278, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes pallescens calneva
Type Locality: “California: Lassen County; SE Honey Lake Valley; 4.1 air mi. W. and 1.3 air mi. S. of Calneva railroad stop, 4120 ft. elev. (ca. 2 air mi. N. Of peak of Turtle Mtn.); S5, T26N, R17E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
g. Euphilotes pallescens confusa Pratt & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (17): 271-272, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Euphilotes pallescens confusa
Type Locality: “California: Inyo Co., Rest Spring, 6,640', Cottonwood Mts., Death Valley Nat. Monument”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
h. Euphilotes pallescens elvirae (Mattoni, [1966])
J. Res. Lepid. 4(2): 94, 95, fig. 1, col. 4, top ♂ D (holotype), 2nd ♂ D, 3rd ♂ V (holotype), bottom ♀ V, figs. 5R ♂ genitalia ventral, 5S ♂ genitalia ventral, 5T ♂ aedeagus, 5U ♂ genitalia lateral, 5V ♀ genitalia ventral, 5W ♀ genitalia lateral, 7 2nd and 3rd rows ♂&♀ V.
Original Combination: Philotes rita elvirae
Type Locality: “3.5 miles southwest of Pearblossom, L. A. Co., California” [Los Angeles County]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
545. Euphilotes spaldingi (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)
a. Euphilotes spaldingi spaldingi (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 3(4): 215-216, 262, 264, pl. 16, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V, 11 ♀ D, pl. 17, fig. 6 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Philotes spaldingi
Type Locality: “Provo, Utah...Silver Lake, Utah...Stockton, Utah” defined as “Provo, Utah” by Shields (1975), Bull. Allyn Mus. (28): 21. [Utah County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM; “paratype” figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 46 ♂ V.
b. Euphilotes spaldingi pinjuna Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 6.
Original Combination: Euphilotes spaldingi pinjuna
Type Locality: “Shilling's Spring, Conejos Co., Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Genus Glaucopsyche Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 54. Type-species: Polyommatus lygdamus E. Doubleday, 1841, Entomol. 1(14): 209-210, by original designation.
= Phaedrotes Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 115-116, no. 20. Type-species: Lycaena catalina Reakirt, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 244, no. 16 (= Lycaena sagittigera C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara (2): 281-282, no. 357, pl. 35, figs. 20, 21: a subspecies of Lycaena piasus Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 299, no. 37), by original designation. F. Brown (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(4): 240-246, determined this synonymy.
= Apelles Hemming, 1931
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 79(2): 323-324. Type-species: Polyommatus melanops Boisduval, [1828], Europ. Lepid. Ind. Meth.: 13, by original designation.
= Bajluana Korshunov & Ivonin, 1990
Nov. Maloizvest. Vid. Faun. Sib. 22: 69. Type-species: Lycaena argali Elwes, 1899, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1899(3): 328, 329, by original designation.
546. Glaucopsyche piasus (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Glaucopsyche piasus umbrosa J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 172-173, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche piasus umbrosa
Type Locality: “California: San Diego County; Laguna Mountains; slope ca. 0.2 air mile east of Big Laguna Lake, 5450' elevation; S.10, T.15S., R.5E.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Glaucopsyche piasus sagittigera (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
Reise Novara (2): 281-282, no. 357, pl. 35, figs. 20 ♂ D, 21 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena sagittigera
Type Locality: “Sonora”; suggested to be “vicinity of Los Angeles, California” by F. Brown (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(4): 242; further defined as “Glendale, Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 90.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 90, figs. 25 ♀ D, 26 ♀ V.
= rhaea (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 51, no. 33; figured by Oberthür (1913), Etud. Lépid. comp. 9(1): pl. 239, figs. 2078 ♂ D&V, 2079 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Rhaea
Type Locality: “dans l’extreme sud aux environs de Los Angelos”; defined as “Glendale, Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30, figs. 222 ♂ D, 223 ♂ V.
c. Glaucopsyche piasus gabrielina J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 174-175, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche piasus gabrielina
Type Locality: “California: Los Angeles County; ridge tunning east from Mt. Islip, WNW of Windy Gap, 7,600-8000' elevation, San Gabriel Mts.; S.16, T.3N, R.9W”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
= ‡”gorgonioi” (Gunder, 1925)
Entomol. News 36(1): 4, pl. 1, fig. P ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Phaedrotes piasus var. catalina ab. ♂ gorgonioi
Type Locality: “San Gorgonio Mountain, San Bernardino County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 56, fig. 23 ♂ V.
d. Glaucopsyche piasus excubita J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 173-174, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche piasus excubita
Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Bishop Creek...vicinity of Andrews Camp...known as Four Jeffrey Campground”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
e. Glaucopsyche piasus piasus (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 299, no. 37; figured by Oberthür (1913), Etud. Lépid. comp. 9(1): pl. 237, fig. 1950 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Piasus
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; suggested to be “probably the vicinity of San Francisco” by F. Brown (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(4): 242; defined as “Hwy. 70 at Soda Creek, E. Branch North Fork Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 16.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 16, figs. 81 ♂ D, 82 ♂ V.
= catalina (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 244, no. 16.
Original Combination: Lycaena catalina
Type Locality: “California”
Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by F. Brown (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(4): 242, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V.
= viaca (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 209, no. 7; figured by W. H. Edwards (1870), Butterflies N. Am. [1](5): pl. Lycaena 2, figs. 26 ♂ D, 27 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Viaca
Type Locality: “Sierra Nevada, Cal.”; defined as “Lake Tahoe, Placer County, California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 410-411.
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): fig. 24 ♂ D&V.
= ‡lorquini (Behr, 1867)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 280, no. 7.
Original Combination: Lycaena Lorquini
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “in the higher Sierra Nevada” from the description.
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. No neotype has been designated since this name is a homonym.
Preoccupied by Lycaena lorquinii Herrich-Schäffer, 1850, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 6: 25.
f. Glaucopsyche piasus toxeuma F. Brown, 1971
J. Lepid. Soc. 25(4): 245, figs. 10 ♂ V, 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype), 15 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche piasus toxeuma
Type Locality: “Garnett Valley, Summerland, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
g. Glaucopsyche piasus nevada F. Brown, 1975
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 77(4): 501-503, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche (Phaedrotes) piasus nevada
Type Locality: “Bob Scott Campground in the Toiyabe National Forest, Lander County, Nevada, 7300-7500 feet”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
h. Glaucopsyche piasus daunia (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 272, no. 10.
Original Combination: Lycaena Daunia
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Turkey Creek, Jefferson Co., Colorado” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 412.
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3). fig. 25 ♂ D&V.
547. Glaucopsyche lygdamus (E. Doubleday, 1841)
a. Glaucopsyche lygdamus lygdamus (E. Doubleday, 1841)
Entomol. 1(14): 209-210.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Lygdamus
Type Locality: “pine forests of North America, especially Georgia” A. Clark (1948), Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 50(7): 176, suggested that the original specimens were collected by John Abbot in the “vicinity of his home at Jacksonboro, Screven Co., Georgia”; Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 168, stated “Screven Co., Georgia.” Drawings by John Abbot in the Natural History Museum in London indicate that he encountered this species long before his brief residence in Screven County, so Burke County, Georgia, is a more likely locality (Calhoun pers. comm. 2006).
Types: Holotype is lost or unrecognizable, not in BMNH or UMO.
= nittanyensis F. Chermock, 1945
Can. Entomol. 76(11): 216.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus nittanyensis
Type Locality: “Bear Meadows, near State College, Pa.” [Centre County, Pennsylvania]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
= boydi A. Clark, 1948
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 50(7): 176-177.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus boydi
Type Locality: “Ice Mountain, Hampshire Co., West Virginia”
Types: Holotype (#58715) in USNM; figured by A. Clark (1940), Expl. Field Work Smithson. Inst. 1939: fig. 70, left ♂ D, middle ♂ V (holotype), right ♀ V.
b. Glaucopsyche lygdamus mildredae F. Chermock, 1945
Can. Entomol. 76(11): 216.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus mildredae
Type Locality: “small island off Baddeck...Cape Breton Island, N. S.” [Nova Scotia]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
c. Glaucopsyche lygdamus couperi Grote, 1873
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1(4): 185.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche Couperi
Type Locality: “Island of Anticosti, which lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between latitudes 49o and 50o” implied from the introduction. [Quebec]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= ‡”mcdunnoughi” Gunder, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 282, no. 4, pl. A, figs. 4 ♂ D, 4a ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus race couperi tr. f. mcdunnoughi
Type Locality: “Sask., Can.” [Saskatchewan]
Types: “Holotype” in CNC.
This name was spelled “macdunnoughi” by dos Passos (1964), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (1): 68; an unjustified emendation.
d. Glaucopsyche lygdamus afra (W. H. Edwards, [1884])
Can. Entomol. 15(11): 211.
Original Combination: Lycaena Afra
Type Locality: “Deer River country”; neotype from “vic. Brandon, Manitoba.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 417, fig. 27 ♂ D&V.
e. Glaucopsyche lygdamus jacki D. Stallings & Turner, 1947
J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 20(3): 93-94.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus jacki
Type Locality: “Barber County, Kansas”
Types: Holotype and allotype in PMNH.
= ‡”leussleri” Gunder, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 283, no. 8, pl. A, fig. 8 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus race oro tr. f. leussleri
Type Locality: “Harrisburg, Banner Co., Neb.” [Nebraska]
Types: Holotype in OSU.
f. Glaucopsyche lygdamus oro (Scudder, 1876)
Can. Entomol. 8(1): 23, no. 5.
Original Combination: N[omiades]. Oro
Type Locality: “Colorado”; syntype from “Fair Play Colo.” [Fairplay, Park County, Colorado]
Types: Syntype (#16010) in MCZ.
g. Glaucopsyche lygdamus erico R. Holland, 2011
Lepid. North America 10: 13, 15, 16, figs. 11a ♂ D, 11b ♂ V (holotype), 12a ♀D, 12b ♀V.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus erico
Type Locality: “Raton Mesa Complex, Colfax County, NM: Soda Pocket Can., S slope, Sugarite St. Pk., 8,200'” [New Mexico]
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
h. Glaucopsyche lygdamus ruidoso R. Holland, 2011
Lepid. North America 10: 13, 14, 15, figs. 17a ♂ D, 17b ♂ V (holotype), 18a ♀ D, 18b ♀ V, 19a ♂ D, 19b ♂ V, 20a ♀ D, 20b ♀ V.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus ruidoso
Type Locality: “Capitan Mountains, Lincoln County, NM: 4 mi E of Capitan Gap on crest ridge, 9,500'” [New Mexico]
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
i. Glaucopsyche lygdamus minipunctum Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 557-558, figs. 105 ♂ D, 106 ♂ V (holotype); 107 ♀ D, 108 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus minipunctum
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Virgin Mountains, Cabin Canyon, 1350 m, T15S R71E S4 on USGS Virgin Peak, Nev.-Ariz. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
j. Glaucopsyche lygdamus deserticola Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 509-510, figs. 39 ♂ D, 40 ♂ V (holotype); 41 ♀ D, 42 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus deserticola
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, Cottonwood Pass Road, 0.6-1.8 road miles south of Nevada state route 160 (Pahrump Road), 1340 m, T23S R58E S2 and T22S R58E S35 on the USGS Goodsprings, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in NVMC.
k. Glaucopsyche lygdamus australis F. Grinnell, 1917
Can. Entomol. 49(10): 350-351.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus australis
Type Locality: “Pasadena” [Los Angeles County, California]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= ‡”sinepunctata” J. A. Comstock, 1926
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(1): 28.
Original Combination: [Glaucopsyche lygdamus behrii race australis] ab. sinepunctata
Type Locality: “Mint Canyon, Los Angeles County, Calif.” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
l. Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis E. Perkins & J. Emmel, 1977
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 79(3): 468-471, figs. 1-5 ♂ D (holotype), 1-6 ♂ V, 1-7 ♀ D, 1-8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis
Type Locality: “Rancho Palos Verdes, Palos Verdes Peninsula, Los Angeles Co., California”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
m. Glaucopsyche lygdamus sabulosa J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 171-172, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus sabulosa
Type Locality: “California: Monterey County; sand dunes west of intersection of Palm Avenue and Lake Drive, west of marina, 60-100' elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
n. Glaucopsyche lygdamus xerces (Boisduval, 1852) ✝
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 296, no. 31; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, figs. 1939 ♂ D&V, 1940 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Xerces
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13, figs. 57 ♂ D, 58 ♂ V.
Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 399, no. 395, treated this as a subspecies of G. lygdamus, an arrangement followed by various subsequent authors.
= antiacis (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 300, no. 39; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, fig. 1951 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Antiacis
Type Locality: “Environs de San Francisco”; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 16.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 16, figs. 84 ♂ D, 85 ♂ V.
= behrii (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 224, no. 6.
Original Combination: Lycaena Behrii
Type Locality: “California”; defined as “vic. San Francisco, California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 415. [San Francisco County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 417, fig. 27 ♂ D&V.
= mertila (W. H. Edwards, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(2): 206, no. 5.
Original Combination: Lycaena Mertila
Type Locality: “California”; defined as “vic. San Francisco, California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 418. [San Francisco County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, fig. 43 ♀ D, and F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): fig. 28 ♀ D&V.
= polyphemus (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 49, no. 29; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 239, fig. 2071 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Polyphemus
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California”; by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 29.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 29, figs. 210 ♂ D, 211 ♂ V.
= ‡”huguenini” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(1): 3, no. 4, pl. 1, fig. O ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche xerces form mertila ab. ♂ huguenini
Type Locality: “San Francisco, California” [San Francisco County]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
= ‡”barnesi” Gunder, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 282, no. 2, pl. A, figs. 2 ♂ V (“holotype”), 2a ♀ V.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche xerces form mertila tr. f. barnesi
Type Locality: “San Francisco, Calif.” [San Francisco County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”intermedia” F. Chermock, 1929
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 20.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche xerces var. intermedia
Type Locality: “Lone Mountain, San Francisco, Calif.” [San Francisco County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
o. Glaucopsyche lygdamus pseudoxerces J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (22): 308, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus pseudoxerces
Type Locality: “California: Sant Barbara County; Santa Rosa Island; Acapulco Canyon, 100-450' elevation (2.9-3.5 air miles W, 0.75-1.9 air miles S of 1,574' Soledad Mountain peak)”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
p. Glaucopsyche lygdamus incognitus Tilden, 1974
J. Res. Lepid. 12(4): 213-214.
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus incognitus
Type Locality: “Alum Rock Park, Santa Clara County, Calif.” [California]
Types: Holotype in CAS.
= ‡”sternitzkyi” Gunder, 1929
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(4): 325-326, pl. 31, fig. 2 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Glaucopsyche lygdamus race behrii tr. f. sternitzkyi
Type Locality: “Fairfax, Marin Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
q. Glaucopsyche lygdamus orcus (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 376.
Original Combination: Lycaena Orcus
Type Locality: not stated; suggested to be “Storey County, Nevada” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 420.
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): fig. 29 ♂ D&V.
r. Glaucopsyche lygdamus columbia (Skinner, 1917)
Entomol. News 28(5): 213-214.
Original Combination: Lycaena lygdamus columbia
Type Locality: “Port Columbia, Washington” [Brewster, Okanogan County, Washington]
Types: Holotype (#7049) in CMNH; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 2 ♂ D.
Genus Hemiargus Hübner, 1818
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: 19. Type-species: Hemiargus antibubastus Hübner, 1818, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [18], figs. 99, 100; 19, no. 50 (= Hesperia ceraunus, Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 303, no. 149; subspecies), by designation of Hemming (1934), Gen. Names Holarct. Butterflies 1: 104.
*548. Hemiargus ceraunus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 303, no. 149.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[urales]. Ceraunus
Type Locality: “America meridionalis Insulis”; defined as “Jamaica and Hispaniola” by W. Comstock and Huntington (1943), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 107; stated to be “probably Jamaica” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 159; suggested to be “Jamaica or Hispaniola” by F. Brown (1972), in: F. Brown and Heineman, Jamaica Butterflies: 252.
Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.
Lamas (2004g), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 139, placed ceraunus and all of its subspecies under Hemiargus hanno (Stoll, 1790), Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer (3): 170, pl. 39, fig. 2 ♂ D, 2b ♂ V; 383 (index). This view was supported by W. Comstock and Huntington (1943), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 106-107, N. Riley (1975), Field Guide Butterflies W. Indies: 109, pl. 12, figs. 12a, 12b, F. Brown and Heineman (1972), Jamaica Butterflies: 252-253, D. Smith et al. (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(4): 282, and (1994), Butterflies W. Indies & S. Florida: 128, but disputed by Wood (1924), Entomol. News 35(10): 359-361, Nabokov (1945), Psyche 52(1/2): 20, Scott (1986), Papilio (n.s.) 3: 7, and K. Johnson and Bálint (1995), Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (54): 1-15. Schwartz (1989), Butterflies Hispaniola: 262-266, reported H. hanno and H. ceraunus as widely sympatric on Hispaniola, but did not indicate how he separated them. Additional research is needed to resolve the issue.
a. Hemiargus ceraunus antibubastus Hübner, 1818
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [18], figs. 99 ♂ D, 100 ♂ V [1813]; 19, no. 50 (1818, name given).
Original Combination: Hemiargus Antibubastus
Type Locality: “Georgien in Florida”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
This taxon was originally given the name Rusticus bubastus Hübner, 1808, Erste Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett.: 5, but this document was suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 789.
= pseudoptiletes (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (12): 114-117, pl. 35, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V; cited Polyommatus filenus Poey, 1832, Cent. Lép. Cuba (2): pl. [13], figs. [1], [2], [3], Rusticus hanno Hübner [1812], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [98], Papilio ubaldus Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(32): pl. 390, figs. L, M, and Polyommatus ubaldus Godart, [1824], in: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): 682, no. 207.
Original Combination: A[rgus]. Pseudoptiletes
Type Locality: “Caroline, la Virginie, Géorgie, dans plusiers Antilles et au Mexique”
Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection. A “type” is supposedly in USNM, but Calhoun (2004), J. Lepid. Soc. 58(3): 156, discussed the dubious nature of such Boisduval “types.”
b. Hemiargus ceraunus astenidas (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba: 7(2): 613.
Original Combination: Lycaena Astenidas
Type Locality: “habite l’île de Cuba...Martinique” in error; apparently from Central America or eastern Mexico.
Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.
= zachaeina (Butler & H. Druce, 1872)
Cist. Entomol. 1(5): 104-105; figured by Butler (1873), Lepid. Exot. (13): 157, pl. 57, fig. 1 ♂ V.
Original Combination: L[ampides]. Zachaeina
Type Locality: “Cartago, Costa Rica” implied from the title and introduction to the paper.
Types: Lectotype (#265760) in BMNH, designated by Bálint (1999), Neue Entomol. Nachr. 46: 7.
c. Hemiargus ceraunus gyas (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 210-211, no. 10.
Original Combination: Lycaena Gyas
Type Locality: “Arizona”; neotype from “Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 362, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
= astragala (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 64, no. 401; 232, no. 401, pl. 30, fig. 401 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: [Lycaena] Astragala; Lycaena Astragala n. s.
Type Locality: “Southern California” “San Bernardino, Cal.” [San Bernardino County]
Types: Holotype (#4320) in CAS.
= florencia (Clemence, 1914)
Entomol. News 25(1): 28.
Original Combination: Lycaena florencia
Type Locality: “Southern Arizona (Huachuca Mountains...)...Brawley, Imperial Valley, California...Yuma Arizona”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Genus Cyclargus Nabokov, 1945
Psyche 52(3/4): 14-16. Type-species: Lycaena ammon Lucas, 1856, in: Sagra, Hist. Cuba 7(2): 612, pl. [Ins.] 16, figs. 7, 7a, 7b, by original designation. K. Johnson and Bálint (1995), Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (54): 1-15, placed this genus in the Polyommatus section.
*549. Cyclargus thomasi (Clench, 1941)
Mems. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat. “Felipe Poey” 15(4): 407-408.
Original Combination: Hemiargus catalina thomasi
Type Locality: “Arthur’s Town, Cat Island, Bahamas”
Types: Holotype (#25736) in MCZ.
a. Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri (W. Comstock & Huntington, 1943)
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45(2): 97-98, pl. 1, fig. 25 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Hemiargus ammon bethune-bakeri
Type Locality: “southern Florida...Miami” [Miami-Dade County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
550. Cyclargus ammon (Lucas, 1857)
In: Sagra, Hist. Cuba: 7(2): 612, pl. [Ins.] 16, figs. 7 ♂&♀ D, 7b ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Ammon
Type Locality: “environs de la Havane; elle habite aussi le Yucatan” [Cuba and Mexico]
Types: Type(s) probably in MNHP.
This taxon was recorded from Florida by Beck (1985), News Lepid. Soc. 1985(2): 29, and has since become established in the lower Keys. It had been recorded previously from Florida, but always as a misidentification of C. t. bethunebakeri; see Calhoun et al. (2002), Holarct. Lepid. 7(1): 13-20.
Genus Echinargus Nabokov, 1945
Psyche 52(1/2): 27-28. Type-species: Lycaena isola Reakirt, [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 332, no. 28, by original designation. K. Johnson and Bálint (1995), Reps. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Wisc. (Stevens Point) (54): 1-15, placed this genus in the Polyommatus section.
551. Echinargus isola (Reakirt, [1867])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(4): 332, no. 28.
Original Combination: Lycaena isola
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)” [Veracruz]
Types: Syntype said to be in FMNH, but possibly lost.
= nyagora (Boisduval, 1870)
Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 17.
Original Combination: Lycaena Nyagora
Type Locality: “Mexique...Honduras”; lectotype from “Mex.” [Mexico]
Types: Lectotype (#265591) in BMNH, designated by Bálint (1999), Neue Entomol. Nachr. 46: 8.
= alce (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 272-273, no. 11.
Original Combination: Lycaena Alce
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Turkey Creek, Jefferson Co. and Georgetown, Clear Creek Co.” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 162; subsequently defined as “vicinity of Turkey Creek Junction on the old stage road between Denver and the mining fields of northern South Park” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 363; neotype from “Larkspur, Douglas Co., Colorado.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 365, fig. 5 ♀ D&V.
Lamas (2004g), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 139, treated this taxon as a synonym of E. isola.
Genus Polyommatus Latreille, 1804
Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab.): 185, no. 474, 200. Type-species: Papilio icarus Rottemburg, 1775, Naturforscher 6: 31, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 175 as a misidentified type-species (Article 70.3). I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed Polyommatus on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 689.
552. Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775)
a. Polyommatus icarus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775)
Naturforscher 6: 21-22, no. 8; cited Rösel von Rosenhof (1761), Der monat. Insect.-Belustig. 3: pl. 37, figs. 3 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Icarus
Type Locality: “Berlin” [Sachsen, Germany]
Types: Location of types not known.
Most of the Palaearctic synonymy is not included.
Reported from Canada by P. Hall (2007), News Lepid. Soc. 49(4):111, 117.
= ‡alexis (Scopoli, 1763)
Entomol. Carn.: 179-180, no. 461.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Alexis
Type Locality: “in sylvestribus”
Types: Location of types not known.
Preoccupied by Papilio alexis Poda, 1761, Mus. Graec.: 77, no. 47.
= ‡thetis (Esper, 1777)
Die Schmett. 1(1)(6): pl. 32, fig. 2 ♂ D&V; 1(1)(9): 332.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Thetis
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of types not known.
Preoccupied by Papilio thetis Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 2: 16, index, pl. 9, figs. 3, 4.
= pampholyge (Bergsträsser, 1779)
Nom. Ins. 2: 77, pl. 47, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Pampholyge
Type Locality: Not stated; “Hanau-Münzenburg” implied from the title of the work. [Hesse, Germany]
Types: Location of types not known.
= candybus (Bergsträsser, 1779)
Nom. Ins. 2: 78, pl. 48, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Candybus
Type Locality: Not stated; “Hanau-Münzenburg” implied from the title of the work. [Hesse, Germany]
Types: Location of types not known.
= candiope (Bergsträsser, 1779)
Nom. Ins. 2: 78-79, pl. 48, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Candiope
Type Locality: Not stated; “Hanau-Münzenburg” implied from the title of the work. [Hesse, Germany]
Types: Location of types not known.
= candaon (Bergsträsser, 1779)
Icon Pap. 1: 5-6, pl. 6, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Candaon
Type Locality: “Hanoicus”
Types: Location of types not known.
= oceanus (Bergsträsser, 1779)
Icon Pap. 1: 7, pl. 9, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Oceanus
Type Locality: “Hanoicus”
Types: Location of types not known.
= polyphemus (Esper, 1779)
Die Schmett. 1(1)(9): 387-388, pl. 50, 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V.
Original Combination: P[apilio Pl[ebejus]. Rur[alis]. Polyphemus
Type Locality: “waldichten Orten”
Types: Location of types not known.
= fusciolus (Geoffroy, 1785)
In: Fourcroy, Entomol. Paris 2: Ent. Paris.: 245, no. 32.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. fusciolus
Type Locality: Not stated; “Parisiensis” implied from the title of the work.
Types: Location of types not known.
= icarinus (Scharfenberg, 1791)
Scriba, Journ. Ent. 1: 216.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Icarinus
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of types not known.
= oebalus (Hofmannsegg, 1804)
Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 3: 185; cited Papilio alexis Scopoli (1763), Entomol. Carn.: 179-180, no. 461.
Original Combination: [Papilio] Oebalus
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio alexis Scopoli, 1763, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= iphis Meigen, 1830
Syst. Beschr. Eur. Schmett. 2: 25-26, no. 32, pl. 47, fig. 5 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Polyommatus Iphis
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Location of types not known.
= pusillus (Gerhard, 1851)
Vers. monogr. Europ. Schmett. (1): 15, no. 73, pl. 28, fig. 3 a ♂ D. 3b ♀ D, 3 c ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Alexis var. Pusillus
Type Locality: “Deutschland”
Types: Location of types not known.
Genus Plebejus Kluk, 1780
Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 89-92, no. 148. Type-species: Papilio argus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 152, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(845): 224. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Plebejus on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 705. Bálint et al. (2001), Folia Entomol. Hung. 62: 177-184, discussed this issue.
Subgenus Lycaeides Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 69. Type-species: Papilio argyrognomon Bergsträsser, [1779], Nom. Ins. 2: 76, pl. 46, figs. 1, 2, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 269. This species is to be interpreted by reference to the male genitalia figured by Chapman (1917), in: Oberthür, Étud. Lépid. Comp. 14: pl. 5, fig. 23 ♂ genitalia. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed Lycaeides on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 688. Bálint and K. Johnson (1997), Neue Entomol. Nachr. 40: 9, considered this a synonym or subgenus of Plebejus.
*553. Plebejus idas (Linnaeus, 1761)
Fauna Svecica (ed. 2): 284, no. 1075; cited Linnaeus (1746), Fauna Svecica: 247, nos. 804-805, and Ray (1710), Hist. Ins. Ins.: 131, no. 12.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus ruricola]. Idas
Type Locality: “Ericetis”; “Svecica” determined by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 269.
Types: Types apparently lost.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 269 gave priority to this name over Papilio idas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 488 no. 192, determined this species by reference to the male genitalia figured by Chapman (1917), in: Oberthür, Étud. Lépid. Comp. 14: pl. 3, fig. 7 ♂ genitalia, and placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 85.
= acreon (Fabricius, 1787)
Mantissa Ins. 2: 76, no. 699.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. P[lebejus]. R[uralis]. Acreon
Type Locality: “Russia meridionali”
Types: Syntypes in HMUG.
= amphion (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 301, no. 139.
Original Combination: H[esperia]. R[uralis]. Amphion
Type Locality: “Germania” [Germany]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
a. Plebejus idas empetri T. Freeman, 1938
Can. Entomol. 70(3): 62-63, figs. 1 ♂ V (holotype), 2 ♀ V, 5 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Plebeius scudderi empetri
Type Locality: “Baddeck, N. S.” [Nova Scotia]
Types: Holotype (#4347) in CNC.
b. Plebejus idas aster (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Can. Entomol. 14(10): 194-195.
Original Combination: Lycaena Aster
Type Locality: “Southern Newfoundland”; defined as “Avalon Peninsula” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 370-371. [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 371, fig. 8 ♂ D&V; paralectotypes figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 30, figs. 40 ♂ D, 46 ♀ D, 47 ♂ V.
c. Plebejus idas scudderii (W. H. Edwards, 1861)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 164, no 9.
Original Combination: Lycaena Scudderii
Type Locality: “Lake Winnipeg” [Manitoba]; corrected to “mouth of Saskatchewan River, Manitoba” by Scudder (1886), Winnipeg Country: 56; neotype from “Saskatchewan.”
Types: Neotype in MCZ, designated by Nabokov (1945), Psyche 50(3/4): 93; figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): fig. 7 ♂ D&V.
= subarcticus F. Chermock, 1945
Can. Entomol. 76(11): 213.
Original Combination: Plebeius scudderi subarcticus
Type Locality: “Fairchild Point, Great Slave Lake, N. W. T., Canada” [Northwest Territories]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly MGCL.
d. Plebejus idas nabokovi (Masters, 1972)
J. Lepid. Soc. 26(3): 151-153, fig. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaeides argyrognomon nabokovi
Type Locality: “Along Forest Road 122 in section 24 of Township 56 N, Range 11 W., Lake County, Minnesota”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
e. Plebejus idas alaskensis F. Chermock, 1945
Can. Entomol. 76(11): 213.
Original Combination: Plebeius scudderi alaskensis
Type Locality: “Ft. Yukon, Alaska”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Plebejus idas ferniensis F. Chermock, 1945
Can. Entomol. 76(11): 215.
Original Combination: Plebeius ferniensis
Type Locality: “Fernie, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in MGCL; figured by Nabokov (1949), Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): pl. 5, fig. 47 ♂ V.
g. Plebejus idas atrapraetextus W. D. Field, 1939
J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 12(4): 135-136.
Original Combination: Plebeius scudderi atrapraetextus
Type Locality: “Priest River, Idaho” [Bonner County]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
= sweadneri F. Chermock, 1945
Can. Entomol. 76(11): 214.
Original Combination: Plebeius scudderi sweadneri
Type Locality: “Uranus Peak, Shoshone Co., Idaho, altitude 5200 feet”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
h. Plebejus idas longinus (Nabokov, 1949)
Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): 516-520, pl. 1, fig. 1.31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 ♂ uncus and falx, pl. 5, fig. 64 ♂ V, pl. 8, fig. 106 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Lycaeides argyrognomon longinus
Type Locality: “Jackson’s [sic!] Hole, N. W. Wyoming” [Jackson Hole, Teton County]
Types: Holotype (#27845) in MCZ.
i. Plebejus idas sublivens (Nabokov, 1949)
Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): 513-516, pl. 1, fig. 27 left ♂ uncus and falx, pl. 5, fig. 65 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Lycaeides argyrognomon sublivens
Type Locality: “Telluride, San Miguel Mts., S. W. Colorado, alt. 10,000-12,000 ft.” [San Miguel County]
Types: Holotype (#27844) in MCZ.
554. Plebejus anna (W. H. Edwards, 1861)
a. Plebejus anna anna (W. H. Edwards, 1861)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 13(6): 160, 163, no. 8.
Original Combination: Lycaena Anna
Type Locality: “California”; defined as “Truckee, Nevada Co., California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 366-367; neotype from “Sierra Nevada.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 367-368, fig. 6 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 21 ♂ D.
= cajona (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 147-148, note.
Original Combination: Lycaena Cajona
Type Locality: “California”
Types: Syntype (#7789) in ANSP, other syntypes in FMNH. Nabokov (1949), Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): 487, stated that a ♂ “cotype” was in the MCZ.
= argyrotoxus (Behr, 1867)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 281, no. 13.
Original Combination: L[ycaena]. Argyrotoxus
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “the Sierra Nevada” from the description; neotype from “slope 0.6 air miles S. of S. end of Lake Mary, 7200-7500', S. of Donner Pass, SE 1/4 of S. 20 & SW 1/4 of S/ 21, T. 17N, R15E, Nevada County, California.”
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 103, figs. 64 ♂ D, 65 ♂ V.
= philemon (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 47-48, no. 26; figured by Oberthür (1913), Etud. Lépid. comp. 9(1): pl. 238, fig. 1965 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Philemon
Type Locality: “le centre de la Californie”; defined as “Donner Pass, Nevada County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 28.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 28, figs. 198 ♂ D, 199 ♂ V.
b. Plebejus anna ricei Cross, 1937
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 13(1/2): 88.
Original Combination: Plebeius scudderii ricei
Type Locality: “vicinity of Big Cultus Lake, Oregon” [Deschutes County]
Types: Holotype possibly in DMNH.
= frechini F. Chermock, 1945 (emended)
Can. Entomol. 76(11): 214.
Original Combination: Plebeius scudderi fretchini
Type Locality: “Paradise Valley, Mt. Rainier, Washington” [Pierce County]
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
This name is a patronym of D. P. Frechin as indicated in the text; thus the emendation (Code Articles 19.2, 32.2.2, 33.2).
c. Plebejus anna lotis (Lintner, 1878) ✝
Entomol. Contr. 4: 57-58.
Original Combination: Lycaena Lotis
Type Locality: “Mendocino, California” [Mendocino County]
Types: Syntype (#5668) in NYSM; figured by Nabokov (1949), Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): pl. 4, fig. 43 ♀ V, pl. 8, fig. 107 ♀ D.
d. Plebejus anna azureus (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 175-176, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaeides idas azureus
Type Locality: “California: Trinity County; White Rock, 10 miles south of Wildwood”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
e. Plebejus anna vancouverensis (C. Guppy & J. Shepard, 2001)
Butterflies B. C.: 236-237, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaeides anna vancouverensis
Type Locality: “BC, Strathcona Park, Cream Lake, 1,400m” [Vancouver Island, British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in BCPM.
f. Plebejus anna benwarner Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 56, pl. 4, 3rd row left ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Plebejus atrapraetextus benwarner
Type Locality: “Cedar Pass, Modoc Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
A. Warren (2005), Butterflies Ore.: 188, suggests that this taxon is conspecific with P. anna.
555. Plebejus melissa (W. H. Edwards, 1873)
a. Plebejus melissa melissa (W. H. Edwards, 1873)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(4): 346-348; figured by Mead (1875), Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): pl. 36, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Melissa
Type Locality: “Colorado...Nevada...Arizona”; suggested to be “Fairplay” [Park County, Colorado] by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 162; defined as “vicinity of Twin Lakes, Lake Co., Colorado...probably...on La Plata Peak” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 372. Redefined, probably in error, to “Tinytown” [Turkey Creek Junction, Jefferson County, Colorado] by Scott (2006), Papilio (n.s.) 12: 60. F. Brown’s (1934) definition of “Fairplay” is most likely correct (A. Warren pers. comm. 2006).
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. M. Brown, 1970, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 96(3): 374-375, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.
b. Plebejus melissa pseudosamuelis (Nabokov, 1949)
Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): 529-530, pl. 1, fig. 28 ♂ uncus and falx, pl. 6, figs. 75 ♂ V (holotype), 76 ♀ V, pl. 9, fig. 120 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Lycaeides melissa pseudosamuelis
Type Locality: “vic. Red Mt. Inn, Highway 82, between Mt. Elbert and La Plata, Pitkin Co., Colorado”
Types: Holotype (#27846) in MCZ.
c. Plebejus melissa annetta (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(3): 45, 48-49, no. 5.
Original Combination: Lycaena Annetta
Type Locality: “near Salt Lake, Utah”; Mead’s specimens were suggested to have come from the “Wasatch Mts.” by Nabokov (1949), Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): 532-533.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 376-377, fig. 10 ♂ D&V; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 332, fig. 14 ♀ D.
= ‡”caeca” (Courvoisier, 1912)
Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 26(1): 63.
Original Combination: [Lycaena annetta] F[orma]. caeca
Type Locality: “Nd. Amer” [North America]
Types: “Type(s),” if extant or recognizable, probably in NHMB.
d. Plebejus melissa alateres (Austin, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 558-559, figs. 109 ♂ D, 110 ♂ V (holotype); 111 ♀ D, 112 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lycaeides melissa alateres
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Moapa Valley, Logandale, 415 m, T15S R67E S27 on USGS Overton, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Plebejus melissa inyoensis (Nabokov, 1949)
Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 101(4): 530-532.
Original Combination: Lycaeides melissa inyoensis
Nabokov adopted Plebeius melissa tr. f. inyoensis Gunder, 1927, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= ‡”inyoensis” Gunder, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 281-282, no. 1, pl. A, fig. 1 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Plebeius melissa tr. f. inyoensis
Type Locality: “Olancha, Inyo Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
f. Plebejus melissa paradoxa F. Chermock, 1945
Can. Entomol. 76(11): 214.
Original Combination: Plebeius melissa paradoxa
Type Locality: “Tehachapi Mts., California” [Kern County]
Types: Location of holotype not known.
556. Plebejus samuelis (Nabokov, 1944)
Psyche 50(3/4): 97-99.
Original Combination: Lycaeides melissa samuelis
Type Locality: Not stated; “Albany, N. Y...Center, New York” implied from the type series. The holotype is labeled “Orig. Pl. 6, Butt. N. Engl. Cab. S. H. Scudder, 306/ Mus. Comp. Zool. Slide No. 338," and the genitalia from this slide were figured by Nabokov (1945), Psyche 51(3/4): 109, fig. 1, labeled “Albany, New York.” Scudder visited Center to sample his “namesake” only once, and the holotype is a specimen reared from this visit (R. Dirig pers. comm. 2006). Thus, Klots’ (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 166, determination of “Center (formerly Karner), New York” is accurate. [Albany County]
Types: Holotype (#26704) in MCZ; figured by Scudder (1889), Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 3(4): pl. 34, fig. 29 ♂ genitalia; (7): pl. 6, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
Lane & Weller (1994), Univ. Minn. Agric. Exp. Stat. Misc. Publ. 84-1994: 5-21, offered support for the specific status of this taxon. Lucas et al. (2008), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 101(1):172-180, Forister et al. (2010), Biology Letters: <> also supported this status. On the other hand, Packer et al., (1998), Can. J. Zool. 76(2): 320-329 and Gompert et al., (2006) Molec. Ecol. 15(7): 1759–1768, offer evidence that it is a subspecies of Plebejus melissa.
557. Plebejus fridayi F. Chermock, 1945
Can. Entomol. 76(11): 215.
Original Combination: Plebeius melissa fridayi
Type Locality: “Mammouth [sic!], California” [Mammoth, Mono County]
Types: Location of holotype not known.
K. Davenport (2004), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 5(1): 32, treated this as a species-level taxon.
Subgenus Plebejus Kluk, 1780
= ‡Rusticus Hübner, [1806]
Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio argus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 152, by monotypy. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97 suppressed the Tentamen and the names within it. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Rusticus Hübner, [1806], on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 213.
= ‡Plebeius W. F. Kirby, 1871
Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 653. Type-species: Papilio argus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 152, by designation of Crotch (1872), Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 60. A junior objective synonym and homonym of Plebejus Kluk, 1780.
= ‡Lycoena Nicholl, 1901
Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (4)1901(1): 92-95, nos. 73-87. Type-species: Papilio argus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 483, no. 152, by designation of Cowan (1970), Annot. Rhop. 1970: 11. A junior objective synonym of Plebejus Kluk, 1780.
558. Plebejus saepiolus (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Plebejus saepiolus amica (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, 80-81, no. 4.
Original Combination: Lycaena Amica
Type Locality: “Mackenzie's River”; neotype from “Fort Smith, N. W. T.” [Northwest Territories]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 379, fig. 11 ♂ D&V. This same specimen was redesignated as neotype by Kondla and C. Guppy (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(6): 4, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, because they erroneously thought Brown failed to comply with Code Article 75.3.1.
= kodiak (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 20, no. 14.
Original Combination: Lycaena Kodiak
Type Locality: “Kodiak”; defined as “vicinity of Sitka” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 381, probably in error.
Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 382, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”caerulescens” Ferris, 1970
J. Res. Lepid. 8(3): 91, 93, fig. bottom ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Plebeius (Plebejus) saepiolus saepiolus ♀ form caerulescens
Type Locality: “Crooks Tower Road, Black Hills N. F., 6000' approx., Lawrence Co., South Dakota”
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
b. Plebejus saepiolus insulanus Blackmore, 1920
Proc. Entomol. Soc. B. C. 14: 8, pl. 1, fig. 7 ♂ V (lectotype).
Original Combination: [Plebeius saepiolus race] insulanus
Type Locality: “Vancouver Island”; defined as “Victoria, B. C.” by Blackmore (1923), Can. Entomol. 55(4): 99. [British Columbia]
Types: Lectotype in CNC, designated by Blackmore (1923), ibid. (as “holotype”); figured by Kondla and C. Guppy (2002), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 3(6): figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V: paralectotypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, figs. 30 ♂ D, 31 ♂ V.
c. Plebejus saepiolus littoralis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 178, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♂ V (holotype); 27 ♀ D, 28 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Plebejus saepiolus littoralis
Type Locality: “California: Del Norte County; sand dunes at west end of Kellog Road, north end of Lake Earl, 2 road miles west of Fort Dick, elevation 15'”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Plebejus saepiolus saepiolus (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr (2)10(2): 296, no. 32; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, figs. 1941 ♂ D&V, 942 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena saepiolus
Type Locality: “les montagnes”; California implied from the title of the paper; lectotype from “Bear Valley, near Olema, Marin County, California.”
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butts: 14, figs. 60 ♂ D, 61 ♂ V.
e. Plebejus saepiolus rufescens (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 48; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 239, figs. 2067 ♂ D&V, 2068 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena rufescens
Type Locality: “les plaines de l’interiuer”; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 28.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 28, figs. 201 ♂ D, 202 ♂ V.
f. Plebejus saepiolus aehaja (Behr, 1867)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 280-281, no. 11.
Original Combination: L[ycaena]. Aehaja
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “associated with L. Daedalus...in the Alpine regions around the head waters of the Tuolumne River” from the description; neotype from “Tioga Pass, Mono County, California.”
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 103, figs. 67 ♀ D, 68 ♀ V.
g. Plebejus saepiolus albomontanus Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 510-511, figs. 43 ♂ D, 44 ♂ V (holotype); 45 ♀ D, 46 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Plebejus saepiolus albomontanus
Type Locality: “California: Mono County; White Mountains, slope 0.9 air miles east of Barcroft laboratory, south of McAfee meadows, 3627-3658 m, T4S R34E (unsectioned) on USGS Mt. Barcroft, Calif.-Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
h. Plebejus saepiolus aureolus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 176-177, figs. 21 ♂ D, 22 ♂ V (holotype); 23 ♀ D, 24 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Plebejus saepiolus aureolus
Type Locality: “California: Los Angeles County; wet meadow 0.1 air mile WSW of Big Pines Ranger Station, Big Pines, San Gabriel Mountains”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
i. Plebejus saepiolus hilda (J. Grinnell & F. Grinnell, 1907)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 15(1): 46-47.
Original Combination: Cupido hilda
Type Locality: “upper cienega at the head of the South Fork of the Santa Ana, at an elevation of about 8,500 feet” [San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, figs. 32 ♂ D, 33 ♀ D.
= ‡”garthi” Gunder, 1928
Can. Entomol. 60(7): 168, pl. B, fig. 21 ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Plebeius saepiolus race hilda tr. f. garthi
Type Locality: “Tahquitz Valley, Riv. Co., Calif.” [Riverside County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”boharti” Gunder, 1932
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 127.
Original Combination: Plebeius saepiolus tr. f. boharti
Type Locality: “Yosemite Natl. Park, California”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
j. Plebejus saepiolus maculosus Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (71): 820, figs. 1 third row left ♂ D, 2 third row left ♂ V (holotype), 1 third row, 2nd from left ♂ D, 2 third row, 2nd from left ♂ V, 1 third row, two ♀♀ on right D, 2 third row, two ♀♀ on right V.
Original Combination: Plebejus saepiolus maculosus
Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Snake Range, Snake Creek (now in Great Basin National Park), 2300 m, T12N R69E S10 on USGS Garrison, Nev.-Utah 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
k. Plebejus saepiolus gertschi dos Passos, 1938
Can. Entomol. 70(3): 46, pl. 2, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Plebeius saepiolus gertschi
Type Locality: “Cedar Breaks, near Cedar City, Utah” [Iron County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
l. Plebejus saepiolus whitmeri F. Brown, 1951
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 44(2): 286-287.
Original Combination: Plebeius saepiolus whitmeri
Type Locality: “Rampart Range Road, near Woodland Park, Teller Co., Colorado. 9500 feet”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= ‡”leussleri” Gunder, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 282, no. 3, pl. A, fig. 3 ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Plebeius saepiolus tr. f. leussleri
Type Locality: “Cassell's, Park Co., Neb., Alt. 8500”; corrected to “Cassells, Park Co., Colorado” by dos Passos (1938), Can. Entomol. 70(3): 46.
Types: “Holotype” in OSU.
Subgenus Plebulina Nabokov, 1944
Psyche 51(3/4): 104. Type-species: Lycaena emigdionis F. Grinnell, 1905, Entomol. News 16(4): 115-116, by original designation. Bálint and K. Johnson (1997), Neue Entomol. Nachr. 40: 9, considered this taxon a synonym of Plebejus.
559. Plebejus emigdionis (F. Grinnell, 1905)
Entomol. News 16(4): 115-116.
Original Combination: Lycaena emigdionis
Type Locality: “San Emigdio Canon, Kern Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= melimona (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 63, no. 382; 226, no. 382, pl. 29, figs. 382 ♀ D, 382b ♀ D (lectotype), 382c ♀ V, 382cc ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Lycaena] Melimona; Lycaena Melimona n. v.
Type Locality: “Southern California” “San Bernardino Mts.” [Riverside-San Bernardino counties]
Types: Lectotype in CAS (#4318), designated by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 36.
Subgenus Icaricia Nabokov, 1945
Psyche 51(3/4): 104. Type-species: Lycaena icarioides Boisduval, 1852, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 297, no. 33, by original designation. Bálint and K. Johnson (1997), Neue Entomol. Nachr. 40: 7, considered Icaricia to be a synonym of Aricia [Reichenbach], 1817, Jena. Allgem. Lit.-Zeit. 14(1): 280.
560. Plebejus icarioides (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Plebejus icarioides evius (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 49, no. 30; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 239, figs. 2072 ♂ D&V, 2073 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Evius
Type Locality: “Du sud de la Californie”; defined as “La Crescenta, Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 29.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 29, figs. 213 ♂ D, 214 ♂ V.
b. Plebejus icarioides santana (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 186-187, figs. 53 ♂ D, 54 ♂ V, 55 ♀ V, 56 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides santana
Type Locality: “California: Orange County; Yaeger Mesa, 2,900-3,100' elevation, above Trabuco Canyon; northeast one-fourth of S.3, T6S., R6W.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Plebejus icarioides moroensis Sternitzky, 1930
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 7(2): 93-94.
Original Combination: Plebeius icarioides moroensis
Type Locality: “Moro Beach, San Luis Obispo County, California”
Types: Holotype (#2982) in CAS.
d. Plebejus icarioides atascadero (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 189, figs. 61 ♂ D, 62 ♂ V (holotype); 63 ♀ D, 64 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides atascadero
Type Locality: “California: San Luis Obispo County; Atascadero”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
e. Plebejus icarioides pardalis (Behr, 1867)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 279-280, no. 1.
Original Combination: Lycaena Pardalis
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “in the Contra Costa Coast Range, in the vicinity of San Antonio” from the description; neotype from “Lake Chabot, Alameda County, California.”
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 102, figs. 55 ♂ D, 56 ♂ V.
= erymus (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 48, no. 27; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 239, figs. 2069 ♂ D&V, 2070 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Erymus
Type Locality: “Des frontiérs de l’Oregon” in error; defined as “Lake Chabot, Alameda County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 28.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 28, figs. 207 ♂ D, 208 ♂ V.
= mintha (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 194, no. 9.
Original Combination: Lycaena Mintha
Type Locality: “Nevada”; corrected to “Marin County, California” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 388.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 389-390, fig. 14 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”windi” Gunder, 1933
Can. Entomol. 65(8): 173.
Original Combination: Plebeius maricopa tr. f. windi
Type Locality: “Berkeley, Calif.” [Alameda County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
f. Plebejus icarioides missionensis Hovanitz, 1937
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 13(4): 187-188.
Original Combination: Plebeius icarioides missionensis
Type Locality: “Twin Peaks, San Francisco, Calif. elevation 700 ft.” [San Francisco County, California]
Types: Holotype (#4526) in CAS.
g. Plebejus icarioides pheres (Boisduval, 1852) ✝
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 297, no. 34; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, figs. 1944 ♂ D&V, 1945 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena pheres
Type Locality: “Environs de San Francisco”; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15, figs. 69 ♂ D, 70 ♂ V.
h. Plebejus icarioides parapheres (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 187-188, figs. 57 ♂ D, 58 ♂ V (holotype); 59 ♀ D, 60 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides parapheres
Type Locality: “California: Marin County; Pt. Reyes Dunes, 25' +/- elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
i. Plebejus icarioides fenderi Macy, 1931
Entomol. News 42(1): 1-2, pl. 1 ♀ D, ♀ V, ♂ D.
Original Combination: Plebeius maricopa fenderi
Type Locality: “six miles S.E. of McMinneville [sic!], Oregon” [McMinnville, Yamhill County]
Types: Holotype supposedly in Macy collection but not found in OSAC.
j. Plebejus icarioides blackmorei W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1919
Can. Entomol. 51(4): 92-93.
Original Combination: Plebeius icarioides blackmorei
Type Locality: “Goldstream, Vanc. Is., B. C.” [Vancouver Island, British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in USNM; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 65, figs. 25 ♂ D, 26 ♀ D, 27 ♂ V.
k. Plebejus icarioides montis Blackmore, 1923
Can. Entomol. 55(4): 99-100.
Original Combination: Plebeius icarioides montis
Type Locality: “Mt. McLean, near Lillooet, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
l. Plebejus icarioides helios (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 208-209, no. 6.
Original Combination: Lycaena Helios
Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Fawn Lodge, Cal., Trinity Co.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Downey (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 392-393, fig. 15 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”spinimaculata” Gunder, 1926
Entomol. News 37(1): 8, no. 12, pl. 1, fig. 12 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Plebeius icarioides ab. ♂ spinimaculata
Type Locality: “Delta, Trinity County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
m. Plebejus icarioides icarioides (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 297, no. 33; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 237, fig. 1943 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena icarioides
Type Locality: “les montagnes”; redefined as “les montagnes peu élevées” by Boisduval (1868), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 17, no. 34; defined as “2000-4000 feet El Dorado and Nevada counties, California” by Hovanitz (1937), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 13(4): 185; subsequently defined as “Hwy. 70 at Soda Creek, East Branch North Fork Feather River Canyon, 2500' elev., Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 14.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 15, figs. 66 ♂ D, 67 ♂ V.
= maricopa (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 245-246, no. 19.
Original Combination: Lycaena maricopa
Type Locality: “California”
Types: Syntype(s) in FMNH.
= daedalus (Behr, 1867)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 280, no. 9.
Original Combination: L[ycaena]. Daedalus
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “the Alpine regions around the head waters of the Tuolumne River” from the description; neotype from “Vogelsang Pass, Yosemite National Park, south of Tuolumne Meadows, Tuolumne-Mariposa County line, California.”
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in LACM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 104, figs. 70 ♀ D, 71 ♀ V.
= phileros (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 50, no. 32; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 239, figs. 2076 ♂ D&V, 2077 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycae Phileros
Type Locality: “Des montagnes de l’Est”; defined as “slope south above Donner Pass, Placer County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30, figs. 219 ♂ D, 220 ♂ V.
n. Plebejus icarioides eosierra (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 183-184, figs. 45 ♂ D, 46 ♂ V (holotype); 47 ♀ D, 48 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides eosierra
Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Falls Creek, 5200' elevation, 3 miles south and 3 miles west of Olancha, east slope Sierra Nevada”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
o. Plebejus icarioides albihalos (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 182-183, figs. 41 ♂ D, 42 ♂ V (holotype); 43 ♀ D, 44 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides albihalos
Type Locality: “California: Mono County; White Mountains; along White Mountain Road 0.7 road miles northwest of turnoff to Crooked Creek, east of Campito Mountain, at 10,560" elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
p. Plebejus icarioides inyo (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 181-182, figs. 37 ♂ D, 38 ♂ V (holotype); 39 ♀ D, 40 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides inyo
Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Inyo Mountains; Side Hill Spring, 9,100'-9,200' elevation, northwest one-fourth of S.22, T.11S., R.36E.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
q. Plebejus icarioides argusmontana (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 179, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♂ V (holotype); 31 ♀ D, 32 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides argusmontana
Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Mountain Springs Canyon, 5500' elevation, Argus Mountains”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
r. Plebejus icarioides panamintina (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 180-181, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V (holotype); 35 ♀ D, 36 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides panamintina
Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; Panamint Range; Telescope Peak Trail, between Mahogany Flats and Arcane Meadows, 8400-9500' elevation; S2 and S11, T20S, R45E”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
s. Plebejus icarioides austinorum (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 184-185, figs. 49 ♂ D, 50 ♂ V (holotype); 51 ♀ V, 52 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia icarioides austinorum
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Range, Kyle Canyon Ski area”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
t. Plebejus icarioides fulla (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 194-195, no. 10.
Original Combination: Lycaena Fulla
Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Sonora Pass, elev. 9700 ft., Mono Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Downey (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 386-387, fig. 13 ♂ D&V.
= ardea (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 205, 209-210, no. 8.
Original Combination: Lycaena Ardea
Type Locality: “Nevada, vic. Virginia City” [Storey County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH, figured by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): fig. 16 ♂ D&V.
u. Plebejus icarioides pembina (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221, 224, no. 7.
Original Combination: Lycaena Pembina
Type Locality: “Lake Winnipeg”; defined as “Great Slave Lake” by W. H. Edwards (1877), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 6(1): 45; neotype from “Lost Horse Road Bitter Root Mtns., Ravalli Co., Mont.” [Montana]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Downey (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 401-402, fig. 19 ♂ D&V.
v. Plebejus icarioides lycea (W. H. Edwards, 1864)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, 507, no. 9.
Original Combination: Lycaena Lycea
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; neotype from “Gregory Canyon, Boulder, Colo.” [Boulder County, Colorado]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Downey (1970), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 396-397, fig. 17 ♂ D&V.
w. Plebejus icarioides sacre R. Holland, 2011
Lepid. North America 10: 8, 9, figs. 2a ♂ D, 2b ♂ V (holotype), 3a ♀ D, 3b ♀ V.
Original Combination: Plebejus icarioides sacre
Type Locality: “TL-Capitan Mountains, Lincoln County, NM: Encinosa Can., NW slope, W of Capitan Gap, 1 mi. W of Sawmill Tank, 8,400'” [New Mexico]
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
x. Plebejus icarioides nigrafem R. Holland, 2011
Lepid. North America 10: 8, 10, figs. 4a ♂ D, 4b ♂ D, 5a ♀D, 5b ♀ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Plebejus icarioides nigrafem
Type Locality: “Cherry Creek Canyon, southeast slope of Johnson Mesa, 8,000'” [New Mexico]
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
y. Plebejus icarioides buchholzi dos Passos, 1938
Can. Entomol. 70(3): 47, pl. 2, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Plebeius icarioides buchholzi
Type Locality: “White Mountains, Arizona (8500')”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
561. Plebejus shasta (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
a. Plebejus shasta shasta (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221, 224-225, no. 8.
Original Combination: Lycaena Shasta
Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Sheppard Pass Trail West/head of Tyndall Ck. 11-12,200'/, Tulare Co., Calif.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 404, fig. 20 ♂ D&V.
J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 27, discussed the neotype designated by F. Brown (1970). They considered it invalid because Behr did not have access to the area from where the neotype was taken, and W. H. Edwards’ description fits the syntypes of nivium and zelmira more closely than that of the neotype. Austin et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (7): 115-116, designated a “new” neotype. This is the lectotype of zelmira (see below). This issue needs further examination.
= ‡zelmira (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
Reise Novara (2): 282, no. 358, pl. 35, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V, 19 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Lycaena Zelmira
Type Locality: “California, Utah”; defined as “slope south above Donner Pass, 7,500' elevation, Placer County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 90.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 90, figs. 28 ♂ D, 29 ♂ V. This is the “neotype” of shasta, thereby making zelmira a junior objective synonym of shasta (see above).
= nivium (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 47, no. 25; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, figs. 1963 ♂ D&V, 1964 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena nivium
Type Locality: “l'Orégon”; defined as “slope south above Donner Pass, 7,500' elevation, Placer County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 27.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 27, figs. 195 ♂ D, 196 ♂ V.
= comstocki C. Fox, 1924
Entomol. News 35(4): 140-141.
Original Combination: Plebejus shasta comstocki new variety
Type Locality: “Glacier Point, Yosemite National Park, California” [Mariposa County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 54, figs. 27 ♂ D.
b. Plebejus shasta calchas (Behr, 1867)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 281-282, no. 14.
Original Combination: L[ycaena]. Calchas
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “Mono Lake” from the description; neotype from “Mono Lake, Mono County, California.”
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in LACM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 103, figs. 58 ♂ D, 59 ♂ V.
c. Plebejus shasta pallidissima (Austin, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 559, figs. 113 ♂ D, 114 ♂ V (holotype); 115 ♀ D, 116 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia shasta pallidissima
Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Snake Range, vicinity of Stella Lake, 3170 m, T13N R68E (unsectioned) on USGS Sacramento Pass, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Plebejus shasta minnehaha (Scudder, 1874)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 17(1): 88-89, no. 12.
Original Combination: Agriades minnehaha
Type Locality: “Heart River Crossing, Dakotah Terr., about fifty miles west of the Missouri River”; suggested to be “most probably in Grant Co., North Dakota where the present State Road 49 (between Glen Ullin and Elgin) crosses the Heart River...elevation...1800'” by Ferris (1970), Entomol. News 81(8): 204.
Types: Syntypes (#15977) in MCZ; one figured by Ferris (1976), Bull. Allyn Mus. (36): fig. 16 ♂ D&V.
= browni Ferris, 1970
Entomol. News 81(8): 204-207, figs. 1, middle row ♂ genitalia, 2, top row left ♂ D (holotype), right ♀ D, bottom row left ♂ V, right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Plebejus shasta browni
Type Locality: “Powder River Pass, 9700', Johnson Co., Wyoming”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
e. Plebejus shasta charlestonensis Austin, 1980
J. Lepid. Soc. 34(1): 20-22, fig. 1 top ♂ D&V (holotype), bottom ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Plebejus shasta charlestonensis
Type Locality: “Lee’s (= Lee) Canyon, (Spring Range), Clark Co.(unty), Nev.(ada), 8500'”; also stated as “NEVADA: Clark Co., Spring Range, Lee Canyon, 8250'-8800'. This is the open area between Lee Canyon Guard Station and the ski tow as shown on USGS Charleston Peak, Nevada, quadrangle, 15 minute series (R 56E, T 18S, S 10 and S 15) 250-8800', Clark Co., Nevada.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
f. Plebejus shasta pitkinensis Ferris, 1976
Bull. Allyn Mus. (36): 2-3, figs. 19 ♂ D&V (holotype), 20 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Plebejus shasta pitkinensis
Type Locality: “Snowmass Lake, 12,000', Pitkin Co., Colorado”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= platazul Scott, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 50, pl. 4, 2nd row left ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Plebejus shasta platazul
Type Locality: “Hermit Pass, ~12,000', Sangre de Cristo Mts., Custer Co. Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
562. Plebejus acmon (Westwood, [1851])
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2: pl. 76, fig. 2 ♂ D; (53): 494, no. 139 (1852).
Original Combination: Lycaena Acmon
Type Locality: “California”; suggested to be “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by Opler (2003), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(1): 3.
Types: Lectotype (#235605) in BMNH, designated by Opler (2003), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(1): 2, figs.1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, as “holotype.”
Opler (2003), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(1): 1-6, determined that P. acmon is monotypic. Taxa formerly treated as subspecies of P. acmon are tentatively associated with P. lupini.
= antaegon (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 295, no. 30; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 236, fig. 1936 ♂ D&V, 1937 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena antaegon
Type Locality: “Californie” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “environs de San-Francisco” by Boisduval (1868), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 16, no. 31; further defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 13, figs. 54 ♂ D, 55 ♂ V.
= cottlei (F. Grinnell, 1916)
J. Entomol. & Zool. 8(2): 83, pl., upper left ♀ D, upper right ♂ D, center left ♀ V, center right ♂ V, bottom left ♀ V, bottom right ♂ V.
Original Combination: Rusticus acmon cottlei
Type Locality: “Baker's Beach, north of the Cliff House, within the city and county of San Francisco” [California]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= ‡”labecula” F. Watson & W. Comstock, 1920
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 42(10): 457.
Original Combination: Plebejus acmon ab. labecula
Type Locality: “San Francisco district, California” [San Francisco County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”kelseyi” W. S. Wright, 1930
Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6(3): 29-30, no. 111.
Original Combination: Plebeius acmon ab. kelseyi
Type Locality: “San Diego County, California” implied from the title of the paper. [San Diego County]
Types: “Holotype” in SDMC.
563. Plebejus lupini (Boisduval, 1869)
The arrangement of taxa under this species should be considered tentative; some of these may represent species-level taxa.
a. Plebejus lupini texanus (Goodpasture, 1973)
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 49(2): 149-151, figs. 2 ♂ uncus, 5 ♂ uncus, 8 ♀ sterigma, map 1, 12 ♂ D (holotype), 15 ♀ D, 16 ♂ V, 19b ♀ sterigma.
Original Combination: Icaricia acmon texanus
Type Locality: “1 mi. S Hillside, Yavapai Co., Arizona”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Plebejus lupini lutzi dos Passos, 1938
Can. Entomol. 70(3): 48, pl. 2, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Plebeius acmon lutzi
Type Locality: “Snowslide Canyon, eight miles from Montpelier, Idaho” [Bear Lake County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= ‡”pseudolupini” Ferris, 1970
J. Res. Lepid. 8(3): 91, figs. 1, top left ♂ D, top right ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Plebejus (Icaricia) acmon lutzi form pseudolupini
Type Locality: “near Eagle Rock, 8200' approx., Sherman Range, Medicine Bow N. F., Albany Co., Wyoming”
Types: “Holotype” in Ferris collection, possibly in MGCL.
c. Plebejus lupini spangelatus Burdick, 1942
Can. Entomol. 74(10): 195-196.
Original Combination: Plebeius lupini spangelatus
Type Locality: “Gray Wolf Range, Olympic Mountains, Clallam Co., Washington”
Types: Holotype in CNC.
d. Plebejus lupini lupini (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 46-47, no. 23; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 238, figs. 1961 ♂ D&V, 1962 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena lupini
Type Locality: “le sud de la Californie”; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 27.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 27, figs. 192 ♂ D, 193 ♂ V.
= ‡”immaculata” F. Chermock, 1929
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(1): 20.
Original Combination: Plebeius lupini ab. immaculata
Type Locality: “Gold Lake district, Sierra Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in MGCL.
‡”alupini” Scott, 2008
Papilio (n.s.) 18: 57-63.
Original Combination: Plebejus alupini lutzi
Proposed as a replacement name for Lycaena lupini Boisduval, 1869, because the author thought that name inappropriate.
e. Plebejus lupini alpicola (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 192-193, figs. 73 ♂ D, 74 ♂ D (holotype); 75 ♀ D, 76 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia lupini alpicola
Type Locality: “California: Mono County; Barney Lake, elevation ca. 10,240'-10,400'”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
f. Plebejus lupini dedeckera (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 190-191, figs. 65 ♂ D, 66 ♂ V (holotype); 67 ♀ D, 68 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia acmon dedeckera
Type Locality: “California: Mono County; west slope White Mountains; north-facing slope of Coldwater Canyon, 5,200-5,600' elevation, S.36, T.5S., R.33E.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
g. Plebejus lupini argentata (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (14): 191-192, figs. 69 ♂ D, 70 ♂ V (holotpye), 71 ♀ D, 72 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia lupini argentata
Type Locality: “California: Inyo County; east end of Nelson Range; slope 0.2 air mile W of junction of Saline Valley Road and Hunter Mountain Road, 5950'-6100' elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
h. Plebejus lupini goodpasturei (Austin, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 560, figs. 117 ♂ D, 118 ♂ V (holotype); 119 ♀ D, 120 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Icaricia lupini goodpasturei
Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Schell Creek Range, Timber Creek, 5.0 road miles east of Nevada route 486, 2740 m, T18N R65E S25 on USGS Schell Peaks, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
i. Plebejus lupini chlorina (Skinner, 1902)
Entomol. News 13(1): 15.
Original Combination: Lycaena chlorina
Type Locality: “Tehachapi, Cala.” [Kern County, California]
Types: Holotype (#7048) in CMNH; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 58, fig. 3 ♂ D&V; paratypes figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, figs. 29 ♂ D, 30 ♀ D.
= carolyna J. A. Comstock, 1922
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 21(2): 46, pl. 3, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♂ V; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 55, fig. 16 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Plebeius carolyna
Type Locality: “Tehachapi Mts. about five miles from the town of that name. Elevation 5,000 feet” [Kern County, California]
Types: Holotype in LACM
= ‡”transvestitus” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 6.
Original Combination: Plebejus lupini male form transvestitus
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
j. Plebejus lupini monticola (Clemence, 1909)
Can. Entomol. 41(1): 38-39.
Original Combination: Rusticus [acmon] monticola n. subsp.
Type Locality: “vicinity of Pasadena, Calif.” implied from the title of paper; syntypes from “Upper Arroyo Seco, L. A. County., Cal.” [Los Angeles County, California]
Types: Syntypes in LACM; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 55, figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V, and Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 58, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, 6 ♀ D.
= ‡”pallida” Gunder, 1925
Entomol. News 36(1): 3, no. 3, pl. 1, fig. N ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Plebeius monticola ab. ♀ pallida
Type Locality: “Cajon Pass, San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 55, fig. 13 ♀ D.
= ‡”malcolmi” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 36(7): 195, no. 2, pl. 5, fig. 2 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Plebeius monticola ab. ♀ malcolmi
Type Locality: “Ridge Route, Los Angeles County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”montanus” Gunder, 1929
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(5): 326, pl. 31, fig. 3a ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Plebeius monticola tr. f. montanus
Type Locality: “Cajon Pass, San Bernardino Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”angelus” Gunder, 1929
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(5): 326, pl. 31, fig. 4a ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Plebeius monticola tr. f. angelus
Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Calif.” [Los Angeles County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH or LACM.
564. Plebejus cotundra Scott & M. Fisher, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 50-51, pl. 4, 2nd row left center ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Plebejus lupini (P. spangelatus?) cotundra
Type Locality: “Hall Valley, 12,000', Park Co. Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in CSUC.
565. Plebejus neurona (Skinner, 1902)
Entomol. News 13(1): 15.
Original Combination: Lycaena neurona
Type Locality: “Doble, San Bernardino County, Cal.” [California]
Types: Syntypes (#7047) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 66, fig. 34 ♂ D.
Subgenus Albulina Tutt, 1909
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 3(6): 154. Type-species: Papilio pheretes Hübner, [1806], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: 45 (= Papilio atys Hübner, [1804], Samml. europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 97, figs. 495, 496: a homonym of Papilio orbitulus de Prunner, 1798, Lepid. Pedemont.: 75, no. 158), by original designation.
= Vacciniina Tutt, 1909
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 3(6): 154. Type-species: Papilio optilete Knoch, 1781, Beitr. Insektengesch. 1: 76-77, no.3, pl. 5, figs. 5, 6, by original designation. Bálint and K. Johnson (1997), Neue Entomol. Nachr. 40: 7, considered this taxon to be a synonym of Albulina.
*566. Plebejus optilete (Knoch, 1781)
Beitr. Insektengesch. 1: 76-77, no. 3, pl. 5, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Plebejus Ruralis Optilete
Type Locality: “hiesiger Gegend....Braunschweig” [Brunswick, Germany]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
a. Plebejus optilete yukona (W. Holland, 1900)
Entomol. News 11(4): 416-417; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 67, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena yukona
Type Locality: “mtns. between Mission and Forty-Mile Creeks, Alaska”
Types: Syntypes in CMNH.
Subgenus Agriades Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (5): 67-68. Type-species: Papilio glandon de Prunner, 1798, Lepid. Pedemont: 76, no. 159, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 173. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed Agriades on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 685.
= ‡Latoriana Tutt, 1909
Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies 3(6): 155. Type-species: Papilio glandon de Prunner, 1798, Lepid. Pedemont: 76, no. 159, by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 173. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed Latoriana Tutt, 1909 on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 67. A junior objective synonym of Agriades.
*567. Plebejus glandon (de Prunner, 1798)
Lepid. Pedemont: 76, no.159.
Original Combination: Pl[ebejus]. R[uralis] Pap[ilio]. Glandon
Type Locality: “In montibus”; “Col du Glandon” suggested from the derivation of the name. [Dauphiné Alps, France]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 270 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 91.
In the last half century the names glandon, aquilo, franklinii and rustica have all been applied at the species-level to some or all populations of this complex in North America (e.g., L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (2): 127, Ferris (1989), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 35, Opler (1992), Field Guide E. Butterflies: 137, (1999), Field Guide W. Butterflies: 246). It is unclear whether or not the name aquilo should be applied to the North American fauna. Until a lectotype or neotype for aquilo is designated, this issue will remain problematic. Nekrutenko (1974), J. Lepid. Soc. 28(3): 281, fig. 1, showed that there are no consistent genitalic characteristics by which glandon and aquilo may be separated. Yakovlev and Churkin (2003), Helios 4: 148-152, and Churkin (2005), Helios 5: 3-38, discussed the use of the name glandon for all of these populations. Since no thorough analysis of North American populations has yet been presented, the following arrangement is tentative.
a. Plebejus glandon labrador Schmidt, Scott & Kondla, 2006
Papilio (n.s.) 12: 49, pl. 4, 3rd row left center ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Agriades glandon labrador
Type Locality: “Smokey Mtn., Labrador City, Labrador, Canada” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
b. Plebejus glandon franklinii (J. Curtis, 1835)
In: Ross, Voy. Search Northwest Pass., Appendix: lxix, no. 15, pl. A, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Polyommatus] Franklinii
Type Locality: “Arctic Regions”; determined from itineraries in vol. 1 and a letter from John Ross in vol. 2, Addenda: 732-735, to be the area bounded by 69.30 o-70.9o N lat. and 91.52o-93.0o W long., in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]
Types: Syntype in USNM.
= suttoni (W. Holland, 1931)
Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 269, pl. 68, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ (actually ♂) D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: [Lycaena aquilo] var. suttoni
Type Locality: “Southampton Island in Hudson Bay” [Nunavut]
Types: Syntypes in CMNH.
c. Plebejus glandon manitoba Lamas, 2008
Zootaxa 1848: 49, no. 9.
Original Combination: Plebejus glandon manitoba
Proposed as a replacement name for Plebeius aquilo var. lacustris T. Freeman, 1939, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡lacustris T. Freeman, 1939
Can. Entomol. 71(8): 180.
Original Combination: Plebeius aquilo var. lacustris
Type Locality: “Norway House, Manitoba”
Types: Holotype (#4521) in CNC.
Preoccupied by Lycaeides idas lacustris Beuret,1938, Entomol. Rundsch. 55(58): 683, now in the genus Plebejus.
d. Plebejus glandon bryanti Leussler, 1935
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 30(2): 58-59, no. 41.
Original Combination: Plebeius aquilo race bryanti
Type Locality: “Black Mountain, 500 ft. altitude” [30 mi SW Aklavik, Northwest Territories]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= ‡”kohlsaati” Gunder, 1932
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 127.
Original Combination: Plebeius aquilo tr. f. kohlsaati
Type Locality: “Mt. McKinley National Park, Alaska” [Denali National Park]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
e. Plebejus glandon megalo McDunnough, 1927
Can. Entomol. 59(7): 161.
Original Combination: [Plebeius aquilo] megalo
Type Locality: “Mt. McLean, Lillooet, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype (#2503) in CNC.
f. Plebejus glandon rustica (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 4(1): 201, 203-204, no. 7.
Original Combination: Lycaena Rustica
Type Locality: “Pikes Peak”; defined as “vicinity of Empire, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 404.
Types: Lectotype in MGCL, designated by F. Brown (1970), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 96(3): 406, fig. 21 ♂ D&V.
Species-genus gender conformation is rusticus.
g. Plebejus glandon punctatus (Austin, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 561, figs. 121 ♂ D, 122 ♂ V (holotype); 123 ♀ D, 124 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Agriades rusticus punctatus
Type Locality: “Arizona: Apache County; White Mountains, below Greens Peak, Forest Road 117”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
h. Plebejus glandon cassiope (J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (20): 287-289, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Agriades cassiope
Type Locality: “California, El Dorado County; Sierra Nevada, Lake Tahoe region; slope due south of Dicks Pass, 8,800-9,000' elevation; S.7, T.12 N., R.17 E.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
i. Plebejus glandon kelsoni (J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (20): 289-290, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Agriades cassiope kelsoni
Type Locality: “California, Siskiyou County; Trinity Alps; southeast above Caribou Lake, 7,000-7,100' elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
568. Plebejus podarce (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
This taxon was elevated to the species-level by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 29.
a. Plebejus podarce cilla (Behr, 1867)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(18): 281, no. 12.
Original Combination: L[ycaena]. Cilla
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “an elevation of 11,000 feet and over, on the snowy heights surrounding the headwaters of the Tuolumne River” from the description; neotype from “meadow E. of Tioga Pass, Mono County, California.”
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 103, figs. 64 ♂ D, 65 ♂ V.
b. Plebejus podarce podarce (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
Reise Novara (2): 282-283, no. 359, pl. 35, 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Podarce
Type Locality: “California”; defined as “Summit Valley, at S. end of Lake Van Norden, Donner Pass, Placer County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 90.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 90, figs. 31 ♂ D, 32 ♂ V.
= tehama (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 246, no. 20.
Original Combination: Lycaena tehama
Type Locality: “California”
Types: Syntypes in FMNH and (#16011) MCZ; figured by Strecker (1874), Lepid. Rhop. Het. (10): pl. 10, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.
= nestos (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 50, no. 32; figured by Oberthür (1913), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(1): pl. 239, figs. 2074 ♂ D&V, 2075 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Lycaena Nestos
Type Locality: “les montagnes voisins de l’Oregon” in error; defined as “Summit Valley, at S. end of Lake Van Norden, Donner Pass, Placer County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 29.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 30, figs. 216 ♂ D, 217 ♂ V.
c. Plebejus podarce klamathensis (J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998)
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (20): 291, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Agriades podarce klamathensis
Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Waterdog Lake, North Trinity Mountain”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Family RIODINIDAE Grote, 1895
Mitt. Roemer Mus. Hildesheim (1): [2], [4] (as “Riodinidae” “Riodininae” “Riodinini”). Type-genus: Riodina Westwood, 1851, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(47): 430. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1073 placed Riodinidae (with the date as given) on the Official List of Family-group Names in Zoology as name no. 484, and placed Riodina on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 2039.
Subfamily Riodininae Grote, 1895
Tribe Riodinini Grote, 1895 (1827)
Genus Calephelis Grote & Robinson, 1869
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(3): 310-311. Type-species: Erycina virginiensis G. Gray, 1832, in Griffith, Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 15(2): pl. 58, figs. 1, 1a (= Erycinia virginiensis Guérin-Méneville, [1832], Icon. Règne Anim. Cuvier (Ins.) 2(18): pl. 81, figs. 1, 1a; 3: 489 [1844]), by designation of I.C.Z.N. Opinion 755; the same Opinion placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 1694.
= ‡Lephelisca W. Barnes & Lindsey, 1922
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 15(1): 93. Type-species: Erycinia virginiensis Guérin-Méneville, [1831], Icon. Règne Anim. Cuvier (Ins.) 2(18): pl. 81, figs. 1, 1a; 3: 489 [1844], by original designation. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 755 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 1774.
569. Calephelis borealis (Grote & Robinson, 1866)
Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 8: 351-352.
Original Combination: Nymphidia borealis
Type Locality: “New York State...near Upper Coldenham, Orange Co., N. Y., about nine miles west of Newburgh, on the Hudson”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in NYSM.
‡”geda” Scudder, 1876
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 3: 102.
Original Combination: [Calephelis borealis] (= Geda) (Boisduval manuscript)
A manuscript name credited to Boisduval, listed in the synonymy of borealis without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
570. Calephelis muticum McAlpine, 1937
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 32(2): 43-46, pl. 20, figs. 1 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (holotype); 2 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 venation, 6 ♂ genitalia, 7 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Calephelis muticum
Type Locality: “Willis, Washtenaw Co., Mich.” [Michigan]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
571. Calephelis virginiensis (Guérin-Méneville, [1832])
Icon. Règne Anim. Cuvier (Ins.) 2(18): pl. 81, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V [1832]; 3: 489 [1844].
Original Combination: Erycinia Virginiensis
Type Locality: “l'Amerique du Nord”; “Virginia” implied from the formation of the name.
Types: Probably lost; the “type” in the BMNH figured by McAlpine (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 10(1): fig. 7, no. 1 ♂ D&V, is probably not a syntype.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 755 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 2104. Authorship is often credited to G. Gray (1832), in: Griffith, Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 15(2): pl. 58, figs. 1 ♂ D, 1a ♂ V, which is a subsequently published English edition of Guérin-Méneville [1832].
= ‡pumila (Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835])
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (12): pl. 37, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♂ V ; (14): 131.
Original Combination: Nymphidia Pumila
Type Locality: “Géorgie et la Floride”
Types: Types were the specimens upon which Émile Blanchard based his illustrations, probably from Boisduval’s collection, possibly in USNM or MNHP.
= louisiana W. Holland, 1929
Entomol. News 40(1): 20; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 9 ♂ D, 9a ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Calephelis louisiana
Type Locality: “Opelousas, Louisiana” [Evangeline Parish]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
572. Calephelis nemesis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
a. Calephelis nemesis australis (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Field & Forest 3(5): 87-88.
Original Combination: Charis Australis
Type Locality: “San Antonio” [Bexar County, Texas]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by McAlpine (1968), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 130, fig. 6 ♀ D&V.
= guadeloupe (Strecker, [1878])
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 131.
Original Combination: Charis Guadeloupe
Type Locality: Not stated; “vicinity of New Braunfels and San Antonio, Southwestern Texas” implied from the introductory text. [Comal and Bexar counties]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
b. Calephelis nemesis nemesis (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 205, 212, no. 13.
Original Combination: Charis Nemesis
Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona” by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 126-127.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): fig. 5 ♂ D&V.
c. Calephelis nemesis dammersi McAlpine, 1971
J. Res. Lepid. 10(1): 31-33, no. 5B, fig. 7, no. 5B ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 17, no. 5B ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Calephelis nemesis dammersi
Type Locality: “Blythe, Riverside Co., California”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
= californica McAlpine, 1971
J. Res. Lepid. 10(1): 34-35, no 5C, fig. 8, no. 5C ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 17, no. 5C ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Calephelis nemesis californica
Type Locality: “Riverside, Riverside Co., California” inferred from text.
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Pelham (2008), J. Res. Lepid. 40: 272, accorded precedence to dammersi over californica as first reviser (Code Article 24.2.2).
573. Calephelis perditalis W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918
a. Calephelis perditalis perditalis W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 75-76, pl. 12, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♀ V, 7 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Calephelis perditalis
Type Locality: “San Benito, Texas” [Cameron County]
Types: Syntypes in USNM; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 7, 7a ♂ D&V, and McAlpine (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 10(1): figs. 9 no. 11 ♂ D&V, ♀ D&V.
574. Calephelis wrighti W. Holland, 1930
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20(1): 5-6; cited W. G. Wright (1905), Butterflies W. Coast: pl. 28, figs. 303 ♂ [not ♀], 303a ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Calephelis wrighti
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “near Mendocino” by W. G. Wright (1905) ibid.; defined as “the Coachella Valley” by J. A. Comstock (1935), Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 34(2): 148; subsequently suggested to be “oases in the deserts of Southern California, especially Riverside and San Diego Counties” by Tilden (1975), Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. (118): 30.
Types: Holotype (#4357) in CAS.
575. Calephelis rawsoni McAlpine, 1939
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 34(2): 75-77, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V, 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 venation, 8 ♂ genitalia, 9 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Calephelis rawsoni
Type Locality: “Kerrville, Texas”; suggested to be “Lacey's ranch about seven miles southwest of Kerrville on Turtle Creek” by R. Kendall and C. Kendall (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(1): 37. [Kerr County]
Types: Holotype (#27656) in AMNH.
576. Calephelis freemani McAlpine, 1971
J. Res. Lepid. 10(1): 53-55, no. 15, fig. 9, no. 15 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 20, no. 15 ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Calephelis freemani
Type Locality: “Davis Mts., Jeff Davis County, Texas, about twelve miles northwest of Alpine, Texas, along State highway 118”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
577. Calephelis arizonensis McAlpine, 1971
J. Res. Lepid. 10(1): 55-57, no. 16, fig. 9, no. 16 ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V, fig. 20, no. 16 ♂&♀ genitalia.
Original Combination: Calephelis arizonensis
Type Locality: “Brown Canyon, Baboquivari Mts., Pima Co., Arizona”
Types: Holotype in USNM.
Genus Baeotis Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 21. Type-species: Baeotis hisbaena, Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 21 (= Papilio hisbon Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(7): 130, pl. 83, fig. C; (8): 153 (index); synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 125, no. 158.
578. Baeotis zonata (R. Felder, 1869)
a. Baeotis zonata zonata (R. Felder, 1869)
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 19(2/3): 469, no. 15.
Original Combination: Baeotis zonata
Type Locality: “Portrero” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Syntype(s) in BMNH.
Repoted from Arizona by Saba & Winslow (2009), News Lepid. Soc. 51(1): 10, 30.
= simbla (Boisduval, 1870)
Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 22.
Original Combination: Mesene simbla
Type Locality: “Guatemala”
Types: Type(s) should be in MNHP or BMNH.
= libna (Butler, 1870)
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)5(29): 364-365
Original Combination: Charis libna
Type Locality: “Mexico?”
Types: Type(s) should be in BMNH.
Genus Caria Hübner, 1823
Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 14. Type-species: Caria colubris Hübner, 1823, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [44], figs. 251, 252; 14, no. 126 (= Hesperia plutargus Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 329-330, no. 251; synonym), by monotypy.
*579. Caria ino (Godman & Salvin, 1886)
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(44): pl. 43, figs. 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V, 24 ♀ D, 25 ♀ V (as Symmachia ino) (1886); 1(45): 449, no. 3 (as Caria ino); 2(167): 705 (1901).
Original Combination: Symmachia ino
Type Locality: “Mexico, Ventanas”; this was interpreted to be “Villa Corona, Durango” by Selander and Vaurie (1962), Am. Mus. Novit. (2009): 65.
Types: Syntypes in BMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 3 ♂ D, 3a ♂ V.
a. Caria ino melicerta Schaus, 1890
Entomol. Am. 6(1): 18-19.
Original Combination: Caria melicerta
Type Locality: “Paso de San Juan” [Veracruz, Mexico]
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by Clench (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(1): 56; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 2 ♂ D, 2a ♂ V.
Genus Lasaia H. Bates, 1868
J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 9(7): 397. Type-species: Papilio meris Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(31): 146, pl. 366, figs. B, C; (34): 250 (index), by designation of Stichel (1911), in: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 112(A): 184, 185.
= ‡Talites Capronnier, 1874
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 17: 20. Type-species: Papilio meris Stoll, 1781, Uitl. Kapellen 4(31): 146, pl. 366, figs. B, C; (34): 250 (index), by designation of Hemming (1935), Stylops 4(1): 2. A junior objective synonym of Lasaia Bates, 1868.
= ‡Lasaea Glaser, 1887
Cat. etymol. Coleopt. Lepidopt.: 279. An unjustified emendation of Lasaia H. Bates, 1868.
sessilis group Clench, 1972
J. Res. Lepid. 10(2): 155, 163.
580. Lasaia maria Clench, 1972
a. Lasaia maria maria Clench, 1972
J. Res. Lepid. 10(2): 164-166, no. 3, figs. 3 ♂ genitalia, 12 ♂ D, 13 ♂ V (holotype), 14 ♀ D, 15 ♀ V; cited Lasaia sula (sensu Stichel (1910), Gen. Insectorum 112(A): 186, pl. 26, fig. 49 ♂ D&V), and Lasaia sessilis (sensu Seitz (1917), in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(258): 692; (282): pl. 142f, figs. [1] ♂ V, [3] ♂ D).
Original Combination: Lasaia maria
Type Locality: “Ajijic, 5300 ft., Jalisco, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#645) in CMNH.
Recorded from Arizona by Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 31.
agesilaus group Clench, 1972
J. Res. Lepid. 10(2): 155, 171.
*581. Lasaia sula Staudinger, 1888
In: Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. 1(1)(20): 257.
Original Combination: [Lasaia Narses] var. Sula
Type Locality: “San Pedro de Sula” [Honduras]
Types: Lectotype in ZMHB, designated by Clench (1972), J. Res. Lepid. 10(2): 173, no. 7b, figs. 24 ♂ D, 25 ♂ V.
a. Lasaia sula peninsularis Clench, 1972
J. Res. Lepid. 10(2): 172-173, no. 7a, figs. 7 ♂ genitalia, 20 ♀ D, 21♀ V; 22 ♂ D, 23 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Lasaia sula peninsularis
Type Locality: “Pisté, Yucatán, Mexico”
Types: Holotype (#648) in CMNH.
Genus Melanis Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 25. Type-species: Papilio melander Stoll, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 4(28): 89, pl. 336, fig. B (not A); (34): 250 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 214, no. 671.
= Lymnas Blanchard, 1840
In: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 464. Type-species: Hesperia electron Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 321, no. 214, by original designation.
= ‡Limnas Boisduval, 1836
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 20 (= 4C), fig. 1. Type-species: Limnas pixe Boisduval, 1836, Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 20 [=4C], fig. 1, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Limnas Hübner, [1806], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [29].
= ‡Dryas C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Reise Novara (2): 305. Type-species: Limnas cinaron C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(4): 101, no. 69, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Dryas Hübner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pls. [43], [44].
= ‡Oreas C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Reise Novara (2): 305. Type-species: Oreas marathon C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara (2): 305, no. 411, pl. 38, figs. 3, 4, by designation of Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (4): 129. Preoccupied by Oreas Hübner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [82].
= Aculhua W. F. Kirby, 1871
Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 301. Type-species: Limnas cinaron C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 5(4): 101, as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Dryas C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara (2): 305, preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
= Rusalkia W. F. Kirby, 1871
Syn. Cat. diurn. Lepid.: 306. Type-species: Oreas marathon C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, Reise Novara (2): 305, no. 411, pl. 38, figs. 3, 4, by designation of W. F. Kirby [1873], Zool. Rec. 8(1871)(Ins.): 364. Proposed to replace Oreas C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865, preoccupied (Code Article 60.3).
582. Melanis pixe (Boisduval, 1836)
a. Melanis pixe pixe (Boisduval, 1836)
Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 20 [=4C], fig. 1 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V; explication plate.
Original Combination: Limnas Pixe
Type Locality: “Mexique”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= gynaeceas (Godman & Salvin, 1889)
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)3(16): 356, no. 12; figured by Godman (1901), in: Godman and Salvin, Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 3(167): pl. 110, fig. 3 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Limnas gynaeceas
Type Locality: “Mexico, Cuesta de Misantla” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= sexpunctata (Seitz, 1917)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(256): 659.
Original Combination: [Lymnas pixe] form sexpunctata
Type Locality: “Guerrero” [Mexico]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
Tribe Emesiini Stichel, 1911
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 112(B): 259. Type-genus: Emesis [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 287, no. 38.
Genus Emesis [Fabricius], 1807
In: Illiger Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 287, no. 38. Type-species: Hesperia ovidius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 320, no. 212 (= Papilio cerea Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): errata; synonym), by designation of Westwood (1851), in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 2(47): 421. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 660.
= Polystichtis Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 18. Type-species: Papilio cerea Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): errata, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 49.
= Aphacitis Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 19. Type-species: Papilio dyndima Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 142, pl. 271, figs. G, H; (24): 174 (index) (= Papilio lucinda Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(1): 3, pl. 1, figs. E, F; (8): 153 (index); synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 116, no. 99.
= ‡Tapina Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 81. Type-species: Hesperia ovidius Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 320 (= Papilio cereus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): errata; synonym), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Emesis [Fabricius], 1807, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Emesis.
= Nimula Blanchard, 1840
In: Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Ins. 3: 465. Type-species: Papilio lucinda Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(1): 3, pl. 1, figs. E, F; (8): 153 (index), by original designation.
= ‡Polytichthis Agassiz, 1847
Nomencl. Zool. (4to ed.)(12)(index univ.): 304. An unjustified emendation of Polystichtis Hübner, [1819].
= Nelone Boisduval, 1870
Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 23. Type-species: Papilio fatima Cramer, 1780, Uitl. Kapellen 3(23): 141-142, pl. 271, fig. A (only); (24): 174 (index) (= Papilio cerea Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): errata; synonym), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 225.
*583. Emesis zela Butler, 1870
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)5(29): 364; figured by Butler (1871), Lepid. exot. (2): 40, pl. 14, fig. 1 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Emesis Zela
Type Locality: “Venezuela...Mexico”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
a. Emesis zela cleis (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 137.
Original Combination: Lemonias Cleis
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper. [Graham County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1968), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 134-135, fig. 8 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 28, fig. 19 ♂ D (lectotype), fig. 20 ♀ D (paralectotype).
The male “cotype” of Lemonias ares W. H. Edwards, 1882, is this species.
584. Emesis ares (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(8): 136-137.
Original Combination: Lemonias Ares
Type Locality: “Fort Grant and in Graham Mountains, Arizona” implied from the title of the paper [Graham County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown and Clench (1968), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 133, fig. 7 ♀ D&V.
Callaghan and Lamas (2004), in: Lamas, Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 161, erroneously synonymized this species under E. zela.
585. Emesis emesia (Hewitson, 1867)
Ill. exot. Butterflies 4(61): [84], pl. Symmachia, fig. 7 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Symmachia Emesia
Type Locality: “Nicaragua”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= yucatanensis Godman & Salvin, 1886
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 1(44): 416, no. 2.
Original Combination: Symmachia yucatanensis
Type Locality: “Mexico, Valladolid in Yucatan”
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
Godman and Salvin (1901), Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 2(167): 702, determined this synonymy.
586. Emesis tenedia C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861
Wien. entomol. Monatschr. 5(4): 99, no. 61.
Original Combination: Emesis Tenedia
Type Locality: “Venezuela...Nova Granada in provincia Bogotá, prope pagum Muzo”
Types: Syntypes possibly in BMNH.
Recorded from Texas by Bordelon and Knudson (2000), News Lepid. Soc. 42(1): 19, pl. 1, figs. 5a, 5b.
Genus Apodemia C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Reise Novara Zool. (2): 302. Type-species: Lemonias mormo C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 3(9): 271, no. 19, by designation of Stichel (1911), in: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 112(B): 285, 287.
= Chrysobia Boisduval, 1869
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 52. Type-species: Chrysobia mormonia Boisduval, 1869, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 52 (= Lemonias mormo C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859, Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 3(9): 271, no. 19; synonym), by original designation.
= ‡Polystigma Godman & Salvin, 1886
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 1(45): 469. Type-species: Chrysophanus nais W. H. Edwards, 1877, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 291-292, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Polystigma Kraatz, 1880, Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 24(2): 191.
587. Apodemia mormo (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859)
Several recent authors (e.g., G. Forbes (1979), J. Res. Lepid. 18(3): 201-207, Pratt and Balmer (1991), J. Lepid. Soc. 45(1): 46-57) strongly suggest that this complex, previously considered a single species, includes multiple species-level taxa. However, at this time there is no consensus on species-level boundaries. The arrangement presented is partly based on studies cited above, as well as Opler and A. Warren (2002), Sci. Names List Butterflies N. A.: 31, K. Davenport (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(7): 13, and (2004), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 5(1): 35, but should be considered tentative.
a. Apodemia mormo mormo (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859)
Wien. Entomol. Montaschr. 3(9): 271, no. 19; figured by C. Felder and R. Felder (1865), Reise Novara (2): 302, pl. 37, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Lemonias Mormo
Type Locality: “Salzsee”; suggested to be “eastern flanks of the Californian or Nevadan mountains somewhere west of the general region of Reno and Carson City, Nevada” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(4): 272; defined as “near Pyramid Lake, Washoe Co., Nevada” by L. Miller and F. Brown (1981), Mem. Lepid. Soc. (3): 131; subsequently defined as “Davis Creek Park, W. of Washoe Lake, Washoe County, Nevada” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 89.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 89, figs. 16 ♂ D, 17 ♂ V.
= dumeti (Behr, 1865)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(12): 178.
Original Combination: N[emeobius]. Dumeti
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “always in localities that are covered by...Chaparral” from the description; neotype from “Davis Creek Park, west of Washoe Lake, Washoe County, Nevada.”
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 104, figs. 73 ♂ D, 74 ♂ V. This is the lectotype of Chrysobia mormonia, making dumeti a senior objective synonym of mormonia.
= mormonia (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 52.
Original Combination: Chrysobia mormonia
Type Locality: “l’Oregon” in error; suggested to be “Davis Creek Park, W. of Washoe Lake, Washoe County, Nevada” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 31.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 31, figs. 228 ♂ D, 229 ♂ V.
b. Apodemia mormo parva Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 562, figs. 129 ♂ D, 130 ♂ V (holotype); 131 ♀ D, 132 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo parva
Type Locality: “Nevada: Eureka County; west slope of Diamond Mountains, Nevada state route 46, 0.8 miles north of Eureka, 1951 m, T19N R53E S12 on USGS Eureka, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
c. Apodemia mormo autumnalis Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (45): 561-562, figs. 125 ♂ D, 126 ♂ V (holotype); 127 ♀ D, 128 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo autumnalis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Clark County; Spring Mountains, 2 road miles north of Red Cloud Mine, 1829 m, T24S R58 S5 on USGS Goodsprings, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
d. Apodemia mormo cythera (W. H. Edwards, 1873)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 345-346; figured by Mead (1875), Rep. Coll. diurn. Lepid. 5(Zool.): pl. 36, figs. 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Lemonias Cythera
Type Locality: “Arizona”; defined as “vicinity of Truxton, Arizona” by F. Brown [1958], J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 65(3/4): 231; suggested to be “the area of Independence, California” by Opler and Powell (1962), J. Lepid. Soc. 15(3): 154-155; neotype from “9 mi. w. Lone Pine.” [Inyo County, California]
Types: Neotype in EMEC, designated by Opler (1968), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 119, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
K. Davenport (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(7): 13, and (2004), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 5(1): 35, suggested that this may be a species-level taxon.
e. Apodemia mormo tuolumnensis Opler & Powell, 1962
J. Lepid. Soc. 15(3): 159-160, pl. top, 3rd row right ♂ D, bottom, 3rd row, right ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo tuolumnensis
Type Locality: “Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne, Yosemite National Park, Tuolumne County, California”
Types: Holotype in CAS.
K. Davenport (2004), Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 4(7): 13, and (2004), Tax. Rept. Int. Lepid. Surv. 5(1): 35, suggested that this may be a subspecies of A. cythera.
f. Apodemia mormo langei J. A. Comstock, 1939
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37(3): 129-131, pl. 50, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo langei
Type Locality: “Antioch, Contra Costa County, California”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
588. Apodemia virgulti (Behr, 1865)
a. Apodemia virgulti peninsularis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (68): 805, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype); 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo peninsularis
Type Locality: “California: San Diego County; Laguna Mountains; northeast edge of El Prado Meadow, 5,500' elevation; SE 1/4 of S.3, T.15S., R.5E.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Apodemia virgulti virgulti (Behr, 1865)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(12): 178.
Original Combination: N[emeobius]. Virgulti
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “near Los Angeles” from the description; neotype from “La Tuna Canyon, 1200' elevation, Verdugo Mountains, Los Angeles County, California.”
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 104, figs. 76 ♂ D, 77 ♂ V.
= sonorensis C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Reise Novara (2): 303, no. 407.
Original Combination: Apodemia Sonorensis
Type Locality: “Sonora”; defined as “La Tuna Canyon, 1200 ft. elev., Verdugo Mts., Los Angeles County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 89.
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (5): 89, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V.
c. Apodemia virgulti arenaria J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (67): 806, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo arenaria
Type Locality: “California: Los Angeles County; El Segundo sand dunes; foredunes area 0.1-0.2 air mile NNE of intersection Imperial Highway and Vista Del Mar, 100'-150' elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
d. Apodemia virgulti nigrescens J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (67): 796-797, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo nigrescens
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; Colton; sandy area 0.1 air mile NW of intersection of Pepper St. and Slover Ave., ca 0.8 air mile WNW of Slover Mt., 1040' elev.; SE 1/4 of S. 24, T.1S, R.5W.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
e. Apodemia virgulti pratti J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (67): 795-796, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo pratti
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; San Bernardino Mountains; Holcomb Valley”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
f. Apodemia virgulti dialeucoides J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (68): 804, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo dialeucoides
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; San Bernardino Mountains; Sugarloaf Mountain”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
g. Apodemia virgulti mojavelimbus J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (68): 803, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo mojavelimbus
Type Locality: “California: San Bernardino County; Ord Mountains...north slope of the San Bernardino Mountains”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
h. Apodemia virgulti davenporti J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Pratt, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (68): 801-802, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo davenporti
Type Locality: “California: Kern County; Walker Pass, 5,300' elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
589. Apodemia mejicanus (Behr, 1865)
a. Apodemia mejicanus mejicanus (Behr, 1865)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(12): 178, 179.
Original Combination: N[emeobius]. Mejicanus
Type Locality: “the Sierra Madre, in the neighborhood of Mazatlan” [Sinaloa, Mexico].
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.
b. Apodemia mejicanus pueblo Scott, 1998
Papilio (n.s.) 11: 4, fig. 7 ♂ D (holotype), 8 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo pueblo
Type Locality: “S of Security, El Paso Co. Colo.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
c. Apodemia mejicanus deserti W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 75, pl. 12, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Apodemia mormo deserti
Type Locality: “La Puerta Valley, S. Calif.” [San Diego County, California]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
590. Apodemia duryi (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Papilio 2(3): 45, 47-48, no. 4.
Original Combination: Lemonias Duryi
Type Locality: “New Mexico, about five miles east of Mesilla, in some foothills of the Organ Mts.” [Dona Ana County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 121, fig. 2 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: 230, pl. 28, fig. 10 ♀ D.
591. Apodemia palmerii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
a. Apodemia palmerii palmerii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(2): 189, 195, no. 11; figured by W. H. Edwards (1883), Butterflies N. Am. 2(11): pl. Lemonias 1, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Lemonias Palmerii
Type Locality: “Utah”; suggested to be “Littlefield, Mohave Co., Arizona: 1846', T40N R15W, 36o 53' N/113o 56' W” by F. Brown (1967), J. Lepid. Soc. 21(2): 134; defined as “St. George, Washington Co., Utah” by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 121.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
= marginalis (Skinner, 1920)
Entomol. News 31(6): 175.
Original Combination: Lemonias palmeri marginalis n. var.
Type Locality: “Acme, California”
Types: Holotype (#7041) in ANSP; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 64, fig. 1 ♂ D.
b. Apodemia palmerii arizona Austin, [1989]
J. Res. Lepid. 26(1-4): 130-132, figs. 2a top left ♂ D (holotype), top right ♀ D, 2b top left ♂ V (holotype), top right ♀ V.
Original Combination: Apodemia palmerii arizona
Type Locality: “Arizona: Cochise County, Arizona State Route 90, 10.8 miles north of Arizona State Route 82”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
592. Apodemia hepburni Godman & Salvin, 1886
a. Apodemia hepburni hepburni Godman & Salvin, 1886
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 1(45): 468, no. 5; 3: pl. 47, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Apodemia hepburni
Type Locality: “Mexico, Pinos Altos in Chihuahua”
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
593. Apodemia walkeri Godman & Salvin, 1886
Biol. centr.-amer., Lepid. Rhop. 1(45): 468, no. 6; 3: pl. 47, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Apodemia walkeri
Type Locality: “Mexico, Acapulco” [Guerrero]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
594. Apodemia multiplaga Schaus, 1902
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24(1262): 404.
Original Combination: Apodemia Multiplaga
Type Locality: “Rinconada, Mexico” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype (#5912) in USNM; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 4 ♂ D, 4a ♂ V.
595. Apodemia phyciodoides W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1924 ✝
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 5(3): 99-100.
Original Combination: Apodemia phyciodoides
Type Locality: “Chiracahua Mts., Cochise Co., Ariz.” [Arizona]
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 76, figs. 5 ♂ D, 5a ♂ V (holotype), 6 ♀ D, 6a ♀ V (“allotype”), and Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 48, fig. 31 ♂ D&V.
This species may be extirpated from the United States, present but currently undetected, or the type specimens may have been originally mislabeled (see R. Holland and Forbes (1981), J. Lepid. Soc. 35(3): 226-232, fig. 2 ♂ D&V and R. Holland (2007), News Lepid. Soc. 49(4):120-121, 127).
596. Apodemia nais (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 291; figured by W. H. Edwards (1883), Butterflies N. Am. 2(11): pl. Lemonias 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Chrysophanus Nais
Type Locality: “Southern California...Prescott, Arizona”; defined as “Prescott, Arizona” by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 124. [Yavapai County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1968), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 94(2): 125-126, fig. 4 ♀ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 28, fig. 9 ♀ D.
597. Apodemia chisosensis H. Freeman, 1964
J. Lepid. Soc. 18(2): 75, 77, pl. 1, right, top ♂ D, 2nd ♂ V (holotype), 3rd ♀ D, 4th ♀ V, bottom ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Apodemia chisosensis
Type Locality: “Chisos Mountains, elevation 5400 ft., Texas” [Big Bend National Park, Brewster County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 47, figs. 24, ♂ D, 25 ♂ V.
Family NYMPHALIDAE Rafinesque, 1815
Analyse Nat.: 127 (as “Nymphalia”). Type-genus: Nymphalis Kluk, 1780, Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 86-89, no. 147. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed Nymphalis on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 702. Rafinesque did not include Nymphalis among the listed genera, but Nymphalis is unequivocally implied from the formation of the name (Code Article 11.7.1.1). I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Nymphalidae Swainson, 1827, Phil. Mag. (2)1(3): 185, 187 on the Official List of Family-group Names in Zoology as name no. 232. Koçak (1981), Priamus 1(2): 93-96, demonstrated that Swainson's name was based on Nymphalis Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab): 184, 199, a homonym, and thus invalid (Code Article 39). The Rafinesque name has the advantage of priority, and Nymphalis Kluk, 1780, can be assumed to be the type-genus. An application must be made to the I.C.Z.N. to correct the Official List (Code Article 79.5). The arrangement of family-group names follows Wahlberg et al. (2003), Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 28(3): 473-484, (2005), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B) 272(1572): 1577-1586, (2005), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 86(2): 227–251, and Peña et al. (2006), Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 40(1): 29-49.
Subfamily Libytheinae Boisduval, 1833
Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris 2(2): 201 (as “Libythides”). Type-genus: Libythea [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 284, no. 28.
Genus Libytheana Michener, 1943
Am. Mus. Novit. (1232): 1, figs. 4-6 (genitalia of type-species). Type-species: Libythea bachmanii Kirtland, 1851, Family Visitor 2(76): 189, illustr. (= Papilio carinenta Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 18, pl. 108, figs. E, F; (16): 148 (index); subspecies), by original designation. The arrangement of taxa in this genus follows that given in Kawahara (2006), Trans. Lepid. Soc. Japan 57(3): 265-277, and (2009), Cladistics 25(3): 263–278.
*598. Libytheana carinenta (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 18, pl. 108, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (16): 148 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phaler[ata]. Carinenta
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
a. Libytheana carinenta mexicana Michener, 1943
Am. Mus. Novit. (1232): 1-2.
Original Combination: Libytheana carinenta mexicana
Type Locality: “Jalapa, Mexico” [Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Libytheana carinenta streckeri Austin & J. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (42): 511.
Original Combination: Libytheana carinenta streckeri
Austin and J. Emmel adopted Libythea bachmanii larvata form streckeri W. D. Field, 1938, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= ‡”streckeri” (W. D. Field, 1938)
J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 11(4): 126.
Original Combination: [Libythea bachmanii larvata] [f.] streckeri
Type Locality: “Donna, Texas” [Hidalgo County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
c. Libytheana carinenta larvata (Strecker, [1878])
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (14): 130-131.
Original Combination: Libythea Larvata
Type Locality: Not stated; “vicinity of New Braunfels and San Antonio, Southwestern Texas” implied from the introductory text. [Comal and Bexar counties]
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
d. Libytheana carinenta bachmanii (Kirtland, 1851)
Family Visitor 2(76): 189, fig. ♂ D.
Original Combination: Libythea bachmanii
Type Locality: “Mahoning Co., Ohio”
Types: Type(s) probably lost, but possible syntypes may be in the Peale collection, ANSP.
The original description is frequently cited as Kirtland (1852), Am. J. Sci. Arts. (2)13(39): 336-337, fig., with a type locality of “Northern Ohio.” See Goodwin (1959), Lepid. News 12(3/4): 121.
= ‡”kirtlandi” (W. D. Field, 1938)
J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 11(4): 124-125.
Original Combination: [Libythea bachmanii bachmanii] [f.] kirtlandi
Type Locality: “Lawrence, Kansas” [Douglas County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
599. Libytheana motya (Hübner, [1823])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [137], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Hecaërge Motya
Type Locality: Not stated; this is a Cuban species.
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
Recorded from Texas by J. Heitzman and R. Heitzman (1973), J. Res. Lepid. 10(4): 284-286.
Subfamily Danainae Boisduval, [1833]
Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(9): 84 (as “Danaides”). Type-genus: Danais Latreille, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 291-292, no. 3. A junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1780, Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 83. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Danaidae on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 230; the same Direction placed Danaides on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 268.
Tribe Danaini Boisduval, [1833]
Subtribe Danaina Boisduval, [1833]
Genus Danaus Kluk, 1780
Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 83-86, no. 145. Type-species: Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(845): 222. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 699.
Subgenus Danaus Kluk, 1780
= ‡Danaida Latreille, 1804
Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24 (tab.): 185, no. 474, 199. Type-species: Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1780.
= ‡Danais Latreille, 1807
Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 291-292, no. 3. Type-species: Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1780.
= ‡Danaus Latreille, 1809
Gen. Crust. Ins. 4: 201. Type-species: Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80, by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 28. Preoccupied by and a junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1780.
= ‡Festivus Crotch, 1872
Cist. Entomol. 1(4): 62. Type-species: Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Danaus Kluk, 1780.
= Diogas d'Almeida, 1938
O Campo 9(102): 41. Type-species: Papilio erippus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(1): 4-5, pl. 3, figs. A, B; (8): 152 (index), by original designation.
600. Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758)
a. Danaus plexippus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80; cited various works, including Sloane (1725), Voy. Mad. Barb. Niev. St. Christ. Jam. 2: 214, pl. 239, figs. 5, 6, and Catesby (1743), Nat. Hist. Carolina 2: 88, pl. 88.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. D[anaus Festivus]. Plexippus
Type Locality: “America septentrionali”; neotype from “Kendall, New York State.” [Orleans County]
Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 282; figured by A. Clark (1941), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 90(3118): pl. 71, fig. 1 ♂ D.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 282 placed this name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 111.
= ‡”misippiformis” Meuschen, 1781
Mus. Gronovianum: verso, folio “Fff ff 2," under the heading “Index Insectorum/ Lepidoptera”, no. 801.
Original Combination: [Papilio] Misippiformis
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 260 placed this work on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature.
= ‡archippus (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 49, no. 150.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. F[estivi]. Archippus
Type Locality: “America meridionali”
Types: Syntypes in ZMUC.
Preoccupied by Papilio archippus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(1): pl. 16, figs. A, B; (2): 24; (8): 151 (index), but possibly just a misidentification.
= ‡curassavicae Bryk, 1937
Lepid. Cat. 78: 42; cited Fabricius (1807), Syst. Glossat.: 69, no. 1.
Original Combination: Danaus (Anosia) curassavicae
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio archippus Fabricius, 1793, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of Papilio plexippus.
The reference to “Fabricius, 1807" is spurious, since that work is unpublished.
= ‡curassavicae Fabricius, 1938
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 69, no. 1; cited Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 49, and J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 7, among others.
Original Combination: E[uploea]. Curassavicae
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio archippus Fabricius, 1793, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of Papilio plexippus.
= ‡asclepiadis (Fabricius, 1938)
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 70, no. 2; cited Linnaeus (1758), Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 80, among others.
Original Combination: E[uploea]. Asclepiadis
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio plexippus, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of Papilio plexippus.
= ‡”fumosus” (Hulst, 1886)
Entomol. Am. 2(9): 182.
Original Combination: Danais archippus var. fumosus
Type Locality: Not stated; “holotype” stated to be “Long Island” by Ottolengui (1895), Entomol. News 6(7): 217. [New York]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”pulchra” (Strecker, 1900)
Lepid. Rhop. Het. (suppl. 3): 21.
Original Combination: Danais plexippus var. pulchra
Type Locality: “Colorado”
Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.
= ‡”americanus” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 38(5): 137-138, no. 10, pl. 2, fig. 10 ♀ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Danaus menippe americanus ♀ nov. tr. form
Type Locality: “Sunny Glen Ranch, Brewster Co., Texas”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”nivosus” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 38(5): 138, no. 11.
Original Combination: Danaus menippe nivosus ♂ nov. tr. form
Type Locality: “Jefferson Barracks, Missouri” [St. Louis County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”alba” Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 3.
Original Combination: Danaus plexippus form alba
Proposed as a “form” with no nomenclatural standing; a nomen nudum.
Subgenus Anosia Hübner, 1816
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 15-16. Type-species: Papilio gilippus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 41, pl. 26, figs. E, F; (8): 153 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 113, no. 84.
= ‡Tasitia Moore, 1883
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883(2): 235. Type-species: Papilio gilippus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 41, pl. 26, figs. E, F; (8): 153 (index), by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Anosia Hübner [1816].
= ‡Danaomorpha Kremky, 1925
Annls. Zool. Mus. Polon. Hist. Nat. 4(3): 164, 167. Type-species: Papilio gilippus Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 41, pl. 26, figs. E, F; (8): 153 (index), by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Anosia Hübner [1816].
= ‡Limnas Hübner, [1806]
Tentamen: [1]. Type-species: Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 81, by monotypy. Suppressed by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 97; Opinion 278 placed this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 78.
= Panlymnas Bryk, 1937
Lepid. Cat. 78: 56. Type-species: Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 471, no. 81, as a replacement name; proposed to replace Limnas Hübner, [1806], preoccupied (Code Articles 60.3, 67.8).
*601. Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 41, pl. 26, figs. E ♀ D, F ♀ V; (8): 153 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus] festiv[us]. Gilippus
Type Locality: “Rio de Janeyro...Brazil” “Rio Janéiro...Côte du Brasil”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
d’Almeida (1944), Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 4(3): 62, designated a “neotype,” figured in (1939), Mems. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 34: pl. 17, fig. 3. This designation is not in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.
= ‡vincedoxici (Hübner, 1816)
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 16, no. 87.
Original Combination: Anosia Vincedoxici
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio gilippus, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of gillipus.
= vincetoxici (Hübner, [1816])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [23], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Limnas Vincetoxici
Type Locality: Not stated; defined as “Brasilien” by Hemming (1937), Hübner 2: 97 (manuscript #21).
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= manuja (Escholtz, 1821)
In: Kotzebue, Endeck. Reise Süd-See 3 (appendix 5): 209, no. 13, pl. [7], figs. 13a ♂ D, 13b ♂ V.
Original Combination: Idea Manuja
Type Locality: “Brasilien”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= ‡vincetoxici (Fabricius, 1938)
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 72, no. 11; cited Fabricius (1793), Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 52, no. 159, and J. E. Smith (1797), in: Smith & Abbot, Ins. Georgia 1: pl. 7.
Original Combination: E[uploea]. Vincetoxici
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio gilippus, based on a foodplant name; preoccupied by Limnas vincetoxici (Hübner, [1816]), and a junior objective synonym of gilippus.
a. Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer, 1779)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 22, pl. 205, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (24): 174 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phaler[ata]. Berenice
Type Locality: “Eiland Jamaika” “Jamaïque”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
d’Almeida (1944), Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 4(3): 62, designated a “neotype,” figured in (1939), Mems. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 34: pl. 15, fig. 4. This designation is not in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.
b. Danaus gilippus thersippus (H. Bates, 1863)
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863(2): 243, no. 10.
Original Combination: Danais Thersippus
Type Locality: “Isthmus of Panama, in the low forest-country situated about ten miles from the railway terminus on the Gulf of Mexico”; holotype labeled “Lion Hill, Panama.”
Types: Holotype (#6453) in BMNH.
= strigosus (H. Bates, 1864)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 1(2): 32-33, no. 14.
Original Combination: Danais Strigosa
Type Locality: “Guatemala...in the interior valleys and on the Pacific Coast”
Types: Syntypes (#6446-#6452) in BMNH.
= esperanza Hoffmann, 1924
Rev. Méx. Biol. 4(3): 69, fig. 1 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Danais berenice var. Esperanza
Type Locality: “las montañas del Estado de Veracruz, que se encuentra en alturas de 1,400-1,500 metros...(cerro de San Nicolás, cerca de orizaba, Veracruz)”
Types: Holotype (#6,520) in AMNH.
This taxon seems to represent an individual form, but this is not expressly stated in the text.
= ‡”kerri” (J. A. Comstock, 1925)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(1): 3 (1925); 25(3): pl. 17, fig. 6 ♂ D (1926); figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 17, fig. 6 ♂ D..
Original Combination: Danais berenice aberration kerri
Type Locality: “Blythe, California” [Riverside County]
Types: “Holotype” in LACM
= ‡”gilippina” (Hoffmann, 1940)
An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Méx. 11(1): 277-278, fig. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Anosia berenice forma gilippina
Type Locality: “secas y calientes del Occidentale de México”
Types: “Syntypes” in AMNH.
*602. Danaus eresimus (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(13): 121-122, pl. 175, figs. G ♂ D, H ♂ V; (16): 148 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Dan[aus] Festiv[us]. Eresimus
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Calhoun (1996), Holarct. Lepid. 3(1): 7-18, suggested that subspecies of D. erisimus are undefinable in the United States.
= ‡asclepidia (Fabricius, 1938)
In: Bryk, Syst. Glossat.: 72, no. 9; cited Cramer (1777), Uitl. Kapellen 2(13): 121-122, pl. 175, figs. G, H.
Original Combination: E[uploea]. Asclepidea
Proposed as a replacement name for Papilio eresimus, based on a foodplant name; a junior objective synonym of eresimus.
a. Danaus eresimus montezuma Talbot, 1943
Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 93(1): 120.
Original Combination: [Danaus eresimus] montezuma
Type Locality: “Mexico: Misantla, Veragua” [Misantla, Veracruz]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
= ares (d’Almeida, 1944)
Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 4(3): 46-48, pl. 3, fig. 2 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: [Anosia] eresimus ares
Type Locality: “Alto Amazonas” [Loreto Region, Peru]
Types: Holotype in UFPC.
‡”nephele” W. Forbes, [1944]
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 51(4): 299.
Original Combination: [Danaus eresimus] nephele
This name was mentioned in the text without a description; a nomen nudum.
b. Danaus eresimus tethys W. Forbes, [1944]
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 51(4): 301-302.
Original Combination: Danaus eresimus tethys
Type Locality: “Fond Parisien, Haiti...alt. about 60 ft.”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Subtribe Euploeina Moore, 1880
Lep. Ceylon 1(1): 1 (as "Euploeinae"). Type-genus: Euploea Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6: 280. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 163 places Euploea on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name no. 611.
Genus Lycorea E. Doubleday, 1847
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(9): pl. 16, fig. 1; (10): 105. Type-species: Lycorea atergatis E. Doubleday, 1847, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(9): pl. 16, fig. 1; (10): 106 (= Euiedes halia Hübner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 11, no. 31; subspecies), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 210, no. 650.
= ‡Lycorella Hemming, 1933
Entomol. 66(845): 222. Type-species: Lycorea atergatis E. Doubleday, 1847, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(9): pl. 16, fig. 1; (10): 106 (= Euiedes halia Hübner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 11, no. 31; subspecies), as a replacement name. Proposed to replace Lycorea E. Doubleday, [1847], erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Lycorea.
= Ituna E. Doubleday, 1847
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(9): pl. 17, fig. 1 1847; (12): 113-114. Type-species: Ituna phenarete E. Doubleday, 1847, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(9): pl. 17, fig. 1; (12): 114, no. 2 (= Papilio ilione Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(3): 42, pl. 26, figs. G, H; (8): 153 (index)), by monotypy.
*603. Lycorea halia (Hübner, 1816)
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 11, no. 31; cited Papilio ceres Cramer, 1776, Uitl. Kapellen 1(8): 141, pl. 90, fig. A; (8): 152 (index); figured by Hübner [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [3].
Original Combination: E[ueides]. Halia
Proposed to replace Papilio ceres Cramer, 1776, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡ceres (Cramer, 1776)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(8): 141, pl. 90, fig. A ♂ D; (8): 152 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Helicon[ius]. Ceres
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Preoccupied by Papilio ceres Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 504, no. 257. d’Almeida (1944), Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 4(3): 62, designated a “neotype.” This designation is not in accordance with Code Articles 75.2 and 75.3.
a. Lycorea halia demeter C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865
Reise Novara Zool. (2): 352, no. 497.
Original Combination: Lycorea Demeter
Type Locality: “Cuba”
Types: Holotype probably in BMNH.
b. Lycorea halia atergatis E. Doubleday, 1847
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(9): pl. 16, fig. 1 ♂ D; (10): 106, no. 4.
Original Combination: Lycorea Atergatis
Type Locality: “Venezuela”
Types: Syntype (#6809 ♂) in BMNH.
Tribe Ithomiini Godman & Salvin, 1879 (1878)
Biol. centr.-amer. Lepid. Rhop. 1(1): 6 (as “Ithomiina”). Type-genus: Ithomia Hübner, 1816, Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 9. The name Ithomiini is junior to Mechanitini Bar, 1878, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (5)8(1): 12, 13, 24-25, however the use of Mechanitina over Ithomiini would upset current usage greatly. The ideal solution is to petition the Commission to suppress Mechanitini at any level where it competes directly with Ithomiini, leaving it available to represent a tribal or infra-tribal grouping. I treat these two names as if such an Opinion has been rendered.
Subtribe Dircennina d'Almeida, 1941
Pap. avulsos Dept. Zool. Sec. Agr. (São Paulo) 1(12): 79, 80 (as "Dircennini"). Type-genus: Dircenna E. Doubleday, [1847], in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(9): pl. 17, fig. 2; (13): 119-120.
Genus Dircenna E. Doubleday, [1847]
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(9): pl. 17, fig. 2; (13): 119-120. Type-species: Dircenna iambe E. Doubleday, 1847, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. 1(9): pl. 17, fig. 2; (13): 121, no. 1 (= Ceratinia jemina Geyer, 1837, in: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 6: pl. [139], figs. 807-808; 6; synonym), by monotypy.
604. Dircenna klugii (Geyer, 1837)
In: Hübner, Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: pl. [138], figs. 801 ♂ D, 802 ♂ V [1833]; [5], no. 401 (name given) (1837).
Original Combination: Ceratinia Klugii
Type Locality: “Mexico”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
Subfamily Heliconiinae Swainson, 1822
Zool. Illustr. [1](2)(18): pl. 92, unnumbered text (as “Heliconiae”). Type-genus: Heliconius Kluk, 1780, Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 82-84, no. 143. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 placed Heliconius on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 923. I.C.Z.N. Direction 54 placed Heliconiidae Swainson, 1827, Phil. Mag. (2)1(3): 184, 185, 187 (as “Heliconi” “Heliconidae”); 185, 187, no. 5 (as “Heliconidae”), on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 117; the same Direction placed Heliconidae, an invalid original spelling of Heliconiidae, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology as name no. 103. Koçak (1981), Priamus 1(2): 93-96, determined that Swainson's family-group name was based on Heliconius Latreille 1804, a homonym of Heliconius Kluk, 1802. Thus, the type genus is invalid because it is a junior homonym (Code Article 39); an application must be made to the I.C.Z.N. to correct the Official List (Code Article 79.5).
Tribe Heliconiini Swainson, 1822
Subtribe Heliconiina Swainson, 1822
Genus Dione Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 31. Type-species: Papilio juno Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 38, pl. 215, figs. B, C; (24): 175 (index), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 157, no. 343.
*605. Dione moneta Hübner, [1825]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: 20, pl. [20], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Dione Moneta
Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “South Brazil” by A. Hall (1921), Entomol. 54(703): 276.
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
a. Dione moneta poeyii Butler, 1873
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)12: 227, no. 28.
Original Combination: D[ione]. Poeyii
Type Locality: Not stated. N. Riley (1926), Entomol. 59(760): 244, determined that the description of this taxon was based on figures and text in E. Doubleday 1847, Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(13): pl. 22, fig. 1 ♂ D; (18): 154; lectotype from “Oaxaca, Mexico.”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Lamas (1998), Revta. peruana Entomol. 40: 113.
= butleri (Stichel, [1908])
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 63: 19, no. 3b (nota 1); figured by Seitz (1912), Grossschmett. Erde 5(152): pl. 84e, figs. [1] ♂ V, [2] ♂ D.
Original Combination: Dione moneta butleri
Type Locality: “Colombia, Rio Magdal. sup....Ecuador, Balzapamba”
Types: Syntypes (#549, 620, 623) in BMNH; one of these figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 1, fig. 9 ♂ D&V.
Genus Agraulis Boisduval & Le Conte, [1835]
Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. 1(16): 142-145. Type-species: Papilio vanillae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 482, no. 144, by monotypy.
*606. Agraulis vanillae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 482, no. 144; cited Merian (1705), Ins. Surinam.: pl. 25, and Sloane (1725), Voy. Mad. Barb. Niev. St. Christ. Jam. 2: pl. 239, figs. 23, 24; figured by Clerck [1764], Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 40 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. [Phaleratus] Vanillae
Type Locality: “Americes”; defined as “Surinam” by Michener (1942), Am. Mus. Novit. (1215): 2; suggested to be “South America, probably Surinam” by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 391.
Types: Lectotype in UZIU, designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 391.
= passiflorae (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 60-61, no. 189; cited Papilio vanillae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 482, no. 144, and Clerck (1764), Icon. Ins. 2: pl. 40, fig. 2.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. F[estivi]. Passiflorae
Type Locality: “Americes”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
a. Agraulis vanillae nigrior Michener, 1942
Am. Mus. Novit. (1215): 1-2 (in part), no. 2 (key), 7.
Original Combination: Agraulis vanillae nigrior
Type Locality: “Upper Matecumbe Key, Florida” [Monroe County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Agraulis vanillae incarnata (N. Riley, 1926)
Entomol. 59(760): 243-244.
Original Combination: D[ione] vanillae incarnata
Type Locality: “near Durango City, Mexico” [Durango]
Types: Lectotype (#Rh10118) in BMNH, designated by Michener (1942), Am. Mus. Novit. (1215): 7; figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 1, fig. 10 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”comstocki” (Gunder, 1925)
Entomol. News 36(1): 5-6, no. 9, pl. 1, fig. T ♂ D.
Original Combination: Dione vanillae ab. ♂ comstocki
Type Locality: “Monrovia, Los Angeles County, California”
Types: “Holotype” In AMNH.
= ‡”fumosus” (Gunder, 1927)
Entomol. News 38(5): 137, no. 9, pl. 2, fig. 9 ♀ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Dione vanillae insularis fumosus ♀ nov. tr. form
Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”margineapertus” (Gunder, 1928)
Can. Entomol. 60(7): 163, pl. A, fig. 3.
Original Combination: Dione vanillae form norm. Incarnata tr. f. margineapertus
Type Locality: “Los Angeles” [Los Angeles County, California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”hewlettae” (Gunder, 1930)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(5): 327-328, pl. 31, fig. 7 ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Dione vanillae form normal incarnata tr. f. hewlettae
Type Locality: “Ontario, Riverside Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
Genus Dryas Hübner, [1807]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pls. [43], [44]. Type-species: Papilio iulia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 509-510, no. 281, by designation of Hemming (1934), Entomol. 66(844): 197.
= Alcionea Rafinesque, 1815
Analyse Nat.: 127, no. 19. Type-species: Papilio alcionea Cramer, 1779, Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 38, pl. 215, figs. A; (24): 173 (index) (= Papilio iulia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 509-510, no. 281; subspecies), by tautonymy.
= ‡Colaenis Hübner, [1819]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (2): 31-32, no. 5. Type-species: Papilio iulia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 509-510, no. 281, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 10(2): 146, no. 280. A junior objective synonym of Dryas.
*607. Dryas iulia (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 509-510, no. 281.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. P[halerata]. Iulia
Type Locality: “America”
Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by Wetherbee (1991), Two Cent. Expl. Hispaniola Butterflies: 18.
= juncta W. Comstock, 1944
Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 441-443, fig. 3 venation, pl. 6, fig. 1 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Dryas julia juncta
Type Locality: “Adjuntas, Porto Rico” [Puerto Rico]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
a. Dryas iulia largo Clench, 1975
J. Lepid. Soc. 29(4): 230.
Original Combination: Dryas iulia largo
Type Locality: “Key Largo, Monroe Co., Florida”
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 71, fig. 1 ♂ D.
b. Dryas iulia moderata (N. Riley, 1926)
Entomol. 59(760): 241-242.
Original Combination: C[olaenis]. julia moderata
Riley adopted Colaenis iulia delila form moderata Stichel, [1908], to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= ‡”moderata” (Stichel, [1908])
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 63: 12, in no. 1c (nota 3).
Original Combination: Colaenis iulia delila form moderata
Type Locality: “Honduras”
Types: “Holotype” (#525) in ZMHB.
Genus Dryadula Michener, 1942
Am. Mus. Novit. (1197): 1, no. 6, 4, figs. 5 FW, 10 ♂ genitalia. Type-species: Papilio phaetusa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 478, no. 123, by original designation.
608. Dryadula phaetusa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 478, no. 123; cited Rösel von Rosenhof (1761), Der monat. Insect.-Belustig. 4: pl. 2, fig. 1.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. [Phaleratus] Phaetusa
Type Locality: “Indiis”
Types: Lectotype in UZIU (#1946), designated by Honey and Scoble (2001), Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 132(3): 361.
= stupenda (N. Riley, 1926)
Entomol. 59(760): 240.
Original Combination: [Colaenis phaetusa] stupenda
Riley adopted Colaenis phaetusa forma stupenda Stichel, [1908], to represent a subspecies-level taxon (for Central American populations), with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1); it was treated as a synonym of D. phaetusa by Lamas et al. (2004), Atl. Neotrop. Lepid. Chcklst. Part 4A: 265.
= ‡”stupenda” (Stichel, [1908])
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 63: 13, no. 2α (nota 1).
Original Combination: C[olaenis]. phaetusa forma stupenda
Type Locality: “Panama (Bugaba)”
Types: “Holotype” (#533) in BMNH; figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 1, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”deleta” (Stichel, [1908])
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 63: 13, no. 2β (nota 2).
Original Combination: C[olaenis]. phaetusa forma deleta
Type Locality: “Paraguay”; holotype from “Paraguay, Nuev. Germania.”
Types: “Holotype” (#532) in BMNH; figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 1, fig. 4 ♂ D&V.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”lutulenta” (Stichel, [1908])
In: Wytsman, Gen. Ins. 63: 13, no. 2γ.
Original Combination: C[olaenis]. phaetusa forma ♀ lutulenta
Type Locality: “Paraguay”; holotype from “Paraguay, Nuev. Germania.”
Types: “Holotype” (#532) in BMNH; figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 1, fig. 5 ♀ D&V.
Genus Eueides Hübner, 1816
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 11. Type-species: Nereis dianasa Hübner, [1806], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: [17], [18], pl. [8], figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 169-170, no. 415.
= ‡Evides Agassiz, 1847
Nomencl. Zool. (4to ed.)(12)(index univ.): 147, 153. An unjustified emendation of Eueides Hübner, 1816.
= ‡Mechanitis [Illiger], 1807
Allg. Lit.-Zeit. 2(303): 1180. Type-species: Nereis dianasa Hübner, [1806], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: [9], [10], [17], [18], pl. [8], figs. 1-4, by designation of Hemming (1964), Annot. Lepid. (4): 125. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 232 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 43.
= Semelia E. Doubleday, [1845]
List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 64. Type-species: Cethosia vibilia Godart, 1819, Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (242), 245, no. 6, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 267, no. 961.
= ‡Semelia Erichson, [1849]
In: Schomburgk, Reisen Brit.-Guiana 3: 596. Type-species: Papilio lybia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 460, no. 73, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Semelia E. Doubleday, 1845, List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 64.
= ‡Semelia Boisduval, 1870
Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 35. Type-species: Cethosia vibilia Godart, 1819, in: Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (242), 245, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Semelia E. Doubleday, 1845, List Spec. Lepid. Brit. Mus. 1: 64, and a junior objective synonym of that name.
*609. Eueides isabella (Stoll, 1781)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(30): 117, pl. 350, figs. C ♂ V, D ♂ D; (34): 250 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Helicon[ius]. Isabella
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
a. Eueides isabella eva (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 162, no. 501; cited Jones’ Icones 2: pl. 20, fig. 1.
Original Combination: P[apilio] H[eliconii]. Eva
Type Locality: “Surinami” probably in error; suggested to be “Panama” by Lamas (1973), Revta. bras. Entomol. 17(19): 128.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
Lamas (1973), Revta. bras. Entomol. 17(19): 127-130, detailed the use of this name over zorcaon, based on his examination of copies of William Jones’ unpublished drawings in the BMNH.
= zorcaon Reakirt, 1866
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 18(3): 243, no. 12.
Original Combination: Eueides zorcaon
Type Locality: “Mexico (near Vera Cruz)...Honduras, Guatemala”
Types: Syntypes in FMNH.
= ‡”adusta” Stichel, 1903
Berl. Entomol. Z. 48(1/2): 11, no. 3bα.
Original Combination: [Eueides cleobaea zorcaon] ab. nov. adusta
Type Locality: “Chiriqui, Honduras”; syntypes from “Panama, Bugaba; Honduras; Mexico, Vera Cruz”
Types: “Syntypes” in BMNH; a possible syntype figured by Seitz (1912), in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(151): pl. 80g, [2] ♂ D; a syntype was figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 5, fig. 48 ♀ D&V.
Genus Heliconius Kluk, 1780
Zwierz. Hist. Nat. Pocz. Gospod. 4: 82-84, no. 143. Type-species: Papilio charithonia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 757, no. 65, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(845): 223. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 placed this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 923.
= ‡Heliconius Latreille, [1804]
Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab.): 185, 199. Type-species: Papilio charithonia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 757, no. 65, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 198. A junior objective synonym of Heliconius Kluk, 1780. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 384.
= ‡Heliconia Latreille, 1818
Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. appl. Arts (2nd ed.) 24: 509; an unjustified emendation of Heliconius Kluk, 1780. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 385 (credited to Godart, 1819).
= ‡Migonitis Hübner, 1816
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 12. Type-species: Papilio erato Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467, no. 54, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 218-219, no. 698. Preoccupied by Migonitis Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 147.
= Sunias Hübner, 1816
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 12. Type-species: Papilio melpomene Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467, no. 55, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 271, no. 990.
= ‡Apostraphia Hübner, 1816
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 13. Type-species: Papilio charithonia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 757, no. 65, designated by Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 116, no. 106. A junior objective synonym of Heliconius Kluk, 1780. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 381 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 386.
= ‡Sicyonia Hübner, 1816
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 13. Type-species: Papilio rhea Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(5): 85, pl. 54, figs. C, D; (8): 154 (index) (= Papilio sara Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 167), by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 268, no. 967. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 380.
= ‡Sycionia Hübner, [1826]
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. Anzeiger: 7. An unjustified emendation of Sicyonia Hübner, [1816]. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 suppressed this name and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 381.
= Ajantis Hübner, 1816
Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1): 13-14. Type-species: Papilio sapho Drury, 1782, Ill. Nat. Hist. 3: 54, index, pl. 38, fig. 4, by designation of Scudder (1875), Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10(2): 106, no. 43.
= Laparus Billberg, 1820
Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 77. Type-species: Papilio doris Linnaeus, 1771, Mant. Plant. (2nd ed.): 356, by designation of Hemming, 1934 Entomol. 67(849): 37.
= Crenis Hübner, 1821
Index exot. Lep.: [2]. Type-species: Crenis brylle Hübner, 1821, Index exot. Lep.: [2] (= Nereis delila Hübner, [1813], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl. [13]), by monotypy.
= ‡Phlogris Hübner, [1825]
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [5]. Type-species: Papilio melpomene Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467, no. 55, by monotypy. A junior objective synonym of Sunias.
= ‡Blanchardia Buchecker, [1880]
Syst. Entomol. 2: pl. 51. Type-species: Heliconia [sic!] choarina Hewitson, 1872, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 9(100): 83 (= Heliconia [sic!] hecuba Hewitson, [1858], Ill. exot. Butterflies 2(25): [25], pl. Tithorea & Heliconia IV, fig. 11), by monotypy. Preoccupied by Blanchardia Castelnau (1875), Philad. Cent. Exhib. 1876 Sect. 7(2): 47.
*610. Heliconius charithonia (Linnaeus, 1767)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): 757, no. 65; index, no. 65 (as charitonia); cited Sloane (1725), Voy. Mad. Barb. Niev. St. Christ. Jam. 2: pl. 239, figs. 15, 16, and G. Edwards (1747), Nat. Hist. Birds 2: 80, pl. 80.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. H[eliconius]. Charithonia
Type Locality: “America”; suggested to be “one of the Virgin Islands” by W. Comstock (1944), Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 438-439; further defined as “the island of St. Thomas, Virgin Islands” by Comstock and F. Brown (1950), Am. Mus. Novit. (1467): 10. [United States Virgin Islands]
Types: Lectotype in LSUK, designated by W. Comstock and F. Brown (1950), Am. Mus. Novit. (1467): 11, fig. 2 ♂ D.
I.C.Z.N. Opinion 382 placed this name (spelled charithonia) on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name no. 616. W. Comstock and F. Brown (1950), Am. Mus. Novit. (1467): 1-2, selected the spelling charitonia over charithonia as first revisers, but the Official List supercedes that action.
a. Heliconius charithonia tuckeri W. Comstock & F. Brown, 1950
Am. Mus. Novit. (1467): 13, no. F, 15-16, fig. 3, no. F ♂ D.
Original Combination: Heliconius charitonius tuckeri
Type Locality: “Winter Park, Florida” [Orange County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
b. Heliconius charithonia vazquezae W. Comstock & F. Brown, 1950
Am. Mus. Novit. (1467): 13, no. 6, 16, fig. 3, no. G ♂ D.
Original Combination: Heliconius charitonius vazquezae
Type Locality: “Campeche, Mexico”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
*611. Heliconius erato (Linnaeus, 1758)
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 467, no. 54.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. H[eliconius]. Erato
Type Locality: “Indiis”; neotype from “Berg, en Dal, Surinam.”
Types: Neotype in BMNH, designated by I.C.Z.N. Opinion 1386.
Opinion 1386 addressed this taxon and the confusion between it and Heliconius doris (Linnaeus, 1771); the name erato was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, no number yet designated. Most of the Neotropical synonymy has been omitted.
= vesta (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(10): 33-34, pl. 119, fig. A ♂ D; (16): 151 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Hel[iconius]. Vesta
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= erythrea (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(16): 140-141, pl. 189, fig. A ♂ D; (16): 148 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Hel[iconius]. Erythrea
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= andremona (Cramer, 1780)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(25): 16, pl. 297, fig. A ♂ D; (34): 247 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Hel[iconius]. Andremona
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= udalrica (Cramer, 1780)
Uitl. Kapellen 4(25): 16, pl. 297, fig. B ♂ D; (34): 252 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Hel[iconius]. Udalrica
Type Locality: “Surinamen” “Suriname”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= cynisca (Godart, 1819)
Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (203), 205 no. 8.
Original Combination: Heliconia Cynisca
Type Locality: “Guyane”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
a. Heliconius erato petiverana (E. Doubleday, 1847)
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(10): 103, no. 18; cited Petiver (1702), Gazophylacium: pl. 4, fig. 2.
Original Combination: Hel[iconia]. Petiverana
Type Locality: “Mexico, Honduras”; syntype from “Mexico.”
Types: Syntype in BMNH; figured by Ackery and Smiles (1976), Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 32(5): pl. 29, fig. 292 ♂ D&V.
= mexicana Boisduval, 1870
Consid. Lépid. Guat.: 28; cited Heliconia demophoon Ménétriés, 1855, Enum. corp. anim. (1): 86, no. 331-332, pl. 2, fig. 4, and Petiver (1702), Gazophylacium: pl. 4, fig. 2.
Original Combination: Heliconia Mexicana
Type Locality: “Mexique et à Honduras”
Types: Petiver’s figure might be considered to represent a syntype; if extant, the specimen(s) upon which the figure was based might be in BMNH or MNHP.
Tribe Argynnini Swainson, 1833
Zool. Illustr. (2)3(29): pl. 136, unnumbered text (as “Argynninae”). Type-genus: Argynnis [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 287. I.C.Z.N. Direction 99 placed Argynnidae Duponchel, 1844, on the Official List of Family-group Names in Zoology as name no. 228, placed Argynnidinae Aurivillius, [1911], on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology as name no. 266. I.C.Z.N. Direction 118 corrected the literature citation as above. I.C.Z.N. Opinion 161 placed Argynnis on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name no. 609.
Subtribe Euptoietina Simonsen, 2006
Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 89(4): 648, figs. 8L, 8M, 11L, 11M,15Oo, 15Pp, 21A, 21B, 22W, 23W, 32C, 32D. Type-genus: Euptoieta E. Doubleday, 1848, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(20): 169-170.
Genus Euptoieta E. Doubleday, 1848
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(20): 169-170. Type-species: Papilio claudia Cramer, 1775, Uitl. Kapellen 1(6): 109, pl. 69, figs. E, F; (8): 152 (index), by designation of Scudder (1872), 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 43.
*612. Euptoieta claudia (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(6): 109, pl. 69, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (8): 152 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phalerat[a]. Claudia
Type Locality: “Jamaika” “Jamaïque”
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= daunius (Herbst, 1798)
In: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 9: 184-185, no. 11, pl. 256, figs. 1, 2.
Original Combination: Papilio Daunius
Type Locality: “Ostindien” [East Indies]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= ‡clausius (Herbst, 1798)
In: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 9: 189-190, no. 14, pl. 257, figs. 3, 4; cited Papilio claudia Cramer, 1775.
Original Combination: Papilio Clausius
Proposed to replace Papilio claudia Cramer, 1775, erroneously thought to be preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of Papilio claudia.
= ‡”dodgei” Gunder, 1927
Entomol. News 38(5): 135-136, no. 6, pl. 2, fig. 6 ♀ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Euptoieta claudia dodgei ♀ nov. tr. form
Type Locality: “near Scribner, Dodge County, Nebraska”
Types: “Holotype” possibly in CAS.
= ‡”fumosa” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 22-23.
Original Combination: Euptoieta claudia tr. f. fumosa
Type Locality: “Hatfield, Ark.” [Polk County, Arkansas]
Types: “Holotype” probably in USNM.
= ‡”albaclaudia” W. D. Field, 1936
J. Entomol. & Zool. 28(2): 23.
Original Combination: Euptoieta claudia tr. f. albaclaudia
Type Locality: “Miami, Fl.” [Miami-Dade County, Florida]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
‡”thais” (E. Doubleday, 1848)
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(20): 170.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. Thais
This name was listed in the synonymy of claudia without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
‡”mariamne” Scudder, 1889
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 1(4): 519.
Original Combination: [Euptoieta claudia] = Papilio mariamne Abb.
This name was listed in the synonymy of claudia without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
*613. Euptoieta hegesia (Cramer, 1779)
Uitl. Kapellen 3(18): 30, pl. 209, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; 3(24): 175 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phal[erata]. Hegesia
Type Locality: “Nord-Amerika, en Nieuwjork, en op Eiland Jamaïka” “l’Amerique septentrionale, à la Nouvelle-York, & dans l’Isle de la Jamaïque”; neotype from “Montego Bay, Jamaica.”
Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by W. Comstock (1944), Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 445. It is possible that syntypes may exist in BMNH.
= columbina (Fabricius, 1793)
Entomol. Syst. 3(1): 148, no. 453; cited Jones’ Icones 5: pl. 7, fig. 2.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphales]. Columbina
Type Locality: “America”
Types: Syntypes include the specimen figured in unpublished plates by William Jones.
a. Euptoieta hegesia meridiania Stichel, 1938
Lepid. Cat. 86: 111; cited Brenthis claudia (sensu Geyer (1837), Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 5: 11, pl. [143], figs. 831, 832).
Original Combination: [Euptoieta] h[egesia] meridiania
Type Locality: “Süd-Brasilien (typ.: Espirito Santo)” [Espirito Santo, Brazil]
Types: Type(s) possibly in BMNH or lost.
= hoffmanni W. Comstock, 1944
Sci. Surv. Puerto Rico & Virgin Is. 12(4): 446, note 1, fig. 6 FW marking.
Original Combination: Euptoieta hegesia hoffmanni
Type Locality: “Mexico...Escuiñapa, Sinaloa”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Subtribe Boloriina B. Warren, dos Passos & Grey, 1946
Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B) 15(5/6): 72 (as "Boloriidi"). Type-genus: Boloria Moore, 1900, Lep. Ind. 4(48): 243.
Genus Boloria Moore, 1900
Lepid. Ind. 4(48): 243-244. Type-species: Papilio pales [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 177, no. 8, by original designation. The genus-level synonymy adopted herein is derived from Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 2, Aubert et al. (1996), C. R. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 3) Sci. Vie 319(7): 647-651, Simonsen (2005), Syst. Entomol. 30(4): 653-665, and Simonsen et al. (2010), Syst. & Biodivers. 8(4): 513- 529.
Subgenus Boloria Moore, 1900
= Smoljana Slivov, 1995
Acta Zool. Bulg. 48: 62-63, fig. 1. Type-species: Boloria (Smoljana) rhodopensis Slivov, 1995, Acta Zool. Bulg. 48: 63-65, figs. 2(1, 2, 3, 3a, 4, 5), 4(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) (= Argynnis pales var. balcanica, Rebel, 1903, Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 18: 170), by original designation.
614. Boloria alaskensis (W. Holland, 1900)
a. Boloria alaskensis alaskensis (W. Holland, 1900)
Entomol. News 11(3): 383, no. 6.
Original Combination: B[renthis] pales var. alaskensis
Type Locality: “mountains between Forty-Mile and Mission Creeks” [Alaska]
Types: Holotype in CMNH; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 24, ♂ D.
Crosson du Cormier (1977), Alexanor 10(1): 35-47, detailed the separation of this species from B. napaea (Hoffmansegg, 1804) in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 3(3): 196. This arrangement was corroborated by Dubatolov (1992), Vestnik Zoologii 1992(6): 40-41, Kosterin (2000), Far East Entomol. 86(1): 1-10, and Gorbunov (2001), Butterflies Russia Class.: 201-202.
= reiffi Reuss, 1925
Int. Entomol. Z. 19(36): cols. 279-280.
Original Combination: Boloria reiffi
Type Locality: “Britisch-Columbien” [British Columbia]
Types: Syntypes in Reuss collection.
Pike (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 18(3): 157, suggested that this may be a subspecies-level taxon.
= ‡”nearctica” Verity, 1932
Dtsche. Entomol. Z. “Iris” 46(3): 104, 108; cited Lehmann (1913), in: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(173): 424.
Original Combination: [Boloria pales arsilache] race nearctica
Type Locality: “north-eastern Alaska (69o 40' N. Lat. and 141oW. Long.)”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
b. Boloria alaskensis halli Klots, 1940
Am. Mus. Novit. (1054): 1-4.
Original Combination: Boloria pales halli
Type Locality: “vicinity of Green River Pass, Wind River Range, Sublette Co., Wyoming”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Subgenus Proclossiana Reuss, 1926
Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(1): 69. Type-species: Papilio aphirape Hübner, [1800], Samml. Europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 5, figs. 23, 24, 25 (= Papilio eunomia Esper, 1800, Die Schmett. 1(suppl.)(1)(8-9): 94, pl. 110 (Cont. 65), fig. 5), by original designation.
*615. Boloria eunomia (Esper, 1800)
Die Schmett. 1(suppl.)(1)(8/9): 94, pl. 110 (Cont. 65), fig. 5 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nimph[alis]. phal[erata]. Eunomia
Type Locality: “Königsberg in Preussen” [Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= aphirape (Hübner, [1800])
Samml. Europ. Schmett. 1: pl. 5, figs. 23 ♂ D, 24 ♂ V, 25 ♀ D [1800]; 8, no. 1 [1806].
Original Combination: [Papilio] Aphirape
Type Locality: ‘Schwaben’ [Bavaria, Germany]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= tomyris (Herbst, 1800)
In: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins. Schmett. 10: 102-104, no. 41, pl. 270, figs. 6 ♀ D, 7 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Tomyris
Type Locality: “Preussen” [Northern Germany and Poland]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
a. Boloria eunomia triclaris (Hübner, [1821])
Samml. exot. Schmett. 2: pl. [19], figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V; [1] (index).
Original Combination: Argynnis Triclaris
Type Locality: Not stated; listed as “Labrador” by W. F. Kirby (1908), in: P. Wytsman, Fac. ed. Hübner Samml. exot. Schmett. 3(addit. notes): 17; suggested to be “Moravian missionaries in Labrador” by W. Holland (1928), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 38-39, no. 5, stated to be “Labrador” by Hemming (1937), Hübner 2: 123 (manuscript #36); subsequently defined as “Nain, Labrador, Canada” by Pike (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 18(3): 160. [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= lais (Scudder, 1875)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 17(3): [294]-296.
Original Combination: Arg[ynnis]. Lais
Type Locality: “Caribou Island, Straits of Belle Isle, Labrador...also...at Mackenzie River...Colorado”
This name was listed in the synonymy of Argynnis triclaris Hübner, [1821], but not described; it was a nomen nudum until the name helena was proposed to replace Argynnis lais W. H. Edwards, 1884, by dos Passos and Grey (1957), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 63: 95-96. This action made Argynnis lais Scudder, 1875, available (Code Article 11.6.1).
b. Boloria eunomia dawsoni (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)
Can. Entomol. 48(7): 222-223.
Original Combination: Brenthis aphirape dawsoni
Type Locality: “Hymers, Ont.” [Ontario]
Types: Syntypes in USNM and LACM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♀ D.
= ‡”harperi” (Gunder, 1934)
Can. Entomol. 66(6): 127.
Original Combination: Brenthis aphirape dawsoni tr. f. harperi
Type Locality: “Churchill, Man., Canada” [Manitoba]
Types: Holotype in CAS.
c. Boloria eunomia nichollae (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 92, no. 188d.
Original Combination: Brenthis aphirape race nichollae
Type Locality: “Rocky Mts.”; Nicholl (1906), 36th Ann. Rept. Entomol. Soc. Ont. (1905): 72 defined the region as “Mt. Assiniboine...11,800 feet...just west of the Divide...the southernmost outlier of the glacier fields of the northern Rockies”; suggested to be “near the Columbia Ice Fields” by Pike (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 18(3): 157-158. [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 60, fig. 14 ♂ D (holotype), 15 ♀ D (paratype).
Ferris and Groothuis (1971), J. Res. Lepid. 9(4): 243, discussed this taxon and its synonymy.
d. Boloria eunomia denali (Klots, 1940)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 48(4): 413-414.
Original Combination: Brenthis (Clossiana) aphirape denali
Type Locality: “McKinley National Park” [Denali National Park, Alaska]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
e. Boloria eunomia ursadentis Ferris & Groothuis, 1971
J. Res. Lepid. 9(4): 245-247, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ V, 8 ♀ V (aberrant), 9 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Boloria eunomia ursadentis
Type Locality: “Beartooth Pass, 1/2 mile S. of Montana-Wyoming border, Park Co., Wyoming”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
f. Boloria eunomia laddi (Klots, 1940)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1054): 4.
Original Combination: Clossiana aphirape laddi
Type Locality: “Snowy Range, Albany Co., Wyoming”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
g. Boloria eunomia caelestis (Hemming, 1933)
Entomol. 66(847): 275, no. 5.
Original Combination: Argynnis aphirape caelestis
Proposed to replace Brenthis aphirape alticola W. Barnes and McDunnough, 1913, preoccupied, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡alticola (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913)
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(3): 97-98.
Original Combination: [Brenthis] aphirape alticola
Type Locality: “Hall Valley, Colo.” [Park County, Colorado]
Types: Syntypes in USNM.
Preoccupied by Argynnis alticola Sushkin & Tsetverikov, 1907, Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 38(1): 18. Currently this name is employed for a subspecies of Boloria (Clossiana) angarensis Ershov, 1870. Even if Proclossiana and Clossiana are considered separate genera from Boloria, this name is no longer valid, since a replacement name was proposed before 1961, and that name has generally been used (Code Article 59.3).
Subgenus Clossiana Reuss, 1920
Entomol. Mitt. 9(10-12): 192 (footnote); rediagnosed by Reuss (1921), Entomol. Mitt. 10(6): 190, figs. 13-18 ♂ genitalia. Type-species: Papilio selene [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 321, no. 11, by original designation.
selene group Gorbunov, 2001
Butterflies Russia Class.: 195.
*616. Boloria selene ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 321, no. 11.
Original Combination: P[apilio] Selene
Type Locality: “Wienergegend” from the title of the work. [Vienna, Austria]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= marphisa (Herbst, 1800)
In: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 10: 105-107, no. 42, pl. 270, figs. 8 ♂ D, 9 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Marphisa
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= rinaldus (Herbst, 1800)
In: Jablonsky, Natursyst. Ins., Schmett. 10: 108-110, pl. 271, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Papilio Rinaldus
Type Locality: “Botnia occidentali” [western Gulf of Bothnia, Sweden]
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= selenia (Freyer, 1847)
Neuer Beitr. Schmett. Abbild. Natur. 6(83): 21-22, pl. 493, fig. 2 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Argynnis Selenia
Type Locality: “Lechstluß”
Types: Holotype probably lost.
This was considered an “Abart von Selene” in text, so may be unavailable.
= hela Staudinger, 1861
In: Wocke & Staudinger, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 22(10-12): 347, under no. 11.
Original Combination: [Argynnis Selene] [var.] Hela
Type Locality: “schwedischen Lapland” [Swedish Lappland]
Types: Type(s) possibly in ZMHB.
= obscurum Sedykh, 1977
Geogr. Aspect. Conserv. Flora Faun. NE Europ. USSR: 101.
Original Combination: Boloria selene subsp. nova obscurum
Type Locality: “Polar Ural Station, on the crest of the Polar Urals; in a meadow amidst mountain dry and marshy tundra” [Komi Republic, Russia]
Types: Syntypes possibly in ZIN,
a. Boloria selene myrina (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(16): 141, pl. 189, figs. B ♂ D, C ♂ V; (16): 150 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymphj[alis]. Phal[erata]. Myrina
Type Locality: “Noord-Amerika by Nieuwjork” “l’Amerique Septentrionale, à la Nouvelle York”; suggested to be “from southeastern New York” by Kohler (1977), J. Lepid. Soc. 31(4): 240.
Types: Type(s) probably lost.
= ‡myrissa (Godart, [1824])
In: Ency. méth. 9(Ins.)(2): (253), 268, 806.
Original Combination: Argynnis Myrissa
Proposed to replace Papilio myrina Cramer, 1777, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of myrina.
= marilandica (A. Clark, 1941)
J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 31(9): 384.
Original Combination: Brenthis selene marilandica
Type Locality: “the boggy pasture on the south side of the road from the Beltsville, M., railway station to the Department of Agriculture experiment farm” [Prince George's County, Maryland]
Types: Holotype (#55470) in USNM; figured by A. Clark (1932), Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. (157): pl. 3. figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, and A. Clark and L. Clark (1951), Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116(7): frtspc., figs. 1 ♀ V, 2 ♂ D (holotype); pl. 9, figs. B ♂ D, C ♂ V.
= ‡”nubes” (Scudder, 1889)
Butterflies E. U. S. & Can. 1(5): 595-596.
Original Combination: B[renthis]. m[yrina]. [ab.] nubes
Type Locality: “Sanborton, N. H.” [Belknap County, New Hampshire]
Types: “Holotype” (#29298) in MCZ.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”nivea” (Gunder, 1928)
Can. Entomol. 60(7): 163, pl. A, fig. 4 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Brenthis myrina tr. f. nivea
Type Locality: “Staten Island, N. Y.” [New York]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
‡”gunderana” W. Forbes, 1960
Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. exp. Sta. 371 (part 4): 150, under no. 1.
Original Combination: [Brenthis selene] ab. gunderana
Forbes (1960), attributed this name to Dyar, who never described the taxon; a nomen nudum.
b. Boloria selene nebraskensis (W. Holland, 1928)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 36-37, no. 1c.
Original Combination: B[renthis]. myrina nebraskensis var. nov.
Type Locality: “Dodge County, Nebraska”
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 105, pl. 55 fig. 8 ♂ D.
c. Boloria selene sabulocollis Kohler, 1977
J. Lepid. Soc. 31(4): 252-253, figs. 3(a) ♂ D (holotype), 3(b) ♂ V (holotype), 3(c) ♂ D, 3(d) ♂ V, 3(e) ♂ D, 3(f) ♂ V, 6(g) ♀ D, 6(h) ♀ V, 7(a) ♀ D, 7(b) ♀ V, 7(c) ♀ D, 7(d) ♀ V.
Original Combination: Boloria selene sabulocollis
Type Locality: “Smith Lake, Sheridan Co., Nebraska”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
d. Boloria selene tollandensis (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1925)
Entomol. News 36(2): 44.
Original Combination: Brenthis myrina tollandensis race nov.
Type Locality: “Tolland, Moffat [sic!] County, Colorado, altitude approximately 10,000 ft.” [Gilpin County]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
e. Boloria selene albequina (W. Holland, 1928)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 40-43, no. 6; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book. (rev. ed.): pl. 55, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♀ V, 21 ♂ V.
Original Combination: B[renthis]. albequina
Type Locality: “White Horse Pass, Yukon Territory”
Types: Syntypes in CMNH.
McDunnough (1932), Can. Entomol. 64(12): 269, and Ferris (1971), Sci. Monog. Agric. Exp. Sta., U. Wyo.: 46, treated this taxon as a synonym of B. s. atrocostalis.
= ‡”baxteri” (W. Holland, 1928)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 42, no. 6 (in part).
Original Combination: B[renthis]. albequina var. baxteri aberrational form
Type Locality: “White Horse Pass, Yukon Territory”
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.
f. Boloria selene atrocostalis (Huard, 1927)
Nat. Can. 54(6)[(2)34(60]: 131, no. 8.
Original Combination: Argynnis atrocostalis
Type Locality: “Chicoutimi” [Quebec]
Types: Location of type(s) not known; McDunnough (1928), Can. Entomol. 60(11): 274, claimed to have examined the “type” so it is presumed to be in CNC.
= ‡”serratimarginata” (Gunder, 1926)
Entomol. News 37(1): 7, no. 10, pl. 1, fig. 10 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Brenthis myrina ab. ♂ serratimarginata
Type Locality: “Vernon, British Columbia, Canada”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= ‡”jenningsae” (W. Holland, 1928)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 36, no. 1a; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 9 ♂ D.
Original Combination: B[renthis]. myrina jenningsae ♂ ab. nov.
Type Locality: “Jellicoe, on Thunder Bay, Ontario”
Types: “Holotype” (#5921) in CMNH.
g. Boloria selene terraenovae (W. Holland, 1928) (emended)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 36, no. 1b; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 13 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: B[renthis]. myrina terrae-novae
Type Locality: “Newfoundland”; suggested to be “the eastern part of the island” by Kohler (1977), J. Lepid. Soc. 31(4): 262. [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
bellona group Simonsen et al, 2010
Syst. & Biodivers. 8(4): 522.
617. Boloria bellona (Fabricius, 1775)
a. Boloria bellona bellona (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 517-518, no. 317.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. P[halerata]. Bellona
Type Locality: “America boreali”
Types: Syntype in ZMUC.
= ‡”fasciata” (T. Cockerell, 1889)
Entomol. 22(311): 99; cited Maynard (1886), Butterflies New England: 27-28 (in part), under no. 31.
Original Combination: Argynnis bellona fasciata
Type Locality: Not stated; “Massachusetts” implied from reference to Maynard.
Types: “Type(s)” probably lost.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”kleenei” (F. Watson, 1921)
J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 28(3/4): 171-172.
Original Combination: Brenthis bellona ab. kleenei
Type Locality: “West Hartford, Connecticut” [Hartford County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
= ‡”pardopsis” (W. Holland, 1928)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 45, no. 11b; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 26 ♀ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: B[renthis]. bellona ab. pardopsis
Type Locality: “Crafton, Allegheny County, Pa.” [Pennsylvania]
Types: “Holotype” in CMNH.
= ‡ammiralis (Hemming, 1933)
Entomol. 66(847): 276, no. 7.
Original Combination: Argynnis ammiralis
Proposed to replace Papilio bellona Fabricius, 1775, erroneously thought preoccupied; a junior objective synonym of bellona.
b. Boloria bellona toddi (W. Holland, 1928)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 45, no. 11a; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 14 ♂ D (holotype), 15 ♀ D (paratype).
Original Combination: B[renthis]. bellona toddi
Type Locality: “St. Margarets River...near Sept-Iles along a river that was called Riviere Sainte-Marguerite; Quebec” This river was dammed near its confluence with the St. Laurence River, and the resulting reservoir is called Lac-Walker.
Types: Holotype (#5269) in CMNH.
c. Boloria bellona jenistai D. Stallings & Turner, 1947
Can. Entomol. 78(7/8): 135-136.
Original Combination: Boloria toddi jenistai
Type Locality: “Lloydminster, Sask.”; suggested to be “the vicinity of Rivercourse, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 39.
Types: Holotype in USNM.
*618. Boloria frigga (Thunberg, 1791)
Entomol. Sist. Ins. Svec. (2): 33-34.
Original Combination: Papilio Frigga P[apilio]. n[ymphalis]. ph[aleratus].
Type Locality: “Lapponiae sylvis”; lectotype from “Sweden: Lappland.”
Types: Lectotype in UZIU, designated by Karsholt and Nielsen (1986), Entomol. Scand. 16(4): 446.
= maritima Kardakoff, 1928
Entomol. Mitt. 17(4): 270. pl. 7, fig. 4.
Original Combination: Argynnis frigga maritima
Type Locality: “Primorye: Ternei Bay” [Russia]
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= helvenacius Sedykh, 1977
Geogr. Aspect. Conserv. Flora Faun. NE Europ. USSR: 102.
Original Combination: B[oloria]. frigga subsp. nova helvenacius
Type Locality: “Polar Urals” [Polar Ural, Komi Republic, Russia]
Types: Syntypes possibly in ZIN.
a. Boloria frigga saga (Staudinger, 1861)
Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 22(10/12): 350, under no. 16.
Original Combination: [Argynnis Frigga] [var.] Saga
Type Locality: “Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
b. Boloria frigga gibsoni (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 92, no. 197d.
Original Combination: Brenthis frigga race gibsoni
Type Locality: “Barter Island, Northern Alaska”
Types: Syntypes in CNC; one figured by Gibson (1920), Rept. Can. Arctic Exped. 3(i): 57i, pl. 5, fig. 1 ♂ D.
Layberry, et al. (1998), Butterflies Can.: 178, suggested that this may be a species-level taxon.
= ‡alaskensis (Lehmann, 1913)
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5(173): 424; (178): pl. 87e, fig. [3] ♀ D.
Original Combination: [Argynnis frigga] fa. alaskensis
Type Locality: “nördöstlichen Alaska (69o 40' nördl. Breite, 141o westl. Länge)”
Types: One probable syntype in ZMUC, others may be in SMF.
Secondarily preoccupied by Brenthis pales alaskensis W. Holland, 1900, Entomol. News 11(3): 383, no. 6.
= lehmanni (W. Holland, 1928)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 19(1): 44, no. 10.
Original Combination: B[renthis]. frigga var. lehmanni nom. nov.
Proposed to replace Argynnis frigga fa. alaskensis Lehmann, 1913, with the same data (Code Article 60.3). According to Code Article 59.3, this permanently invalidates alaskensis since the name gibsoni has traditionally been used for this taxon.
c. Boloria frigga sagata (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1923)
Can. Entomol. 55(6): 146.
Original Combination: Brenthis frigga race sagata
Type Locality: “Hall Valley, Colorado” [Park County]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
619. Boloria improba (Butler, 1877)
a. Boloria improba improba (Butler, 1877)
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 13(153): 206.
Original Combination: Argynnis improba
Type Locality: “between 67 1/2 and 68o...Winter Cove and Cambridge Bay” [Nunavut]
Types: Syntypes in BMNH.
b. Boloria improba youngi (W. Holland, 1900)
Entomol. News 11(3): 383-384, no. 9; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 28 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: B[renthis]. youngi
Type Locality: “mountains between Forty-Mile and Mission Creeks, N. E. Alaska”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
Ferris (1984), Bull. Allyn Mus. (89): 1-2, suggested that this taxon represents an individual form, and therefore a synonym of B. i. improba.
c. Boloria improba nunatak Scott, 1998
Papilio (n.s.) 11: 3-4.
Original Combination: Boloria improba nunatak
Type Locality: “Torrens River, Alberta”, presumably from the mountains nearby.
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
d. Boloria improba harryi (Ferris, 1984)
Bull. Allyn Mus. (89): 2-5, figs. 2 ♂ D, 3 ♂ V (holotype); 4 ♀D, 5 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Clossiana improba harryi
Type Locality: “near the summit of Bears Ears Trail, 0.5 mi. (0.8 km) NW of Mt. Chauvenet, 11, 750' (3583m), Shoshone National Forest, Fremont Co., Wyoming” [Wind River Mountains]
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
e. Boloria improba acrocnema Gall & Sperling, 1980
J. Lepid. Soc. 34(2): 231-236, figs. 1&7 ♂ D&V, 13 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype), 2&8 ♂ D&V, 3&9 ♂ D&V, 4&10 ♀ D&V, 5&11 ♀ D&V, 6&12 ♀ D&V, 19-21 ♂ genitalia.
Original Combination: Boloria acrocnema
Type Locality: “Mt. Uncomphagre, 13.0 km NW of Lake City, Hinsdale Co., Colorado, elev. 4080-4140m”
Types: Holotype in PMNH.
620. Boloria kriemhild (Strecker, 1879)
In: C. A. H. McCauley, Rept. San Juan Recon., Ind. Exec. Doc. House Rep. 3rd Sess. 45th Congr. 5(1)pt. 2(3), appendix SS: 1854, pl. 1, figs. 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Kriemhild
Type Locality: “Utah...Arizona...Rio Florida, Colorado”; lectotype from “Utah.”
Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by Skinner (1914), Entomol. News 25(7): 324; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 74, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
= laurenti (Skinner, 1913)
Entomol. News 24(10): 450.
Original Combination: Argynnis laurenti
Type Locality: “Silver Lake (Brightons), Utah” [Brighton, Salt Lake County]
Types: Syntypes (#7024) in CMNH; one figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 17 ♂ V.
The identity of this taxon was established by W. Barnes and McDunnough (1914), Entomol. News 25(7): 323-324.
= luecki (Reuss, 1923) (emended)
Soc. Entomol. 38(4): 14.
Original Combination: Clossiana lücki
Type Locality: “Utah, Nord-Amerika”
Types: Syntypes in Reuss collection.
621. Boloria epithore (W. H. Edwards, 1864)
a. Boloria epithore epithore (W. H. Edwards, 1864)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 501, 503-504, no. 5.
Original Combination: Argynnis Epithore Boisduval in lit.
Type Locality: “California”; neotype from “Saratoga, Santa Clara County, California.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by Klots (1965), in: F. Brown, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 335, fig. 34a ♂ D&V.
= ‡epithore (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 58, no. 50.
Original Combination: Argynnis Epithore
Type Locality: “les hautes montagnes de l'est”; defined as “vic. of Santa Cruz Mtns., Santa Cruz County, California” by E. Perkins and Meyer (1973), Bull. Allyn Mus. (11): 4.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by E. Perkins and Meyer (1973), ibid.; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 335, fig. 34b ♂ D&V.
Preoccupied by Argynnis epithore W. H. Edwards, 1864, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(4): 503-504.
b. Boloria epithore sierra E. Perkins, 1973
In: E. Perkins and Meyer, Bull. Allyn Mus. (11): 10-11, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♂ V, pl. 2, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Boloria epithore sierra
Type Locality: “Sentinel Dome, Yosemite National Park, Mariposa County, California”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
= ‡”eldorado” (Strand, 1915)
Arch. für Naturgesch. (A)80(11): 156.
Original Combination: Brenthis epithore cum ab. eldorado n. ab.
Type Locality: “Plumas Co....Eldorado Co.” [California]
Types: Syntypes probably in DEI.
= ‡”wawonae” (Gunder, 1924)
Entomol. News 35(5): 156, pl. 2, fig. F ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Brenthis epithore ab. ♂ wawonae
Type Locality: “Wawona, Mariposa County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 26, fig, 10 ♂ D.
c. Boloria epithore chermocki E. Perkins & S. Perkins, 1966
J. Lepid. Soc. 20(2): 109-112, pl. 1, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype); pl. 2 figs. 11 ♀ D, 12 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Boloria epithore chermocki
Type Locality: “2.9 miles E of Dolph, Yamhill Co., Oregon”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
= uslui (Koçak, 1984)
Priamus 3(3): 96.
Original Combination: Boloria epithore uslui
Proposed to replace Boloria epithore borealis E. Perkins, 1973, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 290, determined this synonymy.
= ‡borealis E. Perkins, 1973
In: E. Perkins and Meyer, Bull. Allyn Mus. (11): 6-8, pl. 1, figs. 13 ♂ D (holotype); 14 ♂ V, pl. 2, figs. 15 ♀ D, 16 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Boloria epithore borealis
Type Locality: “Shingle Creek Road, Keremeos, British Columbia”
Types: Holotype in CNC.
Preoccupied by Argynnis thore borealis Staudinger, 1861, Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 22(10-12): 351.
= ‡”obscuripennis” (Gunder, 1926)
Entomol. News 37(1): 7, no. 9, pl. 1, fig. 9 ♀ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Brenthis epithore ab. ♀ obscuripennis
Type Locality: “Chilcolin [sic!], British Columbia, Canada” [Chilcotin]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
d. Boloria epithore sigridae (J. Shepard, 2001)
Butterflies B. C.: 289-290, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Clossiana epithore sigridae
Type Locality: “BC, St. Elias Mts., Tats Lake, 770 m” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in BCPM.
polaris group Simonsen et al, 2010
Syst. & Biodivers. 8(4): 519.
622. Boloria polaris (Boisduval, [1828])
a. Boloria polaris polaris (Boisduval, [1828])
Europ. Lepid. Ind. Meth: 15-16; figured by Boisduval [1833], Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(10): pl. 20, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, and (1836), Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: pl. 11, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Polaris
Type Locality: “Cap Nord”; stated to be “cap Nord, c’est-à-dire l’extrémité de la Laponie norwégienne” by Duponchel [1832], in: Godart, Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1(Diurnes), Suppl. 1(6): 125-126, no. 44. [Finmark, Norway]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly in BMNH or MNHP.
= gronlandica ([Skinner], 1892)
Entomol. News 3(3): 49, nos. 9-10, pl. 2, figs. 9 ♀ D, 10 ♀ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Argynnis chariclea var. gronlandica
Type Locality: “Greenland” implied from plate caption; suggested to be "West Coast...McCormick Bay, Herbert Island and Disco...West Coast of Greenland“ by Skinner and Mengel (1892), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 44(5): 157.
Types: Syntype (#7781) in CMNH.
Masters (1972), Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 84(7/8): 178, treated this as a subspecies-level taxon.
= homeyeri Pagenstecher, 1902
Fauna Arctica 2(2): 236; cited Wocke, 1874, in: Die Zweite Deutsche Nordpolarfahrt 2: 408.
Original Combination: Argynnis polaris var. homeyeri
Type Locality: “Gronland”
Types: Location of type(s) not known.
= americana (Strand, 1905)
Rept. 2nd Norweg. Arctic Exped. “Fram” 1898-1902 1(3): 10-11, no. 3.
Original Combination: Argynnis polaris var. americana
Type Locality: “Havnen, Rice Strait (Ellesmere Ld.)...Havnefjorden (Jones Sd.)...Gaasefjorden (Ellesmere Ld.)...die Westseite von Gaasefjorden”
Types: Type(s) probably in ZMHB.
= kurenzovi Wyatt, 1961
Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 46[72](7/8): 98-99, pl. 5, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Boloria alberta kurenzovi
Type Locality: “Berge von Tschukotka, N. O. Sibirien, Geröll-zone” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Holotype in LNKD.
= digna (Churkin, 2001)
Helios 2: 97-98, pl. 8, figs. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Clossiana polaris digna
Type Locality: “Russia, Wrangel Is., Neizvestnaya R. (middle stream)” [Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Holotype in DSM.
b. Boloria polaris stellata Masters, 1972
Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 84(7/8): 177-178, pl. 11, fig. A ♂ D, B ♂ V (holotype), G ♀ D, H ♀ V.
Original Combination: Boloria Polaris Stellata
Type Locality: “Churchill, Manitoba”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
623. Boloria alberta (W. H. Edwards, 1890)
Can. Entomol. 22(6): 113-114; figured by W. H. Edwards (1894), Butterflies N. Am. 3(15): pl. Argynnis 7, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Alberta
Type Locality: “Laggan, Alberta...strictly above timberline, and not very near it either, though not at the highest points in the mountains”; defined as “vicinity of...Lake Louise, Banff National Park, Alberta” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 40.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 339, fig. 35 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 15, fig. 15 ♂ D.
= ‡”banffensis” (Gunder, 1932)
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 8(3): 125.
Original Combination: Brenthis alberta tr. f. banffensis
Type Locality: “Banff, Alberta, Canada”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
tritonia group Simonsen et al, 2010
Syst. & Biodivers. 8(4): 519.
624. Boloria astarte (E. Doubleday, [1847])
a. Boloria astarte astarte (E. Doubleday, 1847)
In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(12): pl. 23, fig. 5; (1)(21): 181, footnote (1848), name corrected to Argynnis astarte.
Original Combination: Melitaea Astarte
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains, North America”; defined as “Rock Lake, Alberta (53o 27'N, 118o 16'W)” by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 40-41.
Types: Syntype (#45-136) in BMNH.
C. Guppy and J. Shepard (2001), Butterflies B. C.: 295-296, suggested that astarte is conspecific with B. tritonia (Böber, 1812), Mém. Soc. Moscou 3: 20-21, no. 6, pl. 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V; index: 320, an arrangement adopted by Gorbunov (2001), Butterflies Russia Class.: 195-196. However, Pike (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 18(3): 162, and Bogdanov (2009), Proc. State Darwin Mus. 13: 68-99, among others, have questioned whether distincta, and by implication tschukotkensis, should be considered subspecies of B. astarte. Further study is needed.
= victoria (W. H. Edwards, 1891)
Can. Entomol. 23(9): 198-199; figured by W. H. Edwards (1894), Butterflies N. Am. 3(15): pl. Argynnis 7, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as astarte).
Original Combination: Argynnis Victoria
Type Locality: “Laggan, Alberta”; defined as “two mountains near Laggan, one of them three miles southwest, in the main range, the other a low smooth mountain directly north of Laggan” by W. H. Edwards (1894), Butterflies N. Am. 3(15): [115-118]; subsequently interpreted to be “outliers of Mt. Temple and Mt. Richardson” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 341.
Types: Holotype in CMNH, figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 340, fig. 36 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 18, fig. 15 ♂ V.
b. Boloria astarte distincta (Gibson, 1920)
Rept. Can. Arct. Exped. 3(i): 25i, 54i, pl. 4, fig. 12 ♀ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Brenthis distincta
Type Locality: “Harrington Creek, Yukon Territory, lat. 65o 05'”
Types: Holotype in CNC.
c. Boloria astarte tschukotkensis (Wyatt, 1961)
Zeit. Weiner Entomol. Ges. 46[72](7/8): 99, pl. 5, fig. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Clossiana distincta tschukotkensis
Type Locality: “Berge von Tschukotka, N. O. Sibirien, Geröll-zone” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Holotype in LNKD.
= ershovi Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995
Butterflies Asiatic Russia: 108, under no. 211.
Original Combination: Clossiana astarte ershovi
Type Locality: “Khaptagai on the Lena River” [Sakha Republic, Russia]
Types: Holotype in SZMN.
= suntara Korshunov, 1998
New descr. specif. Butterflies Asiatic Russia 21-22.
Original Combination: [Clossiana] astarte suntara
Type Locality: “Suntar-Khayata Range, 180 km ESE Khandyga, upper Eastern Khandyga River, 233 km on the Khandyga to Magadan line, mountains at 1300-1500 m, Yakutia” [Sakha Republic, Russia]
Types: Syntypes in SZMN.
freija group Gorbunov, 2001
Butterflies Russia Class.: 199.
625. Boloria freija (Thunberg, 1791) (1789)
The name freija has long been associated with this species. The recent determination (Heppner (1981), Arch. Nat. Hist. 10(2): 251-254) of Esper's publication dates gave priority to Esper's description of lapponica over freija. Replacing freija with lapponica is unnecessary and destabilizing. A paper is being prepared to cite the evidence for implementation of Code Article 81.2.3, to grant freija status as a nomen protectum. Current usage is maintained.
a. Boloria freija freija (Thunberg, 1791) (1789)
Entomol. Sist. Ins. Svec. (2): 34-36, pl. 2, figs. 14, [14a] ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Papilio Freija P[apilio]. n[ymphalis]. ph[aleratus].
Type Locality: “Vestrobothnia juxta flumina locis locios graminosis...in Lapponia”; lectotype labeled “Lapp. Liljeblad.” [western Gulf of Bothnia and Lappland, Sweden]
Types: Lectotype in UZIU, designated by Karsholt and Nielsen (1986), Entomol. Scand. 16(4): 446.
= lapponica (Esper, 1789)
Die Schmett. 1(suppl.)(1)(3/4): 21-22, pl. 97 (Cont. 52), fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. Ph[alerata]. Dia Lapponica
Type Locality: “Der lapplandisch P. Dia.” [Lappland]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
= ‡freya (Godart, 1819)
In: Enc. méth. 9(Ins.)(1): (254), 273, no. 37; cited many references to freija.
Original Combination: Argynnis Freya
Proposed to replace Papilio freija Thunberg, 1791, erroneously thought to be preoccupied, or possibly an unjustified emendation.
= jakutensis (Wnukowsky, 1927)
Mitt. Münchn. Entomol. Ges. 17(7-12): 70, no. 4.
Original Combination: Argynnis (Brentis [sic!]) frieja jakutensis
Type Locality: “Siberia septentrionalis-orientalis (Jakutsk)” [Yakutsk, Sakha Autonomous Republic, Russia]
Types: Syntypes in UTR.
= zamolodchikova (Churkin, 2001)
Helios 2: 99, pl. 8, figs. 10 ♂ D (holotype), 11 ♂ V, 12 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Clossiana frieja zamolodchikova
Type Locality: “Russia, East Chukotka, 13 km SE Ioni L., Gilmimleviem R” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Holotype in DSM.
= ‡”gunderi” (Harper, 1933)
Pan.-Pac. Entomol. 9(3): 99.
Original Combination: Brenthis freija gunderi new tr. fm.
Type Locality: “McCreary, Manitoba, Canada”
Types: “Holotype” in CAS.
b. Boloria freija tarquinius (J. Curtis, 1835)
In: Ross, Voy. Search Northwest Pass., Appendix: lxviii-lxix, no. 14.
Original Combination: [Melitaea] Tarquinius
Type Locality: “Arctic Regions”; determined from itineraries in vol. 1 and a letter from John Ross in vol. 2, Addenda: 732-735, to be the area bounded by 69.30 o-70.9o N lat. and 91.52o-93.0oW long, in the vicinity of the isthmus of Boothia Peninsula, named by the expedition. [Kitikmeot-Keewatin regions, Nunavut]
Types: Syntypes possibly in BMNH.
c. Boloria freija browni (Higgins, 1953)
Entomol. 86(9): 210, no. 9.
Original Combination: Clossiana freija browni
Type Locality: “Independance Pass, Pitkin Co.” [Colorado]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
626. Boloria natazhati (Gibson, 1920)
Troubridge and Wood (1990), J. Lepid. Soc. 44(3): 180-182, determined that this is a species-level taxon, which was revised by J. Shepard et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (60): 731-736.
a. Boloria natazhati natazhati (Gibson, 1920)
Rept. Can. Arctic Exped. 3(i): 21i-22i, 52i, 56i, pl. 3, figs. 6 ♂ V (holotype), 12 ♀ D; pl. 5, fig. 6 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Brenthis natazhati
Type Locality: “141st meridian, north of mount Natazhat, international boundary survey, elevation 8,600 feet” [southern Yukon Territory]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
b. Boloria natazhati nabokovi D. Stallings & Turner, 1947
Can. Entomol. 78(7/8): 134-135.
Original Combination: Boloria freija nabokovi
Type Locality: “Alaska Military Highway...Mile 102, North of Summit 2, Ravine, Elevation 6000 ft...British Columbia”; defined as “the Sentinel Range of the Rocky Mts., B. C., at 1830 m elevation” by Troubridge and Wood (1990), J. Lepid. Soc. 44(3): 186; suggested to be “a ravine north of Summit Lake, mile 392 [now km. 621.7] Alaska Highway, British Columbia, Canada” by J. Shepard and Kondla (1993), Pan-Pac. Entomol. 69(3): 273.
Types: Holotype (#27642) in MCZ.
c. Boloria natazhati bankslandia J. Shepard, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (60): 732, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Boloria natazhati bankslandia
Type Locality: “N.W.T., Victoria Is. 71o17'N, 114oW” [Northwest Territories]
Types: Holotype in CNC.
titania group Simonsen et al, 2010
Syst. & Biodivers. 8(4): 522.
*627. Boloria chariclea (Schneider, 1794)
Neu. Mag. f. Leibhaber Entomol. 5: 588-589.
Original Combination: Papilio Chariclea
Type Locality: “Lappland” implied from the title of paper.
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
The arrangement of North American taxa in this group follows Pike (1981), J. Res. Lepid. 18(3): 156, and J. Shepard (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (59): 727-730. It is probable that this assemblage in North America actually consists of two species, but it is not possible to diagnose these at present.
a. Boloria chariclea montinus (Scudder, 1863)
Proc. Essex Inst. 3: 166, no. 32; redescribed and figured by Scudder (1863), Boston J. Nat. Hist. 7(4): 626-628, pl. 14, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Montinus
Type Locality: “the lower half of barren summits of the White Mountains, N[ew]. H[ampshire]”; defined as “summit of Mount Madison, the head of Tuckerman’s Ravine, and a short distance above the Ledge, (all, it will be noticed, within the subalpine region)” by Scudder (1863), Boston J. Nat. Hist. 7(4): 618, 628.
Types: Syntypes probably in MCZ.
b. Boloria chariclea boisduvalii (Duponchel, [1832])
In: Godart, Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1(Diurnes), Suppl. 1(6): 127-128, no. 45, pl. 20, no. 4 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Boisduvalii
Type Locality: “les contrées les plus septentrionales de l'Europe”; suggested to be “probably Labrador” by Klots (1951), Field Guide Butterflies N. Am.: 90.
Types: Type(s) may be in MNHP or BMNH.
Both Duponchel [1832] ibid., and Boisduval [1833], Icon. Hist. Lépid. Europ. 1(10): 98, pl. 20, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V, cited “M. Sommer” as the source of the specimens described. Sommer has been noted as a source of many butterflies from Labrador (e.g., Boisduval and Le Conte [1830], Hist. Lépid. Amér. sept. (8): 66-67, Staudinger (1857), Stettiner Entomol. Ztg. 18(7-9): 300-301, and Hemming (1937), Hübner 2: 123). Scudder (1868), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 33, and Aurivillius (1889), Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 15(4)(1): 9-10 , fig. 1 VHW, referred to samples from Labrador as boisduvalii. Examination of the type(s), if extant, is needed; if there are no syntypes, the designation of a neotype may be required.
= ‡”labradorensis” (Gunder, 1928)
Can. Entomol. 60(7): 163, pl. A, figs. 5, 5a (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Brenthis chariclea race oenone tr. f. labradorensis
Type Locality: “Labrador” [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
‡”oenone” (Scudder, 1875)
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 17(3): [297]-299.
Original Combination: Arg[ynnis]. Oenone
This name was listed in the synonymy of chariclea Schneider, 1794, without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
c. Boloria chariclea arctica (Zetterstedt, [1839])
Ins. Lappon. (5): col. 899, no. 18.
Original Combination: A[rgynnis]. arctica
Type Locality: “Groenlandia”
Types: Location of type(s) not known, possibly lost.
= ‡tullia O. Fabricius, 1780
Fauna Groenl.: 192-193, no. 143.
Original Combination: Papilio Tullia
Type Locality: “Groenl. Sullernek...Kugluiak” [Greenland]
Types: Location of type(s) not known, probably lost.
Preoccupied by Papilio tullia Müller, 1764, Fauna Ins. Fridrichsdal.: 36.
= obscurata (M'Lachlan, 1878)
J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 14(74): 110.
Original Combination: A[rgynnis]. Chariclea, var. obscurata
Type Locality: “81o 41'N”; holotype from “Grinnell Land, W. side of Smith Sound 81o45' N” [Ellesmere Island, Nunavut]
Types: Holotype in BMNH.
d. Boloria chariclea grandis (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)
Can. Entomol. 48(7): 223.
Original Combination: Brenthis chariclea grandis
Type Locality: “Hymers, Ont.” [Ontario]
Types: Syntypes in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 60, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♀ V.
e. Boloria chariclea butleri (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
Can. Entomol. 15(2): 32-33.
Original Combination: Argynnis Butleri
Type Locality: “Cape Thomson, North-west America...Kotzebue Sound”; lectotype from “Cape Thompson.” [Alaska]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH designated by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 346, fig. 38 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 18 ♂ V.
= tshuktsha Korshunov, 1998
New descr. specif. Butterflies Asiatic Russia: 21.
Original Combination: Clossiana chariclea tshuktsha
Type Locality: “mouth of the Chaun River, 100 km south of Pevek, Chukotka” [Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia]
Types: Holotype in the SZMN.
f. Boloria chariclea rainieri (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913)
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 2(3): 96-97, pl. 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ V, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: B[renthis]. chariclea rainieri
Type Locality: “Mt. Ranier [sic!], Wash....(6-7000 ft)”; the figure captions added “Paradise Valley” [Mt. Rainier, Pierce County].
Types: Syntypes in USNM and LACM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 60, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♀ V.
C. Guppy and Kondla (2002), J. Lepid. Soc. 56(3): 181, suggested that this name be emended to “ranieri” since “Mt. Ranier” was misspelled in the text in the original description. The name as given in the description heading was derived from the correct spelling of the name of the mountain, and needs no emendation (Code Article 32.5.1).
g. Boloria chariclea ingens (W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)
Contr. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. 4(2): 71, 180, pl. 11, figs. 5 ♂ D (holotype), 6 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Brenthis helena ingens
Type Locality: “Yellowstone Park” [Wyoming].
Types: Holotype in USNM.
= ‡”martini” (Gunder, 1934)
Can. Entomol. 66(6): 127-128.
Original Combination: Brenthis helena ingens tr. f. martini
Type Locality: “Teton trail, Teton Mts., Teton County, Wyoming (just south of the ingens type locality)”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
h. Boloria chariclea helena (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(3/4): 266, 268, no. 3.
Original Combination: Argynnis Helena
Type Locality: “Colorado”; suggested to be “region of the range north and west of Fairplay and about Twin Lakes”, probably “Mt. Elbert, Mosquito Pass, Mt. Lincoln and Hoosier Pass” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 160; defined as “Mosquito Pass, Lake-Park Counties, Colorado” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 342-343.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 344, fig. 37 ♂ D&V.
= sangredecristo Scott, 1981
Papilio (n.s.) 1: 5.
Original Combination: Boloria titania sangredecristo
Type Locality: “Hermit Pass, Sangre de Cristo Mts., Custer Co., Colorado”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
Scott (1986), Butterflies N. Am.: 319, determined this synonymy.
Subtribe Argynnina Swainson, 1833
Genus Speyeria Scudder, 1872
4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. (1871): 44. Type-species: Papilio idalia Drury, 1773, Ill. Nat. Hist. 1: 25, pl. 13, figs. 1-3 (1770); 2: index (1773), by original designation. Simonsen (2006a), Zool. Scripta 35(3): 231-241, and (2006b), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 89(4): 627-673, and Simonsen et al., (2006) Ins. Syst. & Evol. 37(4): 405-418, offer excellent morphological and molecular reasons to include Speyeria as a subgenus within Argynnis [Fabricius], 1807, in: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 287. This was current before 1945 and has had a long history as the generic name for the butterflies now in the genus Speyeria. There are objections to changing the generic name at this time, not all of them technical issues. Such a change may be warranted in the future. Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: 1-74, offers an overview of the genus, with emphasis on the atlantis - hesperis complex.
= Semnopsyche Scudder, 1875
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 238, 258-259, no. 44. Type-species: Papilio diana, Cramer, 1777, Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 4, pl. 98, figs. D, E; 2(16): 148 (index), by original designation. Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 1-2, determined this synonymy.
= Neoacidalia Reuss, 1926
Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(1): 69. Type-species: Papilio cybele Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 516, no. 311, by original designation.
= Mesoacidalia Reuss, 1926
Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926 (1): 69. Type-species: Papilio aglaja Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 481, no. 140, by original designation.
= Proacidalia Reuss, 1926
Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926 (1): 69. Type-species: Argynnis clara Blanchard, 1844; in Jacquemont, Voy. Inde 4 (Zool.): 20, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3, by original designation.
628. Speyeria diana (Cramer, 1777)
Uitl. Kapellen 2(9): 4, pl. 98, figs. D ♂ D, E ♂ V; (16): 148 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phaler[ata]. Diana
Type Locality: “Virginien”, “Virginie” on page 3; defined as “Jamestown, James City County, Virginia” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 6.
Types: Holotype in BMNH; figured in Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 7 ♂ D&V.
629. Speyeria cybele (Fabricius, 1775)
a. Speyeria cybele cybele (Fabricius, 1775)
Syst. Entomol.: 516, no. 311.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. P[halerata]. Cybele
Type Locality: “America”; defined as “New York City, New York County, New York” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 6.
Types: Syntype in BMNH; figured in Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 8 ♂ D&V.
= ‡daphnis (Cramer, 1775)
Uitl. Kapellen 1(5): 89, pl. 57, figs. E ♂ D, F ♂ V; (8): 152 (index).
Original Combination: Pap[ilio]. Nymph[alis]. Phaler[ata]. Daphnis
Type Locality: “ze te Nieuw-York en te Jamaika” “Nouvelle York & la Jamaïque”; neotype from “New York City, New York County, New York.”
Types: Types probably lost. Neotype in BMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 6; this is also a syntype of Papilio cybele.
Preoccupied by Papilio daphnis [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775, Ankündung eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend: 182, no. 2.
= ‡”baal” (Strecker, 1878)
Butterflies & Moths N. Am., Comp. Syn. Cat.: 111, no. 193a.
Original Combination: [Argynnis Cybele] ab. a. ♂ Baal
Type Locality: “Ohio”; defined as “Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 6.
Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.
b. Speyeria cybele novascotiae (McDunnough, 1935)
Can. Entomol. 67(1): 18-19.
Original Combination: Argynnis cybele novascotiae
Type Locality: “White Point Beach, Queens Co., N. S.” [Nova Scotia]
Types: Holotype (#3859) in CNC.
c. Speyeria cybele krautwurmi (W. Holland, 1931)
Ann. Carnegie Mus. 20(2): 255-256; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 2 ♀ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Argynnis cybele var. krautwurmi
Type Locality: “Les Cheneaux, Upper Peninsula of Michigan” [Mackinac County]
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
d. Speyeria cybele pseudocarpenteri (F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940)
Can. Entomol. 72(4): 82.
Original Combination: Argynnis cybele pseudocarpenteri
Type Locality: “Sand Ridge, Manitoba”
Types: Holotype (No. 4369) in CNC.
e. Speyeria cybele carpenterii (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 204-205; figured by W. H. Edwards (1889), Butterflies N. Am. 3(8): pl. Argynnis 11, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Carpenterii
Type Locality: “New Mexico, above timber line”; defined as “Taos Peak, about 12,000 to 13,000 feet elevation” by W. H. Edwards (1889), Butterflies N. Am. 3(8): [138]; lectotype from “Taos Mtn N. M.” [Taos Peak, Taos County, New Mexico]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 7; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 5 ♂ D (lectotype), 6 ♀ D (paralectotype), and F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 239, fig. 1 ♂ D&V.
f. Speyeria cybele charlottii (W. Barnes, 1897)
Can. Entomol. 29(2): 39-40.
Original Combination: Argynnis Charlottii
Type Locality: “Glenwood Springs, Colo.” [Garfield County, Colorado]
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 1 ♀ D.
g. Speyeria cybele letona dos Passos & Grey, 1945
Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 1-2, figs. 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Speyeria cybele letona
Type Locality: “City Creek Canyon, Salt Lake City, Utah, 4500 feet” [Salt Lake County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
h. Speyeria cybele leto (Behr, 1862)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]2(12): 173, no. 3.
Original Combination: Argynnis Leto
Type Locality: “California” implied from title of paper, “peculiar to the western slope” from the description; neotype from “Near Carson City, Ormsby County, Nevada.” [Ormsby County no longer exists]
Types: Type(s) destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; neotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 7-8; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 9, fig. 5 ♂ D, and J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 109, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V.
= letis (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 52, no. 111; 130, no. 111, pl. 12, fig. 111 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: [Argynnis Leto var.] Letis; Argynnis Letis n. v.
Type Locality: “Northern California” “Sisson, Cal.” [Mount Shasta City, Siskiyou County, California]
Types: Holotype (#4289) in CAS.
= valesinoidesalba (Reuss, [1926]) (emended)
Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(1): 69.
Original Combination: [Acidalia Semnopsyche] leto valesinoides-alba
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
= ‡”lethe” (Gunder, 1934)
Can. Entomol. 66(6): 125.
Original Combination: Argynnis leto tr. f. lethe
Type Locality: “Big Horn Mts., Wyoming”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
i. Speyeria cybele pugetensis F. Chermock & Frechin, 1947
Pan-Pac. Entomol. 23(3): 111-112.
Original Combination: Speyeria cybele pugetensis
Type Locality: “Stimson Creek, near Belfair, Mason County, Wash.” [Washington]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
j. Speyeria cybele eileenae J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 144, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype); 19 ♀ D, 20 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Speyeria cybele eileenae
Type Locality: “California: Humboldt County; Bear River Ridge Road, 0 to 5 road miles E of junction of Wildcat Road, 7 air miles SE of Ferndale, 2300' elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
630. Speyeria aphrodite (Fabricius, 1787)
a. Speyeria aphrodite cullasaja Gatrelle, 1998
Tax. Rep. Int. Lepid. Surv. 1(3): 2, figs. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype), 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Speyeria aphrodite cullasaja
Type Locality: “trail to Scaly Mountain, 4200', Macon Co., North Carolina”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
b. Speyeria aphrodite aphrodite (Fabricius, 1787)
Mantissa Ins. 2: 62, no. 590.
Original Combination: P[apilio]. N[ymphalis]. P[haleratus]. Aphrodite
Type Locality: “America meridionali”; neotype from “New York City, New York County, New York.”
Types: Type(s) lost; neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 8; figured in Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 9 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”bartschi” (Reiff, 1910)
Psyche 17(6): 252-255, pl. 13, fig. 1 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Argynnis cybele forma Bartschi
Type Locality: “in West Roxbury, Mass.” [Suffolk County, Massachusetts]
Types: “Holotype” in MCZ.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant.
= ‡”bakeri” (A. Clark, 1932)
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. (157): 276, pl. 19, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Argynnis aphrodite ab. bakeri
Type Locality: “Waynesburg, Ohio” [Stark County]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
This name was proposed (as Dryas aphrodite bakeri) by A. Clark, 1927, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 17(3): 126, without a description; a nomen nudum.
= ‡”hughi” A. Clark & L. Clark, 1951
Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116(7): 60-61.
Original Combination: [Speyeria aphrodite] ab. hughi
Type Locality: not stated in the original description; defined as “from a single bog in Essex, Mass.” by A. Clark (1927), Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 17(3): 126, where the name is a nomen nudum. [Essex County, Massachusetts]
Types: “Holotype” probably in USNM.
c. Speyeria aphrodite alcestis (W. H. Edwards, [1877])
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(3/4): 289-291; figured by W. H. Edwards (1890), Butterflies N. Am. 3(10): pl. Argynnis 6, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Alcestis
Type Locality: “Northern Illinois, Iowa and Colorado”; defined as “Galena, Jo Davies County, Illinois” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 8.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 8; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 241, fig. 2 ♀ D&V.
= ‡”suffusa” (Wolcott, 1916)
Entomol. News 27(3): 97-98, pl. 4, fig. 5 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Argynnis alcestis n. aberr. suffusa
Type Locality: “bog south of Grand Rapids, Michigan” [Kent County]
Types: “Holotype” in OSU.
d. Speyeria aphrodite ethne (Hemming, 1933)
Entomol. 66(847): 276, no. 10.
Original Combination: Argynnis ethne
Proposed to replace Argynnis cypris W. H. Edwards, 1886, with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡cypris (W. H. Edwards, 1886)
Can. Entomol. 18(4): 62-64, no. 2.
Original Combination: Argynnis cypris
Type Locality: “Arizona to Montana...Colorado...So. Colorado...Arizona...Colorado”; defined as “Bighorn, Treasure County, Montana” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 9; suggested to be “Big Horn Mountains, near Sheridan, Wyoming” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 245. [Sheridan County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 9; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 12, fig. 3 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 244, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
Preoccupied by Argynnis cypris Meigen, [1828], Syst. Beschr. Europ. Schmett. 1(2): 59-60, no. 13.
e. Speyeria aphrodite byblis (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1926)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25(3): 91, no. 157d.
Original Combination: Dryas aphrodite race byblis
Type Locality: “White Mts., Ariz.” [Arizona]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
f. Speyeria aphrodite columbia (Hy. Edwards, 1877)
Pac. Coast Lepid. (26): [1].
Original Combination: Argynnis Columbia
Type Locality: “Lahache, near the Alaskan border of British Columbia”; further defined as “Lakes Lahache and Quesnelle, British Columbia” by W. H. Edwards [1878], Field & Forest 3(6): 102-103. [Lac La Hache]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos & Grey, 1947, Amer. Mus. Novit. (1370): 9; figured in Holland, 1898, Butterfly Book: pl. 14, fig. 3 ♂ D.
= ‡columbia (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
Field & Forest 3(6): 102-103.
Original Combination: Argynnis Columbia
Type Locality: “Lakes Lahache and Quesnelle, British Columbia” [Lac La Hache]
Types: Type(s) in CMNH.
Preoccupied by Argynnis columbia Hy. Edwards, 1877, Pac. Coast Lepid. (26): [1].
g. Speyeria aphrodite whitehousei (Gunder, 1932)
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 279-280.
Original Combination: Argynnis whitehousei
Type Locality: “Jaffray, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
h. Speyeria aphrodite manitoba (F. Chermock & R. Chermock, 1940)
Can. Entomol. 72(4): 83.
Original Combination: Argynnis manitoba
Type Locality: “Sand Ridge, Manitoba”
Types: Holotype (#5129) in CNC.
= mayae dos Passos & Grey, 1947
Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 8.
Original Combination: Speyeria (S[emnopsyche].) aphrodite mayae
Dos Passos and Grey adopted Argynnis aphrodite cypris tr. fm. mayae Gunder, 1932, to represent a subspecies-level taxon, with the same data (Code Articles 10.2, 45.5.1).
= ‡”mayae” (Gunder, 1932)
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 279.
Original Combination: Argynnis aphrodite cypris tr. f. mayae
Type Locality: “Sand Ridge, Bener Dam Lake, near Kelwood, Man., Can.” [Manitoba]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
i. Speyeria aphrodite winni (Gunder, 1932)
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 278-279.
Original Combination: Argynnis aphrodite race winni
Type Locality: “St. Calixte de Kilkenny, Que. (about 40 miles from Montreal)” [Quebec]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
631. Speyeria idalia (Drury, 1773)
a. Speyeria idalia idalia (Drury, 1773)
Illustr. Nat. Hist. 1: 25, pl. 13, figs. 1 ♀ D, 2 ♂ D, 3 ♀ V (1770); 2: index (1773, name given).
Original Combination: Nym[phalis]. Phal[eratus]. Idalia
Type Locality: “New York”; neotype from “New York City, New York County, New York”, labeled “West Farms, New York City.”
Types: Neotype in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 9; figured in Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
= ‡astarte (J. Fisher, [1859])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 10(13): 179-180, pl. 2 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Argynnis astarte
Type Locality: “Nova Caesarea...New Jersey...Succasunna Plains near Schooley's Mountain, in Morris Co.”
Types: Holotype in FMNH.
Preoccupied by Argynnis astarte E. Doubleday, 1848, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(21): 181.
= ashtaroth (J. Fisher, [1860])
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 11(27): 352.
Original Combination: Argynnis Ashtaroth
Proposed to replace Argynnis astarte J. Fisher, [1859], with the same data (Code Article 60.3).
= ‡”infumata” (Oberthür, 1912)
Études Lépid. Comp. 6: 315, pl. 104, fig. 969 ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Idalia-Infumata
Type Locality: “Newark, N. J.” [Essex County, New Jersey]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
= ‡”dolli” (Gunder, 1927)
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 286, no. 20, pl. B, figs. 20 ♀ D, 20b ♀ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Argynnis idalia tr. f. dolli
Type Locality: “Richmond Hill, Long Island, N. Y.” [Queens County, New York]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
b. Speyeria idalia occidentalis B. Williams, 2002
J. Lepid. Soc. 55(4): 146-147, fig. 2 upper left ♂ V, lower left ♀ V.
Original Combination: Speyeria idalia occidentalis
Type Locality: “1 mile S.E. of Crete, IL.” [Will County, Illinois]
Types: Holotype in INHS.
= ‡”pallida” (Eisner, 1942)
Zool. Meded. 24(1/2): 124.
Original Combination: Argynnis idalia f. pallida
Type Locality: “Decorah, Iowa” [Winneshiek County]
Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.
632. Speyeria nokomis (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
a. Speyeria nokomis coerulescens (W. Holland, 1900)
Entomol. News 10(11): 332-333; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 55, fig. 2 ♀ D (paralectotype), 3 ♂ D (lectotype), 4 ♀ V (paralectotype).
Original Combination: Argynnis nitocris var. coerulescens
Type Locality: “State of Chihuahua, Mexico...at the head of the Rio Piedras Verdes, in Chihuahua, at an elevation of from 7,100 to 7,300 feet above sea level in the Sierra Madre region”
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 10.
b. Speyeria nokomis nitocris (W. H. Edwards, 1874)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 5(1): 15-16; figured by W. H. Edwards (1887), Butterflies N. Am. 3(1): pl. Argynnis 1, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Nitocris
Type Locality: “White Mountains, Arizona”
Types: Holotype in CMNH, designated as lectotype by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 10, but determined to be the holotype by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 256, fig. 5 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 13, fig. 4 ♂ D.
c. Speyeria nokomis nokomis (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 14(5): 221-222, no. 1.
Original Combination: Argynnis Nokomis
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains and mountains of California”; suggested to be “probably east of Ft. Apache, along the East Fork of the White River, Apache Co., Arizona” by Ferris and M. Fisher (1971), J. Lepid. Soc. 25(1): 47. The neotype is from “Sneffels Mts Ouray Co. Col.” and Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 2-3, corroborates that this species occurs near there. [Mount Sneffels, Colorado]
Types: Neotype (#36195) in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 9-10; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 248, fig. 4 ♂ D&V and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 10 ♂ D&V.
S. nokomis occured along the Uncompaghre River, near Ridgway, Ouray County, at least through the 1980's (A. Warren, pers. comm. 2006).
= nigrocaerulea (W. Cockerell & T. Cockerell, 1900)
Entomol. News 11(10): 622; figured by W. Cockerell and T. Cockerell (1902), Birds & Nature: unnumbered plate.
Original Combination: Argynnis nitocris var. nigrocaerulea
Type Locality: “Sapello Canon, Beulah, New Mexico” [San Miguel County]
Types: Holotype in USNM.
= valesinoidesalba (Reuss, [1926]) (emended)
Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(1): 69.
Original Combination: [Acidalia Semnopsyche] nokomis valesinoides-alba
Type Locality: Not stated.
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
It is impossible at this time to accurately place this taxon in the synonymy of S. nokomis.
= ‡”rufescens” (T. Cockerell, 1909)
Entomol. Rec. & J. Var. 21(7/8): 186.
Original Combination: Argynnis nitocris var. nigracaerulea [sic!] ab. rufescens
Type Locality: “At Beulah, in the Sapello Cañon” [San Miguel County, New Mexico]
Types: “Holotype” in USNM.
d. Speyeria nokomis tularosa (R. Holland, 2010)
J. Res. Lepid. 42: 79, 79, figs. 1, ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♂ D, 4 ♂ V, 5 ♀ D, 6 ♀ V (holotype), 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis nokomis tularosa
Type Locality: “Mescalero, Tularosa River, Otero County, New Mexico, ca. 7000'”
Types: Holotype in CMNH.
e. Speyeria nokomis apacheana (Skinner, 1918)
Entomol. News 29(2): 67-68; cited W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](1): pl. Argynnis 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (lectotype), 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as Argynnis nokomis).
Original Combination: Argynnis apacheana
Type Locality: “Arizona”; suggested to be “mountains west of Camp Independence” by F. Brown [1958], J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 65(3/4): 228-229; defined as “vicinity of Independance, Inyo Co., California” by F. Brown (1983), J. Lepid. Soc. 37(1): 79-80. [Inyo County]
Types: Lectotype (#7031) in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1983), J. Lepid. Soc. 37(1): 79.
= ‡”hermosa” (J. A. Comstock, 1925)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(1): 3-4; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 23, fig. 4 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Argynnis apacheana aberration hermosa
Type Locality: “Round Valley, Inyo County, California”
Types: “Holotype” in LACM.
f. Speyeria nokomis carsonensis Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (46): 573-574, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Speyeria nokomis carsonensis
Type Locality: “Nevada: Douglas County; Carson Valley, Scossa Ranch, Nevada state route 206, 3.6 miles south of Nevada state route 207, 1463 m, T12N R19E S26 on USGS Freel Peak, Calif.-Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
633. Speyeria edwardsii (Reakirt, 1866)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 6(1): 137-139.
Original Combination: Argynnis Edwardsii
Type Locality: “California; Pikes Peak, Colorado Territory...Washington, D. C.?...Rocky Mountains...near Empire City, Colorado Territory, in the heart of the mountains only”; defined as “Pike's Peak, Teller County, Colorado” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 10; subsequently defined as “Empire, Clear Creek County, Colorado” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 257.
Types: Lectotype in FMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 10; figured in Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 12 ♂ D&V.
= montana (Reuss, 1927)
Dtsche. Entomol. Z. 1926(5): 439; cited Reuss (1922), Arch. Naturgesch. 87A(11): 205.
Original Combination: A[cidalia]. edwardsi montana
Type Locality: “Montana”
Types: Holotype in ZMHB.
= ‡”edonis” (Gunder, 1934)
Can. Entomol. 66(6): 125.
Original Combination: Argynnis edwardsii tr. f. edonis
Type Locality: “Beaver City, Larimer County, Colorado (10-12,000 ft.)”
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
634. Speyeria coronis (Behr, 1864)
a. Speyeria coronis semiramis (W. H. Edwards, 1886)
Can. Entomol. 18(4): 61-62, no. 1.
Original Combination: Argynnis Semiramis
Type Locality: “San Bernardino, California” [San Bernardino County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 11; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 261, fig. 6 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”bernardensis” (Gunder, 1933)
Can. Entomol. 65(8): 172-173.
Original Combination: Argynnis semiramis tr. f. bernardensis
Type Locality: “Camp Wasew[a]gan for Boy Scouts, San Bernardino Mts., San Bernardino Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
b. Speyeria coronis hennei (Gunder, 1934)
Can. Entomol. 66(6): 126-127.
Original Combination: Argynnis hennei
Type Locality: “near summit, elevation 7700 ft., Mt. Pinos, Frazier Mountain Park, Santa Barbara Nat. Forest, Ventura Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
c. Speyeria coronis coronis (Behr, 1864)
In: W. H. Edwards, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 3(3): 435, no. 2; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](8): pl. Argynnis 5, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as nevadensis), and (1887), Butterflies N. Am. 3(2): pl. Argynnis 14, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as nevadensis).
Original Combination: Argynnis Coronis
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper; defined as “Gilroy, [Santa Clara County] California” by W. H. Edwards (1887), Butterflies N. Am. 3(2): [98]; subsequently defined as “Alma, Santa Clara County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 11, in error.
Types: Neotype in CMNH; this specimen was first designated as lectotype by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 11, but subsequently determined not to be a syntype and redesignated as neotype by dos Passos and Grey (1956), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 353; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 109, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 13 ♂ D&V.
Behr (1862), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]2(12): 173, no. 2, discussed this species without naming it.
= californica (Skinner, 1917)
Entomol. News 28(7): 328; cited W. H. Edwards (1887), Butterflies N. Am. 3(2): pl. Argynnis 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (as coronis).
Original Combination: Argynnis californica
Type Locality: “California...at Alma, Santa Clara County”
Types: Holotype (#7034) in CMNH; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 5 ♂ V.
d. Speyeria coronis simaetha dos Passos & Grey, 1945
Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 2-3, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Speyeria coronis simaetha
Type Locality: “Black Canyon, Cascade Mountains, near Brewster, Washington” [Okanogan County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
e. Speyeria coronis snyderi (Skinner, 1897)
Can. Entomol. 29(6): 154.
Original Combination: Argynnis Snyderi
Type Locality: “Salt Lake City, Utah...Ogden”; defined as “City Creek Canyon, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12.
Types: Lectotype (#7033) in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), ibid.; paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 18, fig. 6 ♂ D.
f. Speyeria coronis halcyone (W. H. Edwards, [1869])
Butterflies N. Am. [1](3): [81], pl. Argynnis 9, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (1869), 3(9): pl. Argynnis 5, figs. 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V (1890).
Original Combination: Argynnis Halcyone
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Southern border of South Park, Park Co....along the road from Hartzel east to Howbert. The altitude varies a few feet above 7600 feet” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 159, suggested to be “Estes Park, Larimer County, Colorado” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12; neotype labeled “Colo.”
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12; F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 265, fig. 7 ♂ D&V, suggested that this may be a syntype, and therefore the lectotype.
635. Speyeria carolae (dos Passos & Grey, 1942)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1214): 2-4, fig. 1(left) ♂ D&V.
Original Combination: Argynnis coronis carolae
Type Locality: “Charleston Park, Clark County, Nevada”
Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured in Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 15 ♂ D&V.
T. Emmel and Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (34): 443-450, determined the species-level status of this taxon.
636. Speyeria zerene (Boisduval, 1852)
a. Speyeria zerene sitka Hammond, Harry & McCorkle, 2001
Butterflies B. C.: 274-276, figs. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Speyeria zerene sitka
Type Locality: “AK, Haines” [Alaska]
Types: Holotype in CAS.
b. Speyeria zerene bremnerii (W. H. Edwards, 1872)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, 63-64, no. 4; figured by W. H. Edwards (1874), Butterflies N. Am. 2(1): pl. Argynnis 4, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Bremnerii
Type Locality: “San Juan Island” [San Juan County, Washington]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 13; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 93, pl. 10, fig. 7 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 270, fig. 10 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”sordida” (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 133, under no. 119.
Original Combination: [Argynnis Bremneri] v. Sordida
Type Locality: “Puget Sound, Washington” implied from the text.
Types: “Holotype” (#4326) in CAS; figured by Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 31, fig. 5 ♂ D&V.
The text clearly indicates that this taxon was described as an individual variant. Gunder (1932), Can. Entomol. 64(12): 281, determined that the holotype is a worn specimen of bremnerii.
c. Speyeria zerene hippolyta (W. H. Edwards, 1879)
Can. Entomol. 11(5): 81.
Original Combination: Argynnis Hippolyta
Type Locality: “Oregon...Northern California”; defined as “Oceanside, Tillamook County, Oregon” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 13.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 13; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 93, pl. 12, fig. 10 ♂ D, F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 266, fig. 8 ♂ D&V, and Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 22, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V.
d. Speyeria zerene gloriosa Moeck, 1957
Geogr. var. Speyeria: 21, 24, unnumbered fig. ♂ D&V (holotype), ♀ D&V; fig. p. 23, 9 ♂ V, 6 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Speyeria zerene gloriosa
Type Locality: “Illinois River Valley, Josephine County, southwestern Oregon, on the road leading west from Selma, along the river, from about 1,600 feet elevation down to about 1,100 feet”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
e. Speyeria zerene behrensii (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 2(4): 370-371; figured by W. H. Edwards (1868), Butterflies N. Am. [1](6): pl. Argynnis 12, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Behrensii
Type Locality: “Mendocino, California” [Mendocino County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 13. F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 269-271, fig. 9 ♂ D&V, noted that this specimen may not be one of the original types; therefore the “lectotype” may need to be redesignated as neotype.
f. Speyeria zerene sonomensis J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (36): 455-456, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Speyeria zerene sonomensis
Type Locality: “California: Sonoma County; south end of Sonoma Mountains, 1.5 air mi. N. of intersection of Lakeville Hwy. & Rt. 37, 175' elev.”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
g. Speyeria zerene puntareyes J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (35): 451-452, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Speyeria zerene puntareyes
Type Locality: “California: Marin County; Point Reyes Peninsula; stabilized dunes 2.0 air miles SW of RCA radio towers (0.4 air mi. WSW of BM 157 on 1954 USGS 15' Pt. Reyes quadrangle)”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
h. Speyeria zerene myrtleae dos Passos & Grey, 1945 ✝
Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 3-4, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Speyeria zerene myrtleae
Type Locality: “San Mateo, California” [San Mateo County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
i. Speyeria zerene monticola (Behr, 1863)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 84, no. 4.
Original Combination: Argynnis monticola
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper; “Yosemite Valley and some other localities of the Sierra Nevada” in the descripton; suggested to be “several localities in the Sierra Nevada” by Behr (1862), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]2(12): 175, no. 8 [unnamed]; defined as “Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12; neotype from “Mather, ca. 15 air miles NW of Yosemite Valley, Tuolumne County, California.”
Types: Neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 97, figs. 7 ♂ D, 8 ♂ V. dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12, designated a “lectotype” in the USNM, but J. Emmel et al. (1990), suggested this is not a syntype, and that a neotype was required.
j. Speyeria zerene malcolmi (J. A. Comstock, 1920)
Southwest Sci. Bull. [1]: 4-5, pl. [1], figs. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ D, 6 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Malcolmi
Type Locality: “Mammoth, Cal.” [Mono County, California]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
= ‡”sineargentatus” (Gunder, 1927)
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 286, no. 19, pl. B, fig. 19 ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Argynnis montivaga race malcolmi tr. f. sineargentatus
Type Locality: “Mammoth, Mono Co., Calif.” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
k. Speyeria zerene zerene (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 303, no. 44; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 258, figs. 2168 ♂ D&V (lectotype), 2169 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Zerene
Type Locality: “au bord du bois, dans les montagnes peu élevées”; suggested to be “Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12; defined as “Agua Fria (Mariposa Co.)” by Masters (1979), J. Lepid. Soc. 33(2): 137-138; subsequently defined as “Hwy. 70 at Chambers Creek, North Fork Feather River, Plumas County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 17.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 12, figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 67, figs. 93 ♂ D, 94 ♂ V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 14 ♂ D&V.
= conchyliatus (J. A. Comstock, 1925)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 63; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 25, figs. 1 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Argynnis zerene form conchyliatus
Type Locality: “Mt. Shasta, Calif.” [Siskiyou County, California]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
= ‡”shastaensis” (J. A. Comstock, 1925)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 65-66 LACM; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 26, fig. 1 ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Argynnis zerene ab. shastaensis
Type Locality: “Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou Co.” [California]
Types: Holotype in.
l. Speyeria zerene gunderi (J. A. Comstock, 1925)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 67-68; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 27, fig. 4 ♂ D (holotype).
Original Combination: Argynnis gunderi
Type Locality: “Modoc Co., Cal.”; defined as “Mountains above Davis Creek ranger station, north of Alturas” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 11. [California]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
= cynna dos Passos & Grey, 1945
Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 4-5, figs. 11 ♂ D, 12 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Speyeria zerene cynna
Type Locality: “Ruby Valley, Elko County, Nevada...Humboldt National Forest”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 3, determined this synonymy.
m. Speyeria zerene picta (McDunnough, 1924)
Can. Entomol. 56(2): 43.
Original Combination: [Argynnis halcyone] race picta
Type Locality: “Aspen Grove, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype (#634) in CNC.
= garretti (Gunder, 1932)
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 282.
Original Combination: Argynnis garretti
Type Locality: “Cranbrook, B. C., Can.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
n. Speyeria zerene platina (Skinner, 1897)
Can. Entomol. 29(6): 154.
Original Combination: Argynnis platina
Type Locality: “Ogden, Utah...Beaver Canon, Idaho”; defined as “Ogden, Weber County, Utah” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 13.
Types: Lectotype (#7032) in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), ibid.
= pfoutsi (Gunder, 1933)
Can. Entomol. 65(8): 171-172.
Original Combination: Argynnis pfoutsi
Type Locality: “Mt. Loafer, nr. Payson, Utah” [Utah County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 3, determined yhis synonmy.
o. Speyeria zerene sinope dos Passos & Grey, 1945
Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 4, figs. 9 ♂ D, 10 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Speyeria zerene sinope
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 8000 feet...in the Estes Park area” [Larimer County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
637. Speyeria callippe (Boisduval, 1852)
The subspecific arrangement for this species follows dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 14-16, Hammond (1986), J. Res. Lepid. 24(3): 197-208 and J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (72): 829-830, but see Arnold (1983), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 76(6): 929-941.
a. Speyeria callippe adiasteoides J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 150-151, figs. 43 ♂ D, 44 ♂ D (holotype); 45 ♀ V, 46 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Speyeria callippe adiasteoides
Type Locality: “California: Mendocino County, Cahto Peak summit, 4000-4200 feet elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Speyeria callippe liliana (Hy. Edwards, 1877)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]7(13): 170.
Original Combination: Argynnis Liliana
Type Locality: “near St. Helena, Napa Co.”; defined as “[Bale Station], near [Mount] St. Helena, Napa Co[unty]., California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 14.
Types: Lectotype (#4276) in AMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 14.
= baroni (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9(1): 2-3.
Original Combination: [Argynnis Liliana] var. Baroni
Type Locality: “Northern California”; defined as “Bale Station, near Mount St. Helena, Napa County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 14, but F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 273, suggests “Mendocino, Lake or Sonoma counties.”
Types: Holotype in USNM; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 272, fig. 11 ♂ D&V.
c. Speyeria callippe callippe (Boisduval, 1852)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (2)10(2): 302, no. 43; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 258, fig. 2166 ♂ D&V, 2167 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Argynnis callippe
Type Locality: “au bord des forets”; defined as “San Francisco, San Francisco County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 14.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), ibid.; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 66, figs. 90 ♂ D, 91 ♂ V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 16 ♂ D&V.
d. Speyeria callippe comstocki (Gunder, 1925)
Entomol. News 36(1): 8-9, no. 13, pl. 1, figs. 6 ♂ D, 7 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Argynnis calippe [sic!] var. comstocki
Type Locality: “Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
= ‡”creelmani” (Gunder, 1934)
Can. Entomol. 66(6): 127.
Original Combination: Argynnis comstocki tr. f. creelmani
Type Locality: “East San Diego, California” [San Diego County]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
e. Speyeria callippe macaria (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
Field & Forest 3(5): 86-87.
Original Combination: Argynnis Macaria
Type Locality: “Havilah, California” [Kern County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 15; figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): 96, pl. 13, fig. 9 ♂ D and F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 283, fig. 15 ♂ D&V.
f. Speyeria callippe laurina (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 53, no. 134; 138-139, no. 134, pl. 15, fig. 134 ♂ V (lectotype).
Original Combination: [Argynnis] Laurina; Argynnis Laurina n. v.
Type Locality: “Southern California...flies with laura”; defined as “Greenhorn Mountains, Kern County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16.
Types: Lectotype (#4290) in CAS, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16.
= ‡wrighti (W. G. Wright, 1905)
Butterflies W. Coast: 139, no. 134.
Original Combination: Argynnis Wrighti
This name was listed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.
g. Speyeria callippe rupestris (Behr, 1863)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 84, no. 3.
Original Combination: Argynnis rupestris
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “the steep rocky declivities characterizing the lower part of the Sierra at moderate elevation above the sea” from the description; defined as “Trinity Center, Trinity County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 15; neotype from “California: Mariposa County; Moore Creek Road 1.5 to 2 road miles south of Highway 120, elevation 3200'; S.35, T.1S., R.17E.”
Types: Neotype in CAS, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 148-149, figs. 33 ♂ D, 34 ♂ V; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 109, figs. 10 ♂ D, 11 ♂ V. dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 15, designated a “lectotype” (in MGCL), but this is invalid (Code Article 74.2).
h. Speyeria callippe inornata (W. H. Edwards, 1872)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, 64-65, no. 5; figured by W. H. Edwards (1876), Butterflies N. Am. 2(4): pl. Argynnis 5, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Inornata
Type Locality: “at Downieville, California”; suggested to be “vicinity of Camptonville, Yuba County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 149.
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 354; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 274, fig. 12 ♂ D&V.
Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 4-5, detailed the relationship between S. c. inornata and S. c. juba.
i. Speyeria callippe juba (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 60, no. 54; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 262, fig. 2197 ♂ D&V, 2198 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Juba
Type Locality: “les prairies élevées de la Juba”; defined as “Downieville, Sierra County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 15.
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 15; figured by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 76, figs. 255 ♂ D, 256 ♂ V.
= laura (W. H. Edwards, 1879)
Can. Entomol. 11(3): 49-50.
Original Combination: Argynnis Laura
Type Locality: “Nevada” implied from the title of paper; suggested to be “the region mountain-wards from Virginia City” by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 277; defined as “vicinity of Downieville, canyon of the North Fork of the Yuba River, Sierra County, California” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (50): 634.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 15; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 12, fig. 11 ♂ D, F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 276, fig. 13 ♂ D&V, and Howe (1975), Butterflies N. Am.: pl. 29, fig. 3 ♂ D&V.
= sierra dos Passos & Grey, 1945
Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 5-6, figs. 15 ♂ D, 16 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Speyeria callippe sierra
Type Locality: “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 4, determined this synonymy.
j. Speyeria callippe hagemani J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 150, figs. 39 ♂ D, 40 ♂ V (holotype); 41 ♀ D, 42 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Speyeria callippe hagemani
Type Locality: “California: Shasta County; Shingletown, 3500' elevation”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
k. Speyeria callippe shasta J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (12): 149, figs. 35 ♂ D, 36 ♂ V (holotype); 37 ♀ D, 38 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Speyeria callippe shasta
Type Locality: “California: Shasta County; 8 road miles southeast of McCloud Arm bridge, elevation 1500', Lake Shasta”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
l. Speyeria callippe elaine dos Passos & Grey, 1945
Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 5, figs. 13 ♂ D, 14 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Speyeria callippe elaine
Type Locality: “Butte Falls, Oregon” [Jackson County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
m. Speyeria callippe semivirida (McDunnough, 1924)
Can. Entomol. 56(2): 42-43.
Original Combination: [Argynnis callippe] race semivirida
Type Locality: “Aspen Grove, B. C.” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype (#633) in CNC.
n. Speyeria callippe chilcotinensis C. Guppy & J. Shepard, 2001
Butterflies B. C.: 276-277, figs. ♂ D&V, ♀ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Speyeria callippe chilcotinensis
Type Locality: “BC, Riske Creek” [British Columbia]
Types: Holotype in BCPM.
o. Speyeria callippe nevadensis (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3(1): 10, 14-15, no. 6; figured by W. H. Edwards (1890), Butterflies N. Am. 3(9): pl. Argynnis 5, figs. 1 ♂ D (neotype), 2 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Nevadensis
Type Locality: “valleys of the Sierra, near Virginia City”; defined as “immediate neighborhood of Virginia...especially abundant near Washoe Lake” by W. H. Edwards (1871), Butterflies N. Am. [1](8): [94]; neotype from “Lake Washoe, Nevada.” [Washoe County]
Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 355-356; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 279, fig. 14 ♂ D&V.
p. Speyeria callippe harmonia dos Passos & Grey, 1945
Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 6-7, figs. 17 ♂ D, 18 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Speyeria callippe harmonia
Type Locality: “Mount Wheeler (Snake Range near Utah border), Nevada” [White Pine County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
q. Speyeria callippe calgariana (McDunnough, 1924)
Can. Entomol. 56(2): 42.
Original Combination: [Argynnis nevadensis] race calgariana
Type Locality: “Calgary...Alta.”; suggested to be “the head of Pine Creek, Alberta (Township 22, Range 2, West of the 5th meridian)” by Kondla (1996), Alberta Naturalist 26(2): 39.
Types: Holotype (#632) in CNC.
r. Speyeria callippe gallatini (McDunnough, 1929)
Can. Entomol. 61(5): 106-107.
Original Combination: Argynnis nevadensis var. gallatini
Type Locality: “Elkhorn Ranch, Upper Gallatin Canyon, Mont.” [Gallatin County, Montana]
Types: Holotype (#2954) in CNC.
s. Speyeria callippe meadii (W. H. Edwards, 1872)
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4(1/2): 61, 67-68, no. 7; figured by W. H. Edwards (1875), Butterflies N. Am. 2(3): pl. Argynnis 2, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V, 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Meadii
Type Locality: “Turkey Creek Junction, in Colorado”; defined as “Turkey Creek Junction, Colorado...Turkey Creek just south of Morrison, near Denver” probably “the junction of South Turkey Creek with Turkey Creek, a few miles up in the foothills” by F. Brown (1934), J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 42(2): 159; also see F. Brown (1956), Lepid. News 9(6): 185-190. [Jefferson County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 284, fig. 16 ♂ D&V.
= ‡”gerhardi” (Gunder, 1927)
Can. Entomol. 59(12): 287, no. 24, pl. B, figs. 24 ♂ D, 24a ♂ V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Argynnis nevadensis race meadii tr. f. gerhardi
Type Locality: “Colorado”; defined as “Turkey Creek Junction, Colorado” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16. [Jefferson County]
Types: “Holotype” in FMNH.
638. Speyeria egleis (Behr, 1862)
a. Speyeria egleis tehachapina (J. A. Comstock, 1920)
Southwest Sci. Bull: 6-9, pl. [1], figs. 7 ♂ V, 8 ♂ D (holotype); 9 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Argynnis montivaga var. tehachapina
Type Locality: “highest peak in Tehachapi Mts., California” [Kern County]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
b. Speyeria egleis egleis (Behr, 1862)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]2(12): 174, no. 4
Original Combination: A[rgynnis]. Egleis Boisd.?
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “high up in the mountains” from the description; defined as “vicinity of Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17.
Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 97, figs. 13 ♀ D, 14 ♀ V; figured by Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 17 ♀ D&V. This is the same specimen designated as the “lectotype” of A. egleis Boisduval, 1869, by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17. J. Emmel et al. (1998), ibid., demonstrated that this specimen could not have been a syntype.
Boisduval (1869), Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 59-60, no. 53 (see below), redescribed this taxon and dos Passos and Grey (1947), ibid., designated the Boisduval specimen figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 261, fig. 2194 ♂ D&V, as the lectotype of Behr’s name. This specimen is not a syntype of S. e. egleis Behr, 1862, thus, it is not a valid lectotype (Code Article 74.2).
= montivaga (Behr, 1863)
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]3(6): 84, no. 2.
Original Combination: Argynnis montivaga
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of the paper, “widely spread through the Sierra...at different localities...from an elevation of 10,500 feet” from the description; defined as “vicinity of Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17.
Types: Neotype in USNM, designated by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (6): 98. This is the same specimen designated as the neotype of S. egleis, making these names objective synonyms. The “lectotype” from the Boisduval collection designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17, is invalid (see above).
= ‡egleis (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 59-60, no. 53; figured by Oberthür (1914), Étud. Lépid. Comp. 9(2): pl. 261, fig. 2194 ♂ D&V, pl. 262, fig. 2195 ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Argynnis Egleis
Type Locality: "les lieux incultes et aux borde des forets, dans l'intérieur de la Californie”
Types: Lectotype in USNM, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17. This is the same specimen designated as the neotype of S. e. egleis (Behr, 1862) by J. Emmel et al. (1998). Preoccupied by Argynnis egleis Behr, 1862, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. [1]2(12): 174, no. 4, and a junior objective synonym of that name (see above).
= ‡astarte (W. H. Edwards, 1864)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 3(3): 434, 435, no. 4.
Original Combination: Argynnis Astarte
Type Locality: “Mountainous regions of California”; defined as “Gold Lake, Sierra County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17.
Types: Neotype in FMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), ibid.; this is the lectotype of Argynnis egleis Behr, 1862.
Preoccupied by Argynnis astarte E. Doubleday 1848, in: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(21): 181.
= ‡”mammothi” (Gunder, 1924)
Entomol. News 35(5): 157, pl. 2, fig. H ♂ D (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Argynnis montivaga ab. ♂ mammothi
Type Locality: “Mammoth Camp, Mono County, California”
Types: “Holotype” possibly in LACM (Riddell collection).
= ‡”boharti” (Gunder, 1930)
Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 24(5): 326-327, pl. 31, fig. 5 ♀ D&V (“holotype”).
Original Combination: Argynnis montivaga tr. f. boharti
Type Locality: “Mono Pass Trail (Yosemite to Mono Lake), Calif.” [California]
Types: “Holotype” in AMNH.
c. Speyeria egleis oweni (W. H. Edwards, 1892)
Can. Entomol. 24(5): 105-106, no. [1] (not 2 as given).
Original Combination: Argynnis Oweni
Type Locality: “Mt. Shasta, elevation 7,500 feet” [Siskiyou County, California]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 12, fig. 5 ♂ D, and F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 294, fig. 19a ♂ V.
d. Speyeria egleis mattooni J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (33): 438, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (holotype); 3 ♀ D, 4 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Speyeria egleis mattooni
Type Locality: “California: Siskiyou County; Dry Lake Mountain, U. S. Forest Service Road 40S01, Siskiyou Mountains”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
e. Speyeria egleis yolaboli J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (33): 439, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Speyeria egleis yolaboli
Type Locality: “California: Tehama County; South Yolla Bolly Mountain”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
f. Speyeria egleis moecki Hammond & Dornfeld, 1983
J. Lepid. Soc. 37(2): 115-117, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (holotype) ♀ D&V.
Original Combination: Speyeria egleis moecki
Type Locality: “Skookum Mdw., Walker Rim, Klamath Co., Ore.” [Oregon]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
g. Speyeria egleis toiyabe Howe, 1975
Butterflies N. Am.: 237, pl. 31, fig. 14 ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Speyeria egleis toiyabe
Type Locality: “Kingston Canyon, Toiyabe Range, Lander County, Nevada”
Types: Holotype in LACM.
h. Speyeria egleis reidi Austin, 1998
Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (46): 574-575, figs. 5 ♂ D, 6 ♂ V (holotype); 7 ♀ D, 8 ♀ V.
Original Combination: Speyeria egleis reidi
Type Locality: “Nevada: White Pine County; Snake Range, Wheeler Peak Campground, 3033 m, T13N R68E (unsectioned) on USGS Sacramento Pass, Nev. 15' quadrangle”
Types: Holotype in MGCL.
i. Speyeria egleis linda (dos Passos & Grey, 1942)
Am. Mus. Novit. (1214): 1-2, fig. 1(right) ♂ D&V (holotype).
Original Combination: Argynnis utahensis linda
Type Locality: “Heyburn Peak, Sawtooth-Boise, Idaho, 9500-10,000 feet” [Custer County]
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
j. Speyeria egleis utahensis (Skinner, 1919)
Entomol. News 30(8): 216.
Original Combination: Argynnis utahensis
Type Locality: “City Creek Canyon, Salt Lake City, Utah” [Salt Lake County]
Types: Holotype (#7036) in CMNH; a paratype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 56, fig. 3 ♂ V.
k. Speyeria egleis secreta dos Passos & Grey, 1945
Am. Mus. Novit. (1297): 7-8, figs. 19 ♂ D, 20 ♂ V (holotype).
Original Combination: Speyeria montivaga secreta
Type Locality: “Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 8000 feet...in the Estes Park area” [Larimer County]; more likely to be from Rabbit Ears Pass, Routt-Grand counties, Colorado (A. Warren pers. comm. 2006).
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
l. Speyeria egleis macdunnoughi (Gunder, 1932)
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 280-281.
Original Combination: Argynnis macdunnoughi
Type Locality: “Elkhorn Ranch Resort, Gallatin County, Mont...up what they call (at the Resort) Spring Creek for about half a mile, the path branches to the right about where the water ceases to flow and rises sharply over a ridge, ending in an open meadow”; “7000 feet, Upper Gallatin Canyon” added by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 18.
Types: Holotype (#3655) in CNC.
m. Speyeria egleis albrighti (Gunder, 1932)
Can. Entomol. 64(12): 281-282.
Original Combination: Argynnis albrighti
Type Locality: “Highwood Mts., Chouteau County, Montana”
Types: Holotype in AMNH.
639. Speyeria adiaste (W. H. Edwards, 1864)
a. Speyeria adiaste adiaste (W. H. Edwards, 1864)
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 3(3): 436, no. 7; figured by W. H. Edwards (1890), Butterflies N. Am. 3(10): pl. Argynnis 8, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♂ V (lectotype), 3 ♀ D (as adiante).
Original Combination: Argynnis Adiaste
Type Locality: “California” implied from the title of paper; defined as “Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16; F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 289, noted that this taxon is not found in the immediate vicinity of the city of Santa Cruz, but about 9 miles north of it; see adiante.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 291, fig. 17 ♂ D&V; figured by W. Holland (1898), Butterfly Book: pl. 14, fig. 4 ♂ D, J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies (2): 76, figs. 261 ♂ D, 262 ♂ V, and Dunford (2009), Insecta Mundi 90: fig. 19 ♂ D&V. This is also the lectotype of adiante below.
Grey (1989), J. Lepid. Soc. 43(1): 4, corroborated the species-level status of this taxon.
= ‡adiante (Boisduval, 1869)
Annls. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 12: 61, no. 57
Original Combination: Argynnis Adiante
Type Locality: “au bord des bois, dans la partie orientale de la Californie”; defined as “Santa Cruz Mountains, California” by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16; further defined as “2 miles southeast of Summit Road along Highland Way, Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Cruz County, California” by J. Emmel et al. (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butterflies: 34.
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos and Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 16. This is also the lectotype of adiaste and a junior objective synonym of that name.
b. Speyeria adiaste clemencei (J. A. Comstock, 1925)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 67; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 28, figs. 7 ♂ D.
Original Combination: Argynnis adiaste race clemencei
Type Locality: “Atascadero, Calif.” [San Luis Obispo County, California]
Types: Holotype in LACM.
c. Speyeria adiaste atossa (W. H. Edwards, 1890) ✝
Butterflies N. Am. 3(10): [127]-[128], pl. Argynnis 8, figs. 4 ♂ D, 5 ♂ V, 6 ♀ D.
Original Combination: Argynnis Atossa
Type Locality: “North American...Tehachipe [sic!], south California...in a little valley about four miles from town, by a small stream” [Tehachapi, Kern County]
Types: Lectotype in CMNH, designated by dos Passos & Grey (1947), Am. Mus. Novit. (1370): 17; figured by F. Brown (1965), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 91(3): 292, fig. 18 ♀ D&V; a paralectotype figured by W. Holland (1931), Butterfly Book (rev. ed.): pl. 13, fig. 12 ♂ D.
= tejonica (J. A. Comstock, 1925)
Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24(3): 68; figured by J. A. Comstock (1927), Butterflies Calif.: pl. 28, fig. 6 ♂ V.
Original Combination: Argynnis atossa form tejonica
Type Locality: “Tejon region (Collins Ranch), California” [Los Angeles County]
Types: Holotype in LACM.